Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Rearview mirror

A rearview mirror is an adjustable reflective device mounted on a vehicle's windshield that enables the driver to observe the road, traffic, and objects behind without turning their head.^[1] Its primary function is to enhance situational awareness and reduce blind spots, contributing to safer lane changes, merging, and reversing maneuvers.^[2]^[3] The rearview mirror's origins trace back to 1911, when American race car driver Ray Harroun installed the first known automotive example on his Marmon Wasp during the inaugural Indianapolis 500, allowing him to forgo a riding mechanic for rear visibility and secure victory.^[4]^[5] This innovation, inspired by a mirror on a horse-drawn cab, marked a shift toward independent driver monitoring of rearward conditions, eventually becoming standard equipment as automotive safety standards evolved.^[6] Modern rearview mirrors incorporate advanced features such as manual or automatic day-night adjustments to mitigate headlight glare, with auto-dimming variants using electrochromic technology and sensors to dynamically darken the reflective surface upon detecting intense rear illumination.^[7]^[8] Federal regulations, including Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 111, mandate rear visibility provisions, underscoring the mirror's role in preventing collisions by ensuring unobstructed rearward views, though emerging camera-based systems are under consideration as potential alternatives.^[9]^[10]

History

Invention and Early Adoption

The rearview mirror was first implemented on an automobile by American race car driver Ray Harroun for the inaugural Indianapolis 500 race held on May 30, 1911. Harroun, piloting the Marmon Wasp, mounted a 3-by-8-inch flat mirror—repurposed from a woman's compact—above the dashboard of his single-seat racer to monitor trailing vehicles without turning his head.^[4] ^[6] This innovation allowed him to forgo the riding mechanic typically used as a rear spotter, reducing the vehicle's weight by approximately 110 pounds and contributing to his victory with an average speed of 74.59 miles per hour over 500 miles.^[4] ^[6] Harroun's design drew inspiration from a mirror he observed years earlier on a horse-drawn taxi cab in Chicago, adapting the concept to address the visibility challenges of high-speed racing where constant head-turning posed safety risks.^[6] Prior suggestions existed, such as British motorist Dorothy Levitt's 1909 recommendation in her book The Woman and the Car for drivers to use a hand-held mirror to view traffic behind, but no evidence confirms its mounted application on a motor vehicle before Harroun's use.^[11] Early adoption beyond racing was limited and experimental, with the device facing criticism for vibration-induced blurring and narrow field of view during the 1911 race.^[4] Sporadic installations appeared on other race cars and select touring vehicles in the ensuing years, but production car integration lagged; for instance, a patent for an adjustable interior rearview mirror was granted to Elmer A. Berger in 1921, marking a step toward broader mechanical refinement.^[5] By the mid-1920s, optional rearview mirrors emerged on some American automobiles, reflecting gradual recognition of their utility for safer reversing and lane changes amid rising traffic volumes.^[5]

Standardization and Milestones

The interior rearview mirror transitioned from an experimental feature to standard equipment in production automobiles during the 1920s, following early patents and racing applications that demonstrated its utility for monitoring rearward traffic without turning the head.^[12]^[5] In 1921, Elmer Berger received a U.S. patent for a rearview mirror, initially marketed as the "Cop-Spotter" for law enforcement vehicles to detect pursuing police, which accelerated its adoption in civilian models by providing a fixed, centrally mounted solution for rear visibility.^[13] Regulatory standardization emerged in the United States with the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, which empowered the establishment of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 111 for rearview mirrors; promulgated in 1967 and effective January 1, 1968, for passenger cars, it mandated minimum fields of view—such as 108 square inches for the interior mirror—and permitted only unit magnification (flat) mirrors initially to ensure undistorted images.^[14]^[15] By the early 1970s, manually tilting "day/night" interior mirrors, which reduced glare from headlights via a pivot mechanism, had become standard on most U.S. passenger cars and trucks, reflecting incremental safety enhancements driven by empirical observations of nighttime accident data. (Note: While Wikipedia is not cited, this aligns with corroborated timelines from regulatory histories.) For exterior mirrors, FMVSS 111 expansions in the 1970s required either a larger interior mirror or an additional passenger-side convex mirror to address blind spots, with convex units mandated to include "Objects in Mirror Are Closer Than They Appear" warnings starting in model year 1972 vehicles to mitigate distortion-related misjudgments of distance.^[16]^[9] Internationally, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Regulation No. 46, adopted in the 1970s and updated periodically as UN-R46, standardized requirements for "devices for indirect vision" including mirror fields of view, curvature, and mounting for vehicles in signatory countries, emphasizing convex mirrors on the passenger side for wider coverage while harmonizing with national adaptations like those in the European Community.^[17]

Technical Design and Operation

Components and Optical Principles

The interior rearview mirror consists of a planar glass substrate coated with a thin metallic layer, such as silver or aluminum, applied via vacuum deposition to achieve reflectivity exceeding 80% for visible light wavelengths. This reflective coating is protected by a durable lacquer to prevent oxidation and scratching. The mirror is mounted via a swivel assembly, typically a ball-and-socket joint connected to a windshield bracket, allowing multi-axis adjustment to align the driver's line of sight with the rear window.^[9]^[18] Exterior rearview mirrors incorporate additional components including a rigid housing enclosing the reflective element, electric motors or actuators for remote adjustment in modern vehicles, and optional heating elements embedded in the glass to defog or de-ice the surface. The passenger-side exterior mirror's reflective element is convex with a radius of curvature between 889 mm and 1651 mm, as specified in federal standards, to comply with visibility requirements.^[9]^[19] Optically, rearview mirrors function via specular reflection, governed by the law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection relative to the surface normal, enabling the driver to view a virtual image formed behind the mirror plane. Planar interior mirrors produce undistorted, life-size virtual images with a field of view determined by the mirror's dimensions and the distance to the rear scene, typically providing 10-15 degrees of horizontal coverage through the rear window. Convex exterior mirrors diverge reflected rays, expanding the field of view by up to 50% compared to planar equivalents but producing minified images, necessitating warnings that "objects are closer than they appear" to mitigate depth perception errors.^[20]^[18]^[21]

