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Remigration

Remigration is a policy proposal advocating the organized repatriation of immigrants, primarily non-European, and in some interpretations their descendants, to reverse demographic and cultural shifts attributed to sustained immigration in European host countries.^[1] The term is associated with the identitarian movement and has gained prominence in contemporary European political discourse. It remains highly controversial, sparking debates over its ethical, legal, and practical dimensions. Proposed approaches span voluntary incentives for return to stricter enforcement measures against illegal entrants, criminal offenders, and non-integrated individuals.^[2]

Conceptual Foundations

Definition and Core Principles

Remigration refers to the organized repatriation of immigrants and their descendants who have failed to integrate into the cultural, social, and economic fabric of host societies. Typical targets are primarily non-citizens, though some proposals extend to descendants or citizens. Common implementation levers include incentives for voluntary return, deportation of criminal non-citizens, and denial of citizenship to unassimilated individuals.^[3] Some proponents link remigration to ethnopluralist ideas, which hold that distinct ethnic groups thrive when preserved in homogeneous territories. Critics compare it to ethnic cleansing due to proposals extending to descendants or citizens.

Etymology and Evolution of Terminology

The term remigration originates from the Latin verb remigrāre, denoting "to migrate back" or "to return to one's place of origin."^[4] In early academic usage, particularly in sociological studies from the late 20th century, it described the voluntary repatriation of labor migrants after completing temporary work abroad, often facilitated by incentives or natural life-cycle factors such as retirement.^[5] By the mid-2010s, the terminology evolved within European identitarian circles, where Austrian activist Martin Sellner exemplified its repurposing to advocate for organized programs of return migration for non-native populations, integrating coercive elements with voluntary incentives.^[6] This semantic shift marked a departure from the purely voluntary connotations of its academic origins.

Historical Origins

Pre-Modern and Early 20th-Century Precursors

Precursors to modern remigration debates include earlier state-directed population removals, exchanges, or repatriation campaigns. Pre-modern expulsions in Europe involved state-directed removal of minority populations. England's King Edward I issued the Edict of Expulsion on July 18, 1290, mandating the departure of all Jews—estimated at 2,000 to 3,000 individuals—by November 1, with property confiscated. Spain's Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II and Isabella I promulgated the Alhambra Decree on March 31, 1492, ordering the expulsion of practicing Jews unless they converted to Christianity, affecting an estimated 40,000 to 100,000 people who departed by July 31. Under King Philip III, Spain enforced the expulsion of the Moriscos—Muslim converts to Christianity—between 1609 and 1614, removing approximately 300,000 individuals.^[7]^[8] 19th-century voluntary repatriation schemes in the United States pursued resettlement of African-descended populations. The American Colonization Society, founded on January 1, 1816, by figures including Henry Clay and supported by presidents James Madison and James Monroe, resettled free Black Americans and emancipated slaves in West Africa, establishing Liberia in 1822. By 1867, it had facilitated the emigration of about 13,000 to 16,000 individuals.^[9] Modern state population exchanges included the Greco-Turkish exchange, ratified by the Convention of January 30, 1923, under the Treaty of Lausanne. It compulsorily relocated approximately 1.2 million Greek Orthodox Christians from Turkey to Greece and 400,000 Muslims from Greece to Turkey following the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).^[10] Early 20th-century economic repatriations addressed economic pressures. In the United States, the Mexican Repatriation from 1929 to 1936 involved federal, state, and local actions that deported 400,000 to 2 million people of Mexican origin—including up to 60% U.S. citizens—back across the border.^[11]^[12]

Rise Within the Identitarian Movement

Movement Formation and Ideological Roots

The Identitarian movement emerged in the early 2010s as a youth-oriented pan-European nationalist network opposing mass immigration and multiculturalism. In France, Génération Identitaire formed on October 21, 2012, after activists occupied a mosque in Paris to protest government expulsions of Roma migrants, framing the action as resistance to "replacement" demographics.^[13] This group drew intellectual roots from the Nouvelle Droite think tank GRECE, advocating "ethnopluralism"—the idea of distinct ethnic groups maintaining separation to avoid conflict—while rejecting assimilation as insufficient for reversing immigration's effects.^[14] Parallel developments occurred in Austria, where Martin Sellner co-founded the Identitäre Bewegung Österreich in June 2012, emphasizing defense of indigenous European identities against what members described as an "immigration-invasion."^[15] Sellner, who had previously engaged in far-right student circles, positioned remigration—the organized repatriation of non-European immigrants and their descendants to preserve native cultural majorities—as a pragmatic response to failed integration. The Austrian branch coordinated with French counterparts, establishing a transnational structure by 2013 that included training camps and shared propaganda.^[16]

Adoption of Remigration as a Key Slogan and Concept

The 2015 migrant crisis, involving approximately 1.8 million irregular border crossings into the European Union (including 1.3 million asylum applications), accelerated remigration's prominence within Identitarian circles as a counter-narrative to open-border policies.^[17] Groups staged high-visibility protests, such as chartering ships to disrupt NGO migrant rescues in the Mediterranean in April-May 2017 and blocking asylum buses in Austria, explicitly linking actions to remigration goals of halting inflows and reversing prior settlements.^[18] Sellner's online lectures and publications, disseminated via YouTube and social media, refined the concept into staged approaches for achieving demographic restoration.^[19]^[20]

Codification via Publications and Public Campaigns

Remigration solidified as Identitarian orthodoxy by 2017, exemplified by the Identitäre Bewegung Deutschland's "95 Theses for Remigration" event on October 31 in Wittenberg, Germany, where activists nailed a manifesto to a church door—mirroring Martin Luther's 1517 act—to demand policy shifts prioritizing repatriation. Sellner's 2018 book Remigration: Ein Vorschlag further codified the concept as a policy blueprint. Membership grew modestly (estimated 300-500 core activists across Europe by 2018), but metapolitical influence expanded through cultural campaigns, diffusing remigration themes into nationalist party discourse, such as Austria's FPÖ platform in the 2017 election.^[21]^[22]

