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Microbacterium

Microbacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria in the family Microbacteriaceae, phylum Actinomycetota.^[1] As of November 2025, the genus includes 166 validly published species, with the type species Microbacterium lacticum Orla-Jensen 1919.^[2] Cells are typically irregular rods measuring 0.2–0.6 μm in width and 0.5–2.5 μm in length in young cultures, often becoming shorter or coccoid in older cultures.^[3] These bacteria exhibit high physiological and biochemical diversity, with DNA G+C contents ranging from 65 to 75 mol%.^[4] Their cell walls contain B-type peptidoglycan, typically with L-ornithine, L-lysine, L-homoserine, or diaminobutyric acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, along with glycolyl residues in some species.^[4] Most species are yellow-pigmented due to carotenoids,^[5] psychrotolerant, and thermoduric, enabling survival in refrigerated conditions and mild heat treatments like pasteurization.^[6] Microbacterium species are ubiquitous in natural and human-associated environments, including soil, freshwater, marine sediments, plant tissues, decaying organic matter, and dairy products.^[4] They play roles in nutrient cycling and plant growth promotion but can act as contaminants in food processing, such as in extended shelf-life milk where their small size (∼0.3 μm width, ∼0.9 μm length) allows passage through microfiltration membranes.^[6] Certain species are opportunistic pathogens, occasionally isolated from human clinical specimens like blood, wounds, and catheters, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, and are classified in risk group 2.^[2]^[7]

Taxonomy and Phylogeny

Etymology and History

The genus name Microbacterium derives from the Greek adjective mikros (small) and the Latin neuter noun bacterium (small rod), alluding to the diminutive rod-like morphology of its members.^[2] This nomenclature was first proposed by the Danish microbiologist Sigurd Orla-Jensen in his 1919 monograph The Lactic Acid Bacteria, where he established the genus to accommodate a group of Gram-positive rods isolated primarily from dairy sources such as milk and cheese.^[8] Orla-Jensen described four initial species, including the type species Microbacterium lacticum, based on their physiological traits like lactic acid production and irregular cellular shapes.^[9] Early taxonomic assignments placed Microbacterium among coryneform bacteria, a heterogeneous assemblage of irregular, Gram-positive rods that included genera like Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium, due to shared morphological and staining characteristics.^[10] This grouping led to initial taxonomic ambiguity, as many isolates were misclassified under broader coryneform categories. The genus gained formal validation in 1980 through the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names, which conserved Orla-Jensen's original proposal amid efforts to stabilize bacterial nomenclature.^[2] In 1983, Collins and colleagues emended the genus description, incorporating chemotaxonomic data such as B-type peptidoglycan of the B2β variant, characterized by interpeptide bridges containing one or two glycine residues (possibly N-glycolylated), with the diagnostic diamino acid in the peptidoglycan peptide subunit varying among species (typically L-lysine, L-ornithine, L-homoserine, or diaminobutyric acid), along with standard components such as D-glutamic acid and alanine, and reclassified species like Brevibacterium imperiale and "Corynebacterium laevaniformans" into Microbacterium, thereby refining its boundaries.^[11] The 1990s marked a pivotal expansion of the genus, driven by the advent of molecular phylogenetic tools, particularly 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which revealed deeper relationships within the Actinomycetota phylum.^[12] This period saw the description of numerous novel species from diverse environments, distinguishing Microbacterium from superficially similar coryneforms through genetic and phylogenetic analyses. In 1998, further emendations by Takeuchi and Hatano integrated additional chemotaxonomic markers, including the union of Microbacterium with Aureobacterium, solidifying the genus's position.^[13] By November 2025, advances in whole-genome sequencing have facilitated the recognition of 166 validated species, reflecting the genus's remarkable diversity and underscoring the role of genomic approaches in bacterial taxonomy.^[2]

Classification

The genus Microbacterium is classified within the domain Bacteria, phylum Actinomycetota, class Actinomycetes, order Micrococcales, family Microbacteriaceae.^[14] This placement reflects its position among high G+C-content Gram-positive bacteria, supported by phylogenetic analyses of housekeeping genes and ribosomal RNA sequences.^[2] Phylogenetic delineation of Microbacterium relies on several molecular and chemotaxonomic markers. The genus exhibits a high genomic GC content ranging from 65 to 75 mol%, characteristic of the Actinomycetota phylum.^[15] Species within Microbacterium are often closely related, with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities typically exceeding 97%, though multi-locus sequence typing using genes such as gyrB, rpoB, recA, and ppk is recommended for finer resolution due to high intragenus similarity.^[16] A key chemotaxonomic feature is the B-type peptidoglycan of the B2β variant, characterized by interpeptide bridges containing one or two glycine residues (possibly N-glycolylated), with the diagnostic diamino acid in the peptidoglycan peptide subunit varying among species (typically L-lysine, L-ornithine, L-homoserine, or diaminobutyric acid), along with standard components such as D-glutamic acid and alanine.^[16] Differentiation of Microbacterium from related genera in the Microbacteriaceae family, such as Clavibacter and Leifsonia, is based on menaquinone composition and fatty acid profiles. Microbacterium species predominantly contain menaquinones MK-12 and MK-13 as major components, contrasting with the MK-9 profile in Clavibacter. Similarly, while Leifsonia shares some similarities, it typically features MK-11 as predominant.^[17] Fatty acid profiles in Microbacterium are dominated by iso- and anteiso-branched acids, such as anteiso-C_15:0 and anteiso-C_17:0, which overlap with those in Clavibacter and Leifsonia but are used in combination with menaquinones and peptidoglycan variants for precise genus-level separation.^[18]