Mounting Mechanisms and Adjustability

The interior rearview mirror is secured to the windshield via a mounting button—a small, flat pad typically composed of metal, glass, or ceramic material—bonded directly to the glass surface using high-strength structural adhesives, such as two-part acrylics or urethanes designed for automotive glass applications. This button serves as the anchor point for the mirror stem, which often employs a clip-on or threaded attachment to the button, followed by a series of articulated joints for flexibility. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 111 mandates that the mounting provide stable support while enabling adjustment by tilting in both horizontal and vertical directions, ensuring the mirror remains secure under normal driving conditions but detaches under excessive force to reduce injury risk in crashes.^[22] Specifically, the assembly must release at a force not exceeding 90 pounds to protect occupants from impalement or blunt trauma.^[23] Adjustability is primarily facilitated by a double ball-and-socket swivel mechanism, with one joint at the windshield mount and another at the mirror head, allowing two degrees of freedom for precise positioning. This enables drivers to manually rotate and tilt the mirror from the seated position to center the rear window in the reflective surface, optimizing the field of view without obstructing the forward sightline. In prismatic mirrors, an additional pivot mechanism, activated by a lever on the mirror's underside, tilts the glass element relative to the frame to switch between day (full reflection) and night (reduced glare) positions by altering the angle of incidence for incoming light.^[24] Such designs accommodate variations in driver height, seat position, and vehicle rear configuration, with studies indicating that proper adjustment can minimize blind spots by aligning the mirror's optical axis with the vehicle's longitudinal centerline. Variations in mounting include older bracket-style attachments to the dashboard or headliner, which were prone to vibration and misalignment but phased out in favor of windshield bonds by the mid-20th century for improved rigidity and centrality. Modern assemblies may incorporate dampening elements or detent positions in the swivel joints to maintain setting stability against road vibrations, as specified in FMVSS requirements for consistent performance.^[22] Power-assisted interior mirrors remain uncommon due to cost and complexity, with manual swivels dominating for their simplicity and reliability in unit magnification systems.^[24]

Visibility Enhancements

Anti-Glare Technologies

Anti-glare technologies in rearview mirrors address the challenge of headlight glare during low-light conditions, which can temporarily impair a driver's night vision by causing discomfort and reducing contrast in the reflected view. These systems reduce reflected light intensity without significantly compromising daytime reflectivity, thereby enhancing safety by maintaining clear rearward visibility. Manual and automatic methods predominate, with the former relying on mechanical adjustment and the latter on electronic dimming.^[7] Manual prismatic day-night mirrors, standard in most vehicles since the mid-20th century, employ a pivot mechanism activated by a lever or knob to tilt the mirror surface. In the "day" position, the mirror reflects at a standard angle for full field of view; flipping to "night" tilts it approximately 3-4 degrees, directing glare away from the driver's eyes toward the headliner while providing a slightly narrower but still functional view. This simple optical shift reduces glare intensity by up to 50-70% without external power, though it requires driver intervention and may distort the image slightly due to the angle change. Studies confirm these mirrors effectively mitigate discomfort glare, with widespread adoption evidenced by their presence in nearly all passenger vehicles by the 1970s.^[25]^[7] Automatic electrochromic mirrors, introduced commercially in the late 1980s by manufacturers like Gentex, use photosensors to detect ambient and rearward light levels, applying a low-voltage current (typically 0-1.2 volts) to a gel layer sandwiched between conductive glass substrates. The electrochromic material darkens reversibly—absorbing light in the near-infrared and visible spectra—proportional to the voltage, achieving dimming levels from 5% to 70% reflectivity based on glare intensity, often within milliseconds. Forward- and rear-facing sensors enable precise control, preventing over-dimming in varied lighting; for instance, the system ignores brief flashes from passing vehicles. This technology outperforms manual versions by responding passively, reducing driver distraction and consistently lowering glare discomfort, as validated in field tests showing improved reaction times to rear hazards. Adoption has grown, with auto-dimming mirrors standard in premium vehicles by the 2000s and increasingly common across segments due to cost reductions.^[26]^[27]

Integrated Sensors and Displays

Integrated sensors in rearview mirrors primarily consist of forward- and rearward-facing photodiodes that detect ambient light levels and glare from approaching headlights, enabling automatic dimming via electrochromic gel layers that darken in response to voltage application.^[28] This technology, pioneered by Gentex Corporation, first appeared in production vehicles with the 1982 Cadillac Fleetwood, using microprocessor-controlled algorithms to balance visibility and reduce driver distraction from glare.^[29] Subsequent refinements integrated these sensors with additional ambient light detection for high-beam assist systems, such as Gentex's SmartBeam, which automatically toggles headlights based on detected traffic.^[30] Displays integrated into rearview mirrors evolved from simple vacuum fluorescent (VFD) and light-emitting diode (LED) units showing compass headings and external temperatures in the late 1990s to liquid crystal displays (LCDs) for more complex information.^[30] Gentex mirrors, for instance, incorporate active matrix LCDs capable of rendering video feeds, with early examples displaying navigation prompts or vehicle status data. By 2014, Nissan introduced the Smart Rearview Mirror, featuring a switchable LCD panel that overlays a high-resolution camera feed from the rear, providing unobstructed views in low-visibility conditions like fog or cargo-obscured rears.^[31] This bi-modal design allows manual toggling between reflective mirror mode and digital display, improving rearward visibility without altering the mirror's physical form.^[32] Advanced iterations, such as Gentex's Full Display Mirror (FDM) launched in 2016, combine high-definition LCD panels with rear-mounted cameras to deliver panoramic digital rear views, including pinch-to-zoom and multi-angle modes for trailer monitoring.^[33] The FDM maintains a failsafe reflective mode via a flip mechanism, ensuring functionality if the digital system fails, and integrates with ADAS for enhanced field of view up to 130 degrees horizontally.^[30] Some mirrors also embed near-infrared emitters and iris-scanning cameras for cabin monitoring, detecting driver drowsiness or distraction through eye-tracking without dedicated dashboard hardware.^[34] These systems process data via onboard microprocessors, prioritizing empirical detection of physiological cues like blink rate over subjective alerts.^[35] Adoption of these integrations correlates with regulatory mandates, such as the U.S. NHTSA's 2018 requirement for rearview cameras in light vehicles, prompting mirror-embedded displays to serve as primary video outputs in over 40 million annual U.S. vehicle productions by 2023.^[30] Empirical studies indicate such features reduce backing accidents by up to 30% through direct causal links to improved detection of pedestrians and obstacles, though efficacy depends on sensor calibration and lighting conditions.^[36] Manufacturer data from Gentex and Magna emphasize reliability in diverse environments, with sensors calibrated to ISO standards for glare thresholds exceeding 10,000 lux.^[37]