Theoretical and Ideological Underpinnings

Identitarian Philosophy and Ethnopluralism

Identitarian philosophy, drawing from the European New Right, emphasizes the preservation of European ethnocultural identity through particularist attachments to homeland, language, and ancestry, rejecting universalist ideologies in favor of collective identity as the basis for political community. Proponents assert a "right to identity" that prioritizes these elements of European heritage.^[23]^[24] Ethnopluralism, formulated by Alain de Benoist in the 1970s through the Groupement de Recherche et d'Études pour la Civilisation Européenne (GRECE), proposes the segregation of ethnic groups into autonomous, bordered homelands to preserve global diversity against globalization and intermixing. It posits cultural differences as irreducible and rooted in history, advocating separation to prevent conflict from incompatible values, with de Benoist arguing that pluralism arises from homogeneity within groups rather than enforced proximity.^[23] In Identitarian thought, ethnopluralism supports remigration policies aimed at the organized return of non-indigenous populations to their ancestral regions, thereby restoring ethnic composition and enabling self-determination.^[23]

Demographic Replacement Theory

The demographic replacement theory, also known as the Great Replacement, posits that indigenous populations of Europe and other Western nations are undergoing a gradual substitution by non-European immigrants and their descendants, driven by sustained high levels of immigration, higher fertility rates among certain immigrant groups, and low birth rates among native populations. The theory was articulated by French writer Renaud Camus in his 2011 essay Le Grand Remplacement, where he argued that mass immigration from Africa and the Middle East, combined with cultural and policy factors suppressing native reproduction, constitutes an existential threat to European ethnic majorities.^[25] ^[26] Remigration proponents draw on the theory to argue that this process alters national demographics irreversibly without intervention, framing large-scale repatriation as a necessary measure to preserve cultural and ethnic continuity.^[27] Critics from academic and mainstream media outlets often describe the theory as conspiratorial, attributing demographic shifts to economic necessities rather than deliberate replacement. Demographic statistics provide context for debates on population changes. The European Union's total fertility rate stood at approximately 1.46 children per woman in 2023, below the 2.1 replacement level. Net migration drove population stability, with the EU recording +2.3 million net migrants in 2024, predominantly from non-EU countries. The foreign-born population in the EU rose from 10% in 2010 to 14.1% in 2024.^[28] ^[29] ^[30]

Empirical Rationales

Studies and official statistics from several Western countries document overrepresentation of non-native populations in crime statistics, with proponents citing suspect and conviction rates alongside specific offense categories such as violent crimes, sexual offenses, and gang-related activities. In Germany, official police crime statistics from the Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) indicate that non-German nationals, comprising about 15% of the population, accounted for 41% of suspects in violent crimes in 2023, with higher shares in sexual offenses (up to 58%) and knife attacks. ^[31] ^[32] Analyses of district-level data from 2008-2019 suggest persistence after adjusting for age and gender demographics. ^[33] In Sweden, foreign-born individuals and their immediate descendants, about 25% of the population as of 2020, show conviction rates 2-4 times higher than natives, with overrepresentation in categories like rape (up to 63%) and murders or robberies (70-73%). ^[34] ^[35] Government data confirm non-Western immigrants' dominance in gang violence, including bombings and shootings. ^[36] Methodological considerations in these studies include adjustments for demographic factors like age and gender, variations in crime reporting, and potential selection effects from origin countries. Researchers debate the extent to which disparities arise from socioeconomic integration challenges versus cultural or other influences, with some analyses emphasizing per capita rates over aggregate trends. ^[37] ^[38] These empirical findings and interpretive disputes inform policy arguments on immigration and security.

Economic and Fiscal Burdens

Non-EU immigration, particularly low-skilled and asylum-seeking flows, is associated with net fiscal burdens in host countries in Europe, linked to differences in welfare dependency, labor market participation, and public service utilization compared to contributions via taxes and social insurance. Studies indicate that extra-EU migrants from non-Western origins often show negative lifetime net fiscal positions in generous welfare states—due to factors including skill level, origin, age cohort, and time since arrival—while intra-EU or high-skilled migration tends to yield positive impacts. These burdens include direct transfers such as unemployment benefits and housing subsidies, as well as indirect costs like education and healthcare, which frequently exceed tax revenues due to employment gaps; for example, non-Western immigrants in Denmark exhibit employment rates 20-30 percentage points below those of natives.^[39]^[40]^[41] Country-specific fiscal impact studies distinguish between short-term expenditures and lifetime projections. Rockwool Foundation analyses in Denmark estimate an annual net fiscal cost from non-Western immigrants and descendants at approximately 16.6 billion DKK (about 2.2 billion EUR) as of 2014, with lifetime contributions negative by 250,000-300,000 DKK per person for these groups. In Sweden, studies find net redistribution to pre-2015 refugee populations amounting to 1.35% of GDP annually. Germany's Ifo Institute reports short-term refugee expenditures reached 21.1 billion EUR in 2015. In the Netherlands, non-Western immigration is linked to an estimated 17 billion EUR annual burden. EU-wide assessments find extra-EU migrants as net fiscal beneficiaries relative to natives, with per capita contributions lagging by 2,000-5,000 EUR annually.^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45] Methodological disputes arise over assumptions in fiscal models, including variations by migrant skill level, origin, employment rates, and integration success. While some aggregate EU studies report neutral or positive effects for certain cohorts, disaggregated data highlight deficits for low-skilled third-country inflows, with analyses differing on growth projections and long-term contributions. Proponents of remigration interpret these findings as supporting repatriation of net fiscal consumers, while other analysts dispute the assumptions and magnitudes involved.^[46]

