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Mark I

The Harvard Mark I, also known as the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), was an electromechanical computer completed in 1944 that represented one of the earliest programmable machines capable of executing long sequences of arithmetic operations automatically.^[1] Conceived by Harvard physicist Howard Aiken in 1937 and inspired by Charles Babbage's analytical engine, the Mark I was developed through a collaboration between Harvard University and IBM from 1939 to 1944.^[2] IBM engineers, including Clair D. Lake, James W. Bryce, Francis J. Hamilton, and Benjamin M. Durfee, constructed the machine at their Endicott, New York facility, incorporating innovations like high-speed multiplication and division mechanisms.^[3] The resulting device spanned 51 feet in length, stood 8 feet tall, and weighed approximately 5 tons, comprising over 750,000 components such as 500 miles of wiring, 3,500 relays, 72 accumulators, and punched card readers for input.^[1] Powered by a central rotating driveshaft operating at 200 revolutions per minute, it performed additions in one-third of a second^[4] and multiplications in about six seconds,^[5] and stored up to 72 numbers in its mechanical memory.^[4] During its operational lifespan from 1944 to 1959 at Harvard's Cruft Laboratory, the Mark I played a pivotal role in World War II efforts by generating precise mathematical tables for the U.S. Navy, including calculations for torpedo trajectories, radar systems, and atomic bomb implosion mechanisms as part of the Manhattan Project.^[6] Early programmers like Grace Hopper contributed to its use, authoring the first computer manual and debugging its operations, which earned it the affectionate nickname "Bessie" for solving complex differential equations like Bessel functions.^[2] The machine's output—printed directly via typewriters or punched cards—eliminated human transcription errors in tables, marking a significant advancement in reliable automated computation.^[6] As a precursor to electronic computers, the Harvard Mark I influenced the design of subsequent machines like the Mark II and Mark III, demonstrating the feasibility of large-scale automatic calculation and bridging mechanical and digital eras in computing history.^[1] Today, portions of the disassembled machine are preserved and displayed at Harvard's Science and Engineering Complex in Allston, Massachusetts, as part of the university's Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments, serving as a tangible milestone in the evolution of modern computing.^[2]

Military and Weaponry

Tanks and Armored Vehicles

The British Mark I tank, introduced in 1916, represented the world's first combat tank, marking a pivotal advancement in armored warfare during World War I. Developed by William Foster & Co. of Lincoln, England, it was designed to overcome the stalemate of trench warfare by crossing obstacles such as barbed wire and shell craters. The tank made its battlefield debut at the Battle of the Flers-Courcelette during the Somme offensive on September 15, 1916, where it demonstrated unprecedented mobility across no-man's-land. A total of 150 Mark I tanks were produced, with 75 of each variant, though mechanical unreliability plagued early operations, including frequent engine overheating and track failures that limited their effectiveness.^[7]^[8]^[9] The Mark I featured a distinctive rhomboidal hull shape, which allowed it to surmount trenches up to 9 feet wide by driving over them with its sloped tracks. Weighing approximately 28 tons and powered by a 105-horsepower Daimler engine, it achieved a maximum speed of about 4 miles per hour on flat terrain, with a range of around 23 miles. It existed in two main variants: the "Male," optimized for anti-tank roles and armed with two 6-pounder (57 mm) naval guns mounted in side sponsons along with several machine guns, and the "Female," intended for infantry support and equipped solely with machine guns, typically four to six Vickers or Hotchkiss models. These designs addressed different tactical needs, with Males providing direct fire support against fortifications and Females suppressing enemy positions during advances. Despite initial breakdowns—only about half of the 49 deployed at the Somme reached their objectives—the Mark I's appearance shocked German forces and proved the feasibility of tracked armored vehicles in modern combat.^[8]^[9]^[7] Building on the Mark I chassis, the Gun Carrier Mark I, introduced in 1917, became the world's first self-propelled gun, adapting tank technology for artillery transport and fire support. This vehicle lowered the original tank hull to accommodate a 60-pounder (5-inch) gun or a 6-inch howitzer, with the armament mounted on a rail system for quick deployment; the howitzer could even fire while the vehicle was in motion, though it was primarily used for indirect bombardment. A total of 48 units were produced, mainly by Kitson & Co. in Leeds, and they entered service late in the war, first seeing action at the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917. Intended to bring heavy artillery closer to the front lines under armor, the Gun Carrier provided mobile fire support but was often repurposed as an ammunition or troop carrier due to production delays and tactical shifts, highlighting early experiments in integrated armored artillery.^[10]^[11] Collectively, the Mark I tank and its derivatives revolutionized mobile warfare by introducing armored, cross-country firepower to the battlefield, shifting tactics from static defenses toward combined arms operations. Their deployment in 1916, despite persistent issues like overheating and vulnerability to artillery, influenced subsequent tank designs and established the British lead in early armored vehicle innovation.^[9]^[8]

Firearms and Small Arms

The Lee-Enfield Rifle, Mark I (MLE Mk I), approved as a sealed pattern in 1895, became the first standard-issue bolt-action, magazine-fed rifle for the British Army, marking a shift to the .303 British cartridge for imperial forces.^[12] Produced primarily at the Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield, it featured a long 30-inch barrel optimized for volley fire at extended ranges, a rear-locking bolt mechanism for smooth operation, and a detachable box magazine with a capacity of 10 rounds.^[12]^[13] The rifle's design emphasized reliability in field conditions, with a full-length wooden stock, brass buttplate, and a magazine cut-off to conserve ammunition during prolonged engagements.^[12] Weighing approximately 9 pounds and measuring nearly 49 inches in overall length, the MLE Mk I's bolt action allowed trained soldiers to achieve rapid fire rates of up to 15 rounds per minute, surpassing many contemporary rifles and proving effective in colonial conflicts like the Boer War.^[12]^[14] This capability stemmed from the rifle's ergonomic bolt handle and interrupted-thread locking lugs, which facilitated quick cycling without compromising accuracy.^[14] Although later variants like the Short Magazine Lee-Enfield refined its length, the Mark I established the foundational design that armed British and Commonwealth troops for decades.^[15] The Mills Bomb, Mark I (No. 5 Mk I), introduced in May 1915, represented the first mass-produced fragmentation hand grenade for British forces during the First World War, revolutionizing infantry tactics in trench warfare.^[16] Designed by engineer William Mills and manufactured at his Birmingham munitions factory along with subcontractors, it featured a cast iron body weighing about 1.25 pounds, externally serrated in a pineapple-like pattern to enhance shrapnel dispersion upon detonation.^[16]^[17] The grenade employed a time fuse with a 4-second delay, activated by pulling a safety pin and releasing a spring-loaded lever after throwing, ensuring safe deployment from cover.^[16] Over 70 million Mills Bombs of various marks were produced and used by Allied forces throughout the war, with the Mark I variant proving indispensable for clearing enemy trenches and suppressing positions during assaults like those at the Somme.^[16] Its compact oval shape, measuring roughly 3.75 inches in height and 2.3 inches in diameter, allowed easy carrying in pouches, while the fragmentation design maximized lethality in confined spaces without requiring specialized launchers.^[17] The bomb's widespread adoption underscored its role as a pivotal small arm, enabling infantry to counter machine-gun nests and barbed wire more effectively than earlier improvised explosives.^[16]