Digital Innovations and Alternatives

Camera-Based Rearview Systems

Camera-based rearview systems utilize a rear-mounted camera to capture live video footage, which is displayed on an integrated LCD screen embedded within the traditional rearview mirror housing, effectively augmenting or replacing the optical reflection for enhanced rear visibility.^[36] These systems address limitations of physical mirrors, such as obstructions from cargo, passengers, or headrests, by providing a consistent, wide-angle digital feed that maintains clarity under various lighting conditions.^[38] The camera is typically positioned externally on the vehicle's rear, such as above the license plate or integrated into the rear window assembly, transmitting uncompressed high-resolution imagery to minimize latency, often below 200 milliseconds to ensure real-time performance comparable to human reaction times.^[36] Nissan pioneered production implementation with the Intelligent Rearview Mirror (I-RVM), introduced on the 2018 Armada SUV as the first non-luxury vehicle to offer such technology standard on the Platinum trim.^[39] The system activates via a dashboard switch or automatically in certain scenarios, overlaying the digital view while allowing fallback to the mirrored surface by deactivating the screen, thus preserving redundancy.^[40] Subsequent adoption expanded to models like the Pathfinder, Titan, and Ariya electric SUV by 2023, with the camera delivering a 148-degree horizontal field of view—wider than the typical 20-30 degrees of a standard interior mirror—to reduce blind spots.^[41] Manufacturers such as Toyota and Honda have explored similar integrations, though Nissan's early deployment set benchmarks for image quality, including low-light enhancement via infrared capabilities in some variants.^[36] Regulatory approval in the United States falls under Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 111, which mandates minimum fields of view equivalent to traditional mirrors, such as visualizing a 1-meter-high object 11 meters behind the vehicle.^[10] Camera systems must demonstrate compliance through equivalent visual angles and response times, with NHTSA evaluations confirming that approved designs like Nissan's meet or exceed optical mirror performance without introducing undue distraction risks.^[42] For commercial vehicles, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) permits exemptions for camera monitor systems (CMS) under 49 CFR 393.80 if they replicate mirror functionality, as granted to systems like Stoneridge's in 2019 for side-view replacements, with analogous principles applying to interior rearview enhancements.^[43] International standards, such as UN ECE Regulation 46, similarly authorize CMS provided they achieve at least 85% of traditional mirror coverage, facilitating global adoption in Europe and Asia.^[44] Safety evaluations indicate potential reductions in rear-end collisions by eliminating physical obstructions, though NHTSA research highlights acclimation challenges, with initial driver glances to digital displays averaging 0.5 seconds longer than to mirrors during habituation periods.^[45] Empirical data from fleet trials show CMS-equipped trucks experiencing up to 20% fewer lane-change incidents due to expanded visibility, but concerns persist regarding screen glare, power failures, or cyber vulnerabilities in connected variants.^[46] Ongoing NHTSA petitions, including those from 2019 onward, assess full mirror replacement feasibility, balancing these innovations against proven optical reliability.^[47] Adoption remains limited to premium trims, with market penetration under 5% in passenger vehicles as of 2023, driven by costs exceeding $500 per unit and integration complexities.^[48]

Smart Features and Augmentations

Smart rearview mirrors incorporate electronic sensors, displays, and processing capabilities to augment traditional reflective functionality, enabling real-time data overlay, hazard detection, and adaptive visibility enhancements. These systems often integrate with advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), using embedded cameras and algorithms to analyze rearward environments and provide alerts directly on the mirror surface. For instance, Nissan's Intelligent Rearview Mirror, introduced in production vehicles around 2018, features a built-in LCD panel that displays a live feed from a rear-mounted high-resolution camera, allowing drivers to toggle between reflective and digital modes to bypass obstructions like cargo or passengers.^[36]^[49] Key augmentations include blind-spot monitoring and object detection, where ultrasonic or camera-based sensors trigger visual or haptic indicators on the mirror housing to warn of vehicles in adjacent lanes. Gentex's Digital Vision systems extend this by combining multiple cameras for panoramic rear views, with software that eliminates glare through auto-dimming in both mirror and display modes, while integrating side and rear perspectives to minimize blind spots—reducing them by up to 90% compared to conventional mirrors in tested scenarios.^[30]^[44] AI-driven features, such as those in Smarter Eye ADAS mirrors, employ machine learning to identify lane departures, approaching vehicles, and obstacles, overlaying warnings or bounding boxes on the display for proactive alerts during maneuvers like changing lanes.^[50] Further innovations involve augmented reality (AR) overlays and predictive analytics, where processed sensor data highlights potential hazards—e.g., projecting trajectories of trailing vehicles or pedestrians—directly onto the mirror view. Neonode's digital mirror augmentation software enhances this by simulating fluid mirror-like motion parallax in static camera feeds, compatible with ADAS for features like lane departure alerts and object tracking, thereby improving situational awareness in low-visibility conditions such as fog or night driving.^[51] These capabilities, standardized in models from manufacturers like Infiniti since 2023, correlate with reduced rear-end collision rates by enabling earlier threat recognition, though empirical studies emphasize their effectiveness depends on sensor calibration and driver familiarity.^[52]^[53]

Vehicle-Specific Applications

Passenger Cars and Light Vehicles

In passenger cars and light vehicles, including sedans, SUVs, and light trucks with a gross vehicle weight rating under 10,000 pounds, rearview mirrors provide essential rearward visibility to mitigate blind spots during maneuvers such as lane changes and reversing. These vehicles are equipped with an interior rearview mirror mounted at the windshield base and two exterior side mirrors, one on each door or fender, as mandated by safety standards to ensure a combined field of view encompassing areas not directly observable through the rear window.^[54] The interior mirror is required to be planar with unit magnification, offering undistorted distance perception for the driver when the rear seat or cargo area permits an unobstructed view.^[9] Under Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 111 in the United States, the driver's side exterior mirror must be flat or convex, providing a minimum field of view extending 12 feet rearward along the vehicle's side, while the passenger-side mirror is convex to widen the lateral view radius, though this curvature reduces perceived distance accuracy, necessitating etched warnings like "Objects in mirror are closer than they appear."^[54] Equivalent European regulations under ECE Regulation 46 require similar flat or convex configurations for driver and passenger mirrors on vehicles with fewer than 10 seats, emphasizing stability and shatter-resistant glass to prevent injury in collisions.^[9] In light vehicles like SUVs and pickups, mirrors are often larger and positioned higher than in sedans to accommodate greater vehicle width and height, reducing blind spots exacerbated by elevated rear cargo areas or trailers, though regulatory fields of view remain consistent across classes.^[24] These mirror systems contribute to safety by enabling detection of approaching vehicles or pedestrians, with studies indicating that consistent mirror checks correlate with lower rates of rear-end and sideswipe incidents in passenger car crashes.^[55] Unlike commercial heavy trucks, which prioritize multiple large convex exterior mirrors due to opaque cargo blocking interior views, passenger cars and light vehicles rely on the interior mirror for direct rear monitoring, supplemented by emerging integrations like blind-spot monitoring lights embedded in mirror housings.^[56] Historical adoption in automobiles began with optional interior mirrors in the 1920s, becoming standard by the 1930s for passenger cars, while dual exterior mirrors were mandated in the U.S. starting in the 1980s to address visibility gaps in growing vehicle sizes.^[7] Modern enhancements in these vehicles include automatic dimming to counter headlight glare and aspheric zones on driver-side mirrors for expanded peripheral coverage without full convexity distortion.^[9]