Morphology and Physiology

Cellular Morphology

Microbacterium species are characterized as Gram-positive, non-spore-forming rods with irregular morphology. Cells in young cultures typically appear as small, slender, irregular rods measuring approximately 0.2-0.6 µm in width and 0.5-2.5 µm in length.^[19]^[3] Due to a snapping division process, daughter cells often separate at an angle, resulting in V-shaped or angled arrangements, while occasional primary branching may occur but is not prominent.^[20] This irregular staining and pleomorphic appearance during Gram procedures can arise from the relatively thin peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall.^[21] Colonies of Microbacterium on nutrient agar are generally smooth, convex, and circular, attaining diameters of 1-3 mm after 2-3 days of incubation at optimal temperatures.^[22] These colonies exhibit yellow pigmentation, attributed to the production of carotenoid compounds such as lycopene-type pigments, which contribute to their characteristic yellowish to orange hue.^[23]^[24] Most Microbacterium species are non-motile, though some exhibit motility via peritrichous or lateral flagella under certain conditions.^[19]^[25] In older cultures, cells may shorten or become coccoid, but no true rod-coccus cycle or spore formation is observed.^[3]

Physiological Characteristics

Microbacterium species are strictly aerobic, relying on oxygen for respiration, and are catalase-positive, facilitating the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.^[19] Oxidase activity is variable among species, with some exhibiting positive reactions while others are negative.^[26] These bacteria are chemoorganotrophic, utilizing a range of organic compounds as carbon and energy sources, including sugars such as glucose, mannose, and maltose, as well as amino acids and organic acids. Some species produce acetic acid weakly during carbohydrate metabolism or liquefy gelatin through proteolytic activity. DNA G+C contents range from 65 to 75 mol%. The cell wall contains B-type peptidoglycan with diagnostic diamino acids such as L-ornithine, L-lysine, or L-homoserine, and glycolyl residues in muramic acid.^[19]^[27] Microbacterium species are mesophilic, with optimal growth temperatures between 25°C and 30°C, and a broader range typically from 4°C to 45°C, reflecting their psychrotolerant nature; they thrive at neutral pH values of 6 to 8, within a tolerance of pH 4 to 9. Certain strains demonstrate resistance to low concentrations of heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, attributed to efflux pumps and metal-binding mechanisms. They do not stain acid-fast, distinguishing them from mycobacteria.^[26] Biochemical tests reveal variable esculin hydrolysis, with many species capable of breaking down this glycoside into esculetin and glucose, producing a black precipitate in the presence of iron. Nitrate reduction to nitrite is variable across species, with some capable of denitrification under aerobic conditions.^[26]

Ecology and Distribution

Habitats

Microbacterium species are widely distributed in terrestrial environments, with frequent isolations from various soil types. They are ubiquitous in agricultural soils, including those associated with crops like maize and ginseng, as well as forest and contaminated soils. High abundances have been reported in the rhizosphere of diverse plants, such as wheat, date palms in saline conditions, and Trifolium repens in heavy metal-polluted areas.^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32] In aquatic and sedimentary habitats, Microbacterium occurs in freshwater and marine sediments, wastewater systems, and activated sludge. Strains have been isolated from deep-sea sediments, marine environments, sewage sludge compost, and membrane bioreactors treating wastewater. These findings indicate their adaptability to both oxic and anoxic sediment conditions.^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37] Microbacterium is commonly associated with plants, having been isolated from the phyllosphere, roots, and endosphere of grasses, crops, and woody plants. Endophytic and root-associated strains have been recovered from various crops, including potato and pea, while root-colonizing and epiphytic populations occur in rice paddies and Ginkgo trees. Their yellow pigmentation may contribute to persistence in these plant microhabitats.^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43] Occurrences in other niches are less common. Microbacterium has been rarely detected in air, such as aerosols in dairy farm environments. Historically, it was isolated from dairy products and cheese rinds. Additionally, strains appear occasionally in extreme sites, including heavy metal-contaminated soils and karst caves.^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50]

