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Nice guy

In interpersonal psychology and self-help literature, a nice guy refers to a man who habitually suppresses his authentic needs, emotions, and boundaries to secure external approval and avoid disapproval, often manifesting as inauthentic agreeableness, passive-aggressiveness, and unexpressed resentment in relationships.^[1] This pattern, termed "Nice Guy Syndrome" by psychotherapist Robert A. Glover, stems from early conditioning such as adverse childhood experiences or absent paternal figures, fostering beliefs that goodness guarantees love and problem-free outcomes without direct assertion.^[1]^[2] Key characteristics include reliance on covert contracts—unspoken assumptions that acts of deference or generosity will automatically elicit desired reciprocity, such as romantic interest or validation, without explicit negotiation—leading to chronic frustration when these expectations fail.^[3] Such behaviors correlate with generalized anxiety, shame suppression, and diminished self-efficacy, as individuals prioritize others' comfort over personal agency, often resulting in relational stagnation or explosive backlash.^[4] Glover's framework, drawn from clinical observations, posits recovery through confronting fears, expressing needs overtly, and cultivating integrated masculinity that balances kindness with assertiveness.^[5] Empirical studies on mate preferences challenge the cultural stereotype that "nice guys finish last," revealing that women rate highly agreeable, kind men as more desirable for committed partnerships due to perceived reliability, though less so for short-term liaisons where traits like dominance or physical allure predominate.^[6]^[7] The paradox partly resolves when accounting for confounding factors like attractiveness: niceness enhances desirability across contexts but does not compensate for low physical appeal or lack of agency, underscoring that syndrome-like passivity, rather than genuine kindness, undermines outcomes.^[7] Controversies arise in online discourse, where the label is weaponized against perceived entitlement, yet research highlights systemic patterns of unassertiveness rooted in socialization, not inherent female preferences against benevolence.^[8]

Definition and Characteristics

Core Traits and Behaviors

Individuals exhibiting "nice guy" syndrome, a concept popularized by psychologist Robert Glover in his 2003 book No More Mr. Nice Guy, demonstrate core traits of chronic people-pleasing driven by underlying anxiety and fear of disapproval. These include a deep-seated insecurity and low self-worth, often linked to adverse childhood experiences such as neglect or emotional unavailability from caregivers, fostering toxic shame and self-doubt.^[1] Perfectionism and an internalized belief that one's own needs are inherently less important than others' further characterize this profile, leading to emotional suppression and a reluctance to assert personal boundaries.^[1] ^[9] Behaviorally, nice guys engage in compulsive accommodation, such as readily agreeing to favors or demands despite personal inconvenience, to secure external validation, particularly from women in romantic contexts.^[9] This manifests as avoidance of conflict at all costs, over-apologizing, and indirect communication of desires, often through "covert contracts"—unspoken expectations that acts of niceness will yield reciprocity like affection or sexual attention.^[10] ^[1] When these expectations remain unfulfilled, suppressed anger accumulates, potentially erupting as passive-aggressiveness, resentment toward more dominant peers, or self-victimization.^[1] ^[11] Such patterns prioritize short-term approval over authentic self-expression, contributing to unfulfilling relationships and heightened anxiety.^[10]

Distinction from Authentic Altruism

The "nice guy" archetype is characterized by ostensibly prosocial behaviors that are predominantly instrumental, driven by an underlying agenda of securing approval, validation, or romantic reciprocation rather than pure concern for others' welfare.^[10] In contrast, authentic altruism involves actions motivated by empathy and a genuine desire to alleviate others' distress without anticipation of personal benefit, as outlined in research on prosocial motivation where helping persists even when rewards are absent or costs are high.^[12] This distinction hinges on the presence of "covert contracts," a concept described by psychotherapist Robert A. Glover in his 2003 book No More Mr. Nice Guy, wherein individuals perform favors under the implicit, uncommunicated expectation that the recipient will provide emotional or sexual payoff in return; failure to do so breeds resentment rather than acceptance.^[10]^[13] Empirical observations in relational dynamics reveal that such conditional niceness often manifests as people-pleasing rooted in fear of rejection or abandonment, leading to imbalanced exchanges where the actor suppresses personal needs to manipulate outcomes.^[12] Glover, drawing from clinical experience with male clients, notes that this pattern fosters entitlement and covert hostility, as the "nice" actions serve self-preservation or gain rather than selfless contribution; for instance, buying gifts or offering excessive support in pursuit of a date exemplifies this transactional mindset, distinct from altruism's lack of quid pro quo.^[10] Authentic altruists, by comparison, exhibit behaviors aligned with Batson's empathy-altruism model, where perspective-taking induces helping that withstands non-reciprocation, as evidenced in experiments showing sustained aid to strangers when escape from the situation is possible but personal gain is not.^[12] This motivational divergence has causal implications for relationship quality: nice guy strategies erode trust through unspoken demands, often resulting in relational failure when expectations go unmet, whereas genuine altruism builds mutual respect via transparent, non-contingent support.^[14] Psychological profiles of people-pleasers, including those fitting the nice guy mold, correlate with avoidance of conflict and low assertiveness, contrasting altruism's foundation in secure self-efficacy and intrinsic reward from others' well-being.^[12] In evolutionary terms, while both may signal mate value, nice guy conditional helping resembles low-cost reciprocity norms that falter under scrutiny, unlike costly signaling in competitive altruism that demonstrates reliable commitment without hidden agendas.^[15] Thus, the nice guy's "niceness" functions as a facade for self-interest, undermining its altruistic veneer when reciprocity fails to materialize.