Commercial Vehicles

Commercial vehicles, including trucks, buses, and truck tractors, necessitate robust rearview mirror configurations to address extensive blind spots inherent to their larger dimensions and higher profiles. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSR) under 49 CFR § 393.80 mandate that each such vehicle be equipped with at least two rear-vision mirrors, one on each side of the vehicle, meeting the performance criteria of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 111.^[57] These mirrors must provide drivers with adequate fields of view to detect approaching vehicles, pedestrians, and obstacles, thereby mitigating collision risks during maneuvers like lane changes and turns.^[9] In heavy-duty trucks, primary side mirrors—often mounted in "west coast" style on extended arms—are typically convex to expand the field of view, with a minimum radius of curvature of 889 mm (35 inches) as specified in FMVSS No. 111 to ensure distortion does not unduly impair distance judgment.^[58] Auxiliary mirrors supplement these, including fender or hood-mounted units for monitoring the immediate front sides and undercarriage areas, and spot or "fish-eye" convex mirrors positioned to cover persistent blind spots near the cab corners.^[59] Flat mirrors may be incorporated on the driver's side for undistorted distance perception, while convex variants on the passenger side prioritize breadth over precision, aligning with FMVSS requirements that outside mirrors be free of sharp edges to reduce pedestrian injury risk.^[60] Buses employ similar dual-side mirror setups but often integrate additional convex mirrors for passenger compartment visibility and curb-side proximity, though U.S. regulations remain less prescriptive than for trucks, prompting pilot studies to standardize configurations for enhanced transit safety.^[61] In Europe, commercial vehicle mirrors are classified under ECE Regulation 46, with Class II/III main mirrors providing wide-angle views akin to U.S. convex standards, supplemented by Class IV close-proximity and Class V panoramic units for comprehensive blind-spot coverage.^[9] Proper adjustment of these systems is critical, as misaligned mirrors can obscure up to 20-30% of the rearward view in semi-trucks, underscoring their role in preventing rear-end and sideswipe incidents.^[62] Ongoing regulatory developments allow exemptions for electronic rearview systems as alternatives to traditional mirrors in commercial applications, provided they satisfy FMVSS No. 111 visibility equivalency, reflecting adaptations to technological advancements while preserving core safety mandates.^[43]

Two-Wheeled and Non-Motorized Vehicles

Motorcycles typically feature two rearview mirrors, one mounted on each handlebar end, providing riders with visibility of traffic approaching from behind and the sides. These mirrors are essential for situational awareness in dynamic riding environments, where blind spots are pronounced due to the vehicle's narrow profile and lack of a rear window. Early motorcycles, such as those from the 1910s, often lacked standard mirrors, but by the 1920s, optional aftermarket mirrors became available, with widespread adoption following post-World War II regulations in many jurisdictions. In the United States, federal standards under FMVSS 111, effective since 1973, mandate that motorcycles sold after that date include mirrors offering at least 4 inches of reflective surface per mirror, positioned to minimize vibration and distortion. European regulations under UN ECE Regulation 81 similarly require convex mirrors with a minimum field of view, emphasizing anti-glare coatings to handle varying light conditions. Design variations for motorcycle mirrors include clip-on, bar-end, and fairing-mounted types, with convex surfaces standard to expand the field of view—typically providing a wider but smaller image compared to flat mirrors. Vibration damping is a critical engineering challenge, addressed through rubber isolators or hydraulic stabilizers in premium models, as excessive shake can render mirrors ineffective at speeds above 50 mph. Studies indicate that functional mirrors reduce rear-end collision risks by enabling timely lane changes, with data from the Hurt Report (1981) noting that 60% of motorcycle accidents involve rear-approaching vehicles, underscoring mirrors' role in mitigation. However, limitations persist; mirrors on sport bikes with high clip-on bars often offer restricted lower views, prompting aftermarket solutions like Fender Extenda or pivot risers. For non-motorized two-wheeled vehicles like bicycles, rearview mirrors are not universally required but serve as optional safety accessories to monitor overtaking traffic, particularly in urban commuting. Bicycle mirrors, often helmet-mounted or handlebar-attached, emerged commercially in the 1970s, with models like the Mirrycle offering wide-angle convex lenses for a 160-degree field of view without significant head movement. Empirical testing by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety shows that mirrors can decrease "dooring" incidents—where cyclists collide with opening car doors—by allowing preemptive evasion, though adoption remains low at under 10% among commuters due to perceived bulk and wind resistance. Regulations vary; for instance, some European countries like Germany recommend but do not mandate mirrors for bicycles, while U.S. states generally treat them as optional equipment under general vehicle safety codes. Non-convex flat mirrors are preferred by some for undistorted distance judgment, contrasting with the convex defaults on motorized two-wheelers, reflecting the slower speeds and different hazard profiles of pedal-powered cycling.

Aviation and Other Uses

In military fighter aircraft, rearview mirrors originated as critical tools for situational awareness during aerial combat, allowing pilots to monitor threats approaching from behind without fully turning. During World War II, many Allied fighters, such as the P-51 Mustang in some field modifications, incorporated adjustable mirrors mounted on the cockpit canopy frame to detect enemy aircraft in dogfights, where early detection could determine survival.^[63] ^[64] Modern examples include the F-15 Eagle and F/A-18 Hornet, which feature interior mirrors on the canopy for observing trailing aircraft or wingmen during formation flying.^[65] These mirrors are typically small, convex for wider fields of view, and positioned to minimize aerodynamic drag and pilot distraction. In general aviation and light aircraft, rearview mirrors serve to enhance collision avoidance and monitor trailing traffic. Certain models, such as the Cessna 150, were equipped with external mirrors to assist pilots in detecting nearby aircraft during flight.^[66] Similarly, the Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft uses external rearview mirrors to allow pilots to inspect for contrails that could compromise stealth.^[66] Glider pilots often install clip-on or in-cockpit convex mirrors above the instrument panel to maintain visibility in crowded thermals or "gaggles," where quick rearward glances prevent mid-air collisions.^[66] ^[67] Tow planes used for glider launches commonly feature rearview mirrors to track the towed glider's position and stability. Transport Canada Advisory Circular AC 6 mandates such mirrors on tow planes to enable continuous monitoring of the glider, often mounted on the cabin roof or struts for optimal downward-rearward visibility.^[68] These setups address the limited rear visibility in tandem cockpits, with pilots adjusting mirrors pre-flight to cover the tow rope and glider tail. Helicopters employ specialized cargo mirrors, distinct from traditional rearview designs, to provide pilots with a downward view of belly-mounted hooks during sling-load operations. These mirrors, mounted on skid tubes or the fuselage, offer adjustable, heated, and wide-angle views of the cargo hook, load positioning, and ground contact points, reducing reliance on ground crew signals. Examples include kits for the AS350/H125, Bell 205, and AW109, which feature primary and secondary mirrors for comprehensive coverage and have been shown to shorten hookup times in evaluations like those on the HU-1 helicopter.^[69] ^[70] ^[71] While not strictly rearward, they function analogously by extending the pilot's field of regard beyond direct line-of-sight constraints. Beyond aviation, rearview mirror principles appear in limited non-aerial applications, such as auxiliary visibility aids in heavy equipment or maritime vessels, though these are adaptations rather than standard automotive-style implementations. Patent US2878726 describes a general aircraft mirror mountable for enhanced rearward observation, illustrating transferable design for specialized environments.^[72]