Ecological Roles

Microbacterium species contribute to nutrient cycling in soil ecosystems primarily through phosphate solubilization and the decomposition of organic matter. Certain strains, such as Microbacterium ulmi and Microbacterium lacusdiani, exhibit phosphate-solubilizing activity, converting insoluble inorganic phosphorus compounds into bioavailable forms via the production of organic acids and enzymes, thereby enhancing phosphorus availability for plants and other soil organisms.^[51]^[52] Additionally, xylanolytic species like Microbacterium paludicola degrade hemicellulosic components of plant residues, facilitating the breakdown of lignocellulosic organic matter and releasing nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen back into the soil.^[53] In symbiotic associations, Microbacterium colonizes the rhizosphere of various plants, promoting host health through siderophore production that chelates iron and alleviates nutrient deficiencies under limiting conditions. For instance, Microbacterium sp. Yaish 1 and other rhizospheric isolates enhance plant growth by improving iron uptake and suppressing pathogen competition via these iron-chelating compounds.^[31]^[54] This colonization supports overall plant vigor without direct pathogenesis, integrating Microbacterium into beneficial microbial networks in the root zone.^[55] Microbacterium participates in the natural biodegradation of environmental pollutants, particularly hydrocarbons in contaminated soils and sediments. Strains such as Microbacterium sp. F10a and Microbacterium esteraromaticum degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) like pyrene through enzymatic pathways involving monooxygenases and dioxygenases, contributing to the remediation of petroleum-impacted sites via aerobic metabolism.^[56]^[57] These activities help mitigate toxicity and restore ecosystem functionality in hydrocarbon-polluted environments.^[58] As part of microbial consortia, Microbacterium influences community dynamics in diverse settings, including activated sludge and plant microbiomes. In wastewater treatment sludge, genera like Microbacterium form stable consortia with bacteria such as Hydrogenophaga and Gordonia, enhancing the degradation of organic pollutants and maintaining process stability through cooperative metabolic interactions.^[59] In plant-associated microbiomes, Microbacterium species modulate bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere by improving nutrient availability, which fosters richer community structures and resilience against stresses like disease.^[60]^[61]

Human and Medical Relevance

Pathogenicity

Microbacterium species are generally considered opportunistic pathogens with low inherent virulence, primarily causing rare infections in immunocompromised individuals, such as those in oncology wards or with chronic conditions like kidney disease and sarcoidosis. These bacteria have been isolated from clinical specimens including blood, wounds, and sterile sites, often in patients with underlying malignancies or indwelling medical devices.^[7]^[62] In humans, infections manifest as bacteremia, endocarditis, and peritonitis, frequently linked to central venous catheters, surgical sites, or ulcers. For instance, catheter-related bacteremia due to Microbacterium paraoxydans has been reported in patients with long-term indwelling lines, presenting with local inflammation and systemic symptoms like fever and presyncope. Similarly, infective endocarditis caused by Microbacterium maritypicum has occurred in individuals with prior cardiac history, featuring valvular masses and positive blood cultures after prolonged incubation. Other cases include endophthalmitis and prosthetic joint infections associated with species like M. oxydans and M. phyllosphaerae.^[63]^[64]^[7] Some strains exhibit antibiotic resistance, particularly to beta-lactams and occasionally vancomycin, complicating treatment; for example, M. maritypicum isolates may show non-susceptibility to vancomycin with minimum inhibitory concentrations up to 4 μg/mL. These Gram-positive rods leverage such mechanisms to evade host defenses in vulnerable patients.^[64]^[65]^[7] In animals, Microbacterium species show limited pathogenicity, with occasional isolates from veterinary samples such as companion animal wounds, but without evidence of significant disease causation. One notable example is Microbacterium nematophilum, which induces non-lethal rectal swelling in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans through cuticle adhesion, serving as a model for bacterial-host interactions rather than indicating broader veterinary relevance.^[66]^[67]

Clinical Isolation

Microbacterium species are infrequently isolated from clinical specimens, primarily in immunocompromised patients or those with indwelling medical devices, where they may act as opportunistic pathogens or contaminants. Common isolation sources include blood (accounting for about 32% of cases in one large series), wounds (26%), sterile body fluids or tissues (22%), urine (12%), and eye fluids in cases of post-traumatic endophthalmitis. These bacteria have also been implicated in nosocomial outbreaks, such as bacteremia linked to contaminated medical products in cancer patients.^[7] A 2008 study identified 50 clinical strains of Microbacterium worldwide, spanning 18 species, with the most frequent being M. oxydans, M. paraoxydans, and M. foliorum; additional sporadic cases have been reported since, though infections remain rare without clear geographic clustering or ongoing transmission patterns as of 2025. These isolates often emerge in hospital settings among vulnerable populations, such as those with malignancies, chronic kidney disease, or catheter-related infections, but true pathogenicity requires correlation with clinical symptoms to distinguish from contamination.^[7]^[63] In the laboratory, Microbacterium typically appears as yellow-pigmented, Gram-positive rods forming small, convex colonies on blood agar after 24-48 hours of incubation. Identification relies on molecular methods like 16S rRNA gene sequencing (achieving >98.7% homology for species-level assignment) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), which provides rapid and accurate results in clinical microbiology workflows. Biochemical panels, such as API Coryne or API ZYM systems, support preliminary characterization by detecting enzymatic activities like oxidase negativity and variable catalase positivity, though they may misidentify as Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium without sequencing confirmation.^[7] Treatment of Microbacterium infections presents challenges due to variable susceptibility patterns, with intrinsic resistance observed to some beta-lactams, macrolides, and tetracyclines in certain species. However, all reported clinical isolates demonstrate susceptibility to linezolid and meropenem, while nearly all are sensitive to vancomycin (with rare exceptions, such as one strain showing resistance). Empirical therapy often involves these agents, guided by broth microdilution susceptibility testing per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines for Gram-positive rods, to ensure effective management in immunocompromised hosts.^[7]^[68]