Artillery and Guns

The Mark I artillery pieces represented significant advancements in British ordnance during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly for trench warfare and naval engagements in the World Wars. These weapons emphasized high-angle indirect fire for siege operations and ship-based bombardment, enabling effective counter-battery roles and support for infantry advances. Key examples include trench mortars, field howitzers, and early naval guns, which balanced mobility, range, and destructive power against fortified positions and enemy vessels. The Stokes Mortar, Mark I, introduced in 1915, was a groundbreaking British 3-inch (3.2-inch bore) trench mortar designed by engineer Wilfred Stokes as the first truly modern mortar for infantry use.^[18] Weighing approximately 47 kg, its lightweight steel tube, bipod mount, and baseplate allowed a crew of three to transport and deploy it rapidly in the trenches, firing high-explosive bombs at angles up to 45 degrees for a maximum range of 800 yards.^[19]^[20] This design revolutionized close-support artillery by enabling rapid rates of fire—up to 25 rounds per minute—and over 11,000 units were produced during World War I, equipping British, American, and Allied forces on the Western Front.^[21] The BL 6-inch 26 cwt howitzer Mark I, designed by Vickers in 1913 and entering service in 1915, served as a versatile field howitzer for medium-range bombardment in World War I.^[22] Featuring a 6-inch caliber barrel weighing 26 hundredweight (about 1,320 kg), its wire-wound construction provided the strength for high-velocity shells, achieving ranges up to 9,500 yards with 100-pound projectiles while maintaining a low trajectory for accuracy.^[22]^[23] Primarily employed by Royal Garrison Artillery siege batteries, it excelled in counter-battery fire against German positions, destroying hidden guns and fortifications; its mobility was enhanced when mounted on experimental self-propelled platforms like the Gun Carrier Mark I.^[22] Early naval artillery included the BL 9.2-inch Mk I gun, developed in 1899 as a primary armament for pre-dreadnought battleships and cruisers. With a 9.2-inch bore and approximately 38-caliber barrel length, it fired 380-pound shells at a muzzle velocity of around 2,065 feet per second, enabling effective ship-to-ship and coastal bombardment up to 10,000 yards.^[24] Mounted on vessels such as the Edgar-class cruisers, this wire-wound breech-loader supported fleet actions and siege warfare, though it was largely obsolete by World War I in favor of larger calibers.^[25]

Other Military Equipment

The US Navy Mark I knife, introduced in the 1940s, served as a versatile utility and fighting tool primarily for sailors during World War II. Featuring a 5-inch carbon steel blade, a stacked leather or tenite plastic handle, and an overall length of approximately 9.5 inches, it was designed for tasks such as cutting rope, prying, and close-quarters combat aboard ships. Manufactured by the Camillus Cutlery Company among other contractors under US Navy specifications established in 1943, the knife was issued in large quantities to naval personnel.^[26]^[27] In the Pacific theater, the Mark I knife played a key role in survival training for Navy and Marine personnel, where it was integrated into kits for jungle and maritime escape scenarios, enabling tasks like shelter construction, food preparation, and signaling. Its robust design proved essential during intense island-hopping campaigns, such as those at Guadalcanal and [Iwo Jima](/page/Iwo Jima), where sailors and aviators relied on it for improvisation in harsh environments. The knife was often carried alongside standard infantry arms like the Lee-Enfield rifle in mixed naval-infantry operations.^[28] The British static-line parachute, introduced in 1915, represented an early system tailored for observation balloon crews during World War I. Constructed with a silk canopy approximately 28 feet in diameter, it featured a ripcord mechanism attached to the balloon basket for automatic deployment, allowing observers to escape from altitudes around 1,000 feet amid anti-aircraft fire or enemy aircraft attacks. First used operationally on the Western Front, this parachute saved numerous lives by providing a reliable means of evacuation from burning or descending balloons.^[29]^[30]

Vehicles

Automobiles

The Mini Mk I (1959–1967) was an iconic British economy car produced by the British Motor Corporation (BMC), designed by engineer Alec Issigonis to address post-war demand for affordable, fuel-efficient vehicles. It pioneered a transverse engine layout with the 848 cc A-Series inline-four, paired with front-wheel drive and a gearbox in the sump, enabling exceptional maneuverability and economy in a compact footprint. This innovative setup revolutionized small car design by maximizing interior space, accommodating four adults in a body just over 10 feet (3.05 m) long, while weighing under 1,400 pounds (635 kg). Over 1.19 million Mk I units were built, setting the stage for the entire Mini lineage that surpassed 5 million total productions and influenced global automotive engineering for decades.^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35] In contrast, the Jaguar Mark 1 (1955–1959) represented a pinnacle of British luxury saloon engineering, emphasizing performance and refinement in a post-World War II market. This 4-door sedan featured a rigid monocoque chassis—the first for Jaguar—with independent front suspension via wishbones and torsion bars, complemented by a live rear axle. It was offered with a 2.4 L or 3.4 L inline-six engine, the latter delivering 210 horsepower for a top speed of 120 mph (193 km/h) and 0–60 mph acceleration in about 9 seconds. Distinctive elements included 15-inch wire wheels, hydraulic drum brakes, and a walnut-trimmed interior, underscoring Jaguar's focus on blending speed with elegance. Approximately 37,000 examples were produced, establishing it as a direct forerunner to the acclaimed Mark 2 series.^[36]^[37]^[38]^[39]