Origins and Cultural Evolution

Historical Phraseology

The phrase "nice guy" emerged in American English by the early 1900s to denote a man characterized by kindness, thoughtfulness, and decency, building on earlier expressions like "nice fellow" attested from the early 1800s.^[16] This positive connotation aligned with broader cultural ideals of gentlemanly conduct, as seen in mid-20th-century media portrayals, such as the 1952 description of singer Perry Como as "Mr. Nice Guy" in reference to his affable television persona.^[17] A pivotal shift occurred with the idiom "nice guys finish last," coined in 1946 by baseball manager Leo Durocher, who observed that overly accommodating players lagged behind more assertive competitors, implying that excessive agreeableness could hinder success in competitive arenas.^[16] By the 1960s, the variant "no more Mr. Nice Guy" gained traction as an expression of resolve to abandon self-sacrificing politeness in favor of self-assertion, with its earliest recorded use in 1960 by columnist Walter Winchell to depict a dramatic rejection of deference.^[17] These phrases subtly foreshadowed critiques of niceness as a liability, though they retained a neutral-to-positive valence outside romantic contexts. In interpersonal and romantic spheres, the term began acquiring pejorative undertones by the late 1980s, when self-described "nice guys" in early online forums expressed frustration over unreciprocated affection despite displays of courtesy, marking an initial linkage to entitlement narratives.^[16] This evolved into formalized critique by the early 2000s, exemplified by the 2002 essay on Heartless Bitches International, which lambasted "nice guys" as men leveraging kindness transactionally for sexual rewards, a view that propelled the phrase's ironic deployment in gender discourse.^[16] Concurrently, psychotherapist Robert A. Glover introduced "Nice Guy Syndrome" in his 2000 book No More Mr. Nice Guy, framing it as a pattern of approval-seeking behavior rooted in fear of conflict, thereby codifying the concept as a psychological archetype rather than mere slang.^[18] These developments reflect a transition from laudatory historical usage to a cautionary label, influenced by evolving social dynamics around assertiveness and reciprocity.

Modern Usage in Media and Online Communities

In contemporary media, the term "nice guy" is frequently invoked to characterize male characters or archetypes who exhibit excessive deference and emotional availability in pursuit of romantic success, often culminating in rejection and portrayed as a cautionary tale against passivity. For instance, self-help literature and dating advice columns contrast "nice guys" with more assertive "alpha" types, arguing that the former's covert expectations of reciprocity for kindness undermine genuine connections, a framing popularized in outlets critiquing modern relationship dynamics as of 2025.^[19] This usage echoes empirical observations in psychological studies, such as the "nice guy paradox," where self-professed niceness correlates with lower mating success despite stated female preferences for kindness, as documented in research examining physical attractiveness and behavioral traits.^[7] Online communities amplify this trope through memes, forums, and personal anecdotes, where "nice guy" serves as shorthand for men resentful of the "friend zone," attributing romantic failure to women's alleged preference for dominant partners over agreeable ones. In manosphere spaces, including subsets of Reddit and dedicated sites, the label critiques perceived beta-male behaviors, with discussions evolving from Robert Glover's 2003 conceptualization of "Nice Guy Syndrome"—men suppressing personal needs to gain approval—as a maladaptive strategy exacerbated by digital echo chambers.^[2]^[20] These platforms often link the term to broader narratives of hypergamy and entitlement, though mainstream interpretations in viral threads frame it as manipulative, with aggregated stories from 2024 highlighting interpersonal conflicts.^[21] The term's proliferation in incel-adjacent forums distinguishes "nice guys" from involuntary celibates by portraying the former as naively optimistic believers in niceness as a romantic currency, a view intertwined with "blackpill" ideology that rejects self-improvement in favor of deterministic genetic explanations for exclusion.^[22] Social media platforms like TikTok further entrench this in 2025 content, where short-form videos dissect "nice guy" pitfalls in loyalty and attraction, drawing millions of views and reinforcing communal venting over therapeutic resolution. Despite varied tones, usage across these domains consistently highlights a disconnect between performative agreeableness and assertive agency, with data from online discourse analyses indicating heightened visibility post-2010s amid rising male-focused self-improvement movements.^[23]

