Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

PS1

The PlayStation (PS1), officially branded as the PlayStation, is a fifth-generation home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment as its entry into the consumer gaming market.^[1]^[2] Launched on December 3, 1994, in Japan at a price of ¥39,800 (approximately $390 USD at the time), followed by North America on September 9, 1995, for $299, and Europe in September 1995, it utilized CD-ROM technology for larger game capacities compared to cartridge-based rivals, enabling richer 3D graphics and full-motion video that defined the era's shift toward immersive, cinematic experiences.^[1]^[3]^[2] The console's success stemmed from its robust hardware, including a 33.8688 MHz R3000 CPU and GPU capable of 360,000 flat-shaded polygons per second, which powered groundbreaking titles like Final Fantasy VII, Metal Gear Solid, and Gran Turismo, franchises that propelled Sony's ecosystem and influenced global gaming culture.^[4] Over its lifecycle, the PlayStation sold more than 102.4 million units worldwide, making it the first home console to surpass 100 million sales and cementing Sony's dominance against competitors like Nintendo's Nintendo 64 and Sega's Saturn through third-party developer support, affordable pricing, and targeted marketing to teenagers and young adults emphasizing mature themes over family-oriented content.^[5]^[6] Notable for originating from a failed collaboration with Nintendo in the late 1980s—where Sony was to supply CD-ROM add-ons for the Super Nintendo but parted ways due to contractual disputes—the PS1's independent development under Ken Kutaragi emphasized developer-friendly tools and multimedia potential, including Video CD playback in later models.^[4] While hardware revisions addressed early issues like disc read errors from faulty lasers in pre-1997 units, the console faced no major systemic controversies but drew criticism for promoting edgier content amid the industry's post-1993 ESRB rating shift, contributing to its cultural pivot toward realism and narrative depth over arcade-style play.^[7] Its legacy includes spawning a multi-billion-dollar franchise, with over 7,900 games released and enduring popularity via emulation and retro compilations, underscoring its role in democratizing advanced computing power for mass entertainment.^[4]^[6]

Video gaming

PlayStation (console)

The PlayStation, developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment, was a home video game console that marked Sony's entry into the industry. It launched in Japan on December 3, 1994, followed by North America on September 9, 1995.^[2]^[8] Originally codenamed PSX during development, it became retroactively known as the PS1 to distinguish it from later models.^[9] The console utilized a CD-ROM drive for game distribution, which facilitated larger storage capacities compared to cartridge-based competitors, enabling more complex titles with full-motion video and enhanced audio.^[7] Key hardware included a 32-bit MIPS R3000 CPU clocked at 33.8688 MHz, 2 MB of main RAM, and 1 MB of video RAM, supporting polygonal 3D graphics rendering that pushed the boundaries of the era's technology.^[7]^[10] This architecture powered groundbreaking games such as Final Fantasy VII (1997) and Metal Gear Solid (1998), which showcased cinematic storytelling, detailed 3D environments, and mature themes aimed at an older demographic. The system's developer-friendly tools and licensing model attracted third-party publishers, leading to over 7,900 titles released globally.^[11] Commercially, the PlayStation achieved 102.49 million units sold worldwide by the end of its lifecycle in 2006, outselling rivals like the Nintendo 64 (32.93 million) and Sega Saturn (9.26 million).^[12] Its $299 launch price undercut the Sega Saturn's $399, while eschewing Nintendo's restrictive cartridge ecosystem in favor of CDs reduced production costs for developers and broadened software availability.^[8]^[13] Sony's marketing emphasized edgier content and targeted teens and young adults, eroding Nintendo and Sega's market share in North America and Europe.^[11]^[14] In 2025, the PlayStation maintains cultural significance through robust retro gaming communities, where original hardware fetches premium prices on secondary markets, alongside software emulation and hardware modifications for modern displays.^[15] Collector demand persists due to the console's scarcity of certain titles and its role in gaming history, unencumbered by contemporary content restrictions, sustaining interest independent of official re-releases.^[16] The global retro console market, valued at $3.8 billion in 2025, reflects this enduring appeal, with PS1 exemplifying nostalgia-driven preservation efforts.^[17]