Rail and Transit Vehicles

The British Railways Mark 1 coaches represented the first standardized passenger rolling stock for the UK's nationalized rail network, developed in the late 1940s and entering production in 1951 at works including Derby, Eastleigh, Swindon, and York. These steel-bodied vehicles featured vacuum braking systems and were constructed primarily in lengths of 57 feet for tighter curves or 63–64 feet for mainline use, enabling efficient operation across diverse routes. Over 9,000 passenger-carrying examples were built by 1963, supplemented by around 3,000 non-passenger variants, forming the core of British Railways' locomotive-hauled services through the mid-20th century and persisting in revenue and heritage operations into the 2000s.^[40]^[41]^[42] Design elements emphasized passenger comfort and connectivity, with corridor coaches incorporating flexible gangway connections for seamless movement between vehicles and interior layouts featuring open saloons or compartments seating 6–8 passengers per bay in groups of four facing each other. Brake composites combined first- and second-class sections with guard's compartments, while underframes supported bogie-mounted suspensions for stability at speeds up to 100 mph. These coaches drew on pre-nationalization best practices but introduced uniform all-steel construction for durability and reduced maintenance, significantly standardizing mid-20th-century British rail travel.^[40]^[41]^[43] In urban transit, the Urban Transportation Development Corporation (UTDC) ICTS Mark I vehicles debuted in 1985 on Vancouver's SkyTrain Expo Line, marking the first full-scale commercial deployment of a linear metro system with automated, driverless operation. Each 12.7-meter (41-foot) car accommodated approximately 80 passengers, including 36 seats and standing room, organized in a single-deck layout with dedicated spaces for wheelchairs, bicycles, and strollers. Propulsion relied on linear induction motors (LIMs) embedded in the guideway, eliminating traditional rotating motors on the wheels for quieter, gearless acceleration and enabling precise control in a fully automated environment using Thales SelTrac technology.^[44]^[45] The Mark I fleet, built in Kingston, Ontario, totaled 150 cars delivered between 1984 and 1995, operating in 2- to 6-car consists on elevated and at-grade guideways to serve high-capacity urban demand. This no-wheel-on-rail motive power system reduced noise and vibration compared to conventional rail, contributing to the line's role as a pioneering intermediate-capacity transit solution that influenced subsequent automated networks worldwide. By the 2020s, the vehicles were progressively retired, with repurposing efforts underway for non-transit uses. As of November 2025, the Mark I fleet is being phased out with the introduction of Alstom Mark V vehicles, which entered service in July 2025; full retirement is anticipated by 2028, and TransLink is actively soliciting proposals for repurposing the 150 cars, including conversions for film production and other uses.^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]

Aircraft and Other Vehicles

The Aptera Mk-1, introduced as a prototype in 2008 by Aptera Motors, was a three-wheeled electric vehicle designed for urban commuting with exceptional efficiency.^[49] Featuring a distinctive aerodynamic teardrop-shaped body constructed from lightweight composite materials, it achieved a drag coefficient as low as 0.13, enabling an all-electric range of approximately 120 miles on a single charge from a modest battery pack.^[50] The vehicle shared conceptual efficiency goals with compact designs like the Mini, emphasizing low-energy consumption for everyday travel.^[49] Despite initial promise and pre-production funding, Aptera Motors ceased operations in December 2011 due to inability to secure matching federal loans and investor confidence, halting any full-scale production.^[51]^[52] The Sopwith Tabloid Mk I, a British biplane developed in 1914 by the Sopwith Aviation Company, served as an early reconnaissance and scout aircraft during World War I.^[53] Powered by an 80 hp Gnome Lambda rotary engine, it featured a compact single-seat design with a maximum speed of 92 mph, making it one of the fastest aircraft of its era for light scouting roles.^[54] A floatplane variant was adapted for Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) operations, enabling shipboard deployment from light cruisers.^[53] Armament typically included a single Lewis machine gun mounted to fire over the propeller arc, with provisions for light bombs in some configurations.^[55] In 1915, the Tabloid Mk I played a pivotal role in RNAS naval patrols, conducting coastal reconnaissance along the British Isles and anti-Zeppelin missions from cruiser decks to counter German airship threats.^[53] Its agility and speed allowed for effective spotting of enemy vessels and submarines, contributing to early wartime naval aviation successes before being phased out for more advanced fighters.^[54]

Computers

Early Electromechanical Computers

The Harvard Mark I, also known as the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), was an electromechanical computer developed by IBM engineers under the direction of Harvard physicist Howard Aiken and completed in 1944. Measuring 51 feet in length, 8 feet in height, and weighing 5 tons, it incorporated approximately 750,000 components, including 3,500 relays and over 500 miles of wiring to facilitate its operations. Programmed using punched paper tape, the machine relied on a sequence control mechanism—a series of pre-wired instructions and switches—that enabled automatic execution of computational sequences without manual intervention between steps, marking a significant advance in programmable computing. This system allowed it to perform complex arithmetic tasks reliably, such as multiplying two 23-digit numbers in 6 seconds. The Harvard Mark I played a crucial role in World War II efforts, particularly in generating ballistic tables for the U.S. Navy's gunnery and torpedo designs, as well as contributing to calculations supporting the Manhattan Project's atomic bomb development. Its electromechanical design, driven by a central shaft powered by a 5-horsepower motor, processed data through interconnected adding units, function tables, and rotary switches, emphasizing precision in numerical computations over speed. Despite its limitations, such as sequential processing that could take minutes for trigonometric functions, the machine demonstrated the feasibility of large-scale automatic calculation, influencing subsequent computer architectures. The Mark 1 Fire Control Computer, developed by the Ford Instrument Company in the early 1930s and widely deployed by the U.S. Navy during the 1940s, was an analog electromechanical system specialized for anti-aircraft gunnery on warships. It employed mechanical differential analyzers—geared integrators and resolvers—to predict projectile trajectories in real-time, accounting for variables such as target range, speed, wind, and ship motion. Integrated with the Mark 37 Gun Fire Control System director, which provided stabilized optical or radar inputs, the computer automatically computed firing solutions to direct 5-inch/38-caliber guns against aerial threats. This setup enhanced naval defense accuracy during World War II, enabling rapid adjustments for dynamic combat scenarios and contributing to high hit rates in fleet actions.^[56]

