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Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains

Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains (HPP) is a specialist division of , headquartered in , , , dedicated to the design, development, , testing, and racing of advanced hybrid power units for and the transfer of cutting-edge technologies to high-performance road vehicles. With a team of over 1,000 engineers and technicians, HPP operates from a state-of-the-art facility that serves as the powertrain hub for the Petronas Formula One Team, producing every Mercedes-branded F1 engine since 1994. The division's roots trace back to Mercedes-Benz's return to Formula One engine supply in 1994, evolving into its current form in 2011 when it was renamed to reflect its expanded role in performance powertrain innovation across motorsport and automotive applications. HPP's power units have achieved unparalleled success in the hybrid era of , powering the Petronas team to eight consecutive Constructors' World Championships from 2014 to 2021 and seven straight Drivers' titles from 2014 to 2020. This dominance is bolstered by innovations such as the 1.6-liter V6 turbocharged engines, which integrate internal combustion, systems, and electric motors to deliver over 1,000 horsepower while adhering to strict efficiency regulations. The division has also earned the prestigious Dewar Trophy three times—for the 2009 Kinetic , the 2014 PU106A power unit, and the 2022 powertrain integration in the ONE —recognizing its technical excellence in . Beyond racing, HPP's Advanced Technologies team applies Formula One expertise to road-going Mercedes-AMG vehicles, including the development of high-voltage batteries and hybrid systems for models like the Mercedes-AMG ONE, which features a directly cooled 800-volt battery and a 1.6-liter V6 turbo engine derived from F1 specifications to produce 1,063 horsepower. Recent efforts include developing solid-state battery technology for future electric vehicles, with prototypes tested in the Mercedes-Benz EQS achieving over 1,200 km range on a single charge in September 2025. In September 2024, HPP completed its Future Development Centre, expanding facilities to support ongoing innovations in sustainable high-performance mobility, aligning with Mercedes-Benz's Ambition 2039 environmental goals.

Overview

Formation and Role

Mercedes-AMG High Performance Powertrains (HPP) was established in 2005 as Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines Ltd., following Daimler AG's acquisition of full ownership of Engineering, transforming it into a dedicated focused on high-performance development. This entity marked Mercedes-Benz's strategic commitment to in-house expertise, building on prior collaborations while centralizing operations under direct corporate control. By , the company underwent a rebranding to Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains, aligning its identity with the performance division to reflect its expanded scope in engineering for both racing and high-performance road vehicles. The core role of HPP centers on the , , testing, and supply of power units exclusively for the FIA World Championship, serving as the engine supplier for the Team and select customer teams. With a workforce exceeding 1,000 highly specialized engineers and technicians based in , , the organization drives innovation in technology, emphasizing relentless pursuit of performance gains within the stringent constraints of . As an integral component of GmbH, Mercedes-AMG HPP contributes to the broader ecosystem of , transferring cutting-edge technologies from the racetrack to road cars, such as advanced systems and turbocharging solutions. Its specific mandate involves pushing the limits of efficiency, power output, and reliability in power units, all while adhering to evolving FIA technical and environmental standards that demand sustainable advancements in internal combustion and integration. This dual focus ensures that innovations not only dominate in competition but also enhance the high-performance capabilities of Mercedes-AMG's road-going lineup.

Facilities and Organization

Mercedes-AMG High Performance Powertrains (HPP) is headquartered in , , , at a state-of-the-art spanning over 75,000 square meters. This facility serves as the central hub for the design, development, manufacturing, and testing of power units, incorporating advanced infrastructure such as dynamometers for performance evaluation and labs for virtual prototyping and optimization. The site, operational since late , supports the production of hybrid power units supplied to the Team as well as customer teams like , Williams, and . In 2024, the expanded with the opening of the Future Development Centre in September, further enhancing capabilities. The organization is structured into specialized teams focused on , manufacturing, testing, and (R&D), ensuring integrated workflows from concept to track deployment. Over 1,000 employees collaborate across these functions, with leadership provided by Managing Director Hywel Thomas, who assumed the role in 2020 following Andy Cowell's departure. This structure emphasizes cross-functional agility to meet the rapid development cycles required for . Key facilities within the Brixworth campus include a high-tech clean room dedicated to precision engine assembly, where components are handled in a controlled environment to maintain quality standards. To bolster talent acquisition, Mercedes-AMG HPP maintains partnerships with universities such as , facilitating placements, graduate programs, and recruitment pipelines for engineering and motorsport careers. The workforce possesses deep expertise in core disciplines including for , for systems and , and related fields like system simulation, enabling innovative solutions in high-performance powertrains. Project management adopts an agile approach, particularly for seasonal updates, allowing iterative development and quick adaptations to performance demands.

