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Multiple rocket launcher

A multiple rocket launcher (MRL), also known as a multiple launch rocket system (MLRS), is a type of mobile artillery system equipped with an array of launch tubes or rails mounted on a vehicle, such as a truck or armored chassis, designed to fire numerous unguided or guided rockets in rapid salvos to saturate designated target areas with high-explosive ordnance.^[1] These systems provide indirect fire support, emphasizing volume over precision to suppress enemy positions, fortifications, or troop concentrations through area bombardment.^[2] The origins of multiple rocket launchers trace back to World War II, when the Soviet Union introduced the BM-13 Katyusha in 1941 as one of the first mass-produced mobile rocket artillery platforms, mounted on trucks to deliver devastating barrages against German forces during the Great Patriotic War.^[3] This system revolutionized battlefield tactics by enabling quick deployment and overwhelming firepower from a single unit, earning it a legendary status in military history.^[4] Concurrently, Nazi Germany developed similar systems like the Nebelwerfer series, which used multiple barrels for rocket or mortar delivery, influencing post-war designs across both Eastern and Western blocs.^[5] Following the war, multiple rocket launchers proliferated globally, with the Soviet BM-21 Grad entering service in the 1960s as a truck-mounted 122 mm system capable of launching 40 rockets in under 20 seconds to ranges of up to 20 kilometers, becoming one of the most widely exported artillery pieces.^[6] In the West, the United States fielded the M270 MLRS in 1983, a tracked launcher that supplemented conventional cannon artillery with extended-range rockets, including cluster munitions for anti-personnel and anti-armor roles.^[2] Today, over 50 countries operate variants of these systems, with modern iterations incorporating precision-guided munitions, extended ranges exceeding 70 kilometers, and modular designs for diverse payloads, enhancing their role in conventional and asymmetric warfare.^[7]

Overview

Definition and characteristics

A multiple rocket launcher (MRL), also known as a multiple launch rocket system (MLRS), is a type of rocket artillery system designed to launch multiple rockets either simultaneously or in rapid succession, enabling salvo fire to saturate a designated area with high-explosive or other payloads for suppressive or destructive effects.^[8]^[9] Key characteristics of MRLs include their capacity for delivering a high volume of fire in short bursts, often dozens of rockets within seconds, which distinguishes their role in providing intense, short-duration barrages against troop concentrations, fortifications, or logistics nodes.^[8] These systems typically employ unguided rockets for cost-effective area coverage or guided variants for improved precision, with reload times generally ranging from 10 to 30 minutes depending on crew size and logistical support.^[6]^[10] Operational ranges vary widely by rocket caliber and propulsion, from approximately 20 km for shorter systems to over 300 km for advanced long-range configurations.^[11]^[12] In terms of propulsion, MRL rockets are predominantly solid-fuel types, where a pre-packed propellant grain ignites to generate thrust via expulsion of hot gases through a nozzle, propelling the rocket from the launcher before it transitions to a free-flight ballistic trajectory influenced primarily by gravity and initial velocity.^[13] This unpowered arc after burnout results in a parabolic path, with accuracy limited in unguided models due to dispersion from manufacturing variances and environmental factors, though guidance systems in modern variants can adjust mid-flight for terminal corrections.^[13] MRLs differ fundamentally from single-launch systems such as recoilless guns, which fire one projectile at a time using a counter-mass to mitigate recoil and are typically employed for direct, line-of-sight anti-armor or infantry roles rather than indirect, multi-round area saturation.^[14]

Comparison to other artillery systems

Multiple rocket launchers (MRLs) differ significantly from towed or field artillery systems like howitzers in their operational roles and capabilities. While howitzers provide sustained, single-round fire with higher precision for point targets, MRLs excel in delivering rapid salvos of dozens of unguided rockets in seconds, enabling area saturation over large zones.^[15] For instance, an MRL can unleash a full barrage in under 60 seconds, compared to over eight minutes required for a howitzer battery to match the equivalent payload through sequential firing.^[15] This volley fire makes MRLs ideal for suppressing enemy movements or fortifications en masse, though their unguided nature results in lower accuracy, often limited to circular error probable (CEP) values exceeding 100 meters at maximum range, versus under 50 meters for modern howitzers.^[16] In contrast to self-propelled guns, which offer a balance of mobility and sustained indirect fire, MRLs emphasize quick "shoot-and-scoot" tactics to evade counter-battery retaliation. Self-propelled howitzers can reposition after individual shots but require longer exposure times for volume fire, whereas MRLs fire entire pods rapidly before relocating, reducing vulnerability during the launch phase.^[17] However, MRLs generate prominent launch signatures from multiple simultaneous rockets, increasing detectability by enemy radar or acoustic sensors compared to the subtler emissions of self-propelled gun barrages.^[18] This trade-off favors MRLs in fluid, high-tempo battles where brief, overwhelming strikes outweigh prolonged engagements. Compared to missile systems such as ballistic missiles, MRLs employ cheaper, unguided rockets for broad area denial rather than precision strikes on specific points. Ballistic missiles incorporate guidance for CEPs under 10 meters and ranges exceeding 300 kilometers, but at costs often surpassing $1 million per unit, they are reserved for high-value targets.^[19] Unguided MRL rockets, costing thousands rather than millions, prioritize volume over accuracy, dispersing submunitions or high-explosive warheads across hectares to disrupt troop concentrations or logistics.^[20] Tactically, MRLs provide immense explosive coverage per salvo—equivalent to the payload of dozens of artillery shells—but face limitations from environmental factors like wind drift, which amplifies dispersion in unguided trajectories.^[15] Vertical and crosswinds can shift rocket impact points by tens of meters more than stabilized howitzer shells, necessitating area-targeting doctrines over pinpoint adjustments.^[16] These systems thus complement rather than replace other artillery, filling niches for massed, suppressive fire in combined arms operations.