Biotechnological Applications

Bioremediation

Microbacterium species have demonstrated significant potential in bioremediation, particularly for detoxifying heavy metals and organic pollutants in contaminated environments. These Gram-positive actinobacteria employ various mechanisms to tolerate and transform toxic substances, making them suitable for engineered applications in soil and water treatment. Their robustness stems from genomic adaptations that enhance survival under stress, allowing effective pollutant removal without extensive genetic modification. Several Microbacterium strains exhibit tolerance to heavy metals such as chromium (Cr(VI)), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd). For instance, multiple isolates tolerate Cr(VI) concentrations up to 20 mM through reduction to the less toxic Cr(III) via chromate reductase enzymes encoded by the chrR gene, with some strains achieving up to 88.8% reduction in contaminated soils.^[69] Arsenic hyper-tolerance, with minimum inhibitory concentrations up to 69.2 mM arsenite, is facilitated by energy-dependent efflux pumps mediated by the ars operon, enabling exclusion of toxic ions from the cell.^[70] Cadmium tolerance, observed in over 60% of tested strains at 0.1 mM, involves efflux systems for Co/Zn/Cd, which help maintain cellular homeostasis in metal-laden settings.^[69] These physiological traits, including metal reduction and extrusion, position Microbacterium as effective agents for heavy metal detoxification, often outperforming other bacteria in polymetallic environments. In degrading organic pollutants, Microbacterium strains target pesticides and hydrocarbons via enzymatic pathways. For example, Microbacterium sp. D-2 degrades the pesticide dicofol by 85.1% in liquid culture within 24 hours and 81.9% in soil over 42 days, primarily through dechlorination to dichlorobenzophenone, supported by inducible enzymes active at neutral pH and 30°C.^[71] Hydrocarbon degradation is evident in strains like Microbacterium sp. EMBS2025, which metabolizes n-alkanes (C11–C20) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using oxidoreductases such as alkane hydroxylase (alkB), cytochrome P450, and dioxygenases (benA/B/C), reducing alkane levels by significant margins over 20 days.^[57] These oxidoreductase-mediated processes facilitate ring cleavage and mineralization, converting recalcitrant organics into less harmful byproducts. Case studies highlight Microbacterium's practical utility in bioremediation consortia. In phytoremediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soils, Microbacterium sp. SUCR140, when co-inoculated with maize (Zea mays) or pea (Pisum sativum), reduces Cr uptake by plants by minimizing bioavailability, enhancing growth yields by up to 50% and mycorrhizal colonization while lowering soil Cr levels through bioreduction.^[72] For lab-scale wastewater treatment, Microbacterium testaceum B-HS2 removes 96% of Cr(VI) from tannery effluent over 6 days via biosorption (up to 66 mM/g) and intracellular accumulation, producing water suitable for irrigation without residual toxicity.^[73] These applications demonstrate Microbacterium's integration into multi-species systems for site-specific cleanup. Key advantages of Microbacterium in bioremediation include their high GC content (typically 65–70%).^[74] Additionally, biofilm formation, mediated by genes like those in exopolysaccharide synthesis, enables immobilization on surfaces for sustained pollutant contact and enhanced consortium stability in dynamic environments.^[75]