Electronic and Specialized Computers

In parallel, the Colossus Mark I, designed by British engineer Tommy Flowers and operational by February 1944, represented an early electronic approach to specialized computing for codebreaking at Bletchley Park. Built to decrypt messages encrypted with the German Lorenz cipher (codenamed Tunny), it used approximately 1,500 vacuum tubes for logic operations and could process encrypted text at up to 5,000 characters per second. Unlike purely mechanical systems, Colossus employed photoelectric cells to read patterns from looped paper tape input, enabling rapid statistical analysis and pattern matching to deduce cipher wheel settings without exhaustive trial-and-error. Ten Colossus machines were ultimately constructed during the war, with the Mark I prototype leading to improved versions that accelerated decryption of high-level German communications. Its design focused on boolean operations and shift registers for cryptanalytic tasks, processing vast streams of teleprinter data to aid Allied intelligence. Kept classified until its declassification in 1975, the Colossus highlighted the potential of electronic components in computation, though its specialized nature limited broader applications until postwar revelations. The Manchester Mark 1, developed at the University of Manchester and operational by April 1949, represented a significant advancement in electronic stored-program computing, building on the 1948 Small-Scale Experimental Machine prototype that executed its first stored program on June 21, 1948.^[57] This intermediary version featured two double-density Williams-Kilburn tubes for random-access memory, each providing two pages of 32 words at 40 bits per word, enabling electronic storage of both instructions and data.^[57] By October 1949, the final version incorporated magnetic drum auxiliary storage capable of holding approximately 3,000 numbers across up to 94 pages, supporting scientific computations such as factorization of large numbers and Mersenne prime calculations.^[57] The system's instruction execution time averaged around 1.2 milliseconds, facilitating early applications in numerical analysis and paving the way for commercial adaptations.^[58] The Ferranti Mark 1, introduced in 1951 as the commercial successor to the Manchester Mark 1, was the world's first general-purpose stored-program computer available for sale, with its initial unit delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951.^[59] Retaining the 40-bit word length, it utilized Williams-Kilburn tube memory initially limited to a quarter of its 16,000-word capacity upon delivery, later expanded, alongside magnetic drum storage for bulk data handling.^[59] This machine supported advanced programming through the development of Mark 1 Autocode in 1954-1955 by R.A. Brooker, an early high-level language that simplified scientific coding by compiling user-friendly instructions into machine code, marking a milestone in software evolution.^[60] Approximately nine units were produced and sold between 1951 and 1957, primarily for academic and research institutions, influencing subsequent British computing developments.^[61] In 1957, Frank Rosenblatt introduced the Mark 1 Perceptron, an early hardware implementation of a neural network model designed to simulate biological learning and pattern recognition, funded by the U.S. Office of Naval Research.^[62] The device featured an input layer of 400 photocells arranged in a 20x20 grid to capture visual patterns, connected to a hidden layer of 512 adjustable weights via potentiometers for perception adjustment, and an output layer for binary classification tasks.^[63] Built as a physical analog system with electronic components, it demonstrated self-teaching capabilities by modifying weights based on input-output correlations, successfully recognizing simple shapes and letters in experimental trials.^[64] Deployed at Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, the Mark 1 Perceptron highlighted the feasibility of machine learning hardware, though limited to linearly separable problems, influencing later artificial intelligence research.^[64]

Other Technologies

Scientific Instruments and Detectors

The Mark I detector, developed collaboratively by the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL), operated from 1973 to 1977 at the interaction point of the SPEAR electron-positron collider.^[65] This solenoidal magnetic detector featured a uniform design that surrounded the collision region, incorporating spark chambers for particle tracking, scintillators for timing and particle identification, and lead-scintillator counters for electromagnetic showers.^[66] It enabled comprehensive analysis of e⁺e⁻ annihilation events, providing high-resolution momentum measurements through a solenoidal magnetic field of approximately 0.4 tesla generated by a warm aluminum coil over a 20 cubic meter volume.^[66] A landmark achievement of the Mark I was its role in the discovery of the J/ψ meson in November 1974, observed as a narrow resonance in e⁺e⁻ collisions at a center-of-mass energy of about 3.1 GeV.^[66] The detector's precise tracking and calorimetry confirmed the particle's quantum numbers (J^{PC} = 1^{--}) and decay modes, providing evidence for the charm quark and sparking the "November Revolution" in particle physics.^[66] This discovery, shared with the independent observation by Samuel Ting's MIT-Brookhaven National Laboratory team using a fixed-target proton beam experiment at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS), earned Burton Richter and Samuel Ting the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics.^[66] In astronomy, the Mark I radio telescope at Jodrell Bank Observatory, completed in 1957, represented a major advance in radio instrumentation with its 76.2-meter-diameter parabolic dish, the largest steerable design of its time.^[67] Mounted on an azimuth-elevation framework with a deep bowl reflector made of over 7,000 aluminum panels on a wire mesh surface, it operated effectively at wavelengths down to about 21 cm, enabling observations of cosmic radio sources such as meteors, the sun, and extragalactic objects.^[68] Its steerable mechanism allowed real-time pointing adjustments, crucial for dynamic tracking applications.^[67] The telescope's early operational success included radar tracking of the Sputnik 1 carrier rocket on October 11, 1957, just days after its launch, marking the first detection of an artificial satellite and demonstrating its utility in space monitoring during the dawn of the Space Age.^[69] In 1971, it was upgraded to the Mark IA configuration, featuring a new solid aluminum reflecting surface with a shallower curve for improved efficiency at shorter wavelengths and the addition of digital computer control for automated operation.^[67] This enhancement extended its lifespan, allowing continued contributions to pulsar discovery, quasar studies, and deep-space tracking. In 2019, the Jodrell Bank Observatory, including the Mark I telescope (now known as the Lovell Telescope), was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.^[70]^[68]