Science and technology

Photosystem I

Photosystem I (PSI) is a multi-subunit protein-pigment complex embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, where it functions as a light-driven electron transfer catalyst in oxygenic photosynthesis.^[18] The complex absorbs light energy primarily at a wavelength of 700 nm via its reaction center chlorophyll dimer, denoted P700, initiating charge separation that transfers electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin.^[19] This process contributes to the production of NADPH in non-cyclic electron flow and ATP via proton gradient formation, enabling efficient conversion of solar energy into chemical reductant without direct water oxidation, distinguishing PSI from Photosystem II.^[20] The core structure of PSI consists of 12 transmembrane subunits in cyanobacteria, including psaA and psaB heterodimers that coordinate the P700 reaction center, core antenna chlorophylls, phylloquinones (A1 acceptors), and iron-sulfur clusters (Fx, Fa, Fb) for sequential electron transfer.^[21] In higher plants, PSI assembles into a supercomplex with at least 13 nuclear-encoded and 4 chloroplast-encoded subunits, plus peripheral light-harvesting complexes (LHCI), as resolved by X-ray crystallography at resolutions up to 2.8 Å, revealing intricate pigment arrangements that funnel excitons to P700 with near-unity quantum efficiency.^[22] Electron flow proceeds from oxidized P700+ (generated by light-induced excitation) through chlorophyll a acceptors (A0), phylloquinones, and Fe-S clusters to ferredoxin, establishing a potential gradient from +0.48 V at P700 to -0.58 V at Fa/Fb, verifiable via electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.^[18] In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, PSI receives electrons from PSII via the cytochrome b6f complex and plastocyanin, reducing NADP+ to NADPH through ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase, with empirical measurements showing PSI turnover rates supporting up to 10 electrons per second under saturating light.^[23] Distinctively, PSI enables cyclic electron flow under conditions of high NADPH demand or anaerobiosis, where ferredoxin recycles electrons back to the cytochrome b6f complex via ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase or NDH pathways, generating ΔpH for ATP synthesis without net NADPH production or O2 evolution.^[24] This cyclic mode, quantified in vivo as comprising 35% of PSI electron flux in some algae, mitigates over-reduction of acceptors and protects against photooxidative damage, as evidenced by fluorescence quenching assays and mutants deficient in cyclic components exhibiting impaired photoprotection.^[25] PSI was delineated in the 1950s through Robert Emerson's enhancement effect experiments, which demonstrated synergistic oxygen evolution at combined red and far-red wavelengths, implying two photosystems with PSI handling longer wavelengths (beyond 680 nm).^[26] Fractionation studies in the 1960s isolated PSI particles via detergent solubilization and density gradients, confirming P700 as the primary donor through difference spectroscopy showing bleaching at 700 nm upon illumination.^[27] Structural insights from cryo-EM and crystallography since the 2000s have validated these early observations, linking PSI integrity to photosynthetic efficiency, with gene mutations (e.g., in psaA) correlating to reduced stress tolerance in field trials of transgenic plants.^[22]

IBM Personal System/1

The IBM Personal System/1 (PS/1) was a series of personal computers developed by IBM and introduced in 1990, primarily targeting home and small office users with simplified, integrated hardware to lower entry barriers for non-technical consumers.^[28] Early models, such as the 2011, featured an Intel 80286 processor operating at 10 MHz, 512 KB of base RAM expandable to 2.5 MB, a 3.5-inch 1.44 MB floppy drive, and optional hard disk drives starting at 30 MB capacity, all connected via an ISA bus for basic expandability. The design emphasized ease of setup, with built-in components like a modem in U.S. variants and pre-installed PC DOS 4.01 stored in ROM, enabling quick operation without extensive configuration.^[29] Subsequent models evolved to include faster processors, such as the Intel 80386SX at 20 MHz in the 2121 series released in October 1991, alongside VGA graphics support and provisions for additional peripherals like CD-ROM drives in later configurations.^[30] RAM capacities increased to 2 MB base with SIMM expansion options up to 64 MB in some variants, while hard drive sizes ranged from 30 MB to 120 MB, prioritizing reliability and compact all-in-one form factors over high-end performance.^[31] These systems used proprietary elements in their motherboards and controllers, such as VLSI chipsets for system integration, which streamlined manufacturing but restricted third-party upgrades compared to open-standard competitors like those from Compaq or Dell.^[32] IBM discontinued the PS/1 line in 1994 as part of broader challenges in its PC division, including rising competition from clones adhering to industry standards and internal shifts toward enterprise-focused products.^[33] The proprietary architecture, while intended to ensure compatibility and ease, contributed to limited longevity, as users faced obstacles in modernizing hardware amid rapidly advancing open architectures; contemporaneous analyses noted IBM's PC market share erosion due to such closed designs and higher costs relative to modular alternatives.^[34] No empirical data indicates the PS/1 outperformed rivals in sustained adoption, reflecting IBM's pivot away from consumer desktops toward services and mainframes by the mid-1990s.^[35]