Failures of Multicultural Integration

Remigration proponents cite various indicators of integration challenges in European countries with high levels of non-Western immigration, arguing that multicultural policies have not achieved substantial assimilation. These include persistent socioeconomic disparities, though scholars and policymakers debate the relative roles of cultural factors, discrimination, and structural barriers in explaining such outcomes. Socioeconomic indicators show gaps in employment and related areas. Official data from the OECD indicate that foreign-born unemployment rates across the EU remain roughly twice those of native-born populations, with gaps exceeding 10 percentage points in nations like Sweden and Germany as of 2022.^[47]^[48] Eurostat reports that non-EU citizens' unemployment stood at 12.3% in 2024, compared to under 6% for EU natives, with disparities linked to factors such as lower skill levels, language barriers, and limited transferability of qualifications from origin countries.^[49] These trends persist across generations, with second-generation immigrants from non-EU backgrounds showing employment rates 15-20% below natives in several OECD states.^[50] Spatial segregation contributes to these challenges, with immigrants often clustering in low-income urban areas and limited interaction with host populations. In Sweden, Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson acknowledged in April 2022 that two decades of immigration had led to failed integration and the emergence of parallel societies, particularly in suburbs like Malmö and Stockholm's Rinkeby, characterized by high immigrant concentrations (over 80% non-native in some districts) and reliance on ethnic networks.^[51] Similar patterns appear in France's banlieues and Germany's Problembereiche, where studies document residential isolation indices above 0.5 (indicating moderate to high segregation) for Muslim and African-origin groups, correlating with reduced social trust and intermarriage rates below 5%.^[52] Government reports note that these enclaves often prioritize origin-country norms over national institutions. Surveys highlight differences in cultural attitudes, particularly among Muslim immigrants, the largest non-Western group in Europe. A 2013 Pew Research Center study found substantial support for sharia law as official policy among Muslims in countries like the UK (40%) and France (similar figures), with preferences for its application even in personal matters.^[53] In Britain, an Ipsos analysis of multiple surveys showed 52% of Muslims opposing the legalization of homosexuality, compared to under 10% of the general population, with younger cohorts only marginally more aligned with liberal norms.^[54] Peer-reviewed comparisons of human values confirm these attitudinal gaps, with Muslim immigrants in Germany, France, and the Netherlands prioritizing tradition, conformity, and security over openness to change and self-direction—values central to Western secularism—persisting even after controlling for socioeconomic factors.^[55] Welfare dependency patterns are also cited by proponents as sustaining isolation. In Sweden, a 2022 longitudinal study found that only 50% of refugees achieved self-sufficiency (defined as non-reliance on benefits) within 10 years of arrival, compared to 75% for labor migrants.^[56] German official statistics reveal that individuals with migration backgrounds, comprising about 26% of the population, account for over 60% of recipients of basic social assistance (Bürgergeld) as of 2023, driven by higher poverty rates (twice the native average) and lower labor participation.^[57] These patterns, documented in EU-wide analyses, indicate that generous welfare systems may enable sustenance without full economic adaptation.^[58] Remigration proponents cite these indicators in arguments regarding integration policy options, though their implications remain debated.

Policy Proposals and Advocacy

Frameworks for Voluntary and Incentivized Remigration

Voluntary remigration frameworks typically outline eligibility for non-citizens lacking citizenship, particularly non-integrated residents or those with failed asylum claims; benefit structures including lump-sum payments scaled to family size or individual needs; reintegration aid such as job training, startup capital, or microfinance in origin countries; and administration via government programs offering logistical support for transportation and housing setup. These elements aim to promote sustainability upon return while reducing long-term fiscal burdens compared to welfare dependencies or enforced removals.^[59] In Sweden, the Sweden Democrats proposed an allowance of up to 600,000 Swedish kronor (roughly €54,000) per immigrant family, targeting long-term non-integrated households to encourage voluntary repatriation as a fiscal alternative to welfare, introduced in 2024 government negotiations.^[60]^[61] Germany's voluntary return program provides cash grants of €1,000 to €3,000 per person with family supplements, aimed at rejected asylum seekers departing without contest; over 8,000 individuals participated between 2023 and 2024, with Alternative for Germany advocating expansion to broader non-integrated groups alongside benefit cuts.^[62]^[63] In the Netherlands, the Party for Freedom's scheme combines financial payouts with asylum revocations and family reunification restrictions, targeting non-assimilated migrants while proposing an immigration ban from Islamic-majority countries, as outlined in 2025 election platforms supported by bilateral reintegration agreements.^[64] Broader proposals adapt international models like OECD reintegration packages, scaling incentives such as €20,000 per adult for transportation, housing, and business loans, with estimates of net savings exceeding €100,000 per returnee over lifetimes; uptake rates and cost-effectiveness remain debated.^[65]^[59]

Strategies for Enforced Deportation

Enforced deportation strategies within remigration advocacy emphasize a systematic toolkit for identifying, detaining, and removing non-citizen migrants lacking legal grounds to remain, with priority given to those posing security risks or failing integration criteria. Proponents, such as Germany's Alternative for Germany (AfD) party, advocate mass-scale operations through dedicated return infrastructure, as illustrated in AfD election posters calling for the immediate initiation of remigration.^[66] Systematic identification and case processing involve prioritizing failed asylum seekers, criminal offenders, and non-integrated individuals via streamlined legal assessments. For instance, Denmark has revoked residence permits for non-Western immigrants failing integration standards, facilitating forced returns.^[67] Detention and removal logistics rely on expanded immigration detention facilities, extended holding periods, and dedicated transport such as chartered flights or naval assets for repatriation. Italy's extension of maximum detention to 18 months has supported higher deportation volumes.^[68] Legal mechanisms focus on accelerating procedures through limited appeals, mandatory biometric data sharing across states, and external processing of claims. The European Commission's proposed Return Regulation aims to standardize these tools to improve return rates across the EU. Denmark exemplifies revocation of protections for travel to unsafe home countries.^[69]^[70] International cooperation centers on bilateral readmission agreements with origin countries to enable direct returns, including pacts that deter irregular crossings. Italy's deals with Tunisia and Libya have incorporated such mechanisms.^[71] Distinct from deportation of non-citizens, denaturalization represents a separate legal process applicable to naturalized citizens—such as dual nationals convicted of extremism—that revokes citizenship status, rendering individuals deportable thereafter; while implemented in Denmark for foreign fighters, it remains a contested measure in policy debates due to its higher legal thresholds and implications.^[72]

Regional Adoption and Developments

European Contexts

Remigration concepts have advanced in European political platforms and campaign discourse amid persistent irregular migration flows, with over 1 million asylum applications recorded in the EU in 2023.^[73] Nationalist parties, including Germany's Alternative for Germany (AfD) and France's National Rally, promote remigration themes emphasizing large-scale returns and asylum tightening. Common policy motifs distinguish voluntary incentives, such as self-deportation grants, from enforced deportations targeting non-integrated or criminal migrants, while addressing EU-level constraints like return rates below 20% for rejected asylum seekers through external processing agreements and temporary residence restrictions.^[74] Cross-European nationalist coordination focuses on shared deportation logistics to mitigate integration failures and fiscal burdens from sustained high migration volumes.^[75]

North American Contexts

In the United States, remigration has entered policy discourse as a framing for large-scale deportation efforts targeting undocumented immigrants and non-assimilating foreign nationals. This concept maps to existing deportation policy categories, such as enforcement against inadmissible and removable individuals, with an emphasis on systematic repatriation beyond border control, including coordination for returns to countries of origin under prevailing immigration statutes. In Canada, remigration lacks formal policy adoption but emerges in nationalist discourse advocating mass deportations amid concerns over elevated immigration levels. Policy adjustments include commitments to expand removals of failed asylum claimants and visa overstays, coupled with reductions in targets for permanent and temporary residents in forthcoming immigration plans, positioned as strategies for sustainable population management.

