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OD

OD, an abbreviation for overdose, refers to the , injection, , or of a substance—most often a , , , or —in quantities that surpass the body's physiological capacity to metabolize or tolerate it safely, thereby producing acute adverse effects such as impaired , respiratory , organ failure, or death. These events can arise accidentally through miscalculation of dosage, intentional , or unknowingly via contaminated or adulterated products, with symptoms typically including slowed or irregular breathing, unresponsiveness, , and pinpoint pupils in cases. In the United States, drug overdoses represent the primary cause of injury-related mortality, surpassing accidents and homicides, with synthetic opioids like illicitly manufactured implicated in over two-thirds of the more than 100,000 annual fatalities recorded in recent years. This surge, which accelerated post-2010, stems predominantly from unintentional exposures involving polydrug combinations and street-sourced contaminants rather than prescribed pharmaceuticals alone, underscoring failures in supply chain purity and efficacy despite interventions like distribution. While mainstream narratives often emphasize demand-side factors, empirical trends reveal supply-driven dynamics, including porous borders facilitating fentanyl precursors from abroad, as key causal elements in the crisis's persistence.

Health and Medicine

Drug Overdose

A drug overdose occurs when an individual ingests, injects, inhales, or absorbs a toxic amount of one or more substances, leading to acute poisoning that impairs normal physiological functions and can result in death if untreated. This can involve legal pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, alcohol, or combinations thereof, often unintentionally due to miscalculation of dosage, polysubstance use, or adulterated street drugs, though intentional overdoses for self-harm also contribute. Overdoses overwhelm the body's ability to metabolize or counteract the substances, causing respiratory depression, cardiovascular collapse, or neurological failure, with opioids—particularly synthetic fentanyl—accounting for the majority of fatal cases in recent years due to their potency and prevalence in illicit markets. In the United States, overdoses have been a leading cause of preventable death, with approximately 105,000 fatalities in 2023, of which about 80,000 involved (roughly 76%), driven largely by illicitly manufactured synthetics rather than prescription medications. Provisional data indicate a significant decline, with overdose deaths dropping nearly 27% in 2024 to an estimated 74,000, attributed to interventions like expanded distribution and shifts in drug supply dynamics, though rates remain elevated compared to pre-2010 levels. Stimulants such as and , often mixed with (polysubstance overdoses), contributed to over 520,000 unintentional overdose deaths from 2018 to 2023, highlighting the role of contaminated street supplies in exacerbating risks. Globally, patterns vary, but and synthetic drug involvement mirrors U.S. trends in affected regions, with underreporting common in less-resourced areas. Common causes include accidental overuse from escalating in chronic users, mixing depressants like opioids with stimulants or to enhance effects, and unknowing consumption of -laced counterfeit pills or , which has fueled the since the mid-2010s. Risk factors encompass prior substance use disorders, comorbidities, and access to high-potency illicit drugs, with non-fatal overdoses often preceding fatalities and signaling untreated . Symptoms vary by substance but typically include slowed or absent , unresponsiveness, blue lips or nails, pinpoint pupils (for opioids), seizures, or agitation (for stimulants); immediate recognition is critical as from can occur within minutes. Treatment prioritizes rapid reversal and supportive care: for opioid overdoses, —an —rapidly displaces the drug from receptors, restoring breathing if administered promptly via or injection, often requiring multiple doses for synthetics like . Emergency response involves calling 911, performing CPR if breathing stops, and avoiding attempts to induce vomiting, which can worsen outcomes; hospital care may include , activated charcoal for recent ingestions, or antidotes like for benzodiazepines. Prevention strategies emphasize —such as test strips, supervised consumption sites, and medication-assisted treatment with or —over sole reliance on abstinence, as empirical data show these reduce recurrence rates without increasing overall use. Long-term, addressing supply chains of illicit through enforcement correlates with recent mortality declines, underscoring causal links between availability and incidence.