Military ranks

Personnel Specialist First Class (U.S. Navy)

The Personnel Specialist First Class (PS1) is an enlisted rating in the United States Navy at the E-6 pay grade, equivalent to Petty Officer First Class within the specialized personnel administration community.^[36] Personnel Specialists at this level manage comprehensive administrative support for sailors' service records, including processing pay entitlements, performance evaluations, awards, and separations, primarily through the Navy Standard Integrated Personnel and Pay System (NSIPS). They counsel personnel on career progression, relocation via Permanent Change of Station (PCS) orders, leave accounting, and benefits such as educational opportunities and job training requirements, ensuring data accuracy to support retention and operational readiness without direct involvement in combat or seamanship functions.^[37] Advancement to PS1 requires completion of Personnel Specialist "A" School, a five-week technical training program at Naval Technical Training Center Meridian, Mississippi, following basic recruit training, where sailors learn core competencies in personnel records management, financial transactions, and regulatory compliance.^[38] Promotion from PS2 (E-5) typically demands 36 months of time-in-rate (TIR), passage of the Navywide Advancement Examination (NWAE), and demonstrated performance metrics evaluated via Enlisted Advancement Worksheets (EAWs), though quotas vary annually based on fleet manning needs and examination cycles, as outlined in BUPERSINST 1430.16. Empirical data from advancement cycles, such as Cycle 256 in 2022, reflect selective promotion rates influenced by evaluation scores and command recommendations, prioritizing administrative efficiency over generalized seafarer roles.^[39] The PS rating originated from the merger of the Personnelman (PN) and Disbursing Clerk (DK) ratings on October 1, 2005, consolidating post-World War II enlisted classification systems that evolved from 1948 yeoman and specialist roles into a unified human resources function focused on empirical record-keeping and causal factors in sailor retention, such as pay accuracy and evaluation timeliness.^[38] Unlike general deck or engineering rates, PS1 duties emphasize bureaucratic precision in DoD directives like those governing NSIPS, distinguishing the role by its non-operational focus on verifiable data processing to mitigate administrative errors impacting force sustainment.^[40] This specialization supports Navy-wide personnel accountability without overlap into tactical or vessel-handling responsibilities.^[41]

Port Security Specialist First Class (U.S. Coast Guard)