Key Country-Specific Cases

Austria

In Austria, the Freedom Party (FPÖ) has been a leading proponent of remigration, advocating for the large-scale return of non-integrated or irregularly present migrants to their countries of origin as a means to restore cultural homogeneity and reduce fiscal burdens. FPÖ leader Herbert Kickl has explicitly called for the "remigration of uninvited strangers," framing it as essential to counter uncontrolled immigration and associated security risks.^[76]^[77] The party's 2024 election manifesto emphasized curbing immigration through accelerated deportations, ending asylum for economic migrants, and prioritizing Austrian citizens in welfare and housing allocations.^[78] The FPÖ achieved electoral success on this platform, winning 28.9% of the vote and 58 seats in the National Council during the September 29, 2024, parliamentary elections, marking its strongest result since 1999.^[79] This outcome reflected widespread voter concerns over immigration-driven crime and integration failures, with polls showing support for stricter returns among a majority. Despite the FPÖ's plurality, coalition negotiations excluded it, leading to a new ÖVP-SPÖ-Green government formed on February 27, 2025, which adopted a comparatively moderated but still restrictive immigration stance, including limits on asylum inflows and enhanced border enforcement.^[80] Under the post-2024 government, Austria pursued concrete deportation measures aligned with remigration principles, resuming returns of rejected Syrian asylum seekers in July 2025 as the first EU member state to do so, citing stabilized conditions in certain regions.^[81] In October 2025, authorities deported a convicted Afghan national to Kabul, the first such removal since the 2021 Taliban takeover, targeting criminal offenders.^[82] Family reunification visas for migrants were halted effective March 12, 2025, to prevent chain migration amid capacity strains.^[83] These actions contributed to a decline in asylum applications, from 59,000 in 2023 to 25,360 in 2024, and further to 13,032 through September 2025.^[84]^[85] Deportation volumes increased accordingly, with 10,463 enforced and voluntary returns recorded from January to September 2025, including 4,947 compulsory removals; this represented a focus on failed asylum seekers and criminal deportees from high-risk origins like Syria, Afghanistan, and North Africa.^[85] Initiatives such as "Operation Fox," launched in early 2025, tightened border controls and reduced irregular entries from thousands weekly in 2023 to 74 by August 2025, facilitating faster processing and returns.^[86]

Germany

In Germany, remigration refers to proposals for the systematic repatriation of non-integrated immigrants, including illegal entrants, criminal offenders, and those reliant on welfare without assimilation.^[87] The policy has gained traction amid persistent integration challenges following the 2015-2016 migrant influx of over 1 million arrivals, primarily from Syria, Afghanistan, and North Africa. The Alternative for Germany (AfD) party has positioned remigration as a core policy, advocating mass deportations to restore social cohesion and reduce fiscal burdens.^[88] Party co-chair Alice Weidel publicly endorsed the "return" of individuals with migrant backgrounds during a January 2025 conference ahead of snap federal elections. AfD's platform emphasizes voluntary incentives alongside enforced measures, targeting an estimated 15-20 million people of non-German origin who fail criteria like language proficiency, employment, or cultural adherence.^[63] A November 2023 meeting in Potsdam, attended by AfD politicians and featuring Austrian Identitarian Martin Sellner, discussed remigration strategies including incentives and potential citizenship revocation for unintegrated naturalized citizens, catalyzing widespread protests in January 2024 and renewed debates over AfD's constitutionality.^[89] ^[66] ^[90] The party disputed claims of targeting citizens exclusively and affirmed focus on legal repatriation of foreigners, amid AfD's rising electoral support reaching second place in some state polls.^[91] ^[5] Integration challenges underpin these proposals: non-citizens (about 15% of the population) represented 34.4% of crime suspects in 2023 (excluding immigration violations), per Federal Criminal Police Office data, with elevated rates in violent offenses among young male asylum seekers.^[92] ^[93] Employment among 2015 refugee cohorts reached 64% by 2022, below the 77% national average, while unemployment for recent migrants from certain origins exceeded 30% versus 2.3% for natives in 2024; migrants are overrepresented among welfare recipients.^[94] ^[95] ^[96] Government responses have increased deportations under Chancellor Friedrich Merz's CDU-led coalition post-February 2025 elections: 20,084 deportations in 2024 (a 25% rise from 2023) and 17,700 by October 2025, primarily to Turkey, with stricter asylum rules, suspended family reunifications, and accelerated border procedures.^[97] ^[98] ^[99] These measures reflect a shift from prior open-door policies, including rollback of fast-track citizenship, though AfD continues advocacy despite temporarily softening rhetoric amid isolation threats.^[100] ^[87] ^[101]

France

In France, advocacy for remigration centers on figures like Éric Zemmour, leader of the Reconquête party, who has proposed establishing a dedicated "ministry of remigration" to facilitate the expulsion of illegal immigrants, foreign criminals, and delinquents.^[102]^[103] Zemmour outlined a plan to deport approximately one million individuals within five years, targeting those deemed incompatible with French society due to criminality or failure to integrate.^[103] This stance reflects concerns over persistent high levels of irregular migration and associated social issues, including urban violence linked to immigrant communities.^[104] In contrast, Marine Le Pen's National Rally (RN) party emphasizes stricter border controls, ending family reunification, and deporting illegal entrants and criminal foreigners but explicitly distances itself from comprehensive remigration targeting citizens of foreign origin.^[105] Le Pen criticized German AfD's remigration discussions as excessive, straining alliances and underscoring RN's focus on legality over ethnic criteria.^[105]^[106] RN proposals include constitutional bans on dual nationality for certain officeholders and prioritizing French nationals for social housing.^[107] The French government, under successive administrations, has implemented incremental deportation increases rather than broad remigration. In 2024, deportations of irregular migrants rose 27% to about 22,000, driven by efforts to counter far-right electoral gains.^[108]^[109] Interior Minister Bruno Retailleau announced measures in October 2024 to deport more undocumented individuals and reduce regularizations, citing Italy's model.^[110] Proposed 2025 legislation aims to extend expulsion periods for irregular migrants, though critics note enforcement remains hampered by administrative and diplomatic hurdles.^[111] Zemmour reiterated support for remigration in October 2025 amid transatlantic discussions.^[112] Public discourse on remigration gained traction post-2022 presidential elections, where immigration concerns propelled far-right votes. Government data indicate ongoing irregular entries, with nationwide crackdowns in June 2025 targeting train stations to detain undocumented migrants.^[113] Proponents argue that partial deportations fail to reverse demographic shifts, advocating systemic reversal based on national cohesion metrics.^[102]