History

Early developments

The concept of multiple rocket launchers traces its origins to ancient incendiary projectiles that functioned as conceptual ancestors. In China during the 13th century, fire arrows—early solid-propellant rockets attached to arrow shafts—were deployed in barrages for area suppression. These were notably used in 1232 AD at the battle of Kai-feng-fu, where Song dynasty forces repelled Mongol invaders with volleys of "arrows of flying fire," marking one of the first recorded uses of rocket-like weapons in combat.^[21] Medieval Indian forces also employed similar rocket arrows, enhanced with gunpowder, as part of siege and field tactics from the 14th century onward, providing psychological and incendiary effects against enemy formations.^[22] Advancements accelerated in the 19th century with the Congreve rocket, invented by British engineer Sir William Congreve and patented in 1808. These iron-cased rockets, ranging from 3 to 24 pounds, were fired in coordinated salvos during the Napoleonic Wars to deliver saturation fire over wide areas. Launchers consisted of multiple tubes mounted on frames adapted from horse-drawn artillery carriages, allowing for rapid deployment and high-volume barrages that terrorized infantry and fortifications, though accuracy remained limited.^[23] Interwar innovations in the 1920s and 1930s focused on integrating rockets with vehicular platforms, primarily in the Soviet Union. The Group for the Study of Reactive Motion (GIRD), founded in 1931, conducted initial solid-fuel rocket tests, leading to the Reactive Scientific Research Institute (RNII) in 1933, where engineers developed prototypes for aviation rockets like the RS-82 and RS-132.^[24] Soviet efforts culminated in the first truck-mounted multiple rocket launcher tested in 1938 at the Reactive Scientific Research Institute, featuring 16 launch tubes for 132 mm rockets on a ZIS-6 chassis, enabling salvo fire for area denial.^[25] Key figures included Georgy Langemak, chief designer at RNII, who oversaw the adaptation of solid-fuel propulsion for multi-tube systems and secured early patents for salvo-firing mechanisms in the mid-1930s.^[26]

World War II

The multiple rocket launcher played a significant role in World War II, with the Soviet Union pioneering its widespread combat use through the Katyusha system. The BM-13 Katyusha, mounted on ZIS-6 trucks, was first deployed in combat on July 14, 1941, during the Battle of Smolensk near Rudnya, where an experimental battery of seven launchers fired on German positions, delivering rapid salvos that devastated enemy formations over a wide area.^[27] The launchers' distinctive howling sound during firing earned them the nickname "Stalin's organ" among German troops, creating a profound psychological impact that instilled fear and disrupted morale.^[27] In response to the Katyusha's effectiveness, Germany accelerated its own rocket artillery programs, deploying the Nebelwerfer series starting in 1940. The 15 cm NbW 41, a six-barreled towed launcher capable of firing high-explosive or smoke rockets up to 6,900 meters, entered service that year following trials after the Battle of France and saw extensive use on the Eastern Front by 1941.^[28] Over 500 Nebelwerfer units of various calibers were in operation by 1943, providing mobile area suppression fire that complemented conventional artillery in offensives like Operation Barbarossa.^[29] Allied forces also developed multiple rocket launchers toward the war's later stages, though on a more limited scale. The United States introduced the T34 Calliope in 1944, a 60-tube 4.5-inch rocket launcher mounted on M4 Sherman tanks, which saw restricted deployment with armored units in Europe for close-support barrages against fortifications, but production totaled only around two dozen units due to accuracy issues and vulnerability.^[30] Similarly, Britain fielded the Land Mattress, a 20-tube 3-inch rocket projector available in towed land and naval variants, which entered combat in late 1944 during operations like the Scheldt crossings and the Rhine advance, firing salvos for anti-personnel and counter-battery roles in Northwest Europe.^[31] Soviet production of Katyushas scaled massively to meet frontline demands, with over 10,000 BM-13 launchers manufactured between 1941 and 1945, enabling their integration into Guards Mortar units for massed fire support.^[32] In key engagements like the Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943), Katyushas provided critical area suppression, saturating German positions with incendiary and high-explosive rockets to support Soviet counteroffensives and break entrenched defenses in urban fighting.^[33]