Doctor of Optometry

The Doctor of Optometry (OD) is a professional doctoral degree awarded to optometrists, primary eye care providers who examine, diagnose, treat, and manage diseases, injuries, and disorders of the visual system, the eye, and associated structures as well as diagnose related systemic conditions affecting the eye. In the United States, the OD degree requires completion of a four-year accredited program following prerequisite undergraduate coursework, typically equivalent to three years of college education including sciences such as biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics. There are currently 23 accredited colleges and schools of optometry in the US and Puerto Rico offering the OD program, with admission competitive based on academic performance, Optometry Admission Test (OAT) scores, and extracurricular experience. The OD curriculum emphasizes foundational in the initial years, followed by advanced clinical training, with students engaging in care starting in the second or third year through rotations in clinics, externships, and supervised practice. Programs total around 177-200 credit hours over four academic years plus summers, covering topics like ocular , , contact lenses, and low vision rehabilitation. Graduates must pass the National Board of Examiners in Optometry (NBEO) examinations, which include basic science, clinical skills, and management components, to qualify for state licensure. Licensure also requires jurisprudence exams and, in some states, therapeutic certification for prescribing certain medications. Optometrists' , defined by state laws, generally includes comprehensive eye examinations, prescribing corrective lenses, , and managing common ocular conditions like , dry eye, and infections through topical medications, oral drugs, or referrals. Unlike ophthalmologists, who hold or DO degrees and perform after and residency, optometrists do not conduct invasive procedures and focus on non-surgical care, though scope expansions in recent decades have allowed procedures or injections in select states. For instance, as of 2024, all states permit optometrists to prescribe therapeutic pharmaceuticals, but surgical privileges remain prohibited nationwide. The first OD degree was conferred in 1923 by what is now Salus University, marking the evolution from earlier optometry certificates to a standardized doctoral-level amid efforts.

Oculus Dexter

Oculus dexter, abbreviated as OD, is a Latin term translating to "right eye," where oculus denotes "eye" and dexter signifies "right" or "on the right side." This abbreviation originates from historical medical nomenclature, which relied on Latin for precision and universality in documentation, a practice persisting in ophthalmology despite broader shifts away from classical languages. In eyeglass, , and ophthalmic prescriptions, OD specifies corrective parameters exclusively for the patient's right eye, such as spherical power (in diopters), cylindrical correction for , and orientation. For instance, a prescription might list under OD: -2.00 D, Cylinder -0.75 D at 90 degrees, indicating with tailored to that eye. This distinction from OS (oculus sinister, "left eye") and OU (oculi uterque, "both eyes") ensures accurate fabrication and prevents errors in correction. The term's etymological roots trace to ancient usage, where dexter connoted the right side, often associated with favorability, contrasting with sinister for the left. In modern clinical settings, OD appears in records, surgical notes (e.g., for procedures targeting the right eye), and diagnostic reports to denote unambiguously. Misinterpretation risks, such as confusing OD with overdose in non-ophthalmic contexts, underscore the need for contextual awareness in medical communication.

Omne in Die

Omne in die is a Latin phrase meaning "every day," employed in medical prescriptions to indicate that a should be taken once daily. The term derives from , where omne signifies "every" or "all" in the neuter form, in denotes "in" or "on," and die is the ablative of dies meaning "day." Variations such as omni die appear interchangeably in some references, reflecting minor grammatical adaptations in pharmaceutical nomenclature while retaining the core instruction for daily dosing. The abbreviation "o.d." or "od" stems directly from omne in die and is used primarily in British and some international prescribing conventions to specify once-daily administration, distinguishing it from "OD" which commonly denotes oculus dexter (right eye) or overdose in other contexts. This usage facilitates brevity in scripts but requires contextual clarity, as capitalization and regional norms vary; for example, in the UK, "od" explicitly means once daily under omne in die. Latin abbreviations including omne in die originated in historical European medical practice, where Latin served as a universal for physicians, enabling concise instructions on dosing frequency alongside terms like bis in die (twice daily). However, their ambiguity has contributed to adverse events; analogous abbreviations like "q.d." (quaque die, every day) have been misread as "q.i.d." (four times daily) due to or typographical errors, resulting in overdosing. Regulatory bodies, including the National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention, classify such abbreviations as high-risk and advocate avoidance, recommending English phrases like "once daily" to minimize interpretation errors across multilingual or non-specialist staff. In modern guidelines, such as those from the , omne in die equivalents persist in some electronic systems but are increasingly supplanted by standardized English for , particularly in the United States where the prohibits ambiguous Latin terms in accredited facilities. This shift prioritizes explicit communication, reducing reliance on rote knowledge of Latin derivations and aligning with evidence-based error prevention strategies documented in reports.