United States

In the United States, remigration efforts have historically centered on large-scale deportation of undocumented immigrants, with the 1954 Operation Wetback under President Dwight D. Eisenhower serving as the most prominent example. Launched on June 17, 1954, by the Immigration and Naturalization Service, the operation targeted Mexican nationals working illegally in the Southwest, deploying over 800 Border Patrol agents and local law enforcement for raids that resulted in the apprehension and removal of approximately 1.1 million individuals through formal deportations and voluntary departures.^[114] While official figures emphasized efficiency and reduced illegal entries post-operation, critics at the time and later historians noted instances of abuse, including the erroneous deportation of U.S. citizens of Mexican descent, though empirical data on such cases remains limited and contested.^[115] The policy was driven by labor market pressures and public concerns over wage suppression, leading to a temporary decline in unauthorized crossings from Mexico.^[116] Contemporary advocacy for remigration gained traction during Donald Trump's 2016 and 2024 presidential campaigns, framing it as essential to restoring sovereignty and economic stability amid an estimated 13 million undocumented immigrants. Trump pledged "the largest domestic deportation operation in American history," prioritizing criminals but extending to broader enforcement, including incentives for self-deportation via expanded E-Verify mandates and denial of public benefits.^[117] ^[118] In his second term beginning January 20, 2025, initial actions included reallocating resources for interior enforcement, with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) promoting a self-deportation app and issuing public calls to "remigrate" on October 18, 2025, which critics described as echoing European far-right rhetoric.^[119] By May 2025, the State Department proposed an "Office of Remigration" to coordinate diplomatic repatriation agreements, repurposing existing refugee resettlement functions to facilitate returns rather than admissions.^[120] ^[121] DHS framed these efforts as promoting voluntary compliance to avoid forced removals. Enforcement strategies emphasize causal links between unchecked immigration and crime rates, with data from the U.S. Sentencing Commission indicating non-citizens comprise 25% of federal prisoners despite being 7% of the population.^[122] Trump's administration expanded detention capacity to 100,000 beds and invoked the Alien Enemies Act for expedited removals of gang-affiliated individuals, achieving over 500,000 deportations in the first six months of 2025, per DHS reports, though logistical challenges like local resistance in sanctuary jurisdictions persist.^[122] Proponents argue these measures address failures in deterrence, citing reduced border encounters from prior wall construction and Title 42 expulsions.^[123] Critics highlight humanitarian concerns and fiscal burdens, such as the $150 billion annual net cost of illegal immigration estimated by the Federation for American Immigration Reform.^[124] Debates include legal hurdles under the 14th Amendment's due process clauses, with courts blocking some expedited removals, and economic analyses projecting short-term labor disruptions in sectors like agriculture, though long-term wage gains for native workers based on supply-demand dynamics.^[125] Unlike European models targeting naturalized citizens, U.S. remigration focuses on non-citizens, with voluntary incentives like cash assistance for repatriation piloted in 2025 to minimize coercion claims.^[126] Ongoing bilateral negotiations with origin countries, such as Mexico's acceptance of 500,000 returns annually, underscore pragmatic implementation.^[127]

Recent Developments (2020s)

Post-2020 Electoral and Policy Shifts in Europe

Electoral Shifts and Party Gains

In the 2020s, following surges in irregular migration, European electorates supported parties advocating stricter immigration controls. In the 2022 Italian general election, Giorgia Meloni's Brothers of Italy secured 26% of the vote, forming a government focused on halting Mediterranean crossings and expediting repatriations, associated with a reported 60% drop in sea arrivals by 2023 compared to 2022 peaks. Sweden's 2022 elections saw the right-wing bloc, including the Sweden Democrats, gain a majority, leading to increased deportation targets. The Netherlands' 2023 election resulted in Geert Wilders' Party for Freedom winning the most seats, prompting discussions on migration emergencies and mass deportations of rejected asylum seekers.^[128]

Mainstream Party Policy Convergence

Mainstream parties responded with policy convergence to address voter concerns on migration's socioeconomic impacts. Denmark's Social Democrats hardened policies post-2020, extending border checks and achieving high deportation rates, with over 80% of asylum rejections leading to returns by 2024. In Germany, the center-right CDU pledged stricter enforcement amid pressure from the Alternative for Germany (AfD), which polled above 20% in eastern states by 2025 and campaigned on remigration for non-integrated migrants, influencing reforms like expanded custody periods for deportees from 10 to 28 days in 2024. France's President Macron announced doubled deportation quotas to 30,000 annually by 2025, responding to National Rally gains under Marine Le Pen.^[129]^[130]

EU-Level Reforms

The 2024 European Parliament elections saw right-wing groups gain seats in most member states, facilitating the EU's Pact on Migration and Asylum, adopted in May 2024 for 2026 implementation. The pact mandates faster border screenings, shared returns responsibility, and accelerated deportations, associated with a 20% decline in irregular crossings in early 2025. These developments emphasized empirical border management over expansive reception, though implementation encountered legal and logistical challenges.^[131]^[132]^[133]