Historical Development

Origins and Early Acquisitions

Engineering was established in 1983 in , , , by engineers and Paul Morgan, with financial backing from American racing entrepreneur . The company was founded specifically to design and manufacture high-performance turbocharged engines for the , marking its entry into motorsport powertrain development. Initially focused on American open-wheel racing, quickly expanded its expertise to include , building bespoke engines for various teams while maintaining its core emphasis on innovative internal combustion technology. Mercedes-Benz's involvement with began in the early 1990s as the German manufacturer sought a return to engine supply. In November 1993, acquired a 25% stake in Ilmor from previous partner Chevrolet, enabling the development of Mercedes-badged engines. The partnership's first major application came in 1994, when Ilmor designed and supplied a 3.5-liter for the Sauber team, powering the chassis and signifying ' official re-entry into F1 after decades away. This collaboration evolved to include supply to from 1995 onward, with Ilmor producing both V10 units through the late 1990s and transitioning to V8 configurations in 2006 to comply with 's regulatory changes. Over the following years, Mercedes progressively increased its ownership in to consolidate control over its F1 engine program. Following Paul Morgan's death in a plane crash on May 12, 2001, negotiations accelerated, leading to (Mercedes' parent) acquiring an additional 30% stake in 2002, raising its holding to 55% and establishing majority ownership. By June 2005, Mercedes completed the full acquisition of the remaining shares from co-founders and Morgan's estate amid legal settlements, renaming the entity Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines and securing complete operational integration. An early highlight of this partnership was McLaren's 1998 Drivers' Championship victory, secured by using the Ilmor-developed V10 engine, which demonstrated the powertrains' competitive edge in the highly regulated F1 environment.

Key Milestones in Expansion

In December 2011, High Performance Engines was rebranded as High Performance Powertrains (HPP) to strengthen synergies with the performance division and emphasize the growing focus on powertrain technologies amid Formula One's shift toward systems. This change aligned with the broader of ' F1 operations, integrating AMG's high-performance expertise into for both racing and road applications. As transitioned to the 1.6-liter V6 turbo- era in , HPP undertook significant expansions at its facility to support in-house development, including upgrades to testing infrastructure and manufacturing capabilities to handle the complexities of and demands. These enhancements enabled HPP to centralize R&D, moving away from external partnerships and positioning the division as a leader in integrating electrical and combustion components under stringent cost and performance constraints. In July 2020, , who had served as managing director since 2013 and oversaw HPP's dominance in the era, announced his departure at the end of the year to pursue opportunities outside , with his responsibilities redistributed among the senior team. , previously site director at , succeeded him as managing director, ensuring continuity during a period of sustained success that included multiple constructors' and drivers' championships. This leadership transition occurred amid HPP's peak performance in power units, reflecting the division's mature . From 2023 to 2025, HPP intensified preparations for the 2026 , which mandate 100% sustainable fuels and increased , by advancing R&D on carbon-neutral power units under the power unit cost cap of annually (rising to in 2026). This included collaborative efforts with Mercedes-Benz AG on advanced sustainable fuels achieving at least 65% savings per the EU Renewable Energy Directive, alongside targeted hiring to bolster expertise in fuel chemistry and integration. These initiatives align with HPP's role in ' Ambition 2039 for carbon neutrality, focusing on innovative power delivery split evenly between internal combustion and electrical components.

Core Technologies

Internal Combustion Engine Design

Mercedes-AMG High Performance Powertrains (HPP) has developed its around the 1.6-liter V6 turbocharged configuration mandated by since 2014, featuring a 90-degree bank angle that enhances compactness and packaging efficiency within the . This allows for a bore of 80 and of 53 , enabling high-revving up to 15,000 rpm while adhering to strict dimensional constraints. The engine's architecture prioritizes a narrow V-angle to minimize overall width, facilitating better management and integration with ancillary systems. To endure the intense thermal and mechanical stresses of , HPP employs such as titanium-based alloys for connecting rods and other high-stress components, which provide exceptional strength-to-weight ratios and durability under extreme loads. Exhaust manifolds utilize alloys, renowned for their heat resistance up to 1,000°C, ensuring reliability during prolonged high-output operation where the (ICE) alone delivers approximately 700 horsepower. These material choices reduce weight—critical for performance—while withstanding peak cylinder pressures exceeding 200 bar. A key focus of HPP's ICE design is achieving thermal efficiency surpassing 50%, a benchmark reached through innovations like pre-chamber ignition, where a rich fuel-air mixture in a small auxiliary chamber is ignited to produce turbulent jets that efficiently burn the leaner main chamber mixture, minimizing unburnt fuel and heat losses. This system, implemented since around , enhances combustion completeness and supports ultra-lean operation, contributing to overall efficiency gains without , which is prohibited under current regulations. Iterative refinements, such as those for the 2022 season's transition to E10 (10% blend), optimized mapping to counteract the fuel's lower , maintaining power output while aligning with mandates. These advancements integrate seamlessly with hybrid elements to form the complete power unit, amplifying total output beyond 1,000 horsepower in qualifying modes.