Psychological Underpinnings

Nice Guy Syndrome Profile

Nice Guy Syndrome refers to a maladaptive interpersonal pattern primarily observed in men, characterized by excessive people-pleasing behaviors motivated by an underlying expectation of romantic or sexual reciprocity, often leading to resentment and relational dysfunction when unfulfilled. This syndrome, popularized in self-help literature such as Robert Glover's 2003 book No More Mr. Nice Guy, manifests as a covert contract wherein individuals perform acts of kindness not from genuine altruism but as strategic investments anticipating favors, particularly from women. Psychologists describe it as rooted in approval-seeking and avoidance of conflict, resulting in suppressed authentic needs and passive-aggressive expressions of frustration.^[1]^[9] Cognitively, individuals exhibit entitlement beliefs, assuming moral superiority and deserved preferential treatment due to their "niceness," which aligns with broader psychological entitlement traits linked to interpersonal conflict and hostility. They often harbor unspoken assumptions that compliance and generosity should yield emotional or physical intimacy, fostering a victim mentality when rejected, as evidenced in patterns of online discourse where self-identified "nice guys" express bitterness toward perceived ingratitude. Emotionally, this involves chronic anxiety over disapproval, low self-worth masked by performative agreeableness, and internalized shame from unmet expectations, sometimes tied to adverse childhood experiences like conditional parental approval.^[24]^[1] Behaviorally, key markers include difficulty asserting boundaries, over-apologizing, and prioritizing others' needs to avoid rejection, often at the expense of personal authenticity. This can escalate to manipulative tactics, such as feigned disinterest or exaggerated helpfulness, followed by entitlement-driven outbursts when reciprocity fails. Research on related entitlement in men shows associations with anger mismanagement and sexist attitudes, where such patterns predict poorer relational outcomes due to unmet dependencies rather than overt aggression. Unlike adaptive agreeableness, which correlates positively with long-term partnerships when paired with assertiveness, the syndrome's version undermines dating success by signaling low dominance and hidden agendas.^[9]^[25]^[8] Psychologist Robert Glover, in his clinical work with men, attributes nice guy syndrome to developmental patterns where boys internalize the notion that suppressing personal needs and anger ensures approval and safety, often stemming from family dynamics that punish assertiveness or reward compliance.^[1] This conditioning fosters "covert contracts," unspoken expectations that acts of niceness will indirectly secure affection or validation, a maladaptive carryover from childhood environments where direct need expression risked rejection or conflict.^[26] Glover notes that such patterns emerge early, as children adapt to conditional love by hiding perceived "bad" traits to maintain relational harmony.^[27] Attachment theory provides a framework for these origins, with anxious-preoccupied styles—arising from inconsistent parental responsiveness—linked to heightened fear of abandonment that manifests in adulthood as excessive people-pleasing to preempt disapproval.^[28] Individuals with this attachment pattern, often rooted in childhood experiences of emotional unpredictability, prioritize harmony over authenticity, mirroring nice guy behaviors by over-accommodating to sustain bonds. Empirical studies on attachment confirm that early insecure bonds correlate with relational anxiety and indirect strategies for need fulfillment, rather than overt communication.^[29] Trauma-related factors, particularly adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) like emotional neglect or harsh criticism, exacerbate these tendencies by instilling beliefs that self-worth depends on flawless performance and avoidance of conflict.^[1] Glover's analysis connects higher ACE scores to the syndrome's core insecurities, where unmet emotional needs create attachment wounds that propel compensatory niceness as a survival mechanism, later yielding resentment when reciprocity fails.^[30] Developmental psychology views people-pleasing in men as a trauma response, learned to navigate dysfunctional homes, but persisting as it undermines autonomy and fosters entitlement through unvoiced expectations.^[31]