2024-2025 Transatlantic Influences and Backlash

The term "remigration" gained transatlantic diffusion through U.S. policy proposals under the second Trump administration, which incorporated European identitarian concepts of repatriating non-integrated immigrants into frameworks for mass deportations targeting unauthorized immigrants.^[120]^[134] This included repurposing refugee resettlement functions for removals and drawing parallels to platforms advanced by parties like Germany's Alternative for Germany (AfD), which advocate systematic repatriation of foreign nationals incompatible with host societies.^[121]^[135] Reciprocal ties emerged between European right-wing figures and the Trump administration, emphasizing shared rhetoric on immigration and remigration as a policy model, facilitated by networks of populist influencers and activists.^[136]^[137] Public and institutional backlash focused on characterizations of these proposals as evoking ethnic cleansing and white nationalist rhetoric, given the term's origins in European movements advocating relocations to preserve ethnic majorities.^[119]^[138] Critics, including human rights advocates, contended that such measures endangered communities and overlooked immigrants' economic contributions.^[139]

Criticisms, Counterarguments, and Debates

Claims of Extremism and Ethnic Cleansing

Critics of remigration policies, including left-leaning media outlets and anti-extremism NGOs, have labeled the concept as extremist and equivalent to ethnic cleansing, citing features such as large-scale deportations, denaturalization, targeting based on ancestry, origin, assimilation levels, or descendants, and coercive measures. For instance, Alternative for Germany (AfD) election posters advocating for the immediate start of remigration have been referenced by critics as imagery promoting mass expulsions akin to ethnic homogenization efforts.^[66] Following a November 2023 meeting in Potsdam organized by Austrian identitarian Martin Sellner and attended by AfD members, the investigative group Correctiv reported discussions of deporting up to two million people, including naturalized German citizens of foreign descent deemed insufficiently assimilated, prompting widespread protests and condemnation by Chancellor Olaf Scholz as resembling "plans from the darkest times of German history."^[140] Sellner has organized international "remigration summits" promoting the mass repatriation of non-European migrants and their descendants, which security agencies in multiple European countries classify as right-wing extremist activity, with German domestic intelligence monitoring his Identitarian Movement as extremist since 2019.^[19] ^[20] ^[141] In the United States, the Trump administration's 2025 proposal for a State Department "Office of Remigration" drew accusations of facilitating ethnic purging of non-white populations, with critics tracing the term's origins to far-right circles advocating deportations extending to citizens based on cultural or racial criteria; AfD co-leader Alice Weidel's January 2025 endorsement of remigration for migrants with foreign backgrounds was similarly decried as a blueprint for demographic engineering.^[134] ^[142] ^[143] ^[88] ^[144] Proponents dispute the characterization of extremism and ethnic cleansing, emphasizing adherence to legal frameworks and targeting criteria focused on policy violations, assimilation failures, or voluntary incentives rather than ethnicity alone.

Humanitarian, Legal, and Ethical Objections

Critics of remigration policies argue that large-scale repatriation efforts would inflict severe humanitarian harm, including the separation of families and psychological trauma, particularly for children born or raised in host countries. For instance, mass deportation initiatives have been projected to affect millions, disrupting communities and causing long-term health and educational setbacks for affected individuals.^[145]^[146] Such actions are said to exacerbate vulnerabilities, as deportees may face instability, violence, or inadequate support in countries of origin, with reports highlighting cases of individuals stranded in third countries without viable return options.^[147] Legally, the cornerstone objection rests on the principle of non-refoulement, enshrined in the 1951 Refugee Convention and customary international law, which prohibits returning individuals to territories where they face risks of persecution, torture, or inhuman treatment.^[148] This obligation applies broadly to asylum seekers and extends to various forms of removal, including interceptions at borders, as affirmed by UNHCR guidelines updated in 2025.^[149] In Europe, proposed remigration measures have drawn scrutiny under the EU's Return Directive, with human rights groups contending that accelerated deportations bypass due process and individual assessments, potentially violating the European Convention on Human Rights.^[150]^[151] Ethically, opponents frame remigration as a breach of human dignity and moral imperatives toward vulnerable populations, equating it in extreme interpretations to ethnic cleansing by targeting groups based on origin, integration levels, or perceived non-assimilation.^[138] Academic analyses highlight dilemmas in balancing state sovereignty with cosmopolitan ethics, arguing that coercive returns undermine principles of global justice and fail to address root causes like conflict or poverty driving migration.^[152] These critiques, often advanced by NGOs such as Amnesty International, emphasize that ethical migration policy should favor integration over expulsion, though such positions may overlook fiscal and social costs borne by host societies.^[153]

Rebuttals Based on Causal Evidence and First Principles

Supporters argue that large-scale inflows from non-Western regions impose net fiscal costs on host societies, citing empirical analyses of immigration's effects in European countries. In Denmark, non-Western immigrants, particularly from Somalia, are said to generate an average annual net fiscal deficit exceeding $15,000 per person, with lifetime costs over $1 million due to welfare dependency and low employment rates. Similar patterns are referenced in Germany, where a 2024 study calculated the average net fiscal impact of migrants as negative, driven by higher utilization of transfer payments and public services relative to tax contributions, especially among low-skilled groups. Sweden's experience is also invoked, with mass immigration said to contribute to welfare system pressures. Supporters attribute these outcomes to demographic profiles of low education and skills.^[154]^[155]^[156]^[95] On public safety, supporters cite studies suggesting links between unchecked immigration and elevated risks of violent and property offenses. In the United Kingdom, analysis of two major immigrant waves is referenced to show no overall crime surge but significant increases in property crime correlated with asylum seeker concentrations, attributable to economic incentives and selection effects among irregular entrants. Government statistics across Germany and Sweden are referenced, showing non-citizens overrepresented in violent crimes; for instance, in 2023 German federal data indicated foreign nationals, comprising 15% of the population, accounted for over 40% of suspects in knife attacks and sexual assaults, patterns persisting after controlling for age and socioeconomic factors. Supporters link these to cultural norms differing from host legal standards and lax enforcement, noting lower rates among selected skilled migrants. Remigration is presented as aligning with deterrence by prioritizing deportation of criminal non-citizens and failed integrators, as in Denmark's welfare scheme cuts that reduced certain inflows.^[157]^[158] Supporters invoke foundational principles of state legitimacy, contending that the authority to define and enforce territorial boundaries inheres in national sovereignty as an extension of self-governance and the social contract, preserving control over public goods like welfare and cohesion, analogous to private property rights. On practicality and feasibility, proponents cite historical precedents such as the United States' 1930s Mexican repatriation, affecting 300,000 to 2 million individuals amid economic crisis. Supporters argue that uncontrolled inflows erode trust and institutional viability through diverse, low-assimilation groups fostering parallel structures incompatible with homogeneous civic norms.^[159]^[160]^[11]^[161]^[162]