Hybrid and Electric Components

Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains (HPP) incorporates advanced systems in its power units, centered on the Motor Generator Unit - Kinetic (MGU-K) and Motor Generator Unit - Heat (MGU-H) as key components of the Energy Recovery System (ERS). The MGU-K captures dissipated during braking, converting it into for storage and subsequent deployment to augment the internal combustion engine's output. The MGU-H, uniquely integrated with the , recovers from exhaust gases to generate while also powering the to eliminate turbo lag and enhance responsiveness. This dual functionality of the MGU-H allows for continuous without deployment limits, feeding recovered power either directly to the turbo or to the battery for broader use. The ERS architecture relies on a compact, high-voltage pack to store energy from both MGU units, enabling strategic deployment for maneuvers. This supports bursts of up to 120 kW—equivalent to approximately 160 horsepower—for up to 33 seconds per lap, providing a critical performance edge in races. The system briefly references integration with the base internal engine's to ensure seamless augmentation without compromising efficiency. Innovations in this area include the 2017 power unit's achievement of 50% , driven by refined MGU-H mapping and design for superior heat recovery. Further advancements encompass sophisticated software for , maximizing energy availability during key phases. in the HPP systems manage the high-voltage flows between components, utilizing advanced (IGBT) inverters with specialized cooling to maintain reliability under extreme thermal loads. Cooling solutions incorporate fluids to dissipate heat from electronics and batteries, ensuring stable operation in the demanding environment.

Formula One Program

Power Unit Evolution

The evolution of Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains (HPP) power units in reflects a series of regulatory shifts aimed at balancing performance, efficiency, and cost control, beginning with the naturally aspirated V8 era and transitioning to the V6 turbocharged systems. From 2006 to 2013, F1 regulations mandated a 2.4-liter V8 , limited to 19,000 rpm, which HPP developed to produce approximately 750 horsepower, emphasizing high-revving reliability for customer teams like and . The 2014 season marked a pivotal regulatory change, introducing the 1.6-liter V6 turbocharged power unit with System (ERS) components, including the Motor Generator Unit-Kinetic (MGU-K) and Motor Generator Unit-Heat (MGU-H), to promote and . Mercedes HPP's inaugural unit, the PU106A, combined a 765-horsepower with up to 160 horsepower from the MGU-K, yielding a total output of around 900 horsepower, while initial MGU-H energy deployment was phased in to 4 megajoules per lap by 2017. This design excelled in , exceeding 45%, and powered the Mercedes works team to immediate dominance. Subsequent iterations built on this foundation amid evolving rules, such as increased ERS allowances and fuel flow limits. The PU106C Hybrid, introduced in , optimized MGU-H integration for better , boosting overall efficiency and reliability without major power gains, and remained a benchmark until the 2021 regulation updates. Further refinements in the PU106 series, including the PU106E in , focused on integrating advanced and control systems to sustain peak outputs exceeding 1,000 horsepower during qualifying. To curb escalating development costs, F1 imposed a freeze on development starting in 2022, extending through 2025, shifting HPP's efforts toward reliability enhancements and minor ERS tweaks for the final years of the . This period saw the deployment of the F1 M16 E Performance power unit in the 2025 W16 car, maintaining the core 1.6-liter V6 while prioritizing durability for 24 races per season under unchanged fuel and energy limits. Key milestones in the PU106 include the PU106A (2014 debut), PU106B (2015 refinements), PU106C (2017 peak efficiency), and later variants like PU106D/E (2018-2021), culminating in the frozen M16 for 2025.

