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QC

Quantum computing is a computational paradigm that exploits quantum mechanical phenomena, including superposition, entanglement, and interference, to process information using quantum bits or qubits, which unlike classical bits can represent multiple states simultaneously, potentially enabling exponential speedup for specific algorithms intractable on classical hardware.^[1]^[2]^[3] The field originated in the early 1980s with theoretical proposals, such as Richard Feynman's suggestion that quantum systems could simulate physical processes more efficiently than classical computers, followed by formal models like David Deutsch's universal quantum computer in 1985.^[4]^[5] Key algorithms, including Peter Shor's for integer factorization and Lov Grover's for unstructured search, demonstrated theoretical advantages, such as threatening certain cryptographic systems and accelerating database queries.^[6] Notable achievements include experimental demonstrations of quantum supremacy, such as Google's 2019 claim using its 53-qubit Sycamore processor to perform a task in 200 seconds that would purportedly take a supercomputer 10,000 years, though contested by IBM for underestimating classical alternatives.^[7] Progress has accelerated with scalable qubit implementations by entities like IBM, which reported over 100-qubit systems by 2023, and hybrid quantum-classical approaches for optimization and simulation in chemistry and materials science.^[1]^[8] Despite promise in areas like drug discovery and financial modeling, quantum computing faces formidable challenges, including high error rates from decoherence, requiring error correction that demands thousands of physical qubits per logical one, and the need for cryogenic temperatures near absolute zero.^[3] Current systems remain noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, far from fault-tolerant universal quantum computers, with practical utility limited to proof-of-concept rather than widespread disruption.^[9] Skepticism persists regarding timelines for viable applications, as empirical scaling laws and resource overheads suggest decades may elapse before surpassing classical methods for real-world problems beyond niche simulations.^[10]

Business and Manufacturing

Quality Control

Quality control (QC) in manufacturing refers to the systematic procedures and techniques used to verify that products meet predefined specifications and standards, primarily through inspection, testing, and statistical analysis to identify and eliminate defects before delivery to customers.^[11] This reactive approach focuses on detecting variations in output during or after production, ensuring consistency and reliability in goods such as automotive parts or electronics components.^[12] Unlike quality assurance, which emphasizes preventive process design to avoid defects, QC targets verification of the final product or in-process materials, often involving sampling methods to balance cost and thoroughness.^[12] The foundations of modern QC trace to the early 20th century, with Walter Shewhart's development of the first control chart in 1924 at Bell Laboratories, introducing statistical process control (SPC) to distinguish between common cause variation (inherent to the process) and special cause variation (assignable anomalies).^[13] Shewhart's work enabled manufacturers to monitor processes quantitatively, reducing waste from over-correction of normal fluctuations.^[14] W. Edwards Deming expanded these principles in the 1950s, advocating SPC in Japan, where it contributed to post-World War II industrial recovery; by 1951, Deming's seminars had trained over 10,000 Japanese engineers, leading to widespread adoption and Japan's rise as a manufacturing powerhouse.^[15] Core QC methods include visual and dimensional inspections, where operators check attributes like size or surface finish against tolerances; non-destructive testing such as ultrasonic or radiographic methods for internal flaws; and SPC tools like Shewhart charts, which plot data over time to signal out-of-control conditions via rules such as points exceeding three standard deviations from the mean.^[16] Acceptance sampling, formalized by military standards during World War II, uses statistical plans to decide lot acceptability based on sample defect rates, minimizing inspection costs while controlling risk.^[17] In high-volume manufacturing, automated systems like machine vision integrate QC, achieving defect detection rates above 99% in sectors like semiconductors.^[18] International standards like ISO 9001:2015 provide frameworks for integrating QC into broader quality management systems, requiring documented procedures for monitoring, measurement, and continual improvement, with over 1 million certifications worldwide as of 2023.^[19] Compliance with such standards correlates with reduced defect rates; for instance, ISO-certified firms report up to 20% lower rework costs due to enforced QC protocols.^[20] Effective QC implementation demands trained personnel and calibrated equipment, as uncalibrated tools can introduce errors equivalent to 10-15% of process variation, underscoring the causal link between rigorous verification and output reliability.^[21]