Business and Management

Organizational Development

Organizational development (OD) is a systematic, planned effort to improve an organization's effectiveness and health by applying principles to diagnose problems and implement interventions that enhance processes such as , structure, culture, and . This approach emphasizes organization-wide participation, data-driven diagnosis, and cycles of planning, acting, and evaluating change. OD interventions target multiple levels—individual, group, and organizational—to foster adaptability, , and employee , often through collaborative methods rather than top-down mandates. The field originated in the work of in the late 1930s and early 1940s, who developed foundational concepts like field theory, which posits that behavior is a function of the person and their environment, and , an iterative process of diagnosing issues, planning interventions, taking action, and feeding back results to refine understanding. on and democratic leadership styles, conducted amid post-World War II efforts to address social issues like , laid the groundwork for laboratory training methods, including (training groups) starting in 1946 at the Training Laboratories. By the and , OD formalized as practitioners applied these ideas to settings, influenced by the and figures like , expanding from to broader organizational applications amid economic growth and technological shifts. The term "organization development" gained prominence in the through consulting firms and academic programs, evolving to incorporate and contingency approaches by the 1980s. Key principles of OD include a focus on human es to drive systemic change, commitment to ethical practice by prioritizing long-term organizational viability over short-term gains, and reliance on empirical rather than untested assumptions. Interventions are categorized into types such as human interventions (e.g., and consultation to improve interpersonal dynamics), technostructural interventions (e.g., job redesign and structural realignment to optimize workflows), human resource management interventions (e.g., systems and career ), and strategic interventions (e.g., initiatives and vision-setting to align with external environments). Common methods involve survey , where employee surveys identify issues followed by action ; appreciative inquiry, which focuses on strengths and positive futures rather than deficits; and large-group interventions like future search conferences for consensus-building on complex problems. Empirical studies indicate modest positive effects from OD interventions, particularly on attitudes like , with a of 126 studies finding average effect sizes of 0.22 for satisfaction and smaller gains in other outcomes, though results vary by intervention type and context. Process consultation and team-building show stronger for improving group effectiveness when implementation includes skilled facilitation and follow-through, but overall organizational performance impacts are inconsistent due to factors like resistance to change and inadequate leadership support. Critics note that OD's humanistic roots can lead to overly optimistic assumptions about participation overcoming structural barriers, with historical reviews highlighting disjunctures such as the field's shift from experimentation to more conservative consulting practices, and empirical gaps in rigorous, long-term outcome measurement. Change initiatives influenced by OD principles fail at rates up to 75% in some estimates, often attributable to top-down execution ignoring causal realities like entrenched incentives or external market pressures, rather than inherent flaws in behavioral interventions. Despite these limitations, OD remains relevant for addressing adaptability in dynamic environments, provided interventions are tailored with verifiable diagnostics over ideological prescriptions.

Military

Officer of the Day

The Officer of the Day (OOD), sometimes abbreviated as OD, is a commissioned officer in the U.S. military assigned to a 24-hour rotational duty shift to serve as the on-site representative of the commanding officer, primarily responsible for maintaining security, order, and discipline at a military installation, ship, or unit. This role involves supervising guard details, inspecting facilities for safety and compliance, and addressing administrative or emergency matters outside normal working hours. The position traces its origins to traditional military practices for ensuring continuous oversight, with the OOD acting as a liaison between the command structure and personnel on duty. Core responsibilities include receiving and relaying orders from the or higher authority, overseeing the interior or posts, and managing any prisoners or detainees under confinement. The must remain vigilant for threats to the , conduct periodic rounds to verify alertness and post integrity, and report irregularities—such as unauthorized absences, equipment failures, or security breaches—directly to the appropriate superior. In addition, the enforces regulations, coordinates responses to fires or incidents, and ensures compliance with standing orders, including those related to weapons handling and . Variations exist across branches. In the U.S. Army, the Field Officer of the Day (FOD) is typically a field-grade officer (major or above) who assumes command authority after regular duty hours, focusing on garrison-wide accountability and crisis management as the personal representative of the senior responsible officer. For the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, the OOD—often supported by a Junior Officer of the Day (JOOD)—handles shipboard or shore station duties, such as executing ceremonial functions like colors (flag-raising and lowering) and monitoring watchstanders, while wearing designated uniforms marked with "OOD" insignia. During relief, the outgoing OOD briefs the incoming officer on ongoing issues, logged events, and any special instructions to maintain continuity. Failure to perform these duties diligently can result in disciplinary action, underscoring the role's emphasis on reliability and immediate responsiveness.

