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Protection Command

Protection Command is a specialist unit within the Metropolitan Police Service's Specialist Operations directorate, tasked with delivering armed protective security for the British royal family, high-profile political figures such as the Prime Minister, foreign diplomats, and key diplomatic sites including embassies and the Palace of Westminster.^[1]^[2] The command operates through two main branches: Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP), which deploys personal protection officers (PPOs) to guard royals and other designated VIPs requiring close armed escort, and Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP), responsible for static security at parliamentary buildings, diplomatic missions, and providing operational support for international protectees in London.^[1]^[3] Officers in these roles undergo rigorous training in firearms, threat assessment, and tactical response, often working in plainclothes or with specialized vehicles to maintain low visibility.^[4] Notable for its role in high-stakes operations, Protection Command has been central to events like royal escorts and diplomatic summits, but it has also encountered controversies related to officer conduct, including excessive overtime claims totaling over £14 million in one fiscal year and instances of misconduct that eroded internal trust, leading to a comprehensive overhaul review in response to specific high-profile cases involving command personnel.^[5]^[2] This review emphasized enhanced leadership, supervision, and cultural reforms to prioritize ethical standards and operational integrity.^[2]

History

Origins and Establishment

The origins of the Protection Command within the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) lie in the gradual development of specialized units dedicated to high-profile security, evolving from ad hoc arrangements to formalized commands amid rising threats to diplomats, royalty, and government figures. Early police involvement in royal protection dates to the MPS's founding in 1829, but dedicated armed close protection for the royal family under what became SO14 emerged in response to 20th-century security needs, with the unit actively operational by 1974, as evidenced by the assignment of SO14 officers during the attempted kidnapping of Princess Anne on March 20, 1974.^[6] The Diplomatic Protection Group (DPG, later SO16), a key predecessor, was established in November 1974 specifically to safeguard foreign diplomatic premises and personnel in London following increased international tensions and attacks on embassies.^[7] This unit transitioned to a permanent command structure by 1979, incorporating armed officers trained for static and mobile protection duties.^[7] Similarly, specialist protection for VIPs beyond royalty, under SO1, developed to address threats to political leaders and dignitaries, reflecting the MPS's adaptation to modern terrorism and assassination risks. Protection Command as the overarching entity crystallized within the Specialist Operations directorate through a major reorganization in April 2015, consolidating fragmented units into two primary branches: Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP), formed by merging SO14 Royalty Protection with SO1 Specialist Protection; and Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP), created by integrating the DPG with the Palace of Westminster Police Service.^[8] This restructuring aimed to streamline command, enhance operational efficiency, and address vulnerabilities exposed by events like the 2013 murder of Fusilier Lee Rigby and escalating threats to Parliament, enabling unified oversight of armed protection for royalty, ministers, diplomats, and parliamentary sites.^[1] The 2015 changes built on prior evolutions, such as the DPG's expansion, to create a cohesive framework prioritizing armed response and intelligence-driven security.

Evolution and Reorganizations

The components of what would become Protection Command originated in separate specialist units within the Metropolitan Police Service's Specialist Operations directorate. The Diplomatic Protection Group (DPG), initially formed to provide armed security for foreign embassies and high commissions in response to rising threats in the 1970s, was established as a permanent command in 1979, drawing officers from various boroughs on rotation before transitioning to dedicated personnel.^[7] Royalty Protection (SO14), tasked with safeguarding the royal family, residences, and events, evolved from ad hoc arrangements intensified after security lapses, such as the 1974 attempted kidnapping of Princess Anne, which prompted enhanced protocols and dedicated armed officers.^[9] Specialist Protection (SO1) focused on close protection for political figures like the Prime Minister and opposition leaders facing terrorism risks, operating as an elite armed unit within Specialist Operations.^[3] By the early 2000s, SO1 and SO14 were grouped under an emerging Protection Command framework to streamline high-threat personal security operations, as noted in counter-terrorism strategy documents from the period.^[10] A major reorganization occurred in April 2015, when Protection Command was formally restructured by merging the DPG (SO6) and the Palace of Westminster Division (SO17)—responsible for parliamentary security—with existing branches, creating two primary units: Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP) from the fusion of SO14 and SO1, and Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP).^[7] This consolidation reduced protection squads from four to two, enhancing operational efficiency amid growing threats to dignitaries and institutions, while PaDP became the largest armed policing command in England and Wales, with nearly 1,000 officers.^[7] Subsequent reorganizations addressed cultural and operational deficiencies exposed by misconduct scandals, including cases involving officers Wayne Couzens and David Carrick from PaDP. The Leven Review, launched in 2022 as a comprehensive internal audit of PaDP's standards, leadership, and training, identified systemic issues such as poor oversight, overtime-driven cultures, and inadequate vetting, recommending a full overhaul including new command structures, mandatory ethics training, and diversity-focused recruitment.^[2] Implementation began in 2023, with structural changes to leadership and staffing, cultural reforms emphasizing accountability, and enhanced welfare support, targeting completion by December 2024 to rebuild public trust and operational resilience.^[11] These reforms, informed by the broader Casey Review into Metropolitan Police failings, prioritize evidence-based improvements without diluting core protective mandates.^[2]

Organizational Structure

Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP)

The Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP) unit operates within the Metropolitan Police Service's Protection Command, delivering armed close personal protection to high-value principals facing elevated threats. Formed in July 2015 via the amalgamation of the Specialist Protection (SO1) and Royalty Protection (SO14) teams, RaSP integrates expertise in VIP safeguarding with operational capabilities tailored to dynamic environments.^[12] Officers, numbering around 400 as of early 2023, are exclusively authorised firearms officers selected for their proficiency in threat mitigation and executive security.^[13] RaSP's core mandate encompasses continuous protection for core members of the British Royal Family, including the monarch, consort, and immediate heirs, across residences, public engagements, and international travel. This involves layered security protocols such as principal accompaniment, perimeter control, and real-time risk evaluation to counter potential assaults, intrusions, or targeted violence. For specialist protectees, duties extend to the Prime Minister—whose residence and movements receive dedicated RaSP oversight—and select individuals under acute threat, such as government officials, foreign dignitaries, or witnesses in high-stakes proceedings requiring covert or overt armed escort.^[14] These operations prioritize discretion and adaptability, with officers embedded in principals' routines to enable normal activities while maintaining defensive postures. Structurally, RaSP emphasizes elite close protection officers (CPOs) who undergo rigorous vetting, including psychological assessments and firearms authorisation, to ensure reliability under stress. Duties include pre-event venue reconnaissance, liaison with intelligence units for threat intelligence, and coordination with the Special Escort Group for motorcade security during transits. In 2023, an employment tribunal upheld management decisions on officer rotations within RaSP, affirming the unit's operational flexibility amid evolving security demands.^[13] The unit also interfaces with bodies like the Fixated Threat Assessment Centre for monitoring persistent obsessives or stalkers, processing referrals tied to protectee safety.^[15] This specialist focus distinguishes RaSP from broader policing, concentrating resources on principals where failure could yield national repercussions.

Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP)

The Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP) unit, an operational command unit within the Metropolitan Police Service's Protection Command, was established in April 2015 through the merger of the Diplomatic Protection Group (formerly SO6) and the Palace of Westminster Division (formerly SO17).^[7] This reorganization aimed to streamline armed and unarmed security operations across key government and diplomatic sites in central London, enhancing coordination amid rising threats such as the 2017 Westminster attack.^[2] PaDP operates under a Chief Superintendent as its OCU Commander, reporting to the broader Protection Command leadership.^[16] Comprising approximately 1,000 officers—both armed and unarmed—PaDP maintains a hybrid structure suited to static guarding and patrol duties, with armed personnel drawn from specialist firearms training cadres and unarmed officers handling access control and public order at parliamentary sites.^[17] ^[18] The unit's personnel are distributed across fixed posts at diplomatic premises and government buildings, supplemented by mobile response teams for incident management, though it lacks dedicated close protection teams for routine operations, relying instead on integration with Royalty and Specialist Protection for high-risk VIP escorts.^[8] PaDP's organizational focus emphasizes layered security perimeters, with armed officers providing overt deterrence at entry points to embassies, consulates, and high-value sites like Downing Street and the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, while unarmed elements manage internal parliamentary policing, including visitor screening at the Palace of Westminster.^[8] ^[2] Internal reviews have highlighted challenges in oversight and culture, prompting reforms such as enhanced vetting and performance metrics to address isolated misconduct cases among officers, without compromising operational tempo.^[2] The unit's effectiveness hinges on routine intelligence sharing with specialist branches, ensuring adaptability to evolving threats like terrorism or protests targeting protected sites.^[18]

Responsibilities and Operations

Royalty and VIP Protection Duties

The Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP) branch of Protection Command provides armed personal close protection to members of the British Royal Family during domestic and international engagements, ensuring their safety through continuous surveillance and threat mitigation.^[19] Officers, known as Personal Protection Officers (PPOs), are deployed in small teams to principals such as the monarch, consort, and senior royals, handling advance reconnaissance, route planning, and immediate response to potential threats.^[19] This service extends to guarding royal residences including Buckingham Palace in London, Windsor Castle, and properties in Scotland, where static armed posts maintain perimeter security and access control.^[19] RaSP also coordinates the Special Escort Group (SEG), which manages high-mobility motorcades for royal travel using armed outriders on motorcycles to clear routes and provide escort, minimizing public disruption while prioritizing principal safety.^[19] SEG operations involve advanced driving techniques and occasional deployment of submachine guns like the MP5 for enhanced firepower during transit.^[19] Additionally, RaSP extends protection to visiting European royal families and select foreign dignitaries during UK visits, integrating with host nation security protocols.^[19] For VIP protection, RaSP assigns armed officers to the Prime Minister, cabinet ministers, and other assessed high-risk individuals, including certain ambassadors, focusing on personal bodyguard duties rather than static site security.^[20] These duties emphasize discreet integration into the principal's routine, with officers trained in evasive maneuvers, conflict de-escalation, and medical evacuation to counter targeted threats like assassination attempts.^[6] Unlike broader diplomatic coverage under Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection, RaSP's VIP remit prioritizes elite, individualized armed overwatch for politically exposed figures not covered by routine parliamentary safeguards.^[6] Operational details remain classified to preserve effectiveness, with threat assessments driving allocation based on intelligence from specialist units.^[21]

Diplomatic and Parliamentary Security

The Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP) unit of the Metropolitan Police Service's Protection Command delivers armed static security to over 200 diplomatic premises in central London, including embassies, high commissions, and consulates, to uphold their inviolability under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Officers maintain 24-hour patrols and access controls at these sites, deterring intrusions, managing protests, and coordinating evacuations if threats escalate, with historical expansions from an initial 100 personnel in the Diplomatic Protection Group to 430 officers by 1994 to meet growing demands from foreign missions. This role extends to safeguarding visiting foreign dignitaries during official events, integrating with Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office protocols for threat assessments and intelligence sharing.^[7]^[8] In parallel, PaDP ensures armed protection for the Palace of Westminster and adjacent government sites like Downing Street, deploying officers for close-protection duties on senior ministers, rapid armed response to terrorist incidents, and public order management during protests or sessions of Parliament. These operations involve collaboration with the Parliamentary Security Department, which handles internal physical security, while PaDP focuses on external armed capabilities, including countering knife attacks or vehicle ramming threats as demonstrated in the March 22, 2017, Westminster attack where officers neutralized the assailant within 80 seconds of the breach. PaDP maintains the largest cadre of routinely armed officers in England for these functions, emphasizing proactive surveillance and integration with broader counter-terrorism networks to mitigate risks from lone actors or organized threats.^[2]^[22]^[7] Operational protocols prioritize de-escalation where feasible but authorize lethal force under strict firearms rules when facing imminent harm to protected individuals or sites, with post-incident reviews ensuring accountability; for instance, annual training mandates cover diplomatic bag searches (limited by immunity) and parliamentary cordon enforcement to balance security with democratic access. These duties have evolved post-2017 to include enhanced vehicle barriers and intelligence-driven deployments, reflecting empirical assessments of urban terrorism patterns in London.^[2]^[8]