The Port Security Specialist First Class (PS1) was an enlisted rating in the United States Coast Guard corresponding to the E-6 pay grade, specializing in expeditionary port security and anti-terrorism/force protection (AT/FP) operations within Port Security Units (PSUs). Established in 1999 by renaming the legacy Port Securityman rating, PS1 personnel supervised junior specialists in securing maritime critical infrastructure against threats including terrorism, smuggling, and sabotage.^[42] The rating, primarily reserve-oriented, was disestablished on January 1, 2010, with its core competencies merged into the Maritime Enforcement Specialist (ME) rating to streamline law enforcement functions amid post-9/11 mission expansions.^[43] This transition reflected empirical assessments of overlapping roles, prioritizing operational efficiency over specialized silos while preserving PSU capabilities for rapid deployment.^[43] PS1 duties centered on hands-on enforcement in high-threat environments, including conducting vulnerability assessments, vessel boarding inspections, and perimeter patrols at ports and naval facilities using non-lethal and lethal tools such as x-ray scanners, metal detectors, and explosive ordnance detection equipment.^[44] They managed access control points, coordinated with K9 teams for narcotics and explosives detection, and implemented AT/FP measures like barricades and surveillance to deter unauthorized entry, drawing on real-time threat intelligence to minimize disruptions to maritime commerce.^[45] In PSUs, PS1s led teams in waterside security with patrol boats and shoreside operations, ensuring compliance with international standards like the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code while focusing on causal factors of risk—such as insider threats or asymmetric attacks—over procedural checklists alone. Success metrics included incident-free port operations during deployments, with PSUs logging over 1,000 vessel inspections and securing millions of tons of cargo in contingency zones without successful breaches.^[46] Training for PS1 advancement began with the Port Security Specialist "A" School at the Maritime Enforcement Training Center in Charleston, South Carolina, covering 12 weeks of instruction in security tactics, weapons handling, and emergency response.^[47] Follow-on qualifications included on-the-job training for PSU-specific roles, certifications in small arms proficiency, chemical-biological-radiological-nuclear-explosive (CBRNE) mitigation, and force protection planning per Coast Guard Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures manuals.^[48] Advancement to PS1 required passing rating knowledge exams, demonstrating supervisory leadership through performance evaluations, and completing enlisted leader development continuum courses, with selection boards emphasizing operational quals over rote metrics as per COMDTINST M1200.1A.^[49] Post-merger, former PS skills informed ME "A" School curricula, ensuring continuity in port security expertise.^[50] The role intensified after the September 11, 2001, attacks, aligning with the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, which mandated risk-based security plans for U.S. ports handling 90% of global trade volume.^[51] PS1s in PSUs—eight units totaling 500-600 reservists each—deployed to 96-hour readiness postures for operations like Enduring Freedom, securing ports in Kuwait (Ash Shuaybah, 2004) and Iraq (Umm Qasr, 2003), where they prevented disruptions amid insurgent threats through layered defenses grounded in empirical surveillance data rather than uniform regulations.^[52]^[46] This contrasted with pre-9/11 focuses on routine inspections, shifting emphasis to expeditionary force protection in austere settings, with zero catastrophic incidents attributed to lapses in secured zones validating the approach's causal efficacy.^[46] Distinct from the U.S. Navy's Personnel Specialist (PS) rating, which administers human resources tasks like pay, evaluations, and assignments for administrative efficiency, the Coast Guard's PS1 emphasized kinetic law enforcement and physical security in contested ports, including armed patrols and high-risk Middle East rotations unsupported by Navy HR frameworks.^[53] This operational divergence stemmed from the Coast Guard's statutory lead under the Department of Homeland Security for domestic maritime domain awareness, prioritizing threat interdiction over personnel management.^[54]

Education

Public School 1

Public School 1 (PS1) designates the initial public elementary school in numerous U.S. school districts, typically numbered sequentially based on founding order under local compulsory education mandates enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These institutions reflect decentralized governance, with operational standards and performance metrics varying by state, including proficiency rates on standardized assessments and demographic compositions reported annually by education departments. In Manhattan, New York City, P.S. 1 Alfred E. Smith operates at 8 Henry Street, serving pre-kindergarten through grade 5 in District 2, with roots tracing to an 1806 free school for immigrant and working-class families that relocated to its 1897 building.^[55]^[56] The school maintains a student enrollment of 168 as of the 2023-24 school year.^[57] Its student body exhibits high diversity, with minority enrollment at 95.3%, comprising 37.3% Hispanic/Latino, 29% Asian, 24% Black, and smaller proportions of other groups.^[58]^[57] State assessment data positions the school in the bottom 50% for overall performance in recent rankings.^[59] In West New York, New Jersey, Public School No. 1 at 6129 Madison Street enrolls around 792 students in grades K-6, operating within a district of approximately 8,059 total students that prioritizes bilingual programming for English language learners to support cognitive development.^[60]^[61]^[62] The district's structure aligns with broader patterns of sequential numbering for early-established schools, funded through state allocations without federal uniformity in curriculum or outcomes.