Science and Technology

Computing

Quantum computing employs principles of quantum mechanics, including superposition, entanglement, and interference, to process information using quantum bits or qubits, which differ from classical bits by existing in multiple states simultaneously. This allows quantum systems to explore vast computational spaces in parallel, potentially solving specific problems intractable for classical computers, such as optimization and simulation tasks.^[1]^[3]^[2] The theoretical foundations emerged in the early 1980s, with Richard Feynman proposing in 1982 that quantum phenomena could only be accurately simulated by quantum-based machines, highlighting limitations of classical computation for quantum systems. David Deutsch advanced this in 1985 by defining a universal quantum Turing machine capable of efficient universal computation. Practical milestones include the development of Shor's algorithm in 1994, which factors large integers exponentially faster than the best classical algorithms, threatening RSA encryption, and Grover's algorithm in 1996, providing a quadratic speedup for unstructured database searches.^[22]^[9]^[23] By October 2025, quantum hardware has progressed to devices with over 1,000 qubits in some prototypes, such as IBM's systems and Google's Willow processor, but operates in the noisy intermediate-scale regime plagued by decoherence—where qubits lose quantum states due to environmental interactions—and error rates exceeding 1% per operation. Google's October 2025 announcement of a verifiable quantum advantage, where their system solved a random circuit sampling problem 13,000 times faster than classical supercomputers, relies on a novel Quantum Echoes algorithm but applies to contrived tasks rather than practical applications. Fault-tolerant quantum computing, requiring millions of logical qubits protected by error-correcting codes, remains elusive, with estimates for scalability to useful sizes ranging from 5–20 years amid ongoing challenges in cryogenic cooling, precise qubit control, and algorithmic efficiency.^[24]^[25]^[26] Current efforts focus on hybrid quantum-classical approaches for near-term utility, such as variational quantum eigensolvers for molecular simulations in drug discovery, though empirical demonstrations of quantum advantage in real-world problems beyond benchmarks are limited. Skepticism persists regarding overhyped claims, as quantum processors still underperform classical methods for most verified tasks due to noise accumulation over circuit depth. Investments exceeded $1.2 billion in early 2025, driven by governments and firms like Microsoft and PsiQuantum, but progress hinges on breakthroughs in topological qubits or photonic systems to mitigate error thresholds below 0.1% for viable scaling.^[27]^[28]^[29]

Physics and Engineering

Quantum computing leverages fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, including superposition, entanglement, and quantum interference, to process information in ways unattainable by classical computers. In superposition, a qubit can exist in a linear combination of states |0⟩ and |1⟩, enabling parallel evaluation of multiple computational paths simultaneously, unlike classical bits confined to single states. Entanglement correlates qubits such that the state of one instantaneously influences another, regardless of distance, facilitating complex correlations essential for algorithms like Shor's for factorization or Grover's for search. Interference allows constructive amplification of correct solutions and destructive cancellation of errors through phase alignments in the quantum wavefunction. These principles, rooted in the Schrödinger equation and unitary evolution, enable exponential speedup for specific problems, though universal quantum computation requires reversible gates preserving information coherence.^[1]^[30] Engineering quantum computers involves fabricating and controlling physical qubits that emulate ideal two-level quantum systems while mitigating environmental interactions. Dominant implementations include superconducting qubits, used by IBM and Google, which consist of Josephson junctions and superconducting loops cooled to millikelvin temperatures in dilution refrigerators to achieve near-zero resistance and quantized energy levels. IBM's Eagle processor featured 127 superconducting qubits in 2021, while Google's Sycamore with 53 qubits demonstrated a contested quantum supremacy milestone in 2019 by sampling random quantum circuits in 200 seconds—a task estimated to take classical supercomputers 10,000 years. Trapped-ion qubits, employed by companies like IonQ, suspend charged atoms in electromagnetic fields and manipulate them via lasers, offering longer coherence times (seconds) but slower gate speeds compared to superconducting types' nanoseconds. Photonic qubits encode information in light particles for room-temperature operation but face challenges in efficient single-photon sources and detectors. Hybrid approaches, such as topological qubits pursued by Microsoft, aim for inherent error resistance via anyons, though experimental realization remains elusive as of 2025.^[1]^[31]^[32] Decoherence, arising from interactions with thermal noise, electromagnetic fluctuations, and material defects, limits qubit fidelity, with superconducting coherence times typically 10–100 microseconds. Engineering countermeasures include dynamical decoupling pulses to refocus phases and improved isolation via high-quality microwave cavities. Quantum error correction (QEC) encodes logical qubits across multiple physical ones using codes like the surface code, which requires error rates below 1% per gate for scalability per the threshold theorem; Google's 2024 demonstration achieved below-threshold performance on a 105-qubit chip, correcting errors in real-time via repeated syndrome measurements without collapsing the quantum state. Fault-tolerant scaling demands millions of physical qubits for practical advantage, with current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices limited to ~100–400 qubits and gate fidelities of 99–99.9%. Cryogenic infrastructure, precision microwave control electronics, and fabrication akin to semiconductor processes pose ongoing engineering hurdles, with power consumption for cooling exceeding kilowatts per system.^[33]^[34]^[35]