Evolutionary and Empirical Foundations

Mate Selection Preferences

Empirical studies in evolutionary psychology reveal that women's mate preferences prioritize traits signaling resource acquisition, social status, and protective capacity, such as ambition, industriousness, and dominance, which often supersede isolated displays of agreeableness or niceness. In David Buss's cross-cultural analysis of 10,047 participants across 37 cultures, women consistently ranked "good financial prospects" and "ambition and industriousness" higher than men did for female counterparts, with financial prospects valued 2.5 times more by women; while "kind and understanding" was appreciated, it trailed behind indicators of provisioning ability.^[32] This pattern aligns with sexual selection pressures where females seek partners capable of investing in offspring, as passive agreeableness alone fails to demonstrate competitive edge in ancestral environments.^[33] Research on personality traits further elucidates why "nice guys"—characterized by high agreeableness but low assertiveness—underperform in mate attraction. Lower agreeableness in men correlates with greater interest and success in short-term mating, as it facilitates bolder pursuit strategies; for instance, among North American samples, men low in agreeableness reported higher sociosexuality and short-term mate preferences, traits that enhance initial attraction through perceived confidence.^[34] Conversely, excessive agreeableness without dominance signals submissiveness, reducing desirability; multimethod studies (N=348) found women preferred dominant males over purely prosocial ones, with prosocial orientation boosting appeal only when paired with assertive traits, challenging the notion that unassertive kindness suffices.^[35] In reproductive success data from high-fertility populations, male extraversion (linked to dominance) predicted more offspring, while agreeableness showed no such positive link for men, unlike for women.^[36] For long-term pairing, preferences shift slightly toward dependability, yet dominance remains integral; women rate aggressive yet controlled men higher for short-term mates, with appetitive aggression enhancing desirability when moderated by context.^[37] Assertive mating tactics, such as direct courtship, elicit positive responses from women, as passive "niceness" often masks low status or hesitation, leading to the "nice guy paradox" where physical attractiveness amplifies assertive appeals but unassertive kindness repels.^[7] These findings, drawn from lab, survey, and behavioral data, underscore that effective male strategies balance kindness with dominance, reflecting causal realities of intrasexual competition rather than egalitarian ideals.^[38]

Research on Agreeableness, Dominance, and Outcomes

Empirical studies within personality psychology, drawing from the Big Five model, consistently link high agreeableness—characterized by traits like compassion, politeness, and avoidance of conflict—to reduced socioeconomic outcomes, particularly for men. A 2012 analysis of multiple datasets found that agreeableness negatively predicts income, with the effect being significantly stronger for men than women, as agreeable men translate human capital (e.g., education, skills) into earnings less effectively due to lower assertiveness in negotiations and competition.^[39] This pattern holds across occupational contexts, where disagreeable individuals, especially men, secure higher wages by prioritizing self-interest over harmony.^[40] For instance, men scoring below average on agreeableness earn approximately 18% more than their more agreeable counterparts, reflecting societal expectations for male agency and dominance in resource acquisition.^[41] Research further elucidates mechanisms underlying these disparities, showing that high agreeableness correlates with economic hardship during periods of scarcity or instability, as agreeable individuals hesitate to advocate for themselves or exploit opportunities. A 2018 longitudinal study provided causal evidence that agreeableness exacerbates financial vulnerability when external pressures (e.g., job market downturns) demand toughness, termed the "nice guys finish last" effect in resource competition.^[42] Conversely, dominance—often inversely related to agreeableness—involves assertive influence and status-seeking, yielding advantages in hierarchical environments. In human evolutionary contexts, dominance facilitates resource access and social influence, with dominant men exhibiting higher status perceptions independent of physical attractiveness.^[43]^[44] In mating domains, outcomes diverge by relationship type and gender roles. High agreeableness benefits long-term relationship satisfaction through enhanced empathy and conflict resolution, but it hinders initial attraction and short-term mating success for men, who face preferences for dominance signaling protection and provisioning.^[45] Studies confirm women rate less agreeable (more dominant) men as more desirable for casual encounters, prioritizing cues of status and assertiveness over niceness, while physical attractiveness moderates but does not eliminate the "nice guy paradox."^[46] Evolutionary models substantiate this, positing that male dominance hierarchies evolved to link status with reproductive access, as dominant traits intimidate rivals and signal mate value, evidenced by correlations between dominance markers (e.g., facial masculinity) and mating opportunities across cultures.^[47]^[48] Thus, excessive agreeableness without dominance often yields suboptimal outcomes in zero-sum competitions for partners and status, aligning with observed sex differences in trait-outcome linkages.^[49]