Plant Growth Promotion

Microbacterium species exhibit plant growth-promoting capabilities through direct mechanisms such as the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a key auxin that stimulates root development and enhances nutrient uptake. For instance, Microbacterium sp. strain ET2, isolated from orchid rhizoplane, synthesizes up to 24.3 µg/mL of tryptophan-dependent auxins via the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway, leading to increased biomass in crops like garden cress (1.5-fold aerial and 1.3-fold root) and cucumber under cold stress (17.4% greater shoot height).^[76] Similarly, Microbacterium dauci LX3-4^T, from carrot rhizosphere, produces IAA and possesses nitrogen fixation genes (nif cluster), enabling growth in nitrogen-free media and supporting plant nutrition in low-N soils.^[77] Certain strains, such as Microbacterium lacusdiani, solubilize insoluble phosphates by producing organic acids, converting tricalcium phosphate to soluble forms at rates up to 150 µg/mL, thereby improving phosphorus availability for root elongation and overall vigor.^[52] Indirect mechanisms further contribute to growth promotion by alleviating biotic stresses. Many Microbacterium genomes (64%) encode non-ribosomal peptide synthetases for siderophore biosynthesis, with 41% of tested isolates producing detectable siderophores in vitro via the Chrome Azurol S assay, facilitating iron acquisition for plants in iron-limited rhizosphere environments.^[78] Additionally, volatile compounds emitted by root-associated Microbacterium strains, such as dimethyl trisulfide, prime plants for enhanced growth by upregulating sulfate and nitrate assimilation genes; brief exposure increases shoot biomass by 35-230% in Arabidopsis, lettuce, and tomato seedlings.^[79] These strains also provide biocontrol against phytopathogens, with Microbacterium aerolatum M55 and Microbacterium profundi M707 inhibiting Botrytis cinerea growth by over 30% through volatiles, reducing gray mold incidence in lettuce while boosting leaf area and root length.^[80] In agricultural applications, Microbacterium inoculants serve as effective seed treatments for crops including wheat, rice, and lettuce, particularly in stressed soils. Seed priming with Microbacterium volatiles or cells has demonstrated 10-20% yield improvements in field trials under abiotic pressures, such as salinity or nutrient deficiency, by enhancing root colonization and systemic resistance. For example, Microbacterium foliorum strains colonize the phyllosphere of grasses, offering protective effects against foliar pathogens and increasing shoot-root biomass twofold in stressed conditions.^[81] Root colonization studies confirm efficient establishment in the rhizosphere, where strains like Microbacterium sp. from wheat roots promote lateral root formation and nutrient efficiency, underscoring their potential as sustainable biofertilizers.

Species Diversity

Number and Diversity

The genus Microbacterium currently encompasses 166 validly published species as of November 2025, according to the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN).^[2] In 2025 alone, several new species have been described, including from space environments and clinical samples, contributing to the genus's expansion. This represents a rapid expansion from just a few species described at the genus's establishment in 1983, driven by the adoption of polyphasic taxonomy approaches since the 1990s, which integrate phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic data for more precise species delineation.^[82] Genomic analyses reveal considerable diversity within the genus, with complete genome sizes typically ranging from 3.0 to 3.8 Mb and an average of approximately 3.4 Mb; G+C contents vary between 68.7 and 72.5 mol%, averaging 70.4 mol%.^[15] Species demarcation is supported by average nucleotide identity (ANI) values below 95%, consistent with standard bacterial thresholds, highlighting the genetic heterogeneity among described taxa.^[15] Naming conventions in Microbacterium often reflect isolation sources, as seen in species like M. terrae (from soil) and M. fluvii (from freshwater sediments), underscoring the genus's broad environmental associations.^[2] The genus description has undergone several emendations to accommodate variations in peptidoglycan structure, including types B1α, B2β, and B2γ, which feature different diamino acids such as ornithine or lysine.^[83]^[84] Beyond described species, metagenomic surveys of diverse ecosystems indicate a higher abundance and undescribed phylogenetic diversity within Microbacterium, suggesting many lineages remain uncultured and uncharacterized.^[15]^[85]

Notable Species

Microbacterium oxydans is frequently isolated from human clinical specimens, including blood cultures and cases of catheter-related bacteremia, establishing it as a notable opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients.^[7] This species demonstrates metabolic versatility by oxidizing diverse organic substrates, such as alginate, laminarin from brown seaweed waste, and the endocrine disruptor estrone, which highlights its potential in environmental degradation processes.^[86]^[87] The draft whole-genome sequence of M. oxydans LMG 23389^T, completed in 2023, spans 3,894,869 bp with a G+C content of 68.26%, offering insights into its genetic adaptations for clinical and degradative roles.^[88] Microbacterium foliorum represents a key plant-associated species, originally isolated from the phyllosphere of grasses in Germany, where it colonizes leaf surfaces and contributes to the rhizosphere microbiome.^[89] As a plant growth-promoting bacterium, it enhances grass growth through mechanisms including phosphate solubilization, auxin production, and alleviation of abiotic stresses like arsenic toxicity in host plants such as Melastoma malabathricum.^[90]^[91] Its complete genome, sequenced in 2019 for strain NRRL B-24224, reveals genes supporting endophytic interactions and stress tolerance, underscoring its biotechnological value in agriculture.^[89] Microbacterium terrae serves as a ubiquitous soil generalist, first isolated from soil samples in Osaka, Japan, and characterized as a Gram-positive, aerobic rod with mesophilic growth preferences.^[92] This species has been investigated in bioremediation contexts for its tolerance to environmental contaminants, though specific applications remain under exploration in microbial consortia for pollutant degradation.^[93] Microbacterium paraoxydans is recognized as an opportunistic pathogen, commonly implicated in bacteremia and endocarditis, particularly in patients with malignancies or indwelling catheters, with cases reported involving central venous line infections.^[94]^[95] Its isolation from clinical settings, confirmed via 16S rRNA sequencing and whole-genome analysis, differentiates it from closely related species like M. oxydans, emphasizing its clinical significance despite low virulence in healthy individuals.^[96] Among emerging species, Microbacterium meiriae was described in 2025 as a novel taxon isolated from the crew quarters of the International Space Station, highlighting the genus's adaptability to extreme environments and ongoing taxonomic discoveries.^[74] This Gram-positive, aerobic rod exhibits pale yellow pigmentation, optimal growth at 35°C, and oxidation of carbohydrates like dextrin and maltose, with a genome G+C content of 70.03 mol%, reflecting potential for astrobiological and bioremediation research.^[74]