Places

Canadian Geography

Quebec, a province in eastern Canada, spans approximately 1,542,056 square kilometers, making it the largest of Canada's provinces by area and encompassing diverse physiographic regions including the Canadian Shield, Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands, Appalachian Uplands, and Hudson Bay Lowland.^[36] Its terrain varies from the flat, rocky expanses of the Precambrian Shield, which dominates over 90% of the province and features thin soils, boreal forests, and thousands of lakes and rivers, to the fertile plains of the St. Lawrence Lowlands in the south.^[36] The Appalachian Uplands in the southeast include rolling hills, valleys, and higher elevations in the Gaspé Peninsula, while the Hudson Bay Lowland forms swampy, low-lying areas along the northern coast.^[36] The St. Lawrence River, the province's defining waterway, flows 1,197 kilometers within Quebec, forming a broad estuary at its mouth and supporting major population centers along its banks, with tributaries like the Saguenay and Ottawa rivers draining vast watersheds.^[37] Quebec contains over one million lakes, including the expansive Lake Mistassini (2,156 square kilometers), and extensive river systems that contribute to hydroelectric potential, particularly in the James Bay region where the La Grande River complex generates significant power.^[37] Northern areas transition to subarctic taiga and tundra, with permafrost and sparse vegetation beyond the tree line, contrasting the more temperate, forested south where elevations rarely exceed 600 meters except in the Laurentian Mountains (up to 1,193 meters at Mont Raoul-Blanchard).^[36] As of the third quarter of 2025, Quebec's population was estimated at 9,058,297, with over 80% concentrated in the southern St. Lawrence Valley and Montreal region due to the arable land and milder climate there, while vast northern territories remain sparsely populated.^[38] The province borders Ontario to the west, New Brunswick and the U.S. states of New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine to the south, Newfoundland and Labrador to the east, and extends to Hudson Bay and James Bay in the north, with maritime influences moderating coastal climates.^[39] These features underpin Quebec's resource economy, including forestry, mining, and hydropower, though environmental challenges like flooding and erosion affect the riverine lowlands.^[37]

Other Locations

Quezon City, commonly abbreviated as QC, is a highly urbanized city and the most populous municipality in the Philippines, located in Metro Manila on Luzon island.^[40] Founded on October 12, 1939, and named after Manuel L. Quezon, the second president of the Philippine Commonwealth, the city was established to decongest Manila and promote planned urban development.^[41] It served as the national capital from July 17, 1948, to July 7, 1976, when the status was returned to Manila by presidential decree under Ferdinand Marcos.^[42] As of the 2020 national census conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority, Quezon City had a population of 2,960,048 residents across 142 barangays, representing approximately 23% of Metro Manila's total population and making it the largest city proper in the country by inhabitants.^[43] The city spans 166.1 square kilometers and functions as a major commercial, educational, and media hub, hosting institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman and numerous broadcast networks.^[44] In the United States, QC also abbreviates the Quad Cities, a metropolitan area straddling the Mississippi River in northwestern Illinois and southeastern Iowa, encompassing cities like Davenport, Iowa; Moline, Illinois; Rock Island, Illinois; and Bettendorf, Iowa.^[45] This region, with a combined population of about 380,000 as of 2020 U.S. Census estimates, derives its name from the four original cities and serves as an industrial and cultural corridor, though the abbreviation is less exclusively tied to it than in the Philippine context.^[46]