Postwar advancements

Following World War II, multiple rocket launchers (MRLs) proliferated during the Cold War as superpowers sought to enhance artillery capabilities against massed armored threats. The United States developed the M270 MLRS in the late 1970s through a joint program with the United Kingdom, West Germany, France, and Italy, aiming to provide long-range, high-volume fire support; it entered service in 1983 and saw its first combat use during the 1991 Gulf War, where it delivered precise rocket barrages against Iraqi forces.^[34] In parallel, the Soviet Union introduced the BM-21 Grad in 1963, a truck-mounted 122mm system capable of saturating areas with 40 rockets in seconds, which became a cornerstone of Warsaw Pact forces and was exported to over 50 countries, enabling widespread adoption in proxy conflicts and insurgencies.^[35]^[36]^[37] Advancements in guidance technology marked a significant shift from unguided area-saturation systems to more accurate munitions, beginning in the 1980s with the integration of GPS and inertial navigation. The U.S. Army's development of the Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System (GMLRS) in the 1990s built on this foundation, incorporating GPS-aided inertial guidance to achieve circular error probable accuracies under 10 meters at ranges exceeding 70 km, a vast improvement over earlier unguided rockets limited to 30-40 km with wide dispersion.^[38]^[39] Soviet and Eastern Bloc systems also evolved toward semi-guided variants by the late Cold War, extending effective ranges and reducing collateral damage in operational environments.^[40] MRL technology spread beyond superpowers to other nations adapting foreign designs for local needs. China developed the Type 81 122mm MRL in the 1980s as an indigenous upgrade to Soviet-inspired systems like the BM-21, featuring improved mobility and fire control for People's Liberation Army mechanized units.^[41] Similarly, Israel adapted captured Soviet BM-24 launchers as the MAR-240 in the late 1960s following the Six-Day War, a 240 mm heavy MRL providing extended-range fire support tailored to Middle Eastern terrain and threats.^[42] Doctrinal evolution post-Vietnam emphasized MRL integration into combined arms operations, shifting from static fire support to dynamic, deep-strike roles with rapid shoot-and-scoot tactics to evade counter-battery fire. The U.S. Army's AirLand Battle doctrine, formalized in the early 1980s, incorporated MLRS for synchronized attacks on second-echelon enemy forces, drawing lessons from Vietnam-era vulnerabilities to enhance survivability and operational tempo.^[43]^[44] This approach influenced global militaries, promoting MRLs as enablers of maneuver warfare rather than isolated barrage weapons.^[45]

Design and operation

Key components

The core of a multiple rocket launcher (MRL) system is its launcher structure, typically consisting of multi-tube racks or pod assemblies designed to hold and fire multiple rockets simultaneously. In the BM-21 Grad system, the launcher features a bank of 40 parallel 122mm tubes arranged in four rows of ten, mounted on a rotating base that allows elevation from 0° to 55° and traversal of 172° (102° left and 70° right) for targeting flexibility.^[46] Modern designs, such as the M270 MLRS, employ sealed pod configurations with two six-rocket pods per launcher, enabling rapid reloading by swapping entire pods in under three minutes using a dedicated vehicle, which enhances operational tempo compared to individual tube reloading.^[47] Rockets used in MRLs are predominantly fin-stabilized unguided projectiles, providing area saturation fire over ranges typically between 18 and 32 kilometers. For instance, the 122mm rockets of the Grad system measure about 2.87 meters in length, weigh approximately 66 kg, and achieve a maximum range of 20 km through solid-propellant motors, with stabilizing fins deployed post-launch to maintain trajectory.^[48] Warhead options include high-explosive (HE) types for fragmentation effects, cluster munitions dispersing submunitions over wide areas, and incendiary variants for fire-starting, allowing adaptation to various targets like personnel or soft-skinned vehicles.^[1] Modern MRLs increasingly incorporate guided rockets, such as the GPS-aided Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System (GMLRS) with ranges up to 70 km or more as of 2025, shifting from area saturation to precision strikes while retaining salvo capabilities.^[49] In systems like the MLRS, 227mm rockets extend this to 32 km with dual-purpose improved conventional munitions (DPICM) warheads containing 644 submunitions, prioritizing volume of fire over precision.^[50] Mounting platforms for MRLs emphasize mobility and stability, often utilizing truck chassis for rapid deployment. The Grad is mounted on a Ural-375D 6x6 wheeled truck, providing cross-country capability with a top speed of 75 km/h and operational weight of 13,700 kg when fully loaded.^[11] Tracked variants, such as the M270's Bradley-derived chassis, offer superior off-road performance while hydraulic outriggers or spades deploy to counter recoil forces during firing, absorbing the shock from salvo launches exceeding 2,640 kg of projectiles.^[47] These stabilization mechanisms, including jacking systems, ensure accurate follow-on shots by minimizing launcher displacement. Support systems integrate fire control and logistics elements to enable efficient operation. Modern MRLs feature digital fire control computers, like the M270's Improved Fire Control System (IFCS), which incorporates GPS-aided inertial navigation for self-location, automated pointing, and salvo programming, reducing crew workload to three personnel.^[51] Resupply is facilitated by dedicated vehicles, such as the MLRS loader using a Bradley-based crane to exchange pods, allowing a full reload in minutes and sustaining high-volume fire in battery formations.^[47]