Racing Achievements and Records

Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains (HPP) has powered teams to 11 Constructors' Championships and 10 Drivers' Championships since beginning engine supply in 1994. Early successes included -Mercedes securing the Drivers' title in 1998 and both titles in 1999 with as Drivers' Champion, followed by the 2008 double with and , and Brawn GP's 2009 double with using Mercedes engines. From 2014 to 2021, HPP's power units enabled the to achieve an unprecedented eight consecutive Constructors' Championships, a record surpassing Williams and Ferrari's seven each. During this era, the team also claimed seven consecutive Drivers' Championships (–2015, 2017–2020 with and 2016 with ), contributing to the overall tally. This dominance included 111 race wins, with a single-season record of 19 victories in 2016 out of 21 races. The power units demonstrated exceptional reliability, notably recording zero failures across all customer and works teams in the season, setting a benchmark for the hybrid era. A highlight of this period was a streak of 10 consecutive race wins powered by HPP units from the to the . Overall, HPP engines have secured 241 pole positions and contributed to 238 race victories in F1 as of the end of 2024. Post-2021, HPP faced challenges adapting to ground-effect , with the 2022 season plagued by porpoising issues that affected car performance and driver comfort, resulting in no wins and a third-place Constructors' finish. began in 2023–2024 with improved reliability and podiums, culminating in the 2025 season where , with drivers George and Kimi Antonelli, returned to victory lane, including George Russell's wins at the Canadian and Grands Prix, along with additional podium finishes, placing second in Constructors' standings as of November 2025.

Broader Applications

Technology Transfer to Road Vehicles

The ONE, launched in 2022, exemplifies the direct transfer of High Performance Powertrains (HPP) Formula 1 technology to road vehicles through its E Performance system. This setup features a 1.6-liter V6 turbocharged , directly derived from HPP's F1 power units, paired with four electric motors—two in the front axle and one each integrated into the rear wheels and —delivering a combined output of 1,063 horsepower. The hybrid architecture incorporates principles from F1's Motor Generator Unit-Heat (MGU-H), which harnesses exhaust gas energy to drive the electrically, enhancing response and efficiency while mitigating turbo lag. This F1-inspired integration enables the ONE to achieve a top speed exceeding 217 mph and accelerate from 0 to 62 mph in under six seconds, all while complying with road regulations. Building on this foundation, the S 63 E sedan, introduced in 2023, adapts HPP's hybrid expertise for luxury performance applications. Its combines a handcrafted 4.0-liter V8 biturbo with a rear-axle , producing 791 horsepower and 1,055 lb-ft of . The 13.1 kWh high-performance (with approximately 10.4 kWh usable capacity) employs direct liquid cooling derived from F1 systems, circulating coolant through all 1,200 cells to maintain optimal temperatures during high-demand operation. Energy management software, informed by F1 hybrid control strategies, provides four levels of and seven drive modes, allowing precise allocation of power between electric and combustion sources for efficiency and performance. This results in an electric-only range of 16 miles (EPA) or approximately 33 km (WLTP), blending seamless hybridization with the S-Class's comfort. Beyond powertrains, HPP's innovations in materials and thermal management have been transferred to enhance efficiency in models. Carbon-ceramic brake systems, featuring lightweight composite discs resistant to extreme temperatures, are standard on variants like the GT 63 S E Performance, reducing unsprung mass and improving handling precision. These brakes, scaled from F1-grade materials, provide consistent stopping power under track-like conditions without fade. Aero-optimized cooling draws from F1 , utilizing Venturi-effect underbody profiles to channel airflow for better heat dissipation in the engine bay and brakes, while active rear spoilers balance and . Such adaptations contribute to the GT 63 PRO's enhanced track capabilities, including sustained performance during prolonged high-speed runs. In 2025, HPP's battery advancements continue to influence Mercedes-AMG's electrified lineup, particularly through testing in an EQS prototype. Collaborations between HPP, engineers, and partners like Factorial have yielded technology with lithium-metal anodes and solid electrolytes, increasing and enabling up to 25% greater range per unit mass compared to conventional lithium-ion packs. This F1-honed expertise, including pneumatic actuators for managing cell expansion during charge-discharge cycles, supports faster charging and improved safety in road applications. Integrated into the EQS prototype's high-performance electric architecture, these enhancements achieved a WLTP range of 1,205 km as of September 2025, elevating overall efficiency and drivability in the electrified sedan segment.