Nuclear and Energy Systems

The GE BWR Mark I, developed by General Electric in the 1960s, was an early design of boiling water reactor (BWR) that marked a significant advancement in commercial nuclear power technology.^[71] This reactor type generates electricity by allowing water to boil directly in the core, producing steam that drives turbines, with electrical outputs typically ranging from 460 to 800 MWe in its commercial implementations.^[71] The first commercial unit, Dresden-1 in Illinois, achieved full power operation in 1960 and served as a prototype for subsequent plants, demonstrating the feasibility of direct-cycle BWRs for utility-scale power generation.^[72] In total, 23 Mark I units were built and licensed in the United States, contributing to the early expansion of nuclear energy capacity during the mid-20th century.^[71] A defining feature of the Mark I design was its innovative pressure suppression containment system, which addressed safety concerns related to loss-of-coolant accidents (LOCAs).^[71] The system consists of a drywell surrounding the reactor vessel and a connected toroidal suppression chamber filled with water, known as the suppression pool or torus.^[71] In the event of a LOCA, high-pressure steam from the reactor is routed through vent pipes into the suppression pool, where it is rapidly condensed by the water, preventing excessive pressure buildup in the containment structure and minimizing the risk of radioactive release.^[71] This compact design allowed for smaller, more economical containments compared to earlier pressure vessels, influencing the layout of dozens of BWR installations worldwide.^[71] The Mark I's containment approach gained renewed attention following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi accident, where Units 1 through 5 employed this design.^[73] Post-accident analyses revealed limitations in handling prolonged station blackouts and hydrogen accumulation, prompting regulatory enhancements such as hardened vents to mitigate severe accident scenarios in existing U.S. plants.^[71] These evaluations underscored the system's effectiveness for design-basis events while highlighting the need for additional severe accident management strategies, shaping modern nuclear safety standards for legacy BWRs.^[71]

Audio and Consumer Electronics

The Mesa Boogie Mark I, developed by Randall Smith in 1969, marked a pivotal advancement in guitar amplification as the first production model from his newly founded Mesa Engineering company. Originally inspired by hot-rodding Fender Princeton Reverb amplifiers, the Mark I introduced a cascading gain preamp design that stacked multiple tube stages to produce unprecedented overdrive and sustain, transforming clean tones into high-gain distortion ideal for rock music. This 40-watt tube configuration, utilizing 6L6 power tubes, allowed musicians to achieve modifiable channels for both sparkling clean sounds and aggressive lead tones, fundamentally shaping the amplifier's versatility.^[74]^[75]^[76] Central to the Mark I's innovation was its all-tube architecture, where the preamp's three variable gain controls enabled up to 50 times the standard amplification, delivering rich harmonic complexity without relying on solid-state components. Smith hand-built early units in a makeshift workshop, refining the circuit to balance headroom and breakup, which became the blueprint for high-gain amplification. The amplifier's adoption by influential artists, particularly Carlos Santana, who used a modified prototype during his Abraxas tour, propelled its reputation; Santana's endorsement stemmed from a 1969 encounter at Smith's Prune Music shop, where he famously declared the amp "really boogies," inspiring the brand's name.^[74]^[77]^[75] In the 1970s, the Mark I defined the era's rock tone through its role in live performances at iconic venues like the Fillmore and Winterland, where its powerful yet nuanced overdrive influenced Bay Area musicians and beyond. Approximately 3,000 units were produced in its initial run, establishing cascading gain as a widely adopted technique in consumer audio gear for electric guitars. Its cultural impact extended to shaping album recordings and stage rigs, with modifiable features like channel switching allowing seamless transitions between rhythm and solo sounds that became staples in rock production.^[74]^[78]

Other Uses

Biblical and Religious References

In the New Testament, Mark 1 constitutes the opening chapter of the Gospel of Mark, comprising 45 verses that narrate the preparatory events for Jesus' public ministry.^[79] It begins with the proclamation of John the Baptist as the forerunner, fulfilling prophecies from Isaiah and Malachi, where he baptizes in the wilderness and announces the coming of one greater who will baptize with the Holy Spirit.^[80] The chapter proceeds to describe Jesus' baptism by John, during which the heavens open, the Spirit descends like a dove, and a voice from heaven declares Jesus as the beloved Son; this is followed by Jesus' temptation in the wilderness for forty days among wild animals, attended by angels.^[79] Subsequently, after John's imprisonment, Jesus initiates his preaching in Galilee, proclaiming the nearness of God's kingdom and calling for repentance and belief in the gospel; he then summons his first disciples—Simon, Andrew, James, and John—from their fishing nets, emphasizing an urgent summons to follow him.^[81] The narrative culminates in Jesus' teaching with authority in Capernaum's synagogue, his exorcism of an unclean spirit, healing of Simon's mother-in-law from a fever, and multiple healings and exorcisms at evening, alongside a healing of a leper who, despite instructions for silence, spreads the news widely.^[79] A distinctive stylistic feature of Mark 1 is its frequent use of the Greek adverb εὐθύς (euthys), translated as "immediately" in many English versions, appearing 11 times to convey a sense of rapid progression and urgency in the unfolding events. This repetition underscores the Gospel's overall theme of swift divine action, with the chapter portraying Jesus' ministry as an immediate response to prophetic fulfillment and a compelling call to discipleship.^[82] Mark the Evangelist, traditionally identified as the author of the Gospel, served as the inaugural Patriarch of Alexandria from approximately 43 to 68 AD.^[83] As the founder of the Church of Alexandria, he is credited with establishing Christianity in Egypt, preaching the Gospel across North Africa, and organizing the early Coptic Christian community, which traces its patriarchal succession unbroken from his tenure.^[84] He is venerated as the first in a line of 117 Coptic Orthodox patriarchs, with his leadership marked by missionary zeal and the consolidation of liturgical practices in the region.^[85] According to Coptic hagiography, he was martyred in Alexandria in 68 AD, dragged through the streets by a mob during Passover and subsequently strangled, an event commemorated annually on May 8 in the Coptic calendar.^[86] His relics, long housed in Venice after relocation in the 9th century, symbolize his enduring legacy as the "Apostle to Egypt" and pillar of the Coptic Orthodox Church.^[83]