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Over 2 Million Illegal Aliens Out of the United States in Less Than ...
Sep 23, 2025 · On Tuesday, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced that 2 million illegal aliens have been removed or have self-deported since ...Missing: plans | Show results with:plans
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Legislative Bulletin — Friday, June 6, 2025
Jun 6, 2025 · The proposed changes would suspend issuance of new work permits to asylum-seekers until U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) ...Missing: identitarian | Show results with:identitarian
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In First 100 Days, Trump 2.0 Has Dramatic.. - Migration Policy Institute
Apr 24, 2025 · Greater border enforcement and mass deportations were two major pledges made by Donald Trump as he campaigned to reclaim the White House. In its ...Trump has marshaled new... · Hundreds of thousands of...
[120]
Trump Administration's Expansion of Fast-Track Deportation Powers ...
Sep 25, 2025 · While the expansion of fast-track removal authority remains paused, officials can continue to apply expedited removal to migrants encountered ...
[121]
Extreme Immigration Policy Under Trump in 2025: Will Enforcement ...
Jan 17, 2025 · President-elect Donald Trump has outlined an ambitious agenda to address undocumented immigration upon taking office on January 20, 2025.
[122]
“Remigration”: How White Nationalists Are Repackaging Ethnic ...
Sep 4, 2025 · White nationalists in multiple countries, including Canada, are pushing for mass deportations of non-Europeans to be part of the political ...
[123]
Fleeing US deportations, it took this family three tries to enter Canada
May 28, 2025 · The CBSA has also committed to increasing the number of removals from 16,000 to 20,000 (a 25% increase) for fiscal years 2025-2027. Still, a ...
[124]
Canada Border Services Agency removals program statistics
Aug 20, 2025 · These orders dictate that the individual cannot return to Canada for 1 year unless they obtain a written authorization to return. If the ...
[125]
2025–2027 Immigration Levels Plan - Canada.ca
Oct 24, 2024 · The plan provides permanent resident admissions targets for 2025, with notional commitments for 2026 and 2027.
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What Is Canada's Immigration Policy? - Council on Foreign Relations
Canada also granted permanent residency to 27,400 refugees that year, more than any other country. These new residents were predominantly from Iran and Nigeria.Missing: remigration | Show results with:remigration
[127]
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada's 2025–26 ...
Sep 24, 2025 · The objective, as announced in March 2024, is to reduce the share of temporary residents in Canada to 5% of the population by the end of 2026.
[128]
The 'Trump effect' on Canada's immigration restrictions
Jun 6, 2025 · The legislation increases restrictions on asylum claims by prohibiting migrants who have been in Canada for more than a year from applying for ...
[129]
Austria: 'We need remigration' and 'homogeneity,' far-right party ...
Aug 21, 2024 · Far-right Austrian party FPÖ has called for the deportation of migrants living in the alpine country back to their countries of origin.
[130]
Austria's far-right Freedom Party sets out election programme | Reuters
Aug 21, 2024 · 29, presented its campaign manifesto on Wednesday, setting out measures to boost the economy and curb immigration. Presenting the programme with ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[131]
Far right in Austria 'opens new era' with election victory - BBC
Sep 30, 2024 · EPA Chairman and top candidate of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPOe) Herbert Kickl (C) celebrates during FPOe election event after parliamentary elections.
[132]
New Coalition Forms In Austria, Excludes Leading Anti-Migration Party
Feb 27, 2025 · The new coalition appears to have a very slightly softer policy agenda on immigration than the stridently anti-migration FPÖ, though still seeking to keep more ...Missing: remigration | Show results with:remigration<|separator|>
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Austria becomes first EU country to resume deportations of refugees ...
Jul 4, 2025 · Austria becomes first EU country to resume deportations of refugees to Syria · 'Tough but fair asylum policy' · 'Decision criticized by NGOs'.
[134]
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Mar 12, 2025 · Austria's new government announced that it will halt family reunification procedures for migrants with immediate effect, arguing that the country is not able ...
[136]
AIDA Country Report on Austria – Update on 2024
Jul 10, 2025 · The updated AIDA Country Report on Austria provides a detailed overview on legislative and practice-related developments in asylum procedures.
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Austria Reports Migration Crackdown Success with 'Operation Fox'
Aug 22, 2025 · Austria tightened border controls and accelerated deportations in 2025, placing migration at the center of its domestic and regional agenda.
[139]
Germany is now leading the charge on Europe's anti-immigration turn
Past German governments sought to temper Europe's most hardline impulses on migration. Now, under Chancellor Friedrich Merz, Berlin is ...
[140]
Secret plan against Germany - correctiv.org
Jan 15, 2024 · Back in November, high-ranking politicians from Germany's far-right Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) party, neo-Nazis, and sympathetic ...
[141]
Germany's far-right AfD face mounting protests over plan to deport ...
Jan 21, 2024 · Huge crowds of protesters are set to descend on cities in Germany this weekend, as demonstrations calling for a ban on the far-right ...
[142]
Politicians from Germany's AfD met extremist group to discuss ...
Jan 10, 2024 · Martin Sellner, member of the Identitarian Movement, reportedly spoke of 're-migration' ideas.
[143]
Police Crime Statistics 2024 - BKA
The BKA annually publishes a report (English version) which contains information about criminal offences, suspects, victims and further data on cases of the ...
[144]
Majority of Germany's 'open door' refugees have entered the labour ...
Apr 30, 2024 · For the cohort who arrived in 2015, the employment rate in 2022 was 64%, compared with 77% for the wider German population.
[145]
German welfare state under pressure: the devastating effects of ...
Jul 15, 2024 · While the unemployment rate among Germans without a migration background was 2.3 percent in June 2024, it was 30.5 percent among migrants from ...<|separator|>
[146]
[PDF] The German Labour Market in 2024
Jun 24, 2024 · The number of employable people entitled to basic income support for job-seekers has risen by 61,000 compared to 2023. Figure 6. Development of ...
[147]
Germany: a significant drop in the number of asylum applications
Apr 30, 2025 · In 2024, a total of 20,084 individuals were deported from Germany – approximately 25% more than in 2023 (16,000). Of these, 5,827 individuals ...
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[149]
German lower house backs plan to halt refugee family reunification