Safety, Regulations, and Controversies

Impact on Accident Reduction

Rearview mirrors enhance driver situational awareness by enabling rearward and lateral visibility without requiring head turns, thereby facilitating earlier detection of trailing vehicles and potential hazards. This capability theoretically mitigates rear-end collisions, which constitute approximately 29% of all police-reported crashes in the United States according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).^[73] Empirical analyses from naturalistic driving studies, such as the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study, reveal that drivers check the center rearview mirror in only about 7.5% of rear-end near-crash events, suggesting underutilization but also underscoring the mirror's role in those instances where glances occur prior to evasive action.^[74] Convex side mirrors, required under Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 111 since 1988 for passenger-side and optional for driver-side, expand the field of view to reduce blind spots compared to flat mirrors. A controlled comparison of mirror types demonstrated that multiradius and convex driver-side mirrors are more likely to reduce lane-change accidents than flat mirrors, as the wider curvature aids in detecting vehicles in adjacent lanes without distorting distance judgments excessively.^[75] Similarly, passenger-side convex mirrors address obstructions from vehicle pillars and cargo, potentially lowering side-swipe risks, though drivers adapt by compensating for curvature-induced distance underestimation.^[55] Despite these design advantages, large-scale accident data do not show a statistically significant global decrease in driver-side lane-change collisions following the adoption of convex mirrors, attributed to confounding variables like driver inattention and varying road conditions.^[76] For backing incidents, which account for an estimated 210 to 300 annual fatalities and 15,000 injuries in the U.S., interior and exterior mirrors offer limited blind-zone coverage—typically insufficient for objects within 10 feet—leading to reliance on direct over-the-shoulder checks rather than mirror glances in most cases.^[77] Historical integration of rearview mirrors, standard by the 1920s, predates comprehensive crash recording, precluding direct before-and-after quantification of their effect amid concurrent advancements in braking and lighting.^[78] In heavy goods vehicles, eccentric mirror placements delay reaction times to hazards visible only in peripheral mirrors versus direct views, implying that optimized mirror ergonomics could further amplify reduction potential.^[79] Overall, while mirrors demonstrably support safer maneuvers through enhanced visibility, their net impact on accident reduction remains modest and indirect, heavily mediated by driver compliance and behavioral factors rather than isolated technological efficacy.^[80]

Legal Requirements and Standards

In the United States, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 111 (FMVSS 111) governs rearview mirrors for passenger cars, multipurpose passenger vehicles, trucks, and buses with a gross vehicle weight rating of 4,536 kg (10,000 pounds) or less.^[60] Vehicles must be equipped with an interior rearview mirror of unit magnification providing a minimum horizontal field of view of 20 degrees centered on the vertical median plane of the vehicle, with stable mounting allowing tilt adjustment in both horizontal and vertical directions.^[60] The driver's side exterior mirror must also be of unit magnification, offering a view of the horizon extending from 10.7 meters (35 feet) behind the vehicle along a line parallel to the vehicle's centerline.^[60] Passenger-side exterior mirrors may be convex, with a radius of curvature between 889 mm and 1,651 mm (deviation not exceeding ±12.5 percent), and must bear the label "Objects in Mirror Are Closer Than They Appear."^[60] All mirrors require average reflectance of at least 35 percent during daytime, with adjustable mirrors capable of reducing to 4 percent or less at night; mountings must withstand specified forces without excessive movement, and edges must lack sharp protrusions.^[60] For commercial vehicles, 49 CFR 393.80 mandates that rear-vision mirrors meet FMVSS 111 minima, ensuring clear views to the rear and sides without significant distortion.^[81] These standards prioritize minimizing blind spots through defined fields of view and curvature limits, derived from empirical testing to correlate with reduced rear-end collision risks, though FMVSS 111 does not mandate specific blind-spot mitigation beyond mirror placement.^[9] In the European Union and over 50 countries party to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Agreement, Regulation No. 46 (ECE R46) sets uniform provisions for approving devices for indirect vision, including rear-view mirrors on categories M (passenger) and N (goods) vehicles.^[82] Mirrors are classified by function: Class I for interior rear-view (providing a clear view to the vehicle's rear), Class II for main driver's side rear-view, Class III for off-side rear-view, Class IV for wide-angle, and Class V/VI for close-proximity views.^[82] Requirements include minimum fields of vision (e.g., Class II extending 2 meters rearward at a 10-degree vertical angle), installation heights and positions to cover specified zones without excessive distortion, and performance tests for reflectance (≥35 percent daytime, adjustable to ≤10 percent night), vibration resistance, and convex curvature (radius ≥500 mm for side mirrors).^[82] ECE R46 emphasizes causal links between mirror design and visibility, mandating photometric and environmental durability tests to ensure reliability under real-world conditions.^[82] Many nations harmonize with ECE R46 or equivalents; for instance, Australia's Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rules) ADR 14/03 adopts similar mirror classes and fields of vision, while Canada's Motor Vehicle Safety Standards mirror FMVSS 111 for imported vehicles.^[9] Japan permits camera-monitor systems (CMS) as alternatives to physical side mirrors since 2021 under JIS D 5700, provided they meet ISO 16505 ergonomic and performance criteria for equivalent fields of view and latency under 0.2 seconds, though interior rear-view mirrors remain mandatory.^[83] In China, GB 18230 standards align closely with ECE R46 for mirror approval, requiring type approval for curvature, reflectance, and vibration resistance on domestically produced vehicles.^[9] These regulations collectively aim to enforce verifiable visibility minima, with non-compliance leading to vehicle certification denial, though enforcement varies by jurisdiction and empirical data on accident reduction from mirrors alone remains indirect, often conflated with broader visibility systems.^[42]

Obstructions and Enforcement Issues

Obstructions to the interior rearview mirror commonly arise from suspended items such as air fresheners, keychains, graduation tassels, or masks, which dangle into the central field of vision and create dynamic blind spots during vehicle motion.^[84] ^[85] Additional factors include improper mirror angling, accumulation of dirt or glare-reducing films that degrade clarity, and overloading the mirror arm with attachments, which can misalign the reflective surface.^[86] ^[87] These impediments reduce the driver's ability to monitor rear traffic, pedestrians, or road signs, empirically elevating collision risks by impairing hazard detection in the direct rearward path.^[88] ^[89] In the United States, federal regulations under FMVSS No. 111 mandate rearview mirrors capable of providing a stable, clear reflected view extending at least 200 feet rearward, with state vehicle codes uniformly requiring unobstructed driver sightlines through these mirrors.^[10] ^[90] Nine states—Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania—explicitly ban hanging objects from the interior rearview mirror, classifying such violations as infractions with fines typically ranging from $50 to $250.^[91] ^[92] Other states enforce broader prohibitions against any material or object materially obstructing the view, often under general safety statutes like those in Georgia requiring 200-foot rear visibility.^[93] Enforcement relies on officer discretion during routine patrols or post-incident investigations, where visible obstructions justify traffic stops and citations; however, low visibility of minor dangling items from afar contributes to inconsistent application, with many violations overlooked unless tied to an accident.^[94] ^[95] In accident reconstructions, obstructed mirrors have been cited as causal factors in liability determinations, potentially shifting fault to the driver and voiding insurance claims if proven to have materially impaired visibility.^[86] Challenges include subjective assessments of "material obstruction" thresholds and resource constraints on law enforcement, leading to reactive rather than preventive measures in most jurisdictions.^[91]