Counter-Terrorism and Threat Response

Protection Command units, particularly Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP) and Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP), play a key role in counter-terrorism by providing armed security and immediate threat neutralization at high-risk sites and for designated principals vulnerable to terrorist attacks. These officers maintain a visible armed presence at locations such as Parliament, Downing Street, diplomatic missions, and during movements of royalty or specialist protectees, enabling rapid intervention against active threats including vehicle-borne or knife-wielding assailants.^[2] Their operations integrate with the national Counter Terrorism Policing network, focusing on the "protect" strand of the UK's CONTEST strategy to safeguard critical infrastructure and individuals from terrorism.^[23] A prominent example of their threat response occurred during the March 22, 2017, Westminster attack, where PaDP personnel confronted Khalid Masood after he drove into pedestrians on Westminster Bridge and stabbed his way toward Parliament, killing four people including PaDP officer PC Keith Palmer. Palmer, stationed unarmed at the Palace of Westminster entrance, engaged the attacker to prevent access to the parliamentary estate, exemplifying the command's frontline role in mitigating breaches at protected zones.^[2] ^[24] The attack prompted reviews affirming the critical need for armed PaDP guarding, as unarmed officers alone proved insufficient against determined assailants.^[2] In response to elevated national threat levels—such as those following major incidents—Protection Command escalates deployments, including static armed posts, mobile patrols, and close protection details tailored to intelligence on terrorist plots targeting VIPs or sites. RaSP officers, for instance, extend protection to individuals like key witnesses or officials under terrorist threat, employing covert surveillance and evasion tactics alongside overt armed deterrence. PaDP similarly bolsters embassy and parliamentary perimeters with specialist firearms teams capable of containing marauding terrorist incidents until broader specialist firearms units arrive. This layered approach emphasizes causal deterrence through armed readiness rather than reactive measures alone, though coordination with Counter Terrorism Command (SO15) handles investigative leads.^[23] ^[25]

Training, Recruitment, and Equipment

Officer Selection and Training Processes

Officers in the Metropolitan Police's Protection Command are selected from serving constables within the force, typically requiring several years of frontline policing experience to ensure familiarity with operational demands and threat assessment.^[19] The process emphasizes psychological resilience, physical fitness, and specialized skills, with candidates undergoing rigorous vetting, including enhanced security clearances due to the high-profile nature of protectees.^[26] For Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP), selection is among the most competitive in the Metropolitan Police, involving a practical assessment, in-depth interviews, and evaluation of prior experience in high-risk environments.^[26] Candidates must demonstrate advanced qualifications such as firearms proficiency, advanced driving certifications, and unarmed combat instruction, alongside soft skills like conflict resolution and situational awareness.^[26] Successful applicants, often with 10-15 years of service, proceed to a foundation Protection Officers Course lasting nearly six months, featuring continuous evaluations in tactics including walking formations, reconnaissance (recce), anti-hijack driving, event planning, and operations in high-threat settings.^[26]^[27] Training also covers firearms handling, unarmed combat, advanced driving, and emergency first aid, with ongoing assessments to maintain operational readiness.^[19] In contrast, Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP) selection begins with a written application and assessment center for internal transfers, followed by the One Stop Shop for medical and fitness evaluations.^[28] Specialized training includes a two-day ballistic first aid course, TASER certification, and a five-week Authorised Firearms Officer (AFO) program costing approximately £17,000 per officer, focusing on armed response capabilities for static and mobile protection duties.^[28]^[29] These elements ensure officers can handle armed patrols at diplomatic premises and parliamentary sites, though bespoke role-specific training may occur concurrently with existing duties.^[28] Across both branches, retention of skills demands periodic requalification, with failures potentially leading to reassignment; this structure prioritizes proven competence over initial entry-level recruitment.^[28]

Armaments, Vehicles, and Tactical Capabilities

Officers within the Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP) and Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP) units of Protection Command are authorised firearms officers (AFOs), routinely equipped with semi-automatic pistols for close protection duties, unlike the majority of unarmed British police. The standard sidearm is the 9mm Glock 17 pistol, carried concealed in plainclothes operations, supplemented by a radio and first-aid kit.^[19] In higher-threat scenarios, such as motorcades or static posts, officers may deploy submachine guns including modified Heckler & Koch G36K carbines or MP5 variants, alongside less-lethal options like the Taser X26 or X2 conducted energy devices.^[30]^[31] Vehicles employed by Protection Command emphasise discretion, speed, and protection, with the Special Escort Group (SEG) handling motorcades using unmarked high-performance models. Common types include Jaguar executive cars for lead vehicles in VIP convoys, Land Rover Discovery or Range Rover SUVs for backup and anti-hijack roles, and Vauxhall Zafira MPVs for operational response.^[3]^[32] Motorcycles, often BMW models, provide agile escort and advance reconnaissance, while armoured variants are used for enhanced ballistic protection in diplomatic or royal transports.^[4] Tactical capabilities focus on layered security protocols, integrating close personal protection, advance site surveys, and dynamic threat response. SEG personnel receive specialised training in advanced driving techniques, anti-ambush manoeuvres, and armoured vehicle handling to neutralise hijack attempts or facilitate rapid evacuations.^[33] Officers conduct residential searches, perimeter patrols, and counter-surveillance, employing tactical vests for equipment carriage during escalated operations, with emphasis on de-escalation before lethal force authorisation under strict UK policing guidelines.^[31] Integration with Specialist Firearms Command provides sniper overwatch or tactical support teams for high-risk events, ensuring scalable response from covert protection to armed intervention.^[33]