Cultural and Media References

In the realm of rock music, "Mark I" refers to the original lineup of the English hard rock band Deep Purple, active from April 1968 to June 1969. This configuration featured vocalist Rod Evans, guitarist Ritchie Blackmore, keyboardist Jon Lord, bassist Nick Simper, and drummer Ian Paice.^[87] The group's debut album, Shades of Deep Purple, released in July 1968, showcased their early blend of psychedelic and heavy rock influences, including covers like Joe South's "Hush" alongside original tracks such as "And the Address."^[88] Another notable musical reference appears in The Beatles' discography, where the groundbreaking track "Tomorrow Never Knows" from their 1966 album Revolver bore the working title "Mark I" during initial recording sessions in April 1966.^[89] Penned primarily by John Lennon, the song drew lyrical inspiration from Timothy Leary's The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead, reflecting Lennon's explorations of Eastern philosophy and LSD-induced altered states.^[90] Its innovative production techniques, pioneered by George Martin and engineer Geoff Emerick, included artificial double-tracking on vocals, tape loops creating seagull-like sounds and orchestral effects, and reversed guitar tapes, marking a pivotal shift toward psychedelic experimentation in popular music. These elements, layered over a hypnotic drone from Ringo Starr's thunderous drum beat, established "Tomorrow Never Knows" as a sonic landmark that influenced subsequent studio innovations.^[91] In comic books, "Mark I" denotes the inaugural Iron Man armor introduced in Marvel's Tales of Suspense #39 (March 1963), co-created by writer Stan Lee, scripter Larry Lieber, penciler Don Heck, and inker Jack Kirby.^[92] Industrialist Tony Stark constructs this rudimentary suit in a Vietnamese cave prison using scavenged scrap metal and electronic parts, aided by fellow captive Professor Ho Yinsen, to sustain his shrapnel-damaged heart via an electromagnetic chest plate functioning as a makeshift pacemaker.^[93] The bulky, gray-painted armor—initially depicted in gold tones in some printings—grants Stark superhuman strength powered by transistorized batteries, along with features like solar-powered recharging, insulated boots for jumping, and offensive tools including flame-throwers and a uni-beam projector from the chest plate.^[94] Stark dons the suit as "Iron Man" to overpower his captors, led by the warlord Wong-Chu, and escape, thereby launching the character's superhero career as a symbol of technological redemption.^[95] This prototype's crude design underscored themes of ingenuity under duress, setting the foundation for Iron Man's evolving arsenal in subsequent Marvel storylines.^[96]

Slang, Fictional, and Miscellaneous

In military contexts, particularly within the US armed forces since the 1950s, "Mark I Eyeball" serves as slang for the human eye used in visual inspection or observation. This humorous term alludes to military nomenclature for equipment versions, portraying the unaided human eye as the original, reliable "first model" observer that predates technological aids. It gained popularity in aviation and targeting scenarios, where personnel were advised to "trust your Mark I Eyeball" for quick, instinctive assessments over complex instruments. The phrase underscores a nod to technological progression, emphasizing the enduring value of basic human perception amid advancing machinery.^[97]^[98]