Law and Government

Legal Titles and Roles

Queen's Counsel (QC) was a prestigious honorific title conferred on senior barristers and solicitors in various Commonwealth jurisdictions, recognizing outstanding advocacy skills, legal expertise, and contributions to the profession. The designation, formally "Her Majesty's Counsel learned in the law," entitled holders to use the post-nominal letters QC and symbolized leadership in complex litigation, often involving leading teams in high-stakes cases before superior courts. Holders typically wore silk gowns in court—earning the nickname "silks"—distinguishing them from junior barristers in stuff gowns, a tradition reflecting their elevated status since the title's inception.^[47]^[48] The title originated in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, with the first appointments in 1597 to provide the Crown with elite advocates unbound by traditional barrister etiquette. By the 19th century, it expanded to include opposition counsel, evolving into a merit-based recognition rather than royal patronage. In England and Wales, appointments transitioned to a competitive application process in 2004, evaluated by an independent panel reviewing judicial questionnaires, peer endorsements, and case outcomes; successful candidates, selected annually from hundreds of applicants, demonstrate eminence in at least three practice areas over recent years. Similar merit criteria apply in Australia, where state bars appoint QCs (now KCs) based on sustained excellence, with around 20-30 new silks per jurisdiction yearly.^[48]^[49] In Canada, QC designations were awarded at federal and provincial levels to lawyers exemplifying distinguished service, leadership, and ethical practice, with federal appointments ceasing in 2006 under Prime Minister Harper's government to emphasize merit over honorifics, though provinces like Ontario and British Columbia continue selective processes. For instance, in 2013, seven federal public service lawyers received the honor for contributions to Canadian justice administration. The title's role emphasized mentoring juniors and handling precedent-setting appeals, but critics noted potential elitism, as QCs commanded premium fees—often 2-3 times junior rates—and dominated senior advocacy slots.^[50]^[51] Following Queen Elizabeth II's death on September 8, 2022, and King Charles III's accession, all QCs in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and other realms automatically became King's Counsel (KC), with post-nominals updated to reflect the change; approximately 1,900 UK silks and equivalents abroad adopted KC by late 2022, preserving the title's prestige amid modern scrutiny over diversity in appointments, where women and ethnic minorities remain underrepresented despite reforms. In jurisdictions without monarchic ties, equivalents like Senior Counsel (SC) persist, such as in Ireland or Singapore, maintaining the tradition of elite legal recognition without royal nomenclature.^[52]^[49]

Arts and Entertainment

Media and Comics

Questionable Content, commonly abbreviated as QC, is a slice-of-life webcomic written and illustrated by Jeph Jacques.^[53] Launched on August 1, 2003, the series depicts the interpersonal relationships and daily experiences of a cast of young adults, initially centered on characters involved in the indie music scene and coffee shop work.^[53]^[54] Over time, the narrative incorporated science fiction elements, including sentient anthropomorphic robots and advanced artificial intelligences integrated into society, expanding the scope to explore themes of technology, identity, and emotional growth.^[55] The comic updates Monday through Friday, maintaining a consistent schedule that has resulted in over 5,000 strips as of recent years.^[56] Key recurring characters include Marten Reed, a laid-back systems administrator; Faye Whitaker, a sharp-tongued barista with a traumatic backstory; and various robot companions like Pintsize, an irreverent personal assistant AI.^[57] Early strips emphasized gag-based humor and casual encounters, but the storyline evolved into longer arcs addressing mental health, romance, and societal integration of non-human entities, reflecting Jacques' shift from standalone jokes to serialized plotting around 2005-2006.^[58] Reception has been mixed, with praise for its character development and representation of diverse relationships, alongside criticism from some longtime readers for perceived changes in tone and focus toward more explicit explorations of gender and sexuality in later arcs.^[59] Jacques sustains the project through Patreon support, allowing full-time dedication since its early years.^[60] No adaptations into other media formats, such as animation or print collections beyond fan efforts, have been officially produced as of 2025.^[56]