Notable Incidents

Successful Operations and Interventions

Officers from the Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP) branch of Protection Command have conducted interventions against armed intruders targeting diplomatic sites. On April 28, 2025, PaDP personnel arrested Abdullah Sabah Albadri, aged 33 and of no fixed abode, after he attempted to force entry into the grounds of the Israeli Embassy in Kensington, London, while in possession of a bladed weapon. Albadri was charged with preparation of terrorist acts under Section 5 of the Terrorism Act 2006, with the arrest preventing any breach or harm to embassy staff.^[34]^[35] The Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP) branch has similarly neutralized unauthorized access attempts to royal residences. On July 10, 2019, at approximately 2:00 a.m., RaSP officers apprehended a 22-year-old man who had scaled the front gates of Buckingham Palace, arresting him on suspicion of trespass on a protected site. The individual was detained without incident, and no members of the royal family, who were in residence, were endangered.^[36]^[37] These cases exemplify Protection Command's operational efficacy in rapid threat response, leveraging armed patrols and surveillance to secure high-profile locations against potential harm. Such interventions have consistently resulted in suspect detentions prior to any escalation, underscoring the command's preventive mandate.^[36]

Security Breaches and Failures

On March 22, 2017, Khalid Masood drove a car into pedestrians on Westminster Bridge, killing four people, before crashing into the perimeter barriers of the Palace of Westminster and stabbing to death PC Keith Palmer, an unarmed officer from the Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP) Command stationed at the main entrance.^[38] Palmer, tasked with providing static security at Parliament, was positioned without immediate armed backup or ballistic protection, allowing Masood to breach the site despite prior vehicle-ramming attacks in Nice (2016) and Berlin (2017) that had not prompted enhanced measures for the bridge as a potential target.^[38] The subsequent inquest revealed systemic lapses in the Metropolitan Police's security protocols at Westminster, including a "dysfunctional" system that had not functioned effectively for years, leaving Palmer in a vulnerable location exposed to direct assault.^[39] A firearms officer, positioned nearby, unknowingly disobeyed deployment instructions due to unclear protocols, delaying response and failing to neutralize the threat before Palmer was fatally stabbed.^[40] The coroner ruled Palmer's death an unlawful killing, attributing it to inadequate protection rather than individual error, with the security framework criticized for not adapting to evolving terrorist tactics despite intelligence warnings.^[41] Palmer's family pursued legal action against the Metropolitan Police, alleging negligence in failing to equip or position him safely, though the force maintained the attack's unpredictability.^[42] These failures highlighted broader vulnerabilities in PaDP operations, where unarmed officers often guard high-profile sites without sufficient layered defenses or rapid armed intervention capabilities, contributing to the unit's subsequent scrutiny under reviews like the Leven Review for operational inadequacies in threat response.^[43] No comparable major breaches involving diplomatic protection have been publicly detailed, though parliamentary static guarding remains a focal point for reform recommendations post-incident.^[44]

Controversies and Criticisms

Officer Misconduct and Criminality

Officers from the Metropolitan Police's Protection Command, which encompasses units such as Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP) and Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP), have faced arrests and convictions for serious criminal offenses, highlighting vulnerabilities in vetting and oversight within elite protective roles. In June 2024, a constable assigned to RaSP and responsible for Prime Minister Rishi Sunak's personal protection was arrested on suspicion of misconduct in public office related to placing bets on the timing of the UK general election, potentially leveraging privileged information about government activities.^[45]^[46] This incident prompted further investigations, with additional officers from Protection Command implicated in similar betting allegations by late June 2024, raising concerns about insider misuse of sensitive intelligence.^[20] Within PaDP, multiple officers have been convicted of sexual offenses, underscoring patterns of predatory behavior among personnel tasked with securing diplomatic sites. Former officer David Carrick, who served in PaDP until 2009, was convicted in 2023 of 49 offenses including rape and false imprisonment against 12 women over nearly two decades, leading to a whole-life sentence; additional charges were filed in October 2024 for further sexual crimes.^[47] Another ex-PaDP officer, identified in September 2024 court proceedings, faced charges for multiple sex offenses, reflecting ongoing scrutiny of historical abuses by armed protective units.^[48] Gross misconduct cases have also surfaced, including retired PaDP officers sentenced in December 2023 for sharing racist and offensive WhatsApp messages, deemed to breach standards of professional behavior and resulting in formal sanctions post-retirement.^[49] These incidents, while not representative of the command's 1,000-plus officers, have fueled broader critiques of the Metropolitan Police's handling of internal criminality, with official data from November 2024 indicating 243 serving officers across the force held criminal records, including convictions for serious crimes.^[50] Protection Command's high-stakes duties amplify the impact of such failures, prompting calls for enhanced vetting reforms amid a reported exodus of experienced personnel.^[51]

Overtime Culture and Financial Scrutiny

The Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP) unit within the Metropolitan Police's Protection Command has been described as an "overtime command" due to chronic staffing shortages that necessitate officers working extensive additional hours, fostering a dependency on overtime payments to maintain operational capacity.^[52] Officers in PaDP routinely claim overtime that can nearly double their base income, with internal assessments noting that personnel become accustomed to these elevated earnings, potentially incentivizing prolonged reliance on such shifts over recruitment or efficiency measures.^[5] This pattern extends to the Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP) command, where similar demands for close protection duties around high-profile figures contribute to a culture of long hours; for instance, in the 2016/2017 financial year, 47 RaSP officers exceeded £100,000 in total remuneration, largely driven by overtime.^[53] Financial scrutiny intensified as these practices strained public budgets, with individual cases highlighting extreme payouts: one VIP protection officer earned £67,000 in overtime alone during the 2011/2012 year, amid broader concerns over the Metropolitan Police's escalating overtime expenditures amid stagnant crime-solving rates.^[54]^[55] Aggregate costs for PaDP overtime reached significant levels, as evidenced by Freedom of Information disclosures for the April 2023 to March 2024 period, though exact figures underscore the unit's disproportionate contribution to the force's overall overtime budget relative to its size.^[56] Critics, including oversight bodies, have questioned the sustainability of this model, arguing it diverts funds from hiring and training while exposing vulnerabilities to fatigue-related errors in high-stakes protection roles.^[52] Legal challenges have further illuminated these issues, with nearly 400 RaSP officers appealing pay-related decisions in 2023—ultimately dismissed—and group actions in the High Court seeking compensation for unpaid overtime and allowances, reflecting disputes over contractual entitlements in a system skewed toward ad-hoc extended duties.^[13]^[57] Such scrutiny, amplified by the 2023 Casey Review into Metropolitan Police standards, has prompted calls for structural reforms to curb overtime dependency, including better rostering and incentives for voluntary staffing, though implementation remains ongoing amid persistent under-recruitment.^[52] While no widespread fraud in overtime claims has been substantiated specifically within Protection Command, the model's opacity and high rewards have fueled perceptions of inefficiency, with taxpayers bearing the brunt through inflated police salaries that outpace inflation-adjusted base pay.^[5]^[53]