Olive Drab

Olive drab, often abbreviated as OD, refers to a muted greenish-brown shade employed as the primary camouflage color for military uniforms, vehicles, and equipment, valued for its ability to blend with temperate zone foliage and earth tones. This color emerged as a practical solution for reducing visibility in field operations, combining elements of and to approximate natural environments without relying on disruptive patterns. Its adoption marked a shift from brighter blue wool uniforms, which proved conspicuous during conflicts like the Spanish-American War. The U.S. Army formally introduced olive drab in 1902 for service uniforms, replacing in some contexts and establishing it as the standard for wool serge fabrics designated as Shade No. 51. By , it had become integral to enlisted men's cotton uniforms, such as the M1917 model, and persisted through , where it coated ground vehicles and for the . During this period, specifications evolved; pre-war versions included Shade No. 31 for U.S. Army Air Corps , while wartime lusterless enamels followed Specification 3-1 or 319 to minimize glare and enhance matte finishes. Post-1943 variants incorporated anti-infrared properties to counter night-vision detection, particularly for applications. In the Korean War era, defined the cotton utility uniform, coded as Olive Green 107, which served as work attire until the late across U.S. service branches. This shade's versatility extended to equipment like helmets and packs, though it yielded to multi-camouflage patterns like in the . Despite phased out for primary use, olive drab influences modern surplus gear and retains symbolic status in military nomenclature for its proven efficacy in non-tropical theaters. Variations in hue arose from dyeing inconsistencies and fabric types—darker on wool versus lighter on —but core formulations prioritized durability and low reflectivity over precise chromatic consistency.

Science and Engineering

Optical Density

Optical density (OD), also termed , measures the reduction in as it passes through a material due to and . Defined mathematically as OD = log₁₀(I₀ / I), where I₀ represents incident and I the transmitted intensity, this dimensionless parameter quantifies on a . For example, an OD of 1 corresponds to 10% (90% ), while OD 2 indicates 1% . In , OD adheres to Beer's law, A = ε c l, linking (A or OD) to solute concentration (c), path length (l), and molar (ε), enabling of solutions like proteins or nucleic acids at wavelengths such as 280 or 260 . Measurements occur via instruments scanning specific wavelengths, with path lengths typically 1 cm for . Limitations include deviations at high concentrations due to or non-linearity, necessitating dilutions for OD values exceeding 1-2. Biological applications prominently feature OD₆₀₀ for estimating microbial , as bacterial s scatter red at 600 , with OD correlating empirically to cell counts around 8 × 10⁸ cells/mL per OD unit in E. coli cultures, though instrument is essential for cross-comparability. In chemistry and , OD characterizes optical filters, where values like OD 3.0 block 99.9% of for applications in lasers or imaging. This usage contrasts with older physics contexts equating optical density to (n - 1), gauging speed reduction in media like (n ≈ 1.333), but modern engineering prioritizes the absorptive definition.