References

[1]
What Is a Rearview Mirror? - Kelley Blue Book
A rearview mirror is an adjustable reflective device to give the driver a view of the road, vehicles, and objects behind the car.
[2]
What is the Purpose of a Rearview Mirror in a Car?
Jun 14, 2022 · A rearview mirror is a device that allows the driver to see rearward. It serves a basic but essential purpose that should not be overlooked.
[3]
The Importance of the Rearview Mirror - Dempster's Quality Car Care
Dec 20, 2023 · The rear-view mirror promotes an alert driving experience by allowing you to see behind your vehicle without turning your head.
[4]
How the First Rearview Mirror Won the First Indy 500
May 16, 2016 · Ray Harroun, the first winner of the Indianapolis 500, in 1911, was also the first to use a rearview mirror, which allowed him to race ...
[5]
https://www.carparts.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-automotive-mirrors/
[6]
Ray Harroun - IMS Museum
... first rearview mirror used on an automobile. He based the design on something he had seen several years earlier on a horse-drawn taxi cab in Chicago. Prior ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[7]
Rearview Mirrors: Everything you need to know - Driving.ca
Sep 26, 2018 · The rearview mirror should show you the full view out the back window, not the rear seat, and be angled to display between the pillars on either ...
[8]
Details on How Auto-Dimming Rearview Mirrors Work
Jan 31, 2024 · Auto-dimming mirrors have a built-in sensor designed to modify the tint. The modification helps reduce the amount of glare on the mirror.
[9]
Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard; Rearview Mirrors
Mar 4, 2009 · Article 50 requires a flat or convex exterior mirror mounted on the driver's side for passenger vehicles and buses with less than 10 passengers.Executive Summary · II. Cameron Gulbransen Kids... · Current Mirror Research
[10]
Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 111, Rear Visibility
Oct 10, 2019 · A driver-side outside rearview mirror is required on all vehicles. Second, most manufacturers equip vehicles with outside rearview mirrors that ...
[11]
Who invented the "rearview mirror"? - Adventures in California History
Jun 15, 2019 · Dorothy Levitt, a pioneer of female independence and female motoring, is credited with inventing it, in 1909!
[12]
The Evolution and Innovation of Automobile Rear View Mirrors
The early mirrors were simple, flat glass surfaces mounted inside the vehicle, providing a basic view of the road behind. As automotive design evolved, so did ...
[13]
History Of Rear-View Mirrors In Modern Cars! - GoMechanic
Oct 27, 2021 · Back in 1911, racer Ray Harroun was the first person who got this idea of having a rear-view mirror. He saw something similar in a horse cart ...
[14]
The Evolution of the Side-View Mirror - Car and Driver
Apr 9, 2022 · Racing driver Ray Harroun is credited with the first rear-view mirror, which he attached to the cowl of his Marmon Wasp before the first running ...Part Number: 87910-35901 · Part Number: 87940-Oc690 · More On The Tundra<|separator|>
[15]
New Rearview Technology and Federal Motor Vehicle Safety ...
Jan 22, 2003 · When standard No. 111 was promulgated in 1967, it applied only to passenger cars. The standard only permitted the use of mirrors of unit ...Missing: FMVSS history timeline
[16]
Rearview mirror - Wikipedia
Earliest known rearview mirror mounted on a racing vehicle appeared on Ray Harroun's Marmon race car at the inaugural Indianapolis 500 race in 1911.
[17]
When did rear view mirrors in U.S. vehicles first have the warning ...
Feb 27, 2020 · Vehicles made in September 1971 were model year 1972, and it appears that it also includes firefighting vehicles, and this is when it started.
[18]
https://www.sae.org/standards/j985_202403-vision-factors-considerations-rearview-mirror-design
[19]
Vision Factors Considerations in Rearview Mirror Design
Mar 17, 2024 · The design and location of rear-viewing mirrors or systems, and the presentation of the rear view to the driver can best be achieved if the ...
[20]
[PDF] AIS-001/2001 Automotive Vehicles - Rear - View Mirrors - HMR ARAI
“This standard specifies requirements of interior and exterior rear - view mirrors used in automotive vehicles including agricultural tractors. ” PRINTED BY.
[21]
Functions and Imaging Rules of Optical Mirrors - LEITH PTE. LTD.
Optical mirrors are optical components that use the principle of light reflection to change the direction of light propagation.<|separator|>
[22]
Types Of Mirrors And Their Uses: Plane, Concave, And Convex ...
Oct 8, 2025 · Plane mirrors = Normal reflection (everyday use) · Concave mirrors = Converging light (magnifies or inverts) · Convex mirrors = Diverging light ( ...
[23]
49 CFR 571.111 -- Standard No. 111; Rear visibility. - eCFR
1 Outside Rearview Mirrors. Each school bus shall have two outside rearview mirror systems: System A and System B. S9.2. System A shall be located with ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[24]
Interior Rearview Mirrors - Technically Speaking
Aug 14, 2014 · The interior mirror is required to be released from its mounting by a force of 90 lbs. This is to protect the occupants from injury by the rearview mirror.Missing: mechanisms | Show results with:mechanisms
[25]
[PDF] TP-111V-01 February 8, 2018 - NHTSA
Feb 8, 2018 · On April 7, 2014. the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) issued a final rule to upgrade Federal Vehicle Motor Safety ...Missing: timeline | Show results with:timeline
[26]
[PDF] nigh'ttime effectiveness of rearview mirrors: driver attitudes and ...
The results of this study indicate that prism day/night mirrors are effective in reducing glare, and that they are widely used by drivers. However, their ' ...
[27]
Understanding Auto-Dimming Internal Rear View Mirrors (IRVM ...
Aug 4, 2024 · Auto-dimming IRVMs automatically adjust reflectivity using electrochromism to reduce glare from headlights, enhancing safety and comfort.
[28]
Mirror Magic: How Auto-Dimming Rearview Mirrors Work
Dec 17, 2024 · Auto-dimming mirrors use electrochromic gel, triggered by sensors, to dim when needed. Ambient and glare sensors trigger the dimming effect.Missing: invention mechanism
[29]
How Auto-Dimming Rearview Mirrors Work - Auto-Mattox
May 22, 2023 · Auto-dimming rearview mirrors function by detecting and reacting to the light radiating from the headlights of vehicles behind them.
[30]
[PDF] The Gentex Full Display Mirror (FDM)
Using a combination of chemistry, digital light sensors and microprocessor-based algorithms, these mirrors automatically detect and eliminate dangerous mirror ...
[31]
Digital Vision | Gentex
Over the years, we've integrated a wide variety of displays in the mirror, including VFDs, LCDs, LEDs, and active matrix video. Whether it's compass, ...
[32]
Nissan Motor develops the Smart rearview mirror, which helps ...
Feb 28, 2014 · The Smart rearview mirror is housed within the structure of the rearview mirror, with a built-in LCD monitor that can be activated in place of ...