Firing mechanisms and tactics

Multiple rocket launchers (MRLs) utilize automated firing sequences designed for rapid execution, typically launching rockets in either full salvo or ripple modes. In full salvo mode, all tubes discharge simultaneously or in near-simultaneous rapid succession, delivering the entire payload in under 60 seconds for systems like the M270, to maximize immediate impact on target areas. Ripple fire mode, conversely, releases rockets at programmed intervals, often one to several per second, allowing for a prolonged barrage while distributing the launch over 20 to 40 seconds across the tubes. Prior to firing, the launcher pod is aligned using hydraulic actuators for elevation and azimuth adjustments, enabling precise orientation based on fire control computations without manual intervention.^[47]^[51] Tactical employment of MRLs emphasizes the "shoot-and-scoot" doctrine to mitigate vulnerability during and after firing, as the bright launch signature and acoustic effects can reveal the position to enemy counter-battery radars and artillery. After unleashing a salvo, the crew relocates the vehicle several kilometers away within minutes, leveraging high mobility to evade retaliation while preparing for subsequent missions. This approach is particularly suited to area saturation tactics, where dense rocket patterns suppress enemy infantry, armor concentrations, or fortifications; for instance, a single M270 salvo of 12 rockets can disperse over 7,700 submunitions across an area comparable to three football fields, providing suppressive coverage for advancing forces.^[52]^[53] Logistically, MRL operations require efficient reloading of modular pods, which typically takes 5 to 15 minutes depending on the system and whether mechanized transporters are used; for the M270, a dedicated reload vehicle can exchange a full pod in about 4 minutes. These systems are crewed by 3 to 5 personnel, including a driver, gunner, and section chief, who perform all functions from within the armored cab for protection and speed.^[47]^[51] Safety protocols are integral to MRL operations to protect crew and nearby personnel from launch hazards. A clear backblast zone of 50 to 100 meters to the rear must be maintained, as the expulsion of hot gases and overpressure from multiple rocket ignitions can cause severe burns, blast injuries, or fatalities within this cone-shaped area. In the event of a misfire—indicated by failure to launch after initiation—crews follow standardized procedures: immediately halting the sequence, attempting a safe reset if protocol allows, isolating the pod, and evacuating the area while notifying range control or command for expert disposal to prevent accidental detonation.^[54]^[55]

Types and variants

Mobile truck-mounted systems

Mobile truck-mounted multiple rocket launchers (MRLs) represent a dominant configuration in modern artillery, offering high mobility and rapid deployment on wheeled chassis for quick repositioning after firing to evade counter-battery fire. These systems typically feature rows of launch tubes mounted on heavy-duty trucks, enabling salvo fire of unguided or guided rockets over area targets. Their design prioritizes road speeds exceeding 60 km/h, cross-country capability, and compatibility with standard logistics, making them suitable for expeditionary operations. The Soviet BM-21 Grad, introduced in 1963, exemplifies early truck-mounted MRL design with its 122 mm caliber and 40-tube launcher array fitted to a Ural-375D 6x6 truck chassis. Capable of delivering rockets to ranges of 20-40 km depending on the variant, the system fires a full salvo in 20 seconds, saturating an area of approximately 40 hectares. Thousands of units have been produced, establishing it as one of the most prolific artillery systems historically, and it remains in service across more than 50 countries due to its simplicity, low cost, and proven effectiveness in suppressive fire roles.^[1]^[1]^[56] The U.S. M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS), operational since 1983, advances the concept with a tracked Bradley chassis mounting two pods of six 227 mm rockets each, for a total of 12 tubes, achieving ranges of 30-70 km with guided munitions like the GMLRS. Its design emphasizes precision and survivability, with a fire-and-relocate cycle under 3 minutes and a top road speed of 64 km/h. A lighter wheeled variant, the M142 HIMARS, debuted in 2005 on a 6x6 FMTV truck chassis weighing about 11 tons empty—half that of the M270—while retaining compatibility with the same munitions pod, enhancing air-transportability via C-130 aircraft.^[47]^[47]^[57] Chinese truck-mounted MRLs, often adaptations of Soviet designs, include the PHL-03, a 300 mm system introduced in the early 2000s with 12 tubes on an 8x8 Wanshan WS2400 chassis, offering ranges up to 150 km depending on the rocket variant and speeds of 60 km/h for rapid maneuvers. Drawing from the Russian 9K58 Smerch, it incorporates modular pods for quick reloading and has been integrated into People's Liberation Army Rocket Force brigades, reflecting China's emphasis on long-range area denial through licensed and reverse-engineered technologies.^[58]^[58]^[59] Recent developments as of 2025 include the French Foudre truck-mounted MLRS, debuted in June 2025, which provides enhanced precision-guided capabilities on a wheeled chassis for European forces, and the European GMARS, a wheeled launcher tested in August 2025 based on the Rheinmetall HX vehicle, offering interoperability with existing MLRS munitions.^[60]^[61] These systems' mobility, often exceeding 60 km/h on roads, allows integration into mechanized forces, with operational use spanning conflicts from the Middle East to Eastern Europe, underscoring their enduring tactical value in over 50 nations' inventories.^[1]^[47]^[58]^[56]