References

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Milestones:Harvard Mark I Computer, 1944 - 1959
May 20, 2025 · The Mark I computer was a general-purpose electro-mechanical computer that could execute long computations automatically. It was conceived by ...
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Harvard's Mark 1 finds its new home
originally the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator — represented a key step ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
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The IBM ASCC / Havard Mark 1 - Columbia University
Mar 26, 2021 · Also called the Harvard Mark I. It was built in 1940-43 and remained operational until 1959. IBM ASCC. Mark 1 left segment - Click to ...
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January 18: J.W. Bryce Outlines the Harvard Mark I
Jan 18, 2025 · The Harvard Mark I was the first fully automatic machine to be completed and computed three additions or subtractions a second; its memory ...
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Harvard IBM Mark I - Function
The mathematical tables that Mark I churned out were the first of their kind: They were printed directly from a machine's output, eliminating all human error.
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A Tank in Action | Lincoln Museum
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Mark I - The Tank Museum
The Mark I was the first tank to see battle, during the Battle of the Somme in September 1916. 150 were made, 75 of both male and female.<|control11|><|separator|>
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How Britain Invented The Tank In The First World War
The tank was developed in Britain due to WWI needs, with the Royal Navy leading. A prototype was adopted in 1916, and first used in combat in 1916. By 1918, 2, ...
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Mark I Gun Carrier: British Artillery That Truly Made Tracks - HistoryNet
Jul 8, 2011 · The Mark I was the first tracked, self-propelled artillery, based on a tank chassis with a cannon, and used as a supply vehicle.
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THE GUN CARRIER - Key Military
Nov 3, 2023 · Gun Carriers were likely the first self-propelled guns, designed to carry and fire a 60-pounder or 6-inch howitzer, and later used as supply ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Lee-Enfield Mark I, Sealed Pattern - 1895 - Royal Armouries
Physical description: Round barrel with foresight on a raised block with a sloping rear edge, and ladder rear sight. Barrel retained by two bands, ...Missing: war | Show results with:war
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Military Production at Lithgow SAF
Short Magazine Lee Enfield & Variants: 1912 - 1945 · Calibre: .303" rimmed · Magazine: 10 round detachable box · Muzzle velocity: 744 m/s · Weight: 4.1 kg.
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The Lee-Enfield Bolt Action Rifle - Warfare History Network
The bolt-action British Lee-Enfield rifle proved to be robust, reliable, and effective during the global conflicts of the 20th century.
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Lee Enfield Rifles - Airborne Assault Museum
In 1888 the Army introduced the Rifle Mk I into service, designed by James P Lee. ... Enfield and in 1895 the Magazine Lee Enfield (MLE) rifle entered service.
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Grenade, Hand No 5 | Imperial War Museums
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May 13, 2018 · Designed in 1915 and fielded in 1916, the Stokes mortar consisted of a smoothbore steel tube, a steel base plate for it to rest on, and a pair ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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3-in. Stokes trench mortar - Passion & Compassion 1914-1918
The '3 inches Stokes mortar' was made of a simple smooth bore tube 3.2 inches caliber, mounted on two-legs at its upper end, and a steel plate base at its lower ...
[19]
Stokes 3-inch Trench Mortar - Football and the First World War
The Stokes 3-inch Trench Mortar was a bipod-mounted light mortar weapon designed and developed by English engineer Frederick Wilfred Scott Stokes.
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STRENGTH IN SIMPLICITY - Key Military
Mar 19, 2022 · The Stokes was first used in September 1915, but it was not until summer 1916 that it became available in good numbers, with most of those ...
[21]
Ordnance BL 6in 26cwt howitzer
Dec 23, 2024 · The 6in howitzer was used as a training weapon after being withdrawn from front line service, and was declared obsolete in October 1945. The 6in ...Missing: date wound
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BL 6-Inch 26-Cwt Howitzer - Militaria
The 6-Inch BL 30 cwt Howitzer was introduced in 1896 and was the only equipment available for the siege batteries of the Royal Garrison Artillery when it ...Missing: Mark | Show results with:Mark
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Britain 9.2"/47 (23.4 cm) Mark X - NavWeaps
Mar 10, 2025 · Muzzle Velocity, MD37: 2,778 fps (847 mps) MD26: 2,748 fps (838 mps) ... Naval Gun Mountings:". A protected cordite hoist on the mounting ...
[24]
Britain 9.2"/26 (23.4 cm) Marks I and II - NavWeaps
Apr 17, 2017 · The Mark I was originally 26 calibers long while the Mark II was originally 28.4 calibers long. After chase hooping, both guns were then 25.57 ...Missing: Mk | Show results with:Mk
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Original U.S. WWII Navy USN Mark 1 Fighting Knife by CAMILLUS ...
Original Item: Only One Available. The Navy MK1 knife was used as both a utility knife and a fighting weapon. While some undoubtedly saw combat, ...Missing: Cutlery | Show results with:Cutlery
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Dec 12, 2016 · Mark 1 knives manufactured for the U.S. Navy have a blade length of 5.24-inches, but most other features vary considerably.
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WW2 U.S.N. MARK 1 BY CAMILLUS WITH M1 VP SCABBARD
This is an original WW2 U.S.N. Mark 1 knife made by Camillus, with a scabbard marked U.S.N MK 1, delivered between June 1944 and April 1945.
[28]
British observation balloon under attack by a German biplane, 1917 (c)
The crew were supplied with static line parachutes which were supposed to open automatically if they were forced by accident or enemy action to abandon the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Parachutes and Balloons - Great War Forum
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The Austin version was initially called the Se7en, but became the Mini in 1961. The 848cc A-series engine was used throughout the life of the MkI; one ...
[32]
Size Does Matter: Classic Mini Body Dimensions
Jan 23, 2024 · Classic Mini Body Dimensions: General Data ; Length, 10ft 1/4in (3.05m) 10ft 4-5/8in (3.16m) Clubman, 10ft 9-7/8in (3.259m) 11ft 2in (3.4m) ...
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Jun 22, 2021 · The total Mark I production totals was 1,190,000. Profit made from sales of the Mini came from options such as a radio, heater, mirrors, and ...Mini Mk I (1959 -- 1967) · Mini Mk Ii (1967 -- 1970) · Mini Mk Iv (1977 -- 1984)<|control11|><|separator|>
[34]
Essay : How many Minis were built? - AROnline
Official figures estimate around 5.3 million Minis were produced, but total production is likely over 6 million, with one estimate at 6,302,000.
[35]
Jaguar Mark 1 - Jaguar Enthusiasts Club
The Jaguar Mark 1, produced from 1955 to 1959, was Jaguar's first sedan with unibody construction, offering improved handling and reduced weight.
[36]
1959 Jaguar 3.4-Litre Saloon Mark I full range specs
top speed: 193 km/h (120 mph) (declared by factory);; accelerations: 0- 60 mph 8.4© s; 0- 100 km/h 8.8© s (simulation ©automobile-catalog.com); 1 ...
[37]
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The Mk1 was important for Jaguar, good to drive, fast with the 3.8-litre, but difficult to restore. The 3.4-litre had 210bhp and 120mph top speed.
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1959 Jaguar Mark 1 - conceptcarz.com
The MK1 was produced from 1956 through 1960 with a total of 36,740 units being produced. By the end of 1960, the Mk1 had become the biggest selling Jaguar ever.<|control11|><|separator|>
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[PDF] Southern Region Allocated BR Standard Coaching Stock Vol. 1 - 22/
BRIEF HISTORY OF MARK 1 CARRIAGES ON THE SOUTHERN REGION ... British Railways Mark 1 Coaches” and. Railway Gazette for July 26th 1963 ...
[40]
British Railways Mark 1 Corridor Coaches – Keighley & Worth Valley ...
The first standard coaches started rolling off the production lines in 1951. They were built at Derby, Doncaster, Eastleigh, Swindon, Wolverton and York.
[41]
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[42]
Railway Realism: British Railways Mk 1 carriages - Key Model World
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[43]
British Columbia Rapid Transit Company | TransLink
History of SkyTrain. A Mark 1 SkyTrain running on a bridge with snowy mountains and a clear sky in. SkyTrain first opened on Dec. 11, 1985 for eight days of ...Missing: ICTS | Show results with:ICTS
[44]
Vancouver SkyTrain—A Proven Success Story
SkyTrain was the first major application of LIM technology to mass transit systems. There are no moving parts, substantially reducing maintenance and risk of ...