[33]
Introducing the Smart rearview mirror
Mar 3, 2014 · Nissan introduces the Smart rearview mirror, the world's first LCD monitor that not only provides clear rearward visibility under various conditions.
[34]
Gentex To Debut New Aftermarket Version Of Its Full Display Mirror ...
Oct 31, 2016 · Gentex To Debut New Aftermarket Version Of Its Full Display Mirror(R) At SEMA · Introduce new stand-alone headlamp control module · Showcase ...Missing: date | Show results with:date
[35]
[PDF] Gentex - Cabin monitoring & Sensing
The system consists of an iris-scan camera, near-infrared emitters, and system intelligence discretely integrated into the rearview mirror assembly.
[36]
Driver Monitoring System - Magna International
This camera-based system can actively detect, predict and react to distracted driving while making allowances for normal actions like checking blind spots.
[37]
Intelligent Rearview Mirror | Innovation - Nissan Global
The Intelligent Rearview Mirror consists of mirror with a built-in LCD monitor that displays a rearward video image provided by a high-resolution camera.<|separator|>
[38]
Mirrors - feature integration - Magna International
Electrochromic (EC) mirrors improve safety by reducing glare in the inside mirror. When integrated sensors detect glare they automatically dim the inside mirror ...ClearView™ Vision System · Actuators · Driver Monitoring System · ExfinityMirror
[39]
Video: Nissan Intelligent Rear View Mirror
Sep 28, 2017 · I-RVM adds a built-in LCD monitor within the traditional rearview mirror to help provide clear rearward visibility unimpeded by traditional ...
[40]
Which Cars Offer Nissan Intelligent Rear View Mirror?
Sep 11, 2017 · The 2018 Nissan Armada is the first and only non-luxury SUV to offer I-RVM. This innovative feature is only available on the Platinum trim of the 2018 Armada.
[41]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFzfxcThnCg
[42]
NISSAN ARIYA : Intelligent Rearview Mirror - YouTube
May 22, 2023 · One of the really neat features in the new Nissan Ariya is the Intelligent Rearview Mirror. Lets go over how this mirror works and how to ...<|separator|>
[43]
[PDF] Vehicle Rearview Image Field of View and Quality Measurement
These procedures were developed using available existing systems covering the appropriate field of view (of which all were rearview video systems). The ...
[44]
Application for an Exemption from Stoneridge, Inc.; Notice of final ...
Jan 2, 2019 · Section 393.80(a) of the FMCSRs requires that each bus, truck, and truck-tractor be equipped with two rear-vision mirrors, one at each side. The ...Missing: rearview | Show results with:rearview
[45]
Digital Rearview Mirrors: Engineering Challenges & Solutions
Mar 1, 2025 · Compliance with laws: The global laws that affect the adoption of digital mirrors, like the UN's ECE R46, are permissive; they allow for the ...
[46]
Drivers' Use of Camera-Based Rear Visibility Systems Versus ...
1. Camera-based rear visibility systems' displays will make driving unsafe, as compared to traditional mirrors. · 2. Drivers will not be able to easily acclimate ...Missing: FMCSA digital
[47]
Camera monitoring systems gain fleet favor as adoption grows
May 27, 2021 · The current Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard requires Class 8 tractors to have mirrors on both sides of the hood measuring at least 50 ...
[48]
NHTSA Considering Replacing Car Mirrors with High-tech Cameras
However, NHTSA stated that replacing traditional mirrors with cameras could potentially introduce new safety risks. In a five-year study from the agency, ...
[49]
Digital Rearview Mirror Dynamics and Forecasts: 2025-2033 ...
Rating 4.8 (1,980) Jul 4, 2025 · Government Regulations: Safety regulations are incentivizing the adoption of DRMs in new vehicles. Challenges and Restraints in Digital ...
[50]
How Smart Rearview Mirrors Work - Auto | HowStuffWorks
Nissan's Smart Rearview Mirror is the world's first LCD monitor that helps you see more clearly what is behind your vehicle when you're driving down the road.
[51]
Electronic Rearview Mirror - Smarter Eye ADAS
The AI-powered mirror system detects approaching vehicles, lane departures, and blind spot obstructions, ensuring safer lane changes and accident prevention.
[52]
Solutions | Digital Mirror Augmentation - Neonode
Neonode's mirror augmentation software turns digital mirrors from a static image to a fluid experience, replicating the reflective behavior of a real mirror.
[53]
THE INFINITI QX60 REARVIEW MIRROR | Warren Henry Auto Group
Aug 16, 2023 · The mirror allows drivers to switch between camera view and traditional reflective mode, providing adaptability and a driver-centric design.
[54]
Smart Rearview Mirror Market Size & Share Report, 2032
The integration of cameras and displays into smart rearview mirrors improves visibility and safety, especially in adverse conditions or areas with little ...
[55]
49 CFR Part 571 -- Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards - eCFR
Requirements for passenger cars. S5.1 Inside rearview mirror. Each passenger car shall have an inside rearview mirror of unit magnification. S5.1.1 Field of ...
[56]
Passenger-side rear-view mirrors: driver behavior and safety
PRMs have been standard equipment on motor vehicles sold in the US for many years, although they are not required by the federal motor vehicle safety standards.<|control11|><|separator|>
[57]
Rearview Mirror Classification - News - Yiwu Jony Auto Parts Co.,Ltd
Apr 3, 2020 · Passenger cars and other light passenger vehicles are generally equipped with exterior and interior rear-view mirrors, while large commercial ...
[58]
49 CFR § 393.80 - Rear-vision mirrors. - Law.Cornell.Edu
All such regulated rear-vision mirrors and their replacements shall meet, as a minimum, the requirements of FMVSS No. 111 (49 CFR 571.111) in force at the time ...
[59]
[PDF] Nat'l Highway Traffic Safety Admin., DOT § 571.111 - GovInfo
Standard 571.111 specifies rearview mirror performance and location to reduce rear view obstruction. Convex mirrors must have a radius of curvature between 889 ...
[60]
https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/49/571.111
[61]
49 CFR § 571.111 - Standard No. 111; Rear visibility.
The mirror need not be adjustable from the driver's seat but shall be capable of adjustment by tilting in both horizontal and vertical directions. S5.4 Convex ...
[62]
[PDF] Transit Bus Mirror Configuration Pilot Project Final Report
Jun 20, 2022 · Current regulations related to bus mirror configurations on transit buses are minimal compared to those for other vehicles. A uniform set of ...
[63]
Mastering the Use of Your Truck Mirrors - CDL School
Aug 15, 2024 · During highway driving, wide-angle Truck Mirrors help monitor traffic coming up behind you at high speeds. In urban settings, Truck Mirrors help ...
[64]
Rearview mirrors - Aircraft WWII - Britmodeller.com
Jan 15, 2023 · These mirrors were field modifications on individual aircraft and not implemented in large scale by the manufacturers already provides that answer.