Debates and Alternative Perspectives

Critiques of Entitlement Narratives

Critics of the entitlement narrative contend that it pathologizes men's expressions of frustration in mating contexts by framing them as unjustified demands rather than responses to empirical patterns in partner preferences. Research on the Big Five personality traits indicates that high agreeableness, often equated with "niceness," correlates with lower short-term mating success in men, as low agreeableness facilitates pursuits involving assertiveness and risk-taking, which align with documented female preferences for confident partners.^[34] A 2019 study across high-fertility populations found that personality dimensions predict reproductive outcomes differently by sex, with men's extraversion and lower openness—traits not synonymous with excessive niceness—linking to higher offspring numbers, while agreeableness showed no such advantage for males.^[36] This suggests that "nice guys finish last" reflects adaptive realities in mate competition, where pure agreeableness without dominance or status signals yields poorer outcomes, rather than inherent entitlement.^[38] The narrative's emphasis on entitlement overlooks how cultural messaging promotes niceness as sufficient for romantic success, leading to dashed expectations when confronted with evidence of women's selectivity for multifaceted traits. For instance, evolutionary accounts highlight that women prioritize resource provision and protective dominance over isolated kindness, as evidenced by consistent cross-cultural data on mate choice criteria, where kindness ranks below ambition and social status.^[50] Attributing bitterness solely to entitlement ignores these causal factors, potentially serving to discourage scrutiny of gender-specific preferences that favor less agreeable men in initial attraction phases. Analyses comparing male "nice guy" complaints to parallel female narratives of partner scarcity argue that the former's dismissal as entitlement reveals selective application of empathy, where men's confusion stems from mismatched strategies rather than misogyny.^[51] Furthermore, psychological studies debunking the myth distinguish between genuine agreeableness and performative niceness driven by expectation, finding that true non-entitled kindness enhances long-term relational appeal but does not guarantee initial access, as entitlement itself—independent of niceness—reduces perceived attractiveness.^[52] This critique posits that overreliance on the entitlement frame, prevalent in ideologically aligned media discussions, minimizes biological and social constraints on high-agreeableness strategies, fostering a view that men's adaptive adjustments (e.g., developing assertiveness) equate to abandoning virtue rather than optimizing for realistic outcomes. Empirical reproductive success data reinforces that while agreeable women benefit from pair-bonding advantages, men require complementary traits like extraversion for competitive edge, underscoring the narrative's failure to grapple with sex-differentiated selection pressures.^[53] Empirical research in evolutionary psychology indicates that heterosexual women, across cultures, prioritize male traits linked to dominance, social status, and resource acquisition capability in mate selection, often over isolated agreeableness or kindness.^[54] ^[33] These preferences align with ancestral adaptive pressures for partner protectiveness and provisioning, where assertive behaviors signal genetic fitness and environmental mastery.^[55] For instance, experimental studies demonstrate that women rate men higher in attractiveness when they exhibit dominance combined with prosociality, but pure prosociality without dominance elicits lower interest, challenging narratives that undiluted niceness suffices for romantic success.^[35] In personality psychology, high agreeableness—a Big Five trait encompassing deference, altruism, and conflict avoidance—correlates negatively with men's short-term mating success and reproductive outcomes, as it inversely relates to perceived dominance and status signaling.^[38] ^[56] Men scoring low on agreeableness but higher on extraversion or conscientiousness facets tied to ambition tend to achieve greater sexual frequency and partner variety, reflecting women's empirical weighting of competitive traits over passive accommodation.^[50] This pattern holds despite women's self-reported valuation of kindness in long-term contexts, where initial attraction filters prioritize assertive signals; meta-analyses confirm sex differences, with women emphasizing dominance more than men do warmth.^[57] Such findings persist in controlled designs controlling for confounds like physical attractiveness, underscoring biological underpinnings rather than mere cultural artifacts.^[58] Socially, persistent hypergamy—women's tendency to pair with higher-status or resource-advantaged partners—amplifies these dynamics in modern mating markets, as documented in large-scale demographic data from Norway spanning 1993–2017, where earnings potential strongly predicts spousal matching upward for women but not vice versa.^[59] ^[60] This assortative pattern, rooted in evolved sex differences in parental investment, disadvantages non-dominant men in competitive environments like online dating, where platform algorithms and user behavior concentrate female attention on top-percentile males exhibiting assertiveness and status cues.^[61] Even as educational hypogamy rises in some Western cohorts, status-based hypergamy endures, with women rejecting average agreeable suitors for those signaling superior provisioning potential, per econometric analyses of marriage registries.^[62] These realities counter entitlement critiques by highlighting structural mismatches: agreeable men's relational strategies, while virtuous, underperform against biologically calibrated female choosiness, particularly amid delayed marriage and heightened female autonomy since the 1970s.^[63] Academic resistance to such evidential syntheses often stems from ideological priors favoring nurture over nature, yet replicated cross-national data affirm their robustness.^[64]