Outside Diameter

The outside diameter (OD) of a cylindrical component, such as a , , or , is the precise measurement across its external surface from one outermost edge to the opposite outermost edge. This dimension is fundamental in for specifying sizes in manufacturing and assembly, distinguishing it from inside diameter (ID), which measures the internal hollow space. OD ensures compatibility in systems where external fitment, such as threading or flange bolting, is required, and it remains constant regardless of wall thickness variations. In and tubing applications, OD serves as the primary sizing metric for , where dimensions are specified exactly (e.g., a 1.25-inch tube has an OD of precisely 1.25 inches), unlike which use (NPS) as a that does not always match the actual OD. For under standards like ANSI B36.10M, OD values are fixed for each NPS; for instance, NPS 1-inch has an OD of 1.315 inches, while NPS 12-inch has an OD of 12.75 inches, with larger sizes (NPS 14 and above) aligning OD directly with NPS. This standardization facilitates interchangeability in construction, oil and gas , and structural frameworks, where OD determines external clearances and load-bearing capacities. Measurement of OD typically employs or micrometers for precision, especially in during , to verify tolerances that affect concentricity between OD and —ensuring uniform wall thickness and structural integrity. Deviations in OD can lead to assembly failures or reduced performance, as seen in applications requiring tight fits, such as hydraulic systems or conduits, where excessive OD increases weight and installation . In design, engineers prioritize OD for calculating hoop stress and external pressure resistance using formulas like those in dimension tables, which integrate OD with wall thickness (t) for metrics such as internal area (A = π/4 × (OD - 2t)^2). Adherence to OD specifications minimizes rework and supports efficient production scaling.

Computing

Object Desktop

Object Desktop is a subscription-based developed by Corporation, offering a collection of utilities designed to enhance and customize the Microsoft Windows . The suite bundles over a dozen applications focused on productivity, aesthetics, and workflow improvements, such as icon organization, modifications, window management, and animated wallpapers. Users gain access to these tools through an annual subscription, which includes software updates, beta testing opportunities, and compatibility with up to five devices per account. Key components include Fences, which creates customizable, shaded areas on the desktop for grouping and hiding icons to reduce clutter; Start11, enabling extensive personalization of the Windows Start menu, including layout changes and classic menu restoration; ObjectDock, a dock-style launcher that supports animations, icons, and multi-monitor setups; and DeskScapes, for applying dynamic, animated wallpapers with support for high-resolution displays. Additional utilities encompass for skinning windows and applications, Groupy for tabbing multiple windows into grouped interfaces, and Multiplicity, a tool for controlling multiple computers from a single keyboard and mouse across networks. These applications integrate seamlessly, allowing users to achieve a tailored interface without altering core Windows files. The suite originated as enhancements for the operating system in the mid-1990s, where it became the best-selling OS/2-specific commercial package by leveraging IBM's Shell for advanced features like improved task switching and object-oriented interfaces. relaunched Object Desktop for Windows in 1997, adapting it to capitalize on the growing demand for customization amid /98's popularity, with major expansions in 1999 introducing tools like desktop shells and icon managers. By the , the focus shifted to subscription delivery, culminating in Object Desktop 2010 as a comprehensive update incorporating cloud-managed licensing and broader Windows compatibility. Ongoing development has addressed modern Windows versions, including support for architectures and high-DPI scaling. As of 2025, the standard subscription costs $49.99 annually, though promotional pricing has appeared at $40, with a no-commitment 30-day free trial available since July 2025. Upon lapse, installed applications revert to limited or trial modes, disabling full functionality until renewal. In January 2025, released Object Desktop for Business, adding enterprise features like centralized license management, single-key deployments, and support contracts for IT environments. Recent updates within the suite include Fences 6 for enhanced portal and folder integration, and Start11 version 2 for improved taskbar customization. This model ensures continuous access to evolving tools amid Windows updates, prioritizing user control over system appearance and efficiency.