Other configurations

Multiple rocket launchers have been adapted into towed and static configurations to provide artillery support in scenarios where mobility is secondary to rapid deployment or fixed positioning. During World War II, the German 15 cm Nebelwerfer 41 served as a towed multiple rocket launcher, featuring six tubular barrels mounted on a two-wheeled carriage that could be pulled by a half-track or truck, enabling indirect fire against troop concentrations with 150 mm rockets.^[62] Similarly, the 21 cm Nebelwerfer 42 extended this design with larger rockets for greater range, maintaining a towed setup for versatility in defensive lines.^[63] In the postwar era, the South African Valkiri-5 emerged in the 1970s as a trailer-mounted variant, consisting of 12 launch tubes on a single-axle trailer towable by light trucks, optimized for airborne operations and quick setup in static roles during border conflicts.^[64]^[65] Naval and airborne adaptations of multiple rocket launchers have explored integration with non-ground platforms for enhanced strike capabilities. The U.S. T34 Calliope, introduced in 1944, mounted 60 rocket tubes atop an M4 Sherman tank's turret, allowing the armored vehicle to deliver a devastating salvo of 4.5-inch rockets in support of infantry advances, though its fixed elevation limited tactical flexibility.^[66] For airborne applications, Russian S-8 unguided rockets, typically 80 mm in caliber, have been launched from helicopter-mounted B-series pods, such as the B-8V20 carrying 20 rockets, providing close air support in experimental and operational roles since the late 20th century, with adaptations emphasizing rapid ripple fire against ground targets. Rail and fixed emplacements have enabled multiple rocket launchers to function in semi-permanent defensive postures, particularly along borders. The Yugoslav M-63 Plamen, developed in the 1960s, was primarily a towed 128 mm system with 32 tubes but could be emplaced in static positions for sustained fire, supporting infantry in fortified areas during regional conflicts.^[67] In modern border defense, systems like the Chinese People's Liberation Army's multiple rocket launchers have been deployed in fixed or semi-fixed configurations near contested frontiers, such as along the India border, to reinforce territorial claims with long-range barrages while minimizing exposure to counter-battery fire.^[68] Emerging in the 2010s, hybrid configurations integrate multiple rocket launchers with unmanned aerial vehicles for precision targeting, enhancing accuracy beyond traditional fire control. Turkish forces, for instance, coordinated 122 mm multiple rocket launchers with Bayraktar TB2 drones during operations in Syria and Nagorno-Karabakh, using real-time drone feeds to designate targets and adjust salvos, significantly improving hit rates against armored columns.^[69] This drone-assisted approach, also tested in other militaries, allows for counter-battery roles by fusing aerial reconnaissance with launcher fire, though it relies on secure data links to mitigate electronic warfare threats.^[70]

Modern usage and operators

Major military inventories

The United States and its NATO allies operate one of the most advanced and widespread inventories of multiple rocket launchers, centered on the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) and M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS). As of 2024, over 1,300 M270 and HIMARS launchers are estimated in service across U.S. forces and NATO partners, with the U.S. Army maintaining approximately 225 M270 tracked systems and more than 500 wheeled HIMARS variants, while allies such as the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy contribute around 500 additional M270 units.^[71] These systems have undergone significant upgrades in the 2020s, including integration of the Extended Range Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System (ER GMLRS), which achieves a maximum range of 150 km for precision strikes.^[71] Russia possesses the world's largest estimated stockpile of multiple rocket launchers (including storage), emphasizing massed fire capabilities from Soviet-era designs modernized for current operations. As of 2024, the Russian Ground Forces field over 4,000 BM-21 Grad 122 mm systems (estimated total), alongside hundreds of BM-30 Smerch 300 mm launchers capable of delivering payloads up to 90 km, and an expanding fleet of Tornado-S systems that incorporate guided munitions for improved accuracy; ongoing losses and production may affect these figures.^[71] In Asia, China maintains a robust arsenal of multiple rocket launchers within the People's Liberation Army, with over 2,000 Type 81 and Type 90 122 mm systems forming the backbone of its short-range fire support. These truck-mounted platforms, derived from BM-21 designs, provide area saturation capabilities and have been incrementally upgraded for mobility and integration with command networks. China has also exported variants, including the A-100 300 mm system to Pakistan in the 2020s, where local production supports integration into the Pakistan Army's artillery brigades for enhanced long-range fires up to 100 km.^[72]^[71] Beyond these major powers, India has indigenously developed and fielded over 500 Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher units, with the system offering a 75 km range through guided rockets for area denial and suppression roles. Ukraine, inheriting extensive Soviet-era stocks including hundreds of BM-21 Grad and dozens of BM-30 Smerch systems, has augmented its inventory with Western aid since 2022, receiving at least 39 M142 HIMARS launchers from the United States to bolster precision strike options amid ongoing defense needs.^[73]