Implications and Strategies

Impacts on Personal and Relational Success

Highly agreeable men embodying the "nice guy" profile often face diminished success in short-term mating and initial dating scenarios, as empirical tests of the nice guy stereotype reveal that less agreeable males report greater dating achievements in superficial relationships.^[8] This disparity arises because traits signaling dominance and resource competition—frequently inversely related to extreme agreeableness—enhance male attractiveness in evolutionary contexts, with studies showing higher extraversion or lower openness predicting more offspring among men, while excessive agreeableness correlates with fewer sexual partners.^[38]^[56] In contrast, genuine niceness combined with physical attractiveness mitigates the paradox, boosting desirability ratings, though isolated agreeableness alone proves insufficient for competitive edge.^[7] Within long-term relationships, high agreeableness can foster satisfaction via cooperation and low conflict, yet the syndrome's covert entitlement erodes these benefits, linking to reduced partner commitment and heightened dissatisfaction.^[65]^[66] Research on relational entitlement demonstrates that individuals expecting unreciprocated favors experience poorer negotiation outcomes and lower overall couple functioning, as demands for preferential treatment without equivalent investment breed resentment and imbalance.^[67] This dynamic particularly hampers men, where biological trade-offs in personality traits show agreeableness yielding reproductive advantages more reliably in females than males, underscoring a sex-specific cost in relational persistence.^[36] Personally, nice guy tendencies cultivate chronic resentment from unmet transactional expectations, suppressing assertiveness and eroding self-efficacy over time.^[68] Such patterns manifest as emotional avoidance and boundary failures, correlating with lower status attainment and agency, as high agreeableness trades against dominance-linked traits essential for career and social advancement. In high-fertility contexts, this translates to fewer descendants for agreeable men, reflecting broader fitness penalties from over-prioritizing accommodation over self-interest.^[69] Untreated, these impacts perpetuate cycles of isolation and unfulfillment, with entitlement amplifying internal conflict rather than resolving it.^[70]

Pathways to Assertive Self-Improvement

Assertiveness training programs, grounded in cognitive-behavioral techniques, enable individuals to express personal needs and boundaries directly, countering passive accommodation patterns associated with Nice Guy behaviors. Empirical studies demonstrate that such training significantly reduces stress, anxiety, and depression while elevating self-esteem and social-emotional competencies, with pre-post interventions yielding statistically significant improvements in participants' ability to verbalize wants without infringing on others' rights.^[71]^[72]^[73] These outcomes extend to relational domains, where heightened assertiveness correlates with greater relationship satisfaction, as individuals report improved communication and reduced resentment from unvoiced expectations.^[74] Therapeutic approaches targeting covert contracts—unspoken assumptions that excessive niceness will yield reciprocal favors—promote recovery by dismantling approval-seeking cycles, as outlined by therapist Robert Glover in his 2003 book No More Mr. Nice Guy. Glover, a licensed marriage and family therapist, prescribes practical steps including facing fears of rejection through honest self-disclosure and prioritizing personal integrity over external validation, which clients report fosters authentic connections and diminishes relational frustrations. While self-help in nature, these strategies align with evidence-based assertiveness methods, emphasizing behavioral rehearsal to replace fawning compliance with direct negotiation.^[75] Behavioral activation toward dominance-oriented activities, such as competitive sports or leadership roles, leverages extraversion's established link to mating effort and short-term reproductive success, where higher extraversion predicts increased sociosexual opportunities across populations.^[76] Physical training regimens, including resistance exercises, elevate testosterone levels, which correlate with assertive postures and reduced agreeableness, facilitating shifts from passive to proactive social engagement without requiring fundamental personality overhaul, as traits like agreeableness exhibit modest malleability through sustained effort.^[76] Social skills development via structured exposure, such as role-playing rejection scenarios or initiating unreciprocated interactions, builds resilience against entitlement narratives by reinforcing causal links between assertiveness and attraction outcomes, evidenced by longitudinal data showing dominance traits predict partner retention and fertility in high-fertility contexts.^[36] Integrated self-improvement thus prioritizes empirical pathways—combining therapy, physical conditioning, and deliberate practice—over passive hoping, yielding measurable gains in personal agency and relational efficacy.^[77]