[45]
Got an idea for a new use? You can soon own old SkyTrain cars
Nov 1, 2024 · TransLink is seeking ideas for how to reuse and repurpose SkyTrain's old Mark I cars, which are now entering retirement.
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300 MPG for $30G? Company makes lofty claims for its futuristic ...
Nov 20, 2007 · Aptera claims the all-electric model has a range of 120 miles while the plug-in hybrid will go 600 miles before running out of juice. "In just a ...
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2008 Aptera Typ-1 - Top Speed
Dec 27, 2007 · Aptera Typ-1 will go into production in late 2008 and will be an all-electric and plug-in hybrid models.
[48]
Why electric-car startup Aptera collapsed, a complete chronology
Dec 12, 2011 · Dec 2, 2011: Aptera Motors shuts down. So if you believe Wilbur, Aptera simply ran out of time amidst a loss of confidence by its investors.
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EV Startup Aptera Motors Pulls the Plug - WIRED
Dec 2, 2011 · Southern California electric vehicle startup Aptera Motors is out of time, out of money and out of luck. It announced today that it is shutting its doors.
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SOPWITH TABLOID · The Encyclopedia of Aircraft David C. Eyre
Specifications: · Wingspan [upper and lower mainplanes]: 7.77m (25 ft 6 in) · Length: 6.21 m (20 ft 4 in) · Height: 2.59 m (8 ft 5 in) · Wing area: 22.38 m² (241 sq ...Missing: Mk | Show results with:Mk
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The Sopwith Tabloid – Zeppelin killer! | Shortfinals - aviation and more!
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Sopwith Tabloid - Militär Wissen
Technical data: ; Type: Reconnaissance plane, Bomber ; Length: 6,2 meters ; Span: 7,83 meters ; Height: 2,57 meters ; Weight: 309 kg empty.Missing: Mk | Show results with:Mk<|control11|><|separator|>
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Manchester Mark 1
### Summary of Manchester Mark 1 Specifications and Historical Context
[54]
The Manchester Small Scale Experimental Machine -- "The Baby"
The main store was a 32 * 32 bit array on a Williams-Kilburn Tube. In addition there were two other Williams-Kilburn Tubes holding special storage "registers": ...
[55]
The Ferranti Mark 1 (Digital 60)
In 1948 the government's chief scientist initiated a government contract with Ferranti Ltd. to make a production version of the Manchester Mark 1 "to Professor ...
[56]
The Ferranti Mark 1: Its public and secret life | BCS
Sep 17, 2020 · Their first machine was the Ferranti Mark 1, which was completed in 1951. 'It was the world's first production computer,' Lavington says.Missing: £30000 | Show results with:£30000
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Ferranti Computers - CHM Revolution
About nine of them were sold between 1951 and 1957. The Mark 1 was a grandchild of the experimental Manchester “Baby” and Manchester Mark 1 at Manchester ...Missing: £30000 | Show results with:£30000
[58]
[PDF] rosenblatt-1957.pdf
The perceptron concept is a recent product of this research program; the current effort is aimed at establishing the technical and economic feasibility of the ...Missing: 400 Navy
[59]
Electronic Neural Network, Mark I Perceptron
The Mark I Perceptron came to the Smithsonian in 1967 from Cornell University as a transfer from the Office of Naval Research. References: Frank Rosenblatt, ...Missing: 400 photocells
[60]
Professor's perceptron paved the way for AI – 60 years too soon
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History and Technology - The Mark 1 Fire Control Computer
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The ring on the parking lot - CERN Courier
May 31, 2003 · SPEAR had another advantage: a new kind of detector, called the SLAC-LBL Magnetic Detector or Mark I, which uniformly surrounded the interaction ...
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[PDF] Burton Richter - Nobel Lecture
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[PDF] Nomination Document - Jodrell Bank
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[PDF] The Lovell Telescope
Experiments Jun-Sep '55. • 1-inch profile. • Main structure complete by this ... Sputnik launched 4. Oct 57, carrier rocket detected 11 Oct 57.Missing: Mark | Show results with:Mark
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Radio 'Ear' on the Universe Being Built - Cosmic Times - NASA
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[67]
[PDF] enclosure 2 bwr mark i and mark ii containment regulatory history
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[68]
Nuclear Power in the USA
Meanwhile the boiling water reactor (BWR) was developed by the Argonne National Laboratory, and the first commercial plant, Dresden 1 (250 MWe) designed by ...
[69]
Fukushima: Background on Reactors - World Nuclear Association
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[70]
Randall's Story - MESA/Boogie®
Carlos Santana. Carlos amp modified. One of the original modified amps for Carlos Santana. He just wailed through that little amp until people were blocking ...
[71]
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Nov 7, 2022 · Mesa/Boogie's history goes all the way back to the tail end of the swinging 60s, being founded by California native Randall Smith in 1969.
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A Joke Named "Boogie": The Early Years of Mesa Amps
Oct 10, 2016 · Mesa/Boogie amplifiers started out as a joke. Literally. In 1969, Randall Smith was running a small repair shop north of San Francisco called Prune Music.
[73]
How did Mesa get its Boogie name? Randall Smith explains
Jan 2, 2025 · The famed Boogie began life as a modded Princeton, but a chance encounter with one of its biggest champions was what gave it its now-legendary title.
[74]
Builder Profile: Mesa/Boogie - Premier Guitar
Apr 15, 2013 · Mesa/Boogie founder Randall Smith has managed to take his company and his amplifiers to soaring heights and worldwide recognition.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Mark, CHAPTER 1 | USCCB - Daily Readings
* [1:1–13] The prologue of the Gospel according to Mark begins with the title (Mk 1:1) followed by three events preparatory to Jesus' preaching: (1) the ...
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Why does the Gospel of Mark use the term immediately so often?
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[79]
SAINT MARK THE EVANGELIST - Tasbeha.org
while the Western Churches observe it on 25, April. [25 Nisan]. Chineau reported that St. Mark was 58 years old when he was martyred. Patriarch Maximos Mazloom ...
[80]
St. Mark, the Founder of the Coptic Church - SUSCopts.org
He is regarded by the Coptic hierarchy as the first of their unbroken 117 patriarchs, and also the first of a stream of Egyptian martyrs.
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st. mark the evangelist - Coptic Monastery of Saint Shenouda
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Saint Mark and the Church of Alexandria
St. Mark who is considered the, First Bishop of Alexandria, found that his first responsibility was to continue preaching from one place to another, challenging ...
[83]
Deep Purple Lineups - The Highway Star
Deep Purple Mark I (April 1968 - June 1969): · Ritchie Blackmore (guitar) · Rod Evans (vocals) · Jon Lord (keyboards + backing vocals) · Ian Paice (drums) · Nick ...
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Tomorrow Never Knows - John Lennon - Beatles Music History
The group decided to finalize "Tomorrow Never Knows" (or "Mark I" as it was still titled at this time) on April 22nd, 1966 in EMI Studio Two, the session ...
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How one Beatles track spawned a recording technique revolution
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[88]
Tales of Suspense #39 Published March 1963 - Key Collector Comics
Key facts: 1st appearance of Iron Man, Debut of Iron Man's 'Model 1' armor, 1st appearance of Wong-Chu, a Viet Cong warlord and Iron Man's first enemy.
[89]
Tales of Suspense Vol 1 39 | Marvel Database - Fandom
Iron Man descends from the ceiling and finds a coat and hat, with which to cover his armor, and wanders outside to find Wong-Chu tossing people around in the ...
[90]
Tales of Suspense #39 - Nick Peron
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[91]
How Much Is Tales of Suspense #39 Worth? Browse Comic Prices
While pretending to build a weapon for his captors he builds a suit of battle armor to keep his injured heart beating and uses it to escape and beat the ...
[92]
Iron Man Armor Model 1 | Marvel Database - Fandom
The armor's primary function was to act as a pacemaker which electronically stimulated Tony Stark's heart to keep it beating after the shrapnel from a land ...Missing: 1963 | Show results with:1963
[93]
Mark I Eyeball | Military Wiki - Fandom
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Letters to the Editors - The Atlantic
Nov 1, 2002 · ... military calls the "Mark I eyeball," the human factor. The cop on the beat, the alert neighbor, the with-it guard, are capable of judgments ...Missing: slang origin<|separator|>
[95]
W. Watson & Sons (London, England) - Microscope Museum
W. Watson & Sons (London, England). Listed below are most microscopes, mechanical stages, lamps and/or other items pictured in the catalogues of this maker ...