Vetting Failures and Internal Reforms

Vetting failures within the Metropolitan Police's Protection Command, particularly its Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP) unit, have been highlighted by high-profile cases involving predatory officers who evaded detection despite prior complaints and behavioral red flags. Wayne Couzens, who murdered Sarah Everard in March 2021, had joined the PaDP as an armed officer in 2018 after passing vetting, despite a history of indecent exposure complaints dating back to 2015 and financial issues flagged during recruitment. An independent inquiry concluded that Couzens should never have been recruited or deployed in such a sensitive role, citing inadequate scrutiny of his police history and failure to probe inconsistencies in his application. Similarly, David Carrick, convicted in 2023 of raping multiple women over nearly two decades while serving as an armed PaDP officer, passed multiple vetting checks, including in 2009 and 2017, despite nine internal complaints and civil allegations that were not thoroughly investigated. The Metropolitan Police admitted "serious failings" in Carrick's vetting process, which allowed him to retain firearms authorization and access to protected sites.^[58]^[59]^[60] These incidents exposed broader systemic deficiencies in vetting protocols, as detailed in a 2022 His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS) inspection, which found that defective vetting and leadership oversights enabled a "prevalent" culture of predatory and misogynistic behavior among officers, including in specialist commands like PaDP. The inspection noted inconsistent application of vetting standards, inadequate follow-up on intelligence flags, and a reluctance to revoke clearances even when risks were evident, allowing potentially hundreds of unsuitable officers to remain in roles involving firearms and VIP access. In PaDP specifically, post-scandal reviews revealed that around one in three officers and staff—approximately 100 personnel—were removed or redeployed by early 2024 due to vetting concerns, misconduct probes, or performance issues uncovered during intensified checks. A 2023 HMICFRS report further criticized the command for failing to learn from prior cases, with vetting processes overly reliant on self-declaration and insufficient cross-referencing with external databases or behavioral indicators.^[61]^[62]^[59] In response, the Metropolitan Police initiated a comprehensive overhaul of Protection Command's vetting and governance structures starting in September 2023, including mandatory re-vetting of all officers in PaDP and enhanced scrutiny for firearms roles. This involved deploying independent vetting teams to reassess clearances, integrating advanced data analytics for real-time risk monitoring, and establishing stricter thresholds for behavioral red flags, such as unexplained absences or financial distress. The reforms extended to cultural interventions, with mandatory training on misconduct recognition and a zero-tolerance policy for unresolved complaints, aiming to prevent recurrence of the "institutional blindness" identified in cases like Couzens and Carrick. By mid-2023, these measures contributed to suspending or restricting over 1,000 officers force-wide, with up to 60 facing dismissal monthly under new powers introduced via the Public Order Act 2023, though a February 2025 High Court ruling clarified that failing re-vetting alone cannot justify automatic dismissal without misconduct proceedings. Despite progress, ongoing challenges persist, as evidenced by a September 2025 investigation into potential vetting errors affecting over 300 recent recruits across the force, underscoring the need for sustained external oversight to ensure reforms translate into effective risk mitigation.^[63]^[64]^[65]^[66]

Recent Developments

Leven Review and Structural Overhaul

The Leven Review, an internal investigation by the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) into the Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP) Command— a core component of the broader Protection Command responsible for securing Parliament, diplomats, and other high-profile sites—was initiated in response to multiple officer misconduct scandals, including the conviction of David Carrick, a PaDP officer, for dozens of rapes and sexual offenses spanning nearly two decades.^[11] Published on September 19, 2023, as Operation Leven, the review identified systemic cultural deficiencies within PaDP, including "unhealthy work cultures" driven by a profound lack of leadership accountability, over-reliance on overtime shifts that fostered fatigue and normalized lax standards, inadequate vetting processes that allowed problematic individuals to persist, and an insular environment resistant to external scrutiny.^[67] These issues exacerbated vulnerabilities highlighted in the contemporaneous Baroness Casey Review (February 2023), which documented institutional misogyny, poor misconduct handling, and operational silos across the MPS, though PaDP's armed, high-access role amplified risks of abuse.^[68] The review's structural overhaul proposals centered on dismantling entrenched practices to prioritize ethical integrity and operational resilience, with the MPS committing to "comprehensive action" across leadership, personnel management, and oversight. Leadership reforms mandated appointing dedicated commanders with proven reform track records, implementing mandatory performance metrics tied to cultural indicators (e.g., misconduct reporting rates and diversity benchmarks), and establishing independent audit panels to enforce transparency, addressing the prior absence of robust supervisory chains that enabled unchecked behaviors.^[2] Staffing models were targeted for redesign to cap overtime at sustainable levels—PaDP officers had previously logged excessive hours, contributing to 13 internal investigations into welfare and ethics violations between 2020 and 2023—shifting toward fixed rotas, recruitment drives for 100+ new officers by mid-2024, and phased reintegration protocols for restricted-duty personnel amid a backlog of over 1,000 MPS-wide suspensions or restrictions as of September 2023.^[67] Training and welfare enhancements formed a pillar of the overhaul, mandating annual ethics and bias-awareness modules for all 700+ PaDP personnel, integrated firearms recertification with psychological health screenings, and a new welfare framework including mandatory debriefs post-incident and access to external counseling to mitigate burnout-linked errors, which the review linked to at least five operational lapses in 2022 alone.^[2] Culturally, the plan emphasized fostering diversity and inclusion through targeted hiring quotas (aiming for 30% non-white and 40% female representation by 2026, up from prior lows) and anti-discrimination protocols, while elevating standards via digitized misconduct tracking and zero-tolerance policies for off-duty violations, calibrated against Casey Review findings of disproportionate leniency toward internal offenders.^[68] Implementation timelines outlined in the review summary included immediate leadership transitions by October 2023, full staffing pilots by Q2 2024, and biennial independent evaluations starting 2025, with the MPS allocating £5 million in initial funding from its 2023-2024 budget to support these shifts.^[2] Deputy Assistant Commissioner Laurence Taylor, overseeing the response, acknowledged persistent challenges in embedding these changes amid broader MPS vetting backlogs—exceeding 100,000 cases nationally—but asserted the overhaul would transform PaDP from a "dark corner" of overtime dependency into a model of proactive guardianship.^[67] Critics, including London Assembly oversight, noted risks of superficial compliance given historical reform failures post-scandals, urging sustained external monitoring to verify efficacy beyond self-reported metrics.^[68]