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Abstract. Evolved mate preferences comprise a central causal process in Darwin's the- ory of sexual selection. Their powerful influences have been ...
[34]
Big Five Traits Related to Short-Term Mating: From Personality to ...
Among North American men, lower agreeableness was associated significantly with interest in short-term mating, unrestricted sociosexuality, short-term mate ...
[35]
(PDF) Dominance, Prosocial Orientation, and Female Preferences
Oct 9, 2025 · Three multimethod studies (total N = 348) probed the hypothesis that women's attraction to men would be influenced by male prosocial orientation.
[36]
Personality and reproductive success in a high-fertility human ...
We show that personality dimensions predict reproductive success differently in men and women in such societies and, in women, are associated with a trade-off.
[37]
Female Attraction to Appetitive-Aggressive Men is Modulated ... - NIH
Women rated a man high in appetitively aggressive experiences as more desirable as a short-term mate than a man who does not enjoy aggressive behavior, but only ...
[38]
Do certain personality traits provide a mating market competitive ...
Mar 1, 2019 · Higher extraversion or lower openness in males correlates with more offspring. Conversely, only more agreeable females have more offspring.
[39]
really finish last? The joint effects of sex and agreeableness on income
Study 1 confirmed the effects of sex and agreeableness on income and that the agreeableness-income relationship was significantly more negative for men than for ...Missing: dominance | Show results with:dominance
[40]
[PDF] Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Agreeable individuals place greater value on their interpersonal relationships (Graziano & Tobin, 2002), are more motivated to maintain these relationships ( ...
[41]
This Big 5 Personality Trait is the Best Predictor of a High Salary
Jun 18, 2021 · ... men who measured below average on agreeableness earned about 18% (!!) ... We expect men to be dominant, disagreeable, and loud. We expect ...
[42]
Nice guys finish last: When and why agreeableness is associated ...
Nice guys finish last: When and why agreeableness is associated with economic hardship. ... Empirical Study; Longitudinal Study; Quantitative Study ...
[43]
Associations Between Attractiveness, Dominance, and Status
Dec 6, 2021 · The study found that when participants were judged to be more attractive and dominant, they were also judged to have higher status.
[44]
Dominance in humans | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal ...
Jan 10, 2022 · Dominance in humans involves social influence and resource access through coercive control, impacting social life, despite cultural constraints.Theorizing dominance · Challenges to dominance in... · Dominance in humans...<|control11|><|separator|>
[45]
The Big Five and enduring marriages - ScienceDirect
These findings suggest that agreeableness and openness deserve increased attention as significant correlates of close relationships. Discussion emphasizes the ...
[46]
Niceness and dating success: A further test of the nice guy stereotype.
We investigated the relationship between men's agreeableness, physical attractiveness, and their dating success across different relationship contexts. One ...
[47]
The evolutionary psychology of physical attractiveness: Sexual ...
Men's physical appearance tends to communicate social dominance, which has the combined effects of intimidating reproductive rivals and attracting mates.
[48]
A meta-analysis of the association between male dimorphism ... - NIH
Some authors have suggested that formidability increases men's mating success through dominance over other men (which may create the circumstances that women ...
[49]
[PDF] The Evolution of Human Mating | Buss - UT Psychology Labs
Males in some species compete for position in the status or dominance hierarchy through non-physical means, and position in the hierarchy can be linked with.
[50]
Big five personality traits influence mate choice and reproductive ...
Dec 14, 2018 · Researchers examine the big five personality traits and how they can influence mate choice, sexual frequency, and success of reproduction.
[51]
“Where Have All The Good Men Gone?” vs. “But I'm A Nice Guy”
Sep 17, 2017 · The confusion and bewilderment of “Nice Guys” is not entitlement. It can be angry, but often it is more about a lack of understanding (not ...
[52]
I Debunked the 'Nice Guy' Myth - Mav Hamilton - Medium
Jul 15, 2023 · “Nice guy syndrome” is when a man believes that just by being nice to a woman automatically entitles him to her affection and attention.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[53]
Linking personality traits and reproductive success in common ...
Aug 3, 2022 · More agreeable females might have higher oxytocin levels, which regulates not only the social but also sexual bond. Our results thus indicate ...
[54]
The dominance dilemma: Do women really prefer dominant mates?
Aug 7, 2025 · Previous research has led to a widely accepted conclusion that heterosexual women prefer mates who are high in dominance.
[55]
Cues of upper body strength account for most of the variance in ...