Other uses

Psalm 1

Psalm 1 serves as the opening psalm in the Book of Psalms within the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament, presenting a binary contrast between the righteous and the wicked. The text declares: "Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the wicked, nor stands in the way of sinners, nor sits in the seat of scoffers; but his delight is in the law of the Lord, and on his law he meditates day and night. He is like a tree planted by streams of water that yields its fruit in its season, and its leaf does not wither. In all that he does, he prospers. The wicked are not so, but are like chaff that the wind drives away. Therefore the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the congregation of the righteous; for the Lord knows the way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked will perish."^[63] This structure employs antithetical parallelism, with verses 1-3 describing the stability and prosperity of the righteous through adherence to divine instruction (Torah), contrasted in verses 4-6 with the transience and ultimate judgment of the wicked, symbolized by chaff dispersed by wind.^[64] Lacking a superscription, Psalm 1 is anonymous, though situated within the Davidic collection of Psalms (1-41) and linked to Davidic tradition by its canonical placement. Composition likely occurred between the 10th and 5th centuries BCE, with empirical analysis of linguistic features and thematic emphases suggesting a pre-exilic or exilic origin, though some scholars propose a post-exilic editorial framing for the Psalter as a whole.^[65] The Hebrew Masoretic Text, standardized by the 10th century CE, aligns closely with fragments from the Dead Sea Scrolls, such as those in the Great Psalms Scroll (11Q5), which preserve Psalms sequences without significant variants altering Psalm 1's core content or causal logic of blessing for Torah observance versus peril for disregard.^[66] Literarily, Psalm 1 belongs to the wisdom genre, paralleling Proverbs in motifs like the "two ways" of life—righteous prosperity versus wicked ruin—and imagery of a fruitful tree by water, akin to Proverbs 3:18 and 11:30, where wisdom yields enduring vitality.^[64] This reflects a causal realism in ancient Israelite thought: meditation on divine law as the mechanism for stability amid judgment, without psychologizing or allegorizing beyond textual intent.^[67] In historical reception, Psalm 1 underscored the sufficiency of Scripture in Protestant traditions, emphasizing personal delight in God's law as foundational to piety, influencing reformers' stress on direct biblical engagement over mediated authority.^[68] Jewish liturgy integrated it for Torah study themes, while early Christian exegesis viewed it as typological for Christ-centered righteousness, though textual analysis prioritizes its standalone wisdom function.^[69]

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[59]
P.s. 1 Alfred E Smith (Ranked Bottom 50% for 2025-26)
Minority enrollment is 97% of the student body (majority Hispanic and Asian), which is higher than the New York state average of 60% (majority Hispanic and ...
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Public School No. 1 in West New York, NJ - Niche
Rating 2.0 (1) Public School No. 1 is a public school located in WEST NEW YORK, NJ. It has 792 students in grades K-6 with a student-teacher ratio of 14 to 1.
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West New York School District
West New York School District (ID: 3417580) has 9 schools (PK-12), 8,059 students, 519.60 teachers, and a 15.51 student/teacher ratio. Phone: (201)553-4000.
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Bilingual Education - West New York School District
The West New York Bilingual Program affirms the need for all English Language Learners (ELL) to strive to higher levels of cognitive and effective excellence.
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Psalm 1 - Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the wic…
Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the wicked, nor stands in the way of sinners, nor sits in the seat of scoffers; but his delight is in the ...
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Psalm 1: Two Ways of Life -- A Psalm of Wisdom - Bible.org
Jul 1, 2004 · The Psalms, like the other wisdom literature of the Old Testament (Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes), is Hebrew poetry. Unlike English poetry, which ...
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[PDF] Dating the Psalms - John Telgren
A. One of the traditional ways of dating an individual Psalm was to identify an author or historical event in the Psalm title, if it had a title.
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[PDF] Variant Readings of the Dead Sea Psalms Scrolls against the ...
Criteria for Determining Variants. A variant is defined as any disagreement between one of the Dead Sea Psalms scrolls with either :lR or another Psalms scroll.
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14. The Genres of Wisdom Literatures – Elements of Biblical Poetry
Psalm 1 provides a classic example of the two ways of wisdom and wickedness. ... Proverbs 1:1-19 sets forth an understanding of wisdom. What are its key ...
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The Reception of Psalms 1 and 2 in Jewish and Christian Tradition
Dec 12, 2013 · Psalm 1 is about the Law; at the heart of Psalm 2 is the Anointed One ('Messiah'), and together they serve as a Prologue to the rest of the ...
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The Irrepressibility of Scripture: Psalm 1 between Jews and Christians
Psalm 1 is itself a text that implicitly asks where wisdom is to be found. It speaks in a tone of voice that an Israelite reciter might have recognised from ...Missing: reception | Show results with:reception<|separator|>