Role in contemporary conflicts

In the 1991 Gulf War, the U.S. Army's M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) played a pivotal role in deep strikes against Iraqi command centers, artillery positions, and troop concentrations, firing over 17,000 rockets during the ground campaign to disrupt enemy logistics and suppress defenses ahead of coalition advances.^[74] These barrages, often conducted at night for surprise, delivered cluster munitions that neutralized armored formations and supply lines, contributing to the rapid collapse of Iraqi forces in Kuwait.^[75] In the 2003 Iraq War, MLRS systems supported urban operations and precision fires, with U.S. forces expending approximately 1,014 rockets to target regime strongholds and improvised explosive device networks in Baghdad and surrounding areas.^[76] During the Russo-Ukrainian War, both sides extensively employed Soviet-era multiple rocket launchers (MRLs) such as the BM-21 Grad for close-support barrages and the BM-30 Smerch for longer-range interdiction, with Russian forces using Smerch systems to saturate Ukrainian positions in Donbas and Kherson oblasts early in the 2022 invasion.^[77] Ukrainian adaptations included Western-supplied M142 HIMARS launchers, which from June 2022 onward enabled strikes up to 80 kilometers deep, destroying over 50 Russian ammunition depots and severely hampering logistics by eliminating stored artillery shells and missiles.^[78] This precision capability shifted the conflict's tempo, allowing Ukrainian counteroffensives around Kharkiv and Kherson by denying Russian resupply. In 2025, Ukrainian HIMARS continued targeting Russian logistics in eastern advances near Pokrovsk, while Russian Uragan MLRS supported offensives; North Korean-supplied MLRS appeared in Kursk Oblast.^[79]) In the Middle East, MRLs have been central to asymmetric and conventional engagements. During the Syrian Civil War since 2011, government forces deployed truck-mounted Grad and Smerch systems to bombard opposition-held urban areas like Aleppo and Ghouta, often with unguided rockets that caused widespread civilian casualties and infrastructure damage.^[80] Israel reactivated its M270 MLRS in the 2023-2024 Gaza conflict, firing guided rockets at Hamas tunnel networks and command posts for the first time since 2006, enhancing suppression of militant rocket fire while minimizing collateral risks through GPS integration; a ceasefire took hold in early 2025 with low-level violence continuing.^[81]^[82] Hezbollah, in border clashes with Israel from October 2023, launched Katyusha rockets—short-range unguided systems with 122mm warheads—targeting northern communities like Kiryat Shmona, with barrages exceeding 50 projectiles in single nights to pressure Israeli defenses.^[83] Emerging trends in MRL employment include integration with unmanned systems, as seen in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War where Azerbaijan paired Israeli LAR-160 multiple launch rockets with drone spotters for real-time targeting of Armenian Smerch batteries, achieving high hit rates against mobile launchers in rugged terrain.^[84] Countermeasures have evolved with electronic warfare (EW), particularly in Ukraine, where Russian jamming systems like Krasukha-4 disrupt GPS-guided HIMARS rockets, forcing reliance on inertial navigation and reducing accuracy by up to 50% in contested zones.^[85] These adaptations underscore MRLs' vulnerability to spectrum denial, prompting investments in anti-jam technologies and hybrid drone-rocket tactics for future peer conflicts.^[86]