Music and Performers

Quality Control Music, abbreviated as QC, is an American hip hop record label and artist management firm headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.^[61] The company was established in March 2013 by Kevin "Coach K" Lee, who serves as chief operating officer, and Pierre "P" Thomas, who acts as chief executive officer.^[61]^[62] QC specializes in artist development, publishing, and management, leveraging data analytics to identify emerging talent in hip hop and trap genres.^[61] QC gained prominence through its roster of performers, including the hip hop trio Migos, whose 2017 album Culture achieved diamond certification from the Recording Industry Association of America after selling over 10 million equivalent units in the United States.^[62] Other key artists signed to the label include Lil Yachty, known for his alternative hip hop style and hits like "One Night" (2016), which peaked at number 45 on the Billboard Hot 100; Lil Baby, whose debut album Harder Than Ever (2018) debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 and earned platinum status; and the duo City Girls, featuring JT and Yung Miami, whose single "Act Up" (2018) reached number 42 on the Billboard Hot 100.^[62] The label also manages performers such as Cardi B, who has secured multiple number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100, including "Bodak Yellow" (2017).^[62] In May 2015, QC formed a joint venture with Universal Music Group's Capitol Music Group and Motown Records, enabling wider distribution for its artists' releases.^[63] This partnership contributed to the commercial success of QC-affiliated projects, such as Migos' Bad and Boujee (2016), which topped the Billboard Hot 100. In February 2023, South Korean entertainment conglomerate HYBE Corporation acquired a majority stake in QC via HYBE America for approximately $300 million, integrating it into a broader portfolio while retaining its independent operations.^[62] As of 2024, QC continues to release music from its core performers and has expanded into management for additional acts like Lakeyah and Duke Deuce.^[64]

Other Uses

Miscellaneous Acronyms and Terms

Quality control (QC) encompasses the operational techniques and activities used to fulfill requirements for quality in manufacturing and service delivery, focusing on detecting and remedying defects through inspection, measurement, and testing.^[11] These processes ensure products conform to predefined standards, often involving statistical methods to monitor variability and maintain consistency.^[65] QC differs from quality assurance by being reactive—addressing issues post-production—rather than preventive.^[66] In United States Social Security administration, QC denotes a quarter of coverage, defined as a calendar quarter in which a worker receives credit for covered earnings meeting or exceeding the applicable threshold, such as $1,730 in 2024.^[67] This unit determines insured status for benefits eligibility, with workers able to earn up to four quarters annually based on wages or self-employment income subject to Social Security taxes.^[68] Quick Charge (QC) is a fast-charging technology developed by Qualcomm, introduced in 2013, that dynamically adjusts voltage and current to accelerate battery charging while protecting device safety.^[69] Versions like QC 5.0 support up to 100W power delivery, enabling smartphones to reach 50% charge in approximately five minutes under optimal conditions.^[69] It relies on proprietary communication between compatible chargers and devices to optimize power transfer beyond standard USB rates.^[70] Less prevalent applications of QC include abbreviations for Quartermaster Corps, a historical U.S. Army logistics branch responsible for supply chain management, and Quiet Channel in legacy RCA two-way radio systems for noise reduction.^[71]

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A horrible, horrible AI. Went to Robot Jail for financial fraud, struggling to navigate life after her release. Lives with Dale, Marigold, and Momo.
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Insured status - Social Security
You earn a quarter of coverage (QC)—also called a "credit"—for a certain amount of work covered under Social Security, but you may earn no more than 4 QCs per ...
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Qualcomm Quick Charge 5
Quick Charge enables charging speeds of up to 0-50% in five minutes, with 100W+ charging power with our Dual Charge technology. Versatility.
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Quick Charge FAQs | Get Answers to Your Questions - Qualcomm
Quick Charge operates within the design parameters of batteries found in most smartphones. It is just charging the battery the way it is designed to be charged.
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Q.C. Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
abbreviation. quality control. Quartermaster Corps. Queen's Counsel.