Ongoing Challenges and Adaptations

The Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP) subunit within Protection Command grapples with embedding the cultural and structural reforms mandated by the Leven Review, which targeted completion of core changes by December 2024 while acknowledging the need for sustained implementation thereafter. Unhealthy work cultures, characterized by inadequate leadership and supervision, persist as barriers to fostering trust and high standards, as evidenced by ongoing misconduct probes, including a 2025 Metropolitan Police investigation into a retired royal protection officer linked to unauthorized information gathering on behalf of Prince Andrew.^[69] ^[2] These incidents reflect broader vetting failures and accountability gaps, compounded by hundreds of prior complaints about officer behavior in PaDP, ranging from excessive force to discriminatory conduct.^[17] ^[70] Staffing pressures remain acute, with suspensions and restricted duties affecting a significant portion of personnel—described in 2023 as equivalent to a small police force's worth—leading to operational strains and reliance on overtime amid stricter post-review vetting protocols.^[67] Adaptations include bolstering supervisory roles with additional dedicated posts and revising firearms training curricula to align with the command's revamped model, prioritizing proactive risk management over reactive measures.^[43] However, resistance to change, including uncooperative elements within the ranks, has historically delayed reforms, necessitating continuous reinforcement of leadership capacity to prevent regression into insular team dynamics.^[71] Evolving security threats, such as grey zone hostilities below armed conflict thresholds and persistent terrorism risks targeting diplomatic and parliamentary sites, demand further tactical adaptations beyond internal cultural fixes.^[72] ^[73] Protection Command has responded by expanding integration with the national Counter Terrorism Policing Network, enhancing protocols for London's diplomatic protections against state-sponsored coercion and domestic extremism.^[23] Diversity initiatives, aimed at increasing female representation (currently around 10% in PaDP) and addressing institutional misogyny flagged in the concurrent Casey Review, continue as long-term adaptations, though measurable progress hinges on sustained external oversight to counter entrenched biases in recruitment and retention.^[44] ^[2]