Dec 13, 2017 · Estimates of physical strength determined over 70% of men's bodily attractiveness. Additional analyses showed that tallness and leanness were also favoured.
[56]
[PDF] Creative Activity, Personality, Mental Illness, and Short-Term Mating ...
mating success. The only significant correlation for men was a negative relationship between Agreeableness and mating success. For women, Extraversion was ...
[57]
Gender Differences in Personality across the Ten Aspects of the Big ...
Women consistently score higher than men on Agreeableness and related measures, such as tender-mindedness (Feingold, 1994; Costa et al., 2001).
[58]
[PDF] Do Women Prefer Dominant Men? The Case of the Missing Control ...
Past research finds evidence that college women prefer a romantic partner who is dominant more than one who is not dominant. However, this research failed ...
[59]
The Economics of Hypergamy - Journal of Human Resources
Jan 1, 2023 · We have presented empirical evidence that hypergamy is an important feature of mating patterns in Norway, and we have shown that there are no ...
[60]
[PDF] The Economics of Hypergamy
4 The empirical evidence for hypergamy. To examine the empirical evidence for hypergamy in Norway, we study the relationship be‐ tween earnings potential and ...
[61]
[PDF] Education and Hypergamy in Marriage Markets
One empirical regularity across many societies is “hypergamy” – the tendency for women to marry up – with respect to social status, education, income, ...
[62]
[PDF] Educational assortative mating and the decline of hypergamy in 27 ...
Jan 28, 2021 · However, recent empirical evidence suggests that these effects may decline or even disappear when these relationships become more common and ...
[63]
The End of Hypergamy: Global Trends and Implications - PMC - NIH
The reversal of the gender gap in education is strongly associated with the end of hypergamy and increases in hypogamy (wives have more education that their ...
[64]
Women's Preferences for Strong Men Under Perceived Harsh ... - NIH
Findings revealed that in general, women rated stronger men as more attractive than weaker men irrespective of the ecological condition.
[65]
Big Five traits and relationship satisfaction: The mediating role of self ...
Agreeableness predicted relationship satisfaction two years later. Relationship satisfaction predicted the partner's extraversion two years later.
[66]
The Role of Relational Entitlement, Self-Disclosure and Perceived ...
Mar 22, 2021 · Thus, it was presumed that this type of relational entitlement will have the highest impact on couple satisfaction because excessively entitled ...
[67]
Sense of Relational Entitlement and Couple Outcomes
Jun 3, 2023 · One study that focused on the relationship between psychological entitlement and negotiation found that highly entitled individuals are more ...
[68]
The interplay between gender and personality in relationship ...
Oct 3, 2025 · This study tested whether gender moderates links between extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness and relationship outcomes: satisfaction in ...
[69]
Heritability and Fitness Correlates of Personality in the Ache, a ...
Mar 19, 2013 · Findings from the current study, specifically that agreeableness may have been positively associated with reproductive success in the previous ...
[70]
Relational entitlement moderates the associations between support ...
Campbell et al. (2004) conceptualized general psychological entitlement as a stable and pervasive sense that one deserves more and is entitled to more than ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[71]
The Effectiveness of Assertiveness Training on the Levels of Stress ...
Conclusions: The results of the current study show that conducting assertive training in high school students decreases their anxiety, stress, and depression.
[72]
[PDF] Effectiveness of Assertive Training in Developing Social-Emotional ...
The study found a statistically significant improvement in social-emotional competence scores after assertive training, using a pre-post test with a control ...
[73]
[PDF] Assertiveness training: A forgotten evidence‐based treatment
Assertiveness training helps clients openly verbalize their wants and needs, and express their feelings comfortably, without denying others' rights.
[74]
(PDF) Assertiveness, Self-Esteem, and Relationship Satisfaction
Jul 31, 2022 · The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between assertiveness, self-esteem, and relationship satisfaction
[75]
How to Teach Assertiveness Skills in Therapy: 5 Techniques
Jul 4, 2021 · Assertiveness training has proven valuable for building and maintaining relationships across all life domains and improving psychological ...<|separator|>
[76]
Personality and testosterone in men from a high-fertility population
Extraversion, a personality dimension associated with sociability, activity and dominance, predicts a man's mating effort in various human populations.
[77]
Effectiveness of Assertive Training in Developing Social-Emotional ...
The findings of the experiment concluded that assertive training significantly improved the overall social emotional competencies among adolescents.Missing: romantic | Show results with:romantic