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Oct 10, 2024 · High concentrations of heavy metals result in significant enrichment of Microbacterium sp. in rhizosphere soil of T. repens. •. Microbacterium ...
[31]
Microbacterium abyssi sp. nov. and Microbacterium limosum sp. nov ...
Mar 25, 2024 · Microbacterium abyssi sp. nov. and Microbacterium limosum sp. nov., two new species of the genus Microbacterium, isolated from deep-sea sediment ...Missing: aquatic | Show results with:aquatic
[32]
Four new Microbacterium species isolated from seaweeds and ... - NIH
Many of Microbacterium type strains contain one or more 16S rRNA gene sequences in the NCBI database, one of which is also listed in the List of Prokaryotic ...
[33]
Microbacterium luticocti sp. nov., isolated from sewage sludge ...
species Microbacterium barkeri (96.0 %), Microbacterium gubbeenense (95.6 %) and. Microbacterium indicum (95.7 %). The chemotaxonomic and phenotypic traits ...Missing: aquatic | Show results with:aquatic
[34]
New insights into bioaugmented removal of sulfamethoxazole in ...
Feb 29, 2024 · Evaluating the application of Microbacterium sp. strain BR1 for the removal of sulfamethoxazole in full-scale membrane bioreactors. Water ...Sediment Collection · Bioaugmentation Microcosms · Discussion<|control11|><|separator|>
[35]
Chromium (VI) reduction in activated sludge bacteria exposed to ...
Results showed that the Gram-positive Bacillus genera predominated under aerobic conditions with a small composition of the Gram-negative Microbacterium sp.
[36]
Isolation and Characterization of Endophytic Colonizing Bacteria ...
This study defines for the first time the endophytic nature of Microbacterium testaceum. These microorganisms may be useful for biocontrol and other ...
[37]
Community Diversity of Endophytic Bacteria in the Leaves and ...
Sep 5, 2024 · Isolation of Endophytes from the Leaves and Roots of Pea Plants ... roots, i.e., Peanibacillus, Microbacterium, Acinetobacter, and Curtobacterium.
[38]
Enriching the endophytic bacterial microbiota of Ginkgo roots
Apr 16, 2023 · ... Microbacterium (3.7%, 17). In addition, 193 distinct species were estimated to exist within the collection, with most of the species coming ...
[39]
Characterizing endophytic competence and plant growth promotion ...
Oct 26, 2017 · There are some bacterial groups such as Flavobacterium, Microbacterium, Xanthomonas, Pantoea and Kosakonia that were isolated in most of the ...
[40]
Isolation of endophytic, epiphytic and rhizosphere plant growth ...
Nov 3, 2025 · Phylogenetic analyses of the isolates resulted into five major clusters to include members of the genera Bacillus, Microbacterium, Methylophaga, ...
[41]
Phyllosphere Microbiome in Plant Health and Disease - PMC - NIH
Oct 5, 2023 · For example, Microbacterium testaceum isolated from the phyllosphere ... An endophytic bacterial strain isolated from Eucommia ulmoides ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[42]
(PDF) Identification and Description of Culturable Airborne Bacteria ...
Aug 9, 2025 · ... dairy farms to isolate and identify the bacteria. in bioaerosols ... Microbacterium arborescens. x. x. x. x. Paenibacillaceae. Paenibacillus ...
[43]
Distribution and identification of culturable airborne microorganisms ...
Numbers of culturable microorganisms were generally very low (<100 cfu/m3 of air) during milk powder and. PIF production (Table 1). ... Microbacterium ...
[44]
Microbacterium - Suzuki - Major Reference Works - Wiley Online ...
... reclassification of the genus Microbacterium was done by Collins et al. (1983c), who defined the genus for species containing peptidoglycan with lysine. At ...<|separator|>
[45]
Microbiome mapping in dairy industry reveals new species ... - Nature
Aug 2, 2024 · Growth characteristics of Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Microbacterium, and Staphylococcus spp. isolated from surface-ripened cheese.
[46]
"Cultivable diversity of cave wall microbial colonies" by Blagajana ...
... Microbacterium, Agrococcus, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Kocuria, Oerskovia ... Karstic caves often support white, yellow, grey or pink microbial colonies ...
[47]
Actinomycetes in Karstic caves of northern Spain (Altamira and Tito ...
Members of the genera Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Nocardioides, Amycolatopsis, Saccharothrix, Brevibacterium, Microbacterium, and coccoid actinomycetes (family ...
[48]
Airborne bacteria in show caves from Southern Spain - PMC - NIH
... Microbacterium, Agrococcus, Glutamicibacter) reached abundances above 20% in different rooms and seasons. Outside the cave a high diversity of bacteria was ...