References

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Protection Command - Elite UK Forces
Protection Command, a branch of the London Metropolitan Police, includes the Royalty Protection Group (SO14), Diplomatic Protection Group (SO6), and Specialist ...
[2]
[PDF] Overhauling the Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection Command
New leadership, new people and better supervision to embed good behaviour and root out the bad will ensure the Command can earn the trust of those we serve.
[3]
Specialist Protection (SO1) - Elite UK Forces
The Specialist Protection Branch of the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) Protection Command provides armed protection for the current British Prime Minister.
[4]
Metropolitan Police Service Protection Command Vehicles
One group of vehicles within the fleet are those assigned to the Protection Command. In this section of the website, you will find our images of these vehicles, ...
[5]
Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection Command overtime
The total overtime paid to PaDP officers was £14,034,658 (April 2022 to March 2023). Some officers can double their income, but overtime is not guaranteed.
[6]
Royalty and Specialist Protection - Westminster Security Ltd
UK royal protection is not limited to the British royal family. Protection Command also assign armed PPOs to protect select members of the political class.<|separator|>
[7]
Metropolitan Police | BPH - British Police History
In 1979, The Diplomatic Protection Group became a permanent Command within the Metropolitan Police with protection then being provided by officers ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[8]
Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP) - Elite UK Forces
The PaDP is a branch of MPS Protection Command. The PaDP was formed in April 2015 by combining the previously established Diplomatic Protection Group (SO6) ...
[9]
How the kidnapping attempt on Princess Anne changed royal ...
Aug 2, 2025 · A 1974 kidnap plot exposed deep flaws in the security of Britain's royals. Half a century on, the system it disrupted remains stronger ...
[10]
[PDF] Project CONTEST: The Government's Counter- Terrorism Strategy
Jul 7, 2009 · Specialist Operations is divided into three Commands: • Protection Command, comprising Specialist Protection (SO1) and Royalty. Protection (SO14).
[11]
The Leven review | Metropolitan Police
The Leven review, led by the Met Police, looked into culture and standards within the Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP) Command.
[12]
[PDF] Prior v mpc fielding v mpc judgment - Courts and Tribunals Judiciary
Oct 8, 2021 · They are all. RASP officers, as they are now called; formerly, they served in units known as “SO1” or “SO14”. They all serve in the MPS but do ...<|separator|>
[13]
Appeal by almost 400 Royalty & Specialist Protection officers ...
Jan 19, 2023 · An appeal by around 400 members of the Metropolitan Police Service's Royalty and Specialist Protection command has today (19 January 2023) been dismissed by ...<|separator|>
[14]
What security does the prime minister have? | Politics News
Aug 3, 2023 · The prime minister's security operation is the responsibility of the Royalty and Specialist Protection branch of the Metropolitan Police Service, known as RaSP.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[15]
Fixated Threat Assessment Centre (FTAC) referrals by Royalty and ...
1. Individual cases were taken on by the Fixated Threat Assessment Centre (FTAC) that were referred to it by the Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP) unit.
[16]
Structure and hierarchy | Metropolitan Police - Met police UK
Protection Command Commander. OCU Commander/ Chief Superintendent – PaDP (Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection). OCU Commander/ Chief Superintendent ...
[17]
UK parliament's elite police unit received hundreds of complaints
Apr 5, 2023 · The Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection Unit is made up of nearly 1,000 armed and unarmed officers, and is responsible for patrolling ...Missing: evolution | Show results with:evolution
[18]
Met Police: The 'dark corner' of the force where Wayne Couzens ...
Mar 21, 2023 · The men were armed officers in the Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP) Command, a unit Baroness Louise Casey describes as a "dark ...
[19]
SO14 Royalty Protection Group - Elite UK Forces
SO14 Royalty Protection Group is a component of the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) Protection Command. SO14 is responsible for guarding the Royal Family and ...
[20]
Five more police officers alleged to be involved in general election ...
Jun 25, 2024 · Officers in the Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP) unit provide personal protection for prime ministers, ministers, royalty, ambassadors ...
[21]
Security or number of police officers protecting working members of ...
To ensure that those in receipt of protection are not subject to additional threat and to ensure the safety of the members of the public attending events, where ...
[22]
Parliamentary Security Department - UK Parliament
The Parliamentary Security Department (PSD) is responsible for the security for both Houses. We work in partnership with the Metropolitan Police Service.
[23]
[PDF] A future blueprint for the Counter Terrorism Policing Network
Jan 17, 2025 · the threat and risk. Strategic context. Terrorism threats and opportunities. The sudden and indiscriminate nature of terrorist attacks. – and ...
[24]
[PDF] Westminster-Terror-Attack-2018-0304.pdf
Dec 19, 2018 · These Inquests included those of the five victims of the attack: Kurt Cochran; Leslie. Rhodes; Aysha Frade; Andreea Cristea; and PC Keith Palmer ...
[25]
[PDF] Counter-terrorism policing and Special Branch - GOV.UK
Terrorism remains one of the highest priority risks to national security. The aim of the Government's counter-terrorism strategy is to reduce this risk so.
[26]
Being a Royalty Protection Officer - Estate & Manor Magazine
Sep 29, 2017 · The selection process to become a Royalty Protection Officer at SO14(2) is one of the most difficult within the whole of the Metropolitan Police Service.Missing: origins | Show results with:origins
[27]
The Secrets & Lives of Royal Protection Officers - Spyscape
Formed in 1983, it is thought that there are up to 185 SAS-trained officers (the exact number isn't revealed for security reasons). Only the most high-profile ...
[28]
PaDP officers, frontline policing to special operation diversions and ...
What is the application process into the Protection Command? Is it hand picked? Is it EOI based? Decision. I have today decided to disclose the located ...
[29]
Met officer from parliamentary and diplomatic protection command ...
Sep 2, 2024 · Between them, the Leven and Casey reviews not too long ago made a ... There's no benefit to having PaDP as part of the Met. Spin it off ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[30]
What do British 'Royal Protection officers' carry while on duty ... - Quora
Jan 20, 2021 · SO14 is responsible for guarding the Royal Family and associated residences and consists of a number of sections, namely Personal and Close ...What is the royal protection force in the UK?Why did the royal family stop providing Prince Harry and his ...More results from www.quora.comMissing: origins | Show results with:origins
[31]
Weapons and equipment - College of Policing
Oct 23, 2013 · The Code provides guidance on a weapon evaluation procedure to support forces in selecting appropriate firearms, less lethal weapons and specialist munitions.
[32]
Police car responding - Metropolitan Police Protection Command
Sep 3, 2015 · Metropolitan Police Vauxhall Zafira Royalty Protection car responding with siren and lights to disorder in Whitehall, London.
[33]
Authorised firearms officer | Metropolitan Police
responding to high-risk incidents · taking part in proactive policing operations where intelligence suggests firearms support may be required · providing public ...
[34]
Man charged with terror offence after Israel embassy arrest - BBC
Apr 30, 2025 · Officers from the Met's Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection Command ... Met Police PC cleared over rape CCTV images. PC Acam Aspinall Da ...Missing: foiled | Show results with:foiled
[35]
Man Charged With Terrorism Offence in UK After Israeli Embassy ...
May 1, 2025 · Abdullah Sabah Albadri, 33 (28.12.1991) of no fixed abode was charged, following CPS authorisation, on Wednesday, 30 April with the ...
[36]
Man arrested after climbing front gates of Buckingham Palace
Jul 11, 2019 · Man arrested after climbing front gates of Buckingham Palace ... royalty and specialist protection command after he climbed over the ...
[37]