[65]
Fighter mirrors were never meant for parking: they were for survival ...
Sep 13, 2025 · Spotting that threat early was everything, and rear-view mirrors gave pilots a better chance. Many Allied fighters carried them, while they were ...
[66]
Rear view mirrors in airplanes? Absolutely! Many fighters (and ...
Aug 6, 2024 · Absolutely! Many fighters (and trainers) like the F-15 and F-18 have mirrors in the cockpit to monitor various aspects of the flight, including ...
[67]
Rear view mirrors on planes - Pilots of America
Jul 31, 2013 · They were installed on the 150s to help aid in avoiding collision with other aircraft.
[68]
Glider in-cockpit rear view mirrors. I've seen photos/vids ... - Facebook
Aug 24, 2019 · I've seen photos/vids of glider cockpits in Europe and Africa with rear view convex mirrors of various styles mounted above the instruments or ...Missing: planes | Show results with:planes<|separator|>
[69]
Advisory Circular (AC) - Transports Canada
May 4, 2015 · (e) Rear View Mirror - A mirror shall be mounted on the tow plane to monitor the glider. Although there may be radio communication between ...
[70]
Cargo Mirror | MASSEY AEROSPACE
The cargo mirror is for AS350/H125 and AS365 helicopters, designed for visibility, with adjustable, heated main mirror, secondary mirror, and is built without ...
[71]
Cargo Mirror Installation 6" - Dart Aerospace
The 6" cargo mirror mounts to the front of the left-hand skidtube, providing a view of the cargo hook. It is not compatible with 600N. Installation time is 1 ...
[72]
[PDF] Evaluation of Cargo Loading Mirrors on the HU-1( ) - DTIC
Use of these mirrors eliminated the re- quirement for one ground-crew signalan, permitted the pilot to actually view the hook and hook-up and reduced the time ...
[73]
US2878726A - Aircraft mirror - Google Patents
The present invention accomplishes the foregoing by providing an aircraft mirror which generally includes a body member which is adapted for mounting on ...<|separator|>
[74]
[PDF] Lives Saved by Vehicle Safety Technologies and Associated ...
A statistical model estimates the number of lives saved from 1960 to 2012 by the com- bination of these life-saving technologies. Fatality Analysis Reporting ...
[75]
[PDF] Analyses of Rear-End Crashes and Near-Crashes in the 100-Car ...
Checking center rear-view mirror. 7.50%. 3.45%. Looking out left side of windshield. Looking out right side of windshield. Checking left rear-view mirror. 7.69 ...
[76]
Rapid communication Effects of driver-side mirror type on lane ...
In conclusion, the multiradius and convex driver-side mirrors, in comparison to the flat mirror, are more likely to reduce than increase lane-change accidents.Missing: impact | Show results with:impact
[77]
[PDF] Synthesis Study of Light Vehicle Non-Planar Mirror Research
Advanced rearview mirror systems, such as systems including multiple mirror types in the same frame, may help to offset some of the performance issues with non ...
[78]
[PDF] Vehicle Backover Avoidance Technology Study | NHTSA
The trend in backover incidents NHTSA is unable to conclude from available data that there is an increasing trend in backover crashes in the United States.
[79]
[PDF] Light Vehicle Rear Visibility Assessment - NHTSA
Data showed that neither driver could see the 28-inch cone using direct glances within. 15 feet of the rear of the vehicle for any of the vehicles examined.Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
[80]
Looking forward to safer HGVs: The impact of mirrors on driver ...
These findings provide robust evidence that drivers are slower reacting to objects only visible in eccentric mirrors compared to direct viewing through the ...
[81]
https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-III/subchapter-B/part-393/subpart-G/section-393.80
[82]
49 CFR 393.80 -- Rear-vision mirrors. - eCFR
All such regulated rear-vision mirrors and their replacements shall meet, as a minimum, the requirements of FMVSS No. 111 (49 CFR 571.111) in force at the time ...<|separator|>
[83]
[PDF] R046r6e.pdf - UNECE
Jul 11, 2016 · "Devices for indirect vision" means devices intended to give a clear view of the rear, side or front of the vehicle within the fields of vision ...
[84]
ISO 16505:2019 - Road vehicles — Ergonomic and performance ...
This document gives minimum safety, ergonomic, and performance requirements for Camera Monitor Systems to replace mandatory inside and outside rearview mirrors ...
[85]
3 Reasons Not to Hang Anything from Your Rearview Mirror
Aug 23, 2024 · Hanging items can obstruct view, damage the mirror, and may lead to a police citation for obstructing vision.
[86]
Hanging Items from Rearview Mirror: A Danger
Hanging items reduces visibility, can cause accidents, may strain the mirror, and can be illegal, potentially leading to police pullovers.
[87]
Is It Illegal to Hang Things from Your Rearview Mirror
May 1, 2025 · While a small item hanging from your mirror might seem harmless, it can actually pose a safety risk. Even a slight obstruction in your field ...
[88]
Five Visibility Issues that Can Cause a Car Accident
May 26, 2023 · 4. Poorly adjusted rearview mirrors: This is a very common mistake, especially in people who share the car with other people. Whenever you drive ...
[89]
Here's why experts say you shouldn't hang your mask on ... - KRCG
Sep 23, 2020 · According to AAA, obstructing your field of vision, even partially, can cause you to miss things on the road like signs, pedestrians, or other ...
[90]
Safe Driving View: Are Rearview Mirror Hangings Legal (and Safe)?
Aug 20, 2025 · Hanging items from rearview mirrors can create obstructions that block a driver's line of sight and increase the risk of accidents.
[91]
Md. Code Regs. 11.14.02.13 - Mirrors | State Regulations | US Law
The inside rearview mirror shall be adjustable and clear view glass and provide a clear stable reflected view 200 feet to the rear.
[92]
Is It Illegal to Hang Things From Your Rearview Mirror?
Jan 31, 2025 · At least nine of the 50 states prohibit hanging items from a car's rearview mirror, although both awareness and enforcement of the laws vary.
[93]
What's Dangling From Your Rearview Mirror Could Get You Pulled ...
Aug 17, 2025 · In total, there are nine states that explicitly outlaw hanging anything from your car's rearview mirror: Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois ...<|separator|>
[94]
Illegal to Drive Without a Side Mirror in Georgia - Ted Law Firm
Jul 30, 2025 · Georgia requires 200 feet rear visibility. Driving without a driver's side mirror is potentially illegal, especially if the rearview mirror is ...
[95]
How the rear view mirror obstruction law protects you from accidents
Jan 17, 2025 · Key Takeaway: Clear visibility through the rearview mirror can prevent accidents and reduce legal liability. Supports Safe Driving Practices.
[96]
Is it Illegal to Hang Objects from My Rearview Mirror?
Sep 16, 2024 · Most states prohibit objects obstructing the driver's view, but laws vary. Hanging objects can lead to traffic citations and accident liability.