[49]
Microbacterium ulmi sp. nov., a xylanolytic, phosphate-solubilizing ...
Microbacterium ulmi sp. nov., a xylanolytic, phosphate-solubilizing bacterium isolated from sawdust of Ulmus nigra. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004 Mar;54(Pt ...
[50]
Microbacterium lacusdiani sp. nov., a phosphate-solubilizing novel ...
Oct 19, 2016 · Microbacterium lacusdiani sp. nov., a phosphate-solubilizing novel actinobacterium isolated from mucilaginous sheath of Microcystis. Bing-Huo ...
[51]
Microbacterium paludicola sp. nov., a novel xylanolytic bacterium ...
A xylanolytic bacterium, US15T, was isolated from swamp forest soil in Ulsan, Korea ... Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium paludicola sp.
[52]
High bacterial diversity and siderophore-producing bacteria ...
Aug 4, 2022 · ... Microbacterium spp. (Berendsen et al., 2018) are associated with ... siderophore-producing rhizobacteria in the faba bean rhizosphere.
[53]
Rhizospheric Microbacterium sp. P27 Showing Potential of Lindane ...
May 15, 2019 · Rhizospheric Microbacterium sp. P27 Showing Potential of Lindane ... siderophore production by rhizosphere bacteria. Biol Fert Soils 12 ...
[54]
Characterization of Microbacterium sp. F10a and its role in ...
A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degrading bacterium isolated from oil-polluted soil was identified as Microbacterium sp. F10a based on 16S rDNA gene ...
[55]
Whole genome sequence of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading ...
Jul 31, 2025 · Among them, isolate IS4 (Microbacterium sp.), referred to as EMBS2025, exhibited the highest biosurfactant potential and was subsequently ...
[56]
View of PYRENE BIODEGRADATION POTENTIALS OF AN ...
PYRENE BIODEGRADATION POTENTIALS OF AN ACTINOMYCETE, MICROBACTERIUM ESTERAROMATICUM ISOLATED FROM TROPICAL HYDROCARBON-CONTAMINATED SOIL ...<|separator|>
[57]
A native bacterial consortium degrades estriol in domestic sewage ...
Aug 26, 2025 · The E3-transforming bacteria were affiliated with the genera Hydrogenophaga, Microbacterium, and Gordonia. The inflow (IF)-consortium ...
[58]
Soil bacterial communities of three types of plants from ecological ...
Aug 5, 2022 · These results indicate that the mechanism of Microbacterium sp. to promote plant growth may improve soil nutrient content and increase the ...Results · Rhizosphere Soil Nutrient · Soil Nutrient And Soil...
[59]
Disease-induced changes in plant microbiome assembly and ...
Sep 15, 2021 · For each site, the top 3 potential beneficial bacteria enriched in the diseased plant belonged to Streptomyces, Microbacterium, and Pseudomonas ...
[60]
Phenotypic and genotypic properties of Microbacterium yannicii, a ...
May 3, 2013 · Genus Microbacterium belongs to the Microbacteriaceae family, which contains species highly related by 16S rRNA gene sequence that are difficult ...
[61]
Bacteraemia due to Microbacterium paraoxydans in a patient with ...
Microbacterium spp. are yellow-pigmented Gram-positive coryneform rods found in various environmental sources, such as soil and water samples.
[62]
First case report of infective endocarditis associated with ... - NIH
Sep 6, 2020 · We encountered a case of infective endocarditis associated with Microbacterium maritypicum bacteremia, which became positive after 48 h of incubation in three ...
[63]
Genomic description of Microbacterium mcarthurae sp. nov., a ...
May 22, 2025 · Phylogenetic tree of the genus Microbacterium using the gene encoding DNA gyrase subunit beta (gyrB). Download; 7.27 MB. Figure S2 - msystems.
[64]
Wounds of Companion Animals as a Habitat of Antibiotic-Resistant ...
... animals, veterinary medicine, wound infections. 1. Introduction. In ... 0.74. Lysinibacillus, 1, 0.74. Macrococcus, 1, 0.74. Micrococcus, 1, 0.74. Microbacterium ...
[65]
A novel bacterial pathogen, Microbacterium nematophilum, induces ...
The infectious agent is a new species of coryneform bacterium, named Microbacterium nematophilum n. sp., which fortuitously contaminated cultures of C. elegans.
[66]
Primary identification of Microbacterium spp. encountered in clinical ...
The 22 Microbacterium strains studied were, in general, susceptible to antimicrobial agents used in the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive rods.Missing: human | Show results with:human
[67]
Comparative genomics of 16 Microbacterium spp. that tolerate ...
Jan 14, 2019 · Thus, this study examined the genomic and physiological variability of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance of 16 Microbacterium strains from ...
[68]
Arsenic Hyper-tolerance in Four Microbacterium Species Isolated ...