Awards and Honors

Order of Distinction

The is one of Jamaica's national honours, conferred to recognize outstanding and important services rendered to the nation in fields such as public service, arts, sports, business, or community contributions. It holds the motto "Distinction through Service" and ranks fifth in precedence among Jamaican orders of honour. Established on July 18, 1969, via the National Honours and Awards Act, the order was created as part of Jamaica's post-independence framework to independently honour exceptional contributions, replacing reliance on British imperial awards. Eligibility extends to any Jamaican citizen demonstrating exemplary service, with provisions for honorary conferral on distinguished foreign nationals. Awards are typically announced annually on the occasion of Independence Day or National Heroes Day and presented by the Governor-General during investiture ceremonies at King's House. The order comprises two ranks: (post-nominal CD) for higher distinction, worn with a collar riband of black, gold, and green silk featuring a silver shaped as two interlocking "J"s, and the —a triangular form with a black medallion bearing Jamaica's in gold; and (post-nominal OD) for notable service, featuring a similar triangular silver with a yellow-enameled square and the arms in silver, suspended from a breast riband of the same colours without a . Recipients in the class, limited to those of exceptional impact, receive priority in precedence over the class. In practice, the order has been awarded to individuals across diverse sectors; for instance, in the 2025 National Honours ceremony on October 20, 32 recipients received the Commander rank, including athletes like sprinter and musicians such as gospel artist Kevin Downswell, while 43 others earned the Officer rank for contributions in , entertainment, and community leadership. The honours emphasize merit-based recognition without political affiliation requirements, though nominations originate from public and official recommendations vetted by the National Honours and Awards Council.

Places

Od, Denmark

Od is a (sogn) in Vejle Municipality, , , historically part of Skovby herred in the former Vejle . The locality derives its name from Old Danish elements referring to uncultivated outland (gida wara), reflecting its rural character in eastern . First documented in connection with nearby parishes around 1231 in records such as Scogbyoræ, Od remains a small ecclesiastical unit within the , typical of 's approximately 2,200 parishes that serve local baptismal, marriage, and burial functions. As with many Danish rural parishes, Od's economy centers on agriculture, though specific population figures are integrated into broader municipal statistics for Vejle, which totaled 122,433 residents as of January 2025. The area exemplifies 's flat terrain and fertile soils shaped by post-Ice Age settlement patterns dating back to migrations.

Other Uses

Old Dutch Language

Old Dutch, also termed Old Low Franconian, denotes the earliest attested varieties of Franconian dialects spoken in the , evolving from the West Germanic of the following the decline of Roman authority in the region around the 5th century . This stage persisted until approximately 1150 , after which dialectal unification and scribal standardization led to . The language's development reflects broader West Germanic patterns, including simplifications in inflection and phonological shifts distinct from neighboring High German varieties, which underwent the Second Germanic Consonant Shift. Attestations of are sparse and fragmentary, primarily comprising glosses in Latin legal texts, , place names, and personal names rather than extended compositions. Key survivals include the Malberg glosses embedded in the (dating to the 6th–8th centuries ), which preserve legal terms like malthberg ("assembly hill"), and the Wachtendonck Psalms fragments from the 10th century, representing an earlier 8th–9th-century translation adapted into Franconian forms. The oldest near-continuous sentence, Hebban olla uogala eggin ne nesttha, vuytst vuytst thu unuc ("Have all birds begun nests, except you and me?"), appears in a 11th-century manuscript from , , likely originating in around 1100 . These relics, totaling fewer than 4,000 lexical items cataloged in the Oudnederlands Woordenboek project (drawing on sources before 1201 ), necessitate reconstruction via comparative methods with and loanwords into . Phonologically, Old Dutch retained proto-Germanic features such as the unshifted stops /p/, /t/, /k/ (unlike High German's affrication to /pf/, /ts/, /kx/), alongside vowel monophthongization and diphthongization processes, including the voicing of fricatives like þ to /d/ in certain contexts. Open syllable lengthening, a hallmark West Germanic innovation, began affecting long vowels, setting the stage for Middle Dutch distinctions. Morphologically, it preserved a synthetic structure with four cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative) across nouns, adjectives, definite articles, and pronouns, organized by three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and dual/plural numbers. Verbs distinguished strong (ablaut-based) and weak (dental suffix) conjugations, with tense marked by ablaut, suffixes, and auxiliaries; for instance, the present indicative of werthan ("to become") showed forms like wert (1st singular). Lexically, Old Dutch's core vocabulary derived from Proto-West Germanic roots, emphasizing everyday, legal, and terms, with early Latin borrowings via and Christian contacts (e.g., biscop for ""). Franconian dialects predominated, interacting with adjacent varieties, though the latter retained unique traits like preserved /k/ in words where palatalized to /j/ (e.g., Frisian kaai vs. kaai but differing in others). By the , increased textual production in charters and religious works marked the shift to , reflecting dialect leveling under feudal and influences in , , and .