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The Congreve War Rockets, 1800-1825 - U.S. Naval Institute
It was fitted with 21 rocket scuttles in a broadside. The rockets could be launched from the sloop's launchers “ ... At the highest angles, for bombardment ...Missing: multiple | Show results with:multiple
[24]
Katyusha
Katyusha. In the mid-1930's NII-3 began development of unguided powder rockets for the Soviet Air Force: the 82mm diameter ROS-82 fragmentation rocket for ...
[25]
BM-13 Katyusha (1940) - Truck Encyclopedia
Technically the BM-13-16 was authorized for production, with just 40 launchers in service by June 1941 and ten thousands were made until 1945, ...<|separator|>
[26]
Milestones of space exploration in the 20th century
11: Georgy Langemak, Director of RNII, murdered by Soviet authorities during Stalin's terror. March: Members of the American Rocket Society demonstrate a ...
[27]
Stalin's Organ – 10 Surprising Facts About the Katyusha Rocket
Jan 19, 2021 · The Katyusha, nicknamed "Stalin's Organ," was a truck-mounted rocket system that fired many warheads in a short burst, and was called "Katie" ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[28]
15 cm Nebelwerfer 41 – D-Day Overlord
The first models of Nebelwerfer were deployed on the front in March 1940. They can fire explosive rockets (150 mm Wurfgranate) and smoke (150 mm Wurfgranate 41 ...
[29]
Nebelwerfers - War History - WarHistory.org
Sep 4, 2025 · The army ordered 3,000 of these conversions with the understanding that production would eventually switch to the SWS when production totals of ...
[30]
Rocket Launcher T34 'Calliope' - Tank Encyclopedia
Jan 27, 2018 · The Calliope was a tank-mounted multiple rocket launcher that could be fitted to the turret of the M4 Sherman.
[31]
Projector, Rocket 3-inch, No 8 Mk 1 (Land Mattress) - Military Factory
The British Land Mattress multiple launch rocket projector of World War 2 could fire its destructive payload in around seven seconds.
[32]
BM-13/8/31 Katyusha Self-Propelled Rocket Artillery
Katyusha rocket launchers were used in combat for the first time at Rudnya, Smolensk, Russia. 8 Aug 1941, Joseph Stalin ordered the formation of eight Guards ...
[33]
Katyusha Effectiveness - Tank Archives
Feb 12, 2020 · The Katyusha had a great effect on troops, causing explosions that burned everything nearby, and the ground shook for kilometers. It also ...<|separator|>
[34]
Long-range rocket launchers arrive in Europe
Aug 7, 2025 · The system was developed in the late 1970s and first saw combat during the Persian Gulf War in early 1991, when they began dropping what ...
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[PDF] Russian Way of WaR: foRce - Army University Press
The brigade also has a battalion of 18 BM-21 “Grad” multiple rocket launchers (grad is Russian for hail). The BM-21 has been around since 1963. It is ...
[36]
Russia - Automotive Industry - GlobalSecurity.org
Oct 27, 2025 · The Ural-375D became famous as the platform for the BM-21 Grad multiple rocket launcher system, introduced in 1963, which could fire 40 122mm ...
[37]
Grad
BM-21 Grad artillery systems have been sold to more than 50 international customers. Several variants of Grad were produced out of the borders of the Soviet ...
[38]
[PDF] Evolution of Multiple Launch Rocket Systems from Early Rockets to ...
Purpose. The article examines the evolution of multiple launch rocket systems, from early rocket munitions to HIMARS, and explores their future development.
[39]
[PDF] ARTILLERY STRONG: Modernizing the Field Artiller for the 21st ...
ing with Multiple Launch Rocket System M270 launcher, were re- quired for all field artillery weapons systems.82. Another technological problem also shed ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[40]
[PDF] Fire for Effect: field artillery and close air support in the US Army
artillery has long been a key member of the combined arms team. The. Army ground commander has controlled all the elements of this team except the fixed-wing ...
[41]
WS-1 WeiShi [Guardian] / T–300 / Kasirga - GlobalSecurity.org
Aug 7, 2016 · The WS-1E is the 122mm multiple rocket system developed by SCAIC as a successor to the PLA's current Type 81 122mm rocket system. It is similar ...
[42]
Lockheed Martin (Vought) MLRS Rockets (M26/M30/M31)
Apr 14, 2024 · The MLRS (Multiple Launch Rocket System) is a mobile rocket launcher which can fire a variety of rockets from the MLRS Familiy of Munitions (MFOM)Missing: characteristics | Show results with:characteristics
[43]
[PDF] Modernizing the King of Battle, 1973-1991
Jun 5, 2003 · ... over the merit of adopting a new multiple rocket launcher did the Field Artillery School initiate a rcqu1rement for one- the General Support ...
[44]
[PDF] The Evolution of US Army Tactical Doctrine, 1946-76
The major thrust of these changes revolved around the shift of the Army's focus from South Vietnam to. Europe. ... on Tactics and Military Posture, US Army ...
[45]
Distinctly Different Doctrine: Why Multi-Domain Operations Isn't ...
Feb 20, 2019 · The Multi-Domain Operations concept differs from AirLand Battle and requires significant changes to how the Army equips, organizes, synchronizes and projects ...
[46]
M270 MLRS (Multiple Launch Rocket System), US - Army Technology
Mar 15, 2023 · The M270 launcher can be equipped with 12 rockets, packaged in two six-rocket pods. The existing MLRS M270A1 launcher systems of the US Army ...Recommended Buyers Guides · M270 Mlrs Orders And... · Gmlrs Orders And Deliveries
[47]
What is a grad? - AOAV
Jun 9, 2021 · Developed in the 1960s, the BM-21 Grad has become the most numerous and widely-deployed multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) in the world.Missing: sources | Show results with:sources
[48]
Multiple Launch Rocket System (M270) - Lockheed Martin
New engines; New Improved Armored Cabs (IAC); New Common Fire Control System (CFCS); Upgraded and rebuilt transmissions; Improved system components.
[49]
ODIN - OE Data Integration Network
No readable text found in the HTML.<|control11|><|separator|>
[50]
MLRS and Maneuver Warfare - Marine Corps Association
The Multiple Launch Rocket System is a war-proven weapon that adds immensely to a commander's ability to bring massive amounts of fire to bear on deep targets.
[51]
[PDF] Range Safety - Army Garrisons
Apr 16, 2014 · Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) Operations (Cited in paras. 10–12b(1), 10–13c(7).) (Available at ...
[52]
FM 23-34 Appendix A - GlobalSecurity.org
a. The danger zone extends 50 meters to the rear of the launcher. In this zone, serious casualties or fatalities are likely to occur from the blast and flying ...