Arsenite-resistant Microbacterium species was detected to tolerate arsenite up to 80 mM from arsenic contaminated site.
[69]
Biodegradation of dicofol by Microbacterium sp. D-2 isolated from ...
Dec 12, 2019 · In this study, a bacterial strain D-2, identified to genus Microbacterium, capable of degrading dicofol was isolated from dicofol-contaminated ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[70]
Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils through ...
Microbacterium sp. SUCR140, Pisum sativum, Increased the overall plant-growth and Pisum sativum–Rhizobium symbiosis; decreased Cr(VI) toxicity to plants by ...
[71]
Isolation, characterization, and multiple heavy metal-resistant and ...
Pilot scale study revealed that M. testaceum B-HS2 was helpful in removing up to 96% Cr6+ from tannery effluent within 6 days and this microbial purified water ...
[72]
Comparative Genomic Analysis of Biofilm-Forming Polar ...
Jul 5, 2023 · To the best of our knowledge, Microbacterium has been reported to possess the ability to produce biofilms, and a few genes involved in biofilm ...Missing: stability | Show results with:stability
[73]
Prokaryotic taxonomy in the sequencing era – the polyphasic ...
Oct 31, 2011 · The availability of an increasing number of sequenced genomes from a diverse range of prokaryotes is providing a wealth of new data, which ...Polyphasic Taxonomy In The... · Mlsa In Taxonomic Studies · Streptomyces<|control11|><|separator|>
[74]
Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Microbacterium based on 16S ...
Aug 5, 2025 · ... Cell morphology was determined by phase contrast microscopy and electron microscopy ( Figure 1), motility by the hanging drop method ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[75]
Four new Microbacterium species isolated from seaweeds and ...
The genus Microbacterium Orla-Jensen 1919 (Approved Lists, 1980) emend. ... Reclassification of Microbacterium species. Microbacterium ketosireducens ...
[76]
Standardized multi-omics of Earth's microbiomes reveals microbial ...
Here we present a multi-omics analysis of a diverse set of 880 microbial community samples collected for the Earth Microbiome Project. We include amplicon (16S, ...
[77]
Microbacterium oxydans, a novel alginate- and laminarin-degrading ...
Nov 30, 2013 · This is the first study to directly demonstrate the ability of M. oxydans to degrade both alginate and laminarin.
[78]
A Novel Estrone Degradation Gene Cluster and Catabolic ...
Here, Microbacterium oxydans ML-6, isolated from estrogen-contaminated soil, was shown to efficiently degrade E1. A complete catabolic pathway for E1 was ...
[79]
Draft Whole-Genome Sequences of Microbacterium oxydans and ...
Jan 4, 2023 · In the present work, I report the whole-genome sequences of pure cultures of Microbacterium oxydans LMG 23389T (= DSM 20578T), which was ...
[80]
Complete Genome Sequence of Microbacterium foliorum NRRL B ...
Jan 31, 2019 · We report the complete annotated genome sequence of Microbacterium foliorum NRRL B-24224, a type strain isolated from the phyllosphere of grasses.
[81]
Assessment of plant growth promotion properties and impact of ...
Apr 6, 2022 · This study investigates M. foliorum, a plant growth-promoting bacterium (PGPB), in the absorption of arsenic (As) by Melastoma malabathricum ...
[82]
Isolated endophytic bacteria promoted growth, essential oil content ...
Oct 16, 2025 · M. foliorum has been previously identified for its plant growth-promoting properties, such as phosphate solubilization, auxin production, and ...
[83]
Microbacterium terrae A-1 | Type strain | DSM 8610 ... - BacDive
Microbacterium terrae A-1 is an obligate aerobe, mesophilic, Gram-positive bacterium that was isolated from soil. Gram-positive; rod-shaped; mesophilic ...
[84]
Bioremediation of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate contaminated red soil ...
Sep 1, 2020 · Cultivation-dependent methods can effectively isolate microbes capable of degrading target pollutants and provide robust microbial resources ...
[85]
Bacteremia Due to a Novel Microbacterium Species in a Patient with ...
... positive coryneform rods, subsequently identified as Microbacterium sp. ... They are catalase positive, and oxidase negative. Glucose, sucrose, maltose ...
[86]
Lethal Case of Microbacterium paraoxydans Bloodstream Infection ...
Microbacterium species are gram-positive, non-fermentative, yellow-pigmented rods commonly found in animals and various environmental sources.<|control11|><|separator|>
[87]
Bacteraemia due to Microbacterium paraoxydans in a patient with ...
Oct 31, 2018 · Bacteraemia due to Microbacterium paraoxydans in a patient with chronic kidney disease, refractory hypertension and sarcoidosis