Man, 22, arrested after climbing Buckingham Palace fence at night
Jul 10, 2019 · ... Royalty and Specialist Protection Command. The Royal Family on the balcony for Trooping the Colour in June. The Royal Family on the ...
[38]
Westminster attack inquest: Bridge 'wasn't seen as terror target' - BBC
Sep 25, 2018 · An attack was not thought likely, even after vehicle attacks in Nice and Berlin, a senior policeman says.
[39]
Westminster's security system had 'not functioned for years', terror ...
Sep 18, 2018 · 'Dysfunctional' security system at Westminster ...<|separator|>
[40]
Westminster inquest: firearms officer 'unknowingly disobeyed ...
Sep 18, 2018 · ... attack because of his location. Adamson asked Ashby: “The system of security completely failed to protect PC Palmer, did it not on that day?”.
[41]
Pc Keith Palmer was left in a 'vulnerable location with no protection ...
Oct 3, 2018 · Khalid Masood killed five people during the attack on 22 March 2017 ... The five victims of the Westminster attack: Andreea Cristea, Kurt Cochran, ...
[42]
Keith Palmer death: police sued by family of officer killed in ...
Apr 21, 2020 · The widow of a police officer who was stabbed to death at parliament in a terrorist attack is to sue Scotland Yard after accusing it of failing to protect him.
[43]
[PDF] The Leven review - Met Police
RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE INTERNAL REVIEW INTO CULTURE AND. STANDARDS AT THE PARLIAMENTARY AND DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION COMMAND. ... was formed in PaDP, it is ...
[44]
Met Police: The 'dark corner' of the force where Wayne Couzens ...
Mar 21, 2023 · Made up of nearly 1,000 armed and unarmed officers, they are responsible for patrolling the Palace of Westminster, New Scotland Yard, Downing ...
[45]
Rishi Sunak's protection officer arrested over alleged bets - BBC News
Jun 19, 2024 · ... police constable from the Met's Royalty and Specialist Protection Command. ... Met Police officers sacked after BBC Panorama investigation.
[46]
Sunak protection officer arrested over alleged bets on timing of ...
Jun 19, 2024 · Members of the Met's royalty and specialist protection command operate in close proximity to the prime minister and his team, often sharing the ...
[47]
Ex-Met Officer Carrick charged with further sexual offences
Oct 10, 2024 · David Carrick previously worked as a Met Police officer, in the Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection Command within the Metropolitan Police.
[48]
Ex-UK police officer appears in court charged with multiple sex ...
Sep 4, 2024 · Tyrrell was an officer in the Met's Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection Command, which guards diplomatic premises. Wayne Couzens, a former ...
[49]
Met Police: Ex-officers sentenced over racist WhatsApp posts - BBC
Dec 7, 2023 · The officers served in the Met's Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection command but were retired when they exchanged the offensive messages ...
[50]
MPS Police Officers who have criminal records | Metropolitan Police
As of the 11 November 2024, 243 serving MPS police officers had criminal records. These were comprised of 148 police officers with convictions and 95 officers ...
[51]
Royal protection unit faces exodus of experienced officers
May 6, 2024 · Martin Evans Crime Editor. 06 May 2024 6:30pm BST. Martin Evans. The ... The RaSP unit has some of the Met's most experienced and skilled firearms ...
[52]
Long read: Parliamentary protection - the Met Police's 'dark corner'
Mar 21, 2023 · Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP). The unit is made up of nearly 1,000 armed and unarmed officers and staff. It is responsible ...Missing: evolution | Show results with:evolution
[53]
Royal protection officers paid £100k salaries after bringing claim ...
Dec 31, 2018 · The latest Metropolitan Police accounts show 47 officers smashed through the £100,000 barrier in 2016/2017 as a result. The officers are tasked ...Missing: overtime scandal
[54]
Scotland Yard officer in VIP protection team gets £67000 overtime pay
Apr 12, 2012 · A Met officer has earned £67,000 in overtime in one year in a payment that will increase pressure on ministers to press ahead with the ...Missing: scandal | Show results with:scandal
[55]
Police overtime bill soars by £100m despite drop in crime solving
Apr 6, 2024 · Police sergeants are earning up to 150pc extra in overtime pay each year despite solving a lower proportion of crimes.
[56]
Overtime costs for the Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection ...
Please provide the total amount claimed in overtime by the Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection Command in the financial year April 2023 to March 2024.
[57]
Jonathan Davies represents Royal and Specialist Protection Officers ...
Oct 13, 2021 · Their claims were, in the Fielding case, for non-payment of overtime and in Prior (and in the alternative in Fielding) for non-payment of the so ...Missing: scandal | Show results with:scandal
[58]
Police should never have employed Wayne Couzens, report finds
Feb 29, 2024 · He was a Metropolitan police officer and entrusted with a gun as part of the parliamentary and diplomatic protection command. Wayne Couzens ...
[59]
Police boss 'aghast' at missed red flags to stop Sarah Everard's killer
Feb 28, 2024 · Around one in three staff had been cleared out of the Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection Command, the elite team in which Couzens and ...
[60]
Met Police admits errors as officer pleads guilty to sexual offences
Jan 16, 2023 · Met Police admits errors as officer pleads guilty to sexual offences ... Vetting failures letting applicants with criminal records join police.
[61]
An inspection of vetting, misconduct, and misogyny in the police ...
Some police officers have used their unique position to commit appalling crimes, especially against women. Some forces have repeatedly failed to implement ...
[62]
Police vetting failures have allowed 'predatory' officers to join up ...
Nov 1, 2022 · Defective vetting and failures by police leaders have allowed a “prevalent” culture of potentially thousands of officers who are “predatory” towards women to ...
[63]
Up to 60 Met police officers a month face sack in effort to root out ...
Sep 19, 2023 · The Met also announced it had launched a complete overhaul of the Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection Command (PaDP), which Wayne Couzens ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[64]
Over 1000 Met officers taken off front line for corruption and ... - Metro
Sep 19, 2023 · It's since been revealed that a third of staff in the Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection Command squad, where Carrick and Couzens ...
[65]
Met Police officers who fail vetting scheme may keep jobs - BBC
Feb 11, 2025 · Met officers who fail vetting scheme may keep jobs. 11 February 2025 ... Met Police vetting is a background check on both new applicants ...
[66]
Met police investigate possible vetting errors over 300 recruits
Sep 22, 2025 · Other forces may have made similar errors. One source said: “Mistakes were made to let people in.” The Met confirmed to the Guardian that it is ...
[67]
'Size of a small police force' of Met officers are suspended or on ...
Sep 18, 2023 · Deputy assistant commissioner Laurence Taylor said the Operation Leven review found “unhealthy work cultures” with PADP arising from a “lack ...
[68]
The Met's firearms and VIP protection units - Greater London Authority
Dec 13, 2023 · The Met launched a review of its Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection unit prompted by the crimes of officers David Carrick and Wayne Couzens ...
[69]
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/royals/article-15227335/Detectives-royal-protection-officer-Prince-Andrew-Virginia-Giuffre.html
[70]
Met statement in response to allegations of misconduct at Charing ...
Sep 12, 2025 · “The behaviour as reported is disgraceful and nine officers were suspended within twenty-four hours of the allegations being assessed and ...
[71]
Uncooperative officers blocking Met reform, says ex-superintendent
Oct 11, 2021 · The Metropolitan police shelved plans to reform its unit dedicated to protecting politicians and diplomats because of “resistant and uncooperative” officers.Missing: adaptations Leven
[72]
Defence in the Grey Zone - Parliament UK
Jul 9, 2025 · 'Grey zone' refers to hostile activity below the threshold of direct, state-on-state conflict, designed to coerce governments or simply erode their ability to ...
[73]
[PDF] 2025 Worldwide Threat Assessment
Terrorist activity in Afghanistan and Pakistan will challenge military and security forces, and ongoing tensions along India and China's Line of Actual Control ...