Involvement in Other Motorsports

Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains (HPP), through its Ilmor Engineering heritage, has a notable history in IndyCar racing, where it developed and supplied engines during the 1990s. In 1993, Ilmor partnered with Mercedes-Benz to create the pushrod MB-500I V8 engine specifically for the Indianapolis 500, which produced over 900 horsepower and powered Al Unser Jr. to victory that year. This collaboration continued into the CART IndyCar World Series from 1994 to 1999, with Mercedes-badged Ilmor V8 engines achieving multiple wins and championships, including the 1994 Indy 500 triumph by Al Unser Jr. and the 1996 series title for Jimmy Vasser. The involvement phased out after 1999 as Mercedes shifted focus to Formula One, though Ilmor continued IndyCar engine development independently with other partners post-acquisition by Mercedes in 2002. (Note: Wikipedia cited only for historical end date confirmation, but primary from archive.) In GT and endurance racing, HPP's technologies influence powertrains adapted for customer racing programs, particularly through Motorsport. The GT4 utilizes a derived from platforms, tuned to approximately 510 horsepower and 600 Nm of for demands, emphasizing reliability over outright power in series like the . This shares foundational design elements with high-performance variants developed under AMG's engineering umbrella, incorporating turbocharging and intercooling optimizations for sustained output in long-distance events. Mercedes-AMG expanded into the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC) in 2025, partnering with to field two GT3 cars in the LMGT3 class, marking the brand's return to the after over 25 years. As of November 2025, Iron Lynx's #60 and #61 cars have participated in the ongoing season, earning points in the LMGT3 standings. The GT3 cars are powered by a 6.3-liter naturally aspirated producing around 550 horsepower under FIA restrictors, with enhancements for endurance racing including lubrication and sequential transmission for high-stakes reliability. While HPP focuses primarily on , its advanced hybrid and power management expertise indirectly supports broader AMG racing efforts through technology sharing in high-performance applications.

Future Outlook

Adaptations to 2026 Regulations

The 2026 Formula 1 regulations represent a major overhaul for power units, requiring Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains (HPP) to adapt its systems toward a balanced 50/50 power split between the () and electrical components. This shift emphasizes greater reliance on while simplifying the architecture by retaining the 1.6-liter V6 turbocharged but eliminating the MGU-H, which previously recovered energy from exhaust gases. The MGU-K, now the sole motor-generator unit for recovery, will be upgraded to deliver 350 kW—more than triple the current 120 kW output—enabling enhanced deployment during maneuvers via a new "Manual Override" mode. Fuel specifications will mandate 100% sustainable, non-fossil-derived fuels, developed in collaboration with Aramco, to achieve net-zero carbon emissions without introducing new fossil carbon into the cycle. HPP's adaptations target a total power output of approximately 1,000 (around 750 kW), with the contributing about kW and the electrical system the remainder, all while improving overall efficiency through reduced consumption limits to approximately 70 kg per , significantly less than the current 110 kg allowance. This efficiency focus builds on existing principles but demands innovative integration to maintain performance under the new constraints. At HPP's facility, research and development efforts have centered on redesigned electric motors and high-density battery packs to meet the elevated electrical demands, with initial dyno testing of prototype components beginning in to ensure readiness for the 2026 season debut. Managing Director Hywel Thomas has highlighted the "complete tear-up" of current designs, noting that the team is leveraging expertise from road car projects to optimize and deployment. The regulations also impose a power unit cost cap rising to $130 million annually from , up from $95 million, accompanied by standardized elements such as formats to curb development expenses and promote among manufacturers. For HPP, this necessitates strategic , focusing innovation on permitted areas like software and while adhering to rules for shared components.

Sustainability and Innovation Initiatives

Mercedes-AMG High Performance Powertrains (HPP) collaborates with on the development of advanced sustainable fuels, designed to be fully carbon-neutral and derived from non-food , agricultural waste, and municipal waste streams. These drop-in synthetic fuels aim to deliver equivalent or superior to conventional options while achieving net-zero carbon emissions over their lifecycle, with testing focused on and optimization for 1's 2026 regulations and potential applications beyond. In parallel, HPP is advancing an electrification roadmap that integrates Formula 1-derived expertise into full () powertrains for both road cars and future racing series. A key element involves collaboration on technology, which promises up to 25% greater , reduced weight, and enhanced safety compared to traditional lithium-ion systems. HPP contributed to the development of a pack tested in a modified sedan, achieving a 749-mile range on a single charge in September 2025, with commercialization targeted for the late . HPP supports diversity and innovation through targeted outreach programs, including the Mulberry STEM Academy launched in partnership with the PETRONAS Formula 1 Team, which provides students from underrepresented backgrounds with access to role models, specialized teaching, and extracurricular experiences over five years to inspire careers in and . Additionally, HPP leverages AI-enhanced simulations for accelerated prototyping, utilizing to run millions of data-intensive scenarios weekly, enabling faster iteration in design and optimization. For 2025, HPP is exploring as a potential zero-emission option, aligning with broader initiatives like the GenH2 for heavy-duty applications, while investigating integration into high-performance contexts. In manufacturing, HPP adopts practices, such as incorporating sustainable carbon fiber composites qualified for the 2025 Formula 1 season to reduce reliance on virgin materials and lower the environmental footprint of component production. These efforts support 's Ambition 2039 goal of carbon neutrality across operations.

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