[53]
The Grad system: A hot hail of cluster-fired rockets - Russia Beyond
Aug 26, 2014 · The Grad BM-21 multiple launch rocket system has a history that goes back all the way to the early 1960s, when it succeeded the legendary Katyusha rocket ...Missing: credible | Show results with:credible
[54]
HIMARS – High-Mobility Artillery Rocket System, USA
Jul 7, 2023 · The vehicle weighs approximately 24,000lb (10,886kg) compared to more than 44,000lb (19,958kg) for the MLRS M270 launcher. HIMARS is ...
[55]
PHL-03 300 mm long-range rocket - GlobalSecurity.org
Jan 8, 2021 · The PCL-191 is capable of firing x8 accurate 370mm rockets at a distance of up to 350km with a short reload time of only 10minuttes.
[56]
[PDF] Comparing U.S. Army Systems with Foreign Counterparts - RAND
The U.S. Army's Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) and the similar High Mobility. Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) lack the range of some of the heavy, ...<|separator|>
[57]
https://www.army-technology.com/projects/himars/
[58]
21cm Nebelwerfer 42 (21cm NbW 42) - Military Factory
The 21cm Nebelwerfer 42 multiple rocket-launching projector had a tremendous demoralizing effect on enemy recipients.
[59]
127 mm Valkiri Mk 1.22 multiple rocket launcher system.
The artillery part of this system has twelve barrels and is mounted on a single axle trailer, which can be towed by a light truck. It is equipped with 127mm ...Description · Composition · Characteristics
[60]
Denel Valkiri / Bateluer MLRS - South Africa - Military Factory
Valkiri-5 - Trailer-mounted launcher unit with 12 launch tubes; revised, shortened 127mm rockets. Bateleur - Samil 100 series 6x6 wheeled truck with 40-round ...
[61]
Sherman Calliope (Rocket Launcher, T34) - Military Factory
The Sherman Calliope first appeared onto the scene in France in 1944 as the T34 Calliope system. The system featured 60 x 107mm tubes mounted above the standard ...
[62]
M-63 Plamen VBR 128 (Multiple rocket launcher) - Army Guide
The 128 mm (32-round) M-63 'Plamen' (Flame) MRS was developed in the former Yugoslavia (today Serbia) to meet the requirements of the then Yugoslav Army. It is ...Missing: rail | Show results with:rail
[63]
A Baseline Assessment of the PLA Army's Border Reinforcement ...
Apr 9, 2024 · Reinforcing long-range multiple launch rocket units stationed in and around Rutog and likely north of the Aksai Chin (perhaps near Kangxiwa), ...
[64]
Turkey Transfers Drone Warfare Capacity to Its Ally Azerbaijan
Oct 15, 2020 · Turkish artillery and rocket fires operated in close coordination with drone warfare assets, providing intelligence, surveillance, target ...
[65]
[PDF] The Rising Drone Power: Turkey On The Eve Of Its Military ... - Edam
Jun 4, 2018 · On February 22, 2018, Turkish artillery –probably the 122mm class multiple-launch rocket systems (MLRS)– targeted a convoy, carrying arms ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[66]
The Military Balance 2024
An indispensable open-source assessment of the military forces, personnel numbers, equipment inventories and defence economics of over 170 countries.Missing: MLRS Grad Smerch Tornado
[67]
Chinese Artillery Rockets - GlobalSecurity.org
Sep 26, 2024 · The commander can set a priority firing sequence for the multiple rocket launcher unit in order to exert influence on a specific combat area.
[68]
Pinaka Multibarrel Rocket Launcher - GlobalSecurity.org
Sep 13, 2021 · Despite complaints of faulty ammunition, India's Ministry of Defence (MoD) spent $490 million on 36 Pinaka Mark-1 multi-barrel rocket launchers, ...Missing: inventory | Show results with:inventory<|separator|>
[69]
The United States Army | Redstone Arsenal Historical Information
Each launch vehicle carries two clusters of six rockets--called "six packs" by U.S. soldiers--all of which can be fired in less than 60 seconds.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[70]
MLRS: Thunder in the Desert | Lockheed Martin
Oct 1, 2020 · Their mission was to strike enemy defensive positions from a distance at a furious pace, effectively fragmenting the Iraqi army into smaller ...
[71]
The Conduct of the War and Civilian Casualties in Iraq
The Third Infantry and 101st Airborne divisions and the 214th Field Artillery Brigade reported using 1,014 MLRS rockets, 330 Army Tactical Missile System ( ...
[72]
Lessons Learned From Ukraine: Rocket Artillery On The Modern ...
Mar 17, 2023 · Also in service with both Russia and Ukraine is the BM-30 Smerch system, this came into service at the end of the 1980s and continued the Soviet ...
[73]
Ukraine says it has destroyed 50 Russian ammunition depots using ...
Jul 25, 2022 · Ukraine said on Monday its forces had used US-supplied HIMARS rocket systems to destroy 50 Russian ammunition depots since receiving the weapons last month.
[74]
US HIMARS Help Destroy 20 Depots of Russian Artillery Ammo ...
Jul 10, 2022 · Powerful long-range US rocket systems have helped destroy 20 depots of Russian artillery ammunition, disrupting Putin's firepower, says Ukraine.
[75]
Attacks on Ghouta - Human Rights Watch
Sep 10, 2013 · The evidence concerning the type of rockets and launchers used in these attacks strongly suggests that these are weapon systems known and ...
[76]
IDF: Multiple rocket launcher used to target Hamas in Gaza for first ...
Oct 11, 2023 · The Israel Defense Forces says that on Monday, for the first time since 2006, it used an M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System to target a Hamas site in the Gaza ...Missing: 2023-2024 | Show results with:2023-2024<|separator|>
[77]
IDF says over 50 rockets fired at north overnight; some damage, no ...
Sep 7, 2024 · Hezbollah also took responsibility for this barrage as well, saying it fired a volley of Katyusha rockets at the community of Shamir, a kibbutz ...
[78]
Rockets, Cluster Munitions And Missiles Rain Down On Armenian ...
Oct 7, 2020 · One of the principal weapons in the bombardments appears to be Russian-built BM30 Smerch (“Tornado”) multiple-rocket launcher systems. A Smerch ...Missing: guided | Show results with:guided
[79]
Ukraine makes new push to defeat Russia's electronic warfare | CNN
Nov 29, 2023 · Precision-guided missiles and guided multiple launch rocket systems – such as HIMARS – are by their nature more vulnerable to electronic warfare ...Missing: countering | Show results with:countering
[80]
US, allies rush to refit their big guns with GPS protections
Mar 13, 2025 · The war in Ukraine has jump-started a scramble to fortify artillery systems against GPS jamming and spoofing, with a technology previously used primarily on ...