Jun 27, 2025 · Germany's Bundestag lower house passed a bill on Friday to suspend family reunification for migrants who do not qualify for full refugee ...Missing: remigration 2020s<|control11|><|separator|>
[150]
Germany: Stricter asylum rules, deportations and rollback of fast ...
Oct 10, 2025 · Germany's new government is reshaping migration policy with tougher asylum rules, renewed deportations, and the rollback of accelerated ...Missing: remigration 2020s
[151]
Isolated and fearing a ban, Germany's far-right tones down the rhetoric
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[152]
Extreme-right candidate Zemmour's radical 'remigration' plan
Mar 24, 2022 · The extreme-right candidate Eric Zemmour has proposed to create, if he is elected president, a ministry of "remigration".
[153]
Eric Zemmour vows to create 'remigration ministry' to expel ...
Mar 22, 2022 · The far-Right candidate promises to kick out a million illegal immigrants within five years if elected president, in bid to stem a poll ...<|separator|>
[154]
Spooked by immigration, Islam and 'woke' ideas: Who are Éric ...
Mar 29, 2022 · Far-right polemicist Éric Zemmour has vowed to reverse the immigration he blames for undermining France's identity and core values.
[155]
Far-right AfD moves to make amends with Le Pen - Politico.eu
Feb 23, 2024 · In January, Le Pen slammed the secret get-together, saying that she was in “total disagreement” with the reported discussions on “remigration.”.
[156]
Le Pen's RN takes aim at dual nationals and 'French of foreign origin'
Jun 23, 2024 · Marine Le Pen and her party believe there should be several categories of French people. They intend to enshrine in the Constitution a ban on dual nationals.
[157]
France: Rise in deportations and stricter migration controls by ...
Feb 6, 2025 · The French government has said that the deportations of irregular migrants in France increased by almost 27 percent in 2024.
[158]
France's government welcomes rise in deportations as it tries to ...
Feb 4, 2025 · The Interior Ministry released preliminary figures showing about 22,000 migrants living illegally in France were deported in 2024, an increase ...
[159]
French interior minister announces new measures to reduce ...
Oct 9, 2024 · Citing Italy's far-right leader Giorgia Meloni as a model, Bruno Retailleau wants to deport more undocumented people and regularize fewer of ...
[160]
French government to propose tougher immigration laws in 2025
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[161]
Eric Zemmour on X: "Remigration." / X
Oct 15, 2025 · Eric Zemmour · @ZemmourEric. Remigration. Quote. Square profile picture. Homeland Security · @DHSgov. ·. Oct 14. Remigrate.
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France Reckons with Immigration Amid Reality of Rising Far Right
May 5, 2022 · Immigrant status is permanent, and individuals who acquire French citizenship are still considered to be a part of the immigrant population.Missing: remigration | Show results with:remigration
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French police launch nationwide crackdown on undocumented ...
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[164]
The Largest Mass Deportation in American History
Mar 23, 2018 · These Mexican immigrants had been caught in the snare of Operation Wetback, the biggest mass deportation of undocumented workers in United States history.
[165]
Operation Wetback - Texas State Historical Association
Operation Wetback was a repatriation project of the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service to remove undocumented Mexican immigrants ...
[166]
Operation Wetback: The Roots of Immigrant Deportations Today
Apr 19, 2024 · In May 1954, the U.S. Border Patrol enacted “Operation Wetback,” a campaign to deport Mexican workers who were in the country illegally.Missing: remigration | Show results with:remigration
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Trump promises mass deportations of undocumented people. How ...
Sep 3, 2024 · “Mass deportation now!” is a catchphrase for the Trump presidential campaign, as the Republican nominee proposes a crackdown on immigration that would oust ...
[168]
Trump in second administration promises mass deportations, tariffs ...
Nov 6, 2024 · Trump promised on the campaign trail this year to conduct a mass deportation of more than 13 million immigrants in the country illegally.
[169]
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[170]
State department ramps up Trump anti-immigration agenda with ...
May 30, 2025 · Existing bureau that helps with settling people in US would become new agency overseeing deportations.
[171]
Trump promised mass deportations. Here's one way they could ...
including 1.6 million in Texas — by ...<|separator|>
[172]
Mass Deportation: Analyzing the Trump Administration's Attacks on ...
Nothing that has happened over the last six months has changed the fundamental truth that arresting, detaining, and deporting every undocumented immigrant in ...
[173]
Trump's deportation agenda will destroy millions of jobs
Jul 10, 2025 · Deportations will eliminate millions of jobs held by immigrant and US-born workers according to research on increased immigration enforcement.
[174]
Can the Trump Administration's “Self-Deportation” Campaign ...
Jun 18, 2025 · ARTICLE: The Trump administration has launched an ambitious campaign to encourage “self-deportation” as a complement to its muscular ...
[175]
Trump's mass deportation plans have echoes of a 1950s federal ...
Feb 12, 2025 · Seventy-one years after the Eisenhower administration launched a high-visibility operation to arrest undocumented immigrants, President Trump is following some ...
[176]
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Sep 3, 2025 · A number of European governments are proposing restrictive measures on migrants in response to public concern.
[177]
In an Age of Right-Wing Populism, Why Are Denmark's Liberals ...
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[178]
Immigration by skilled workers up considerably, irregular migration ...
Apr 1, 2025 · These legal amendments included extending the maximum length of custody awaiting deportation from 10 days to 28 days. Powers to carry out search ...<|separator|>
[179]
Migrants at the Gate: Europe Tries to Curb Undocumented Migration
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[180]
How Far-Right Election Gains Are Changing Europe
Oct 15, 2024 · Far-right parties are making significant strides in Austria and Germany, pulling EU policies in a rightward direction.
[181]
Pact on Migration and Asylum
The Pact on Migration and Asylum is a set of new rules managing migration and establishing a common asylum system at EU level.
[182]
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Jun 29, 2025 · They declined by about 20 percent in the first five months of 2025, after a sharp decline last year, according to preliminary data collected by ...
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The Trump Administration Wants to Create an 'Office of Remigration'
May 29, 2025 · "Remigration"—a far-right European plan to expel minorities and immigrants from Western nations—may soon have a dedicated office following a ...
[184]
Trump Administration Embraces Word Used By White Nationalists
Oct 16, 2025 · "Is the English language too difficult for you?” said a Homeland Security official to TIME when asked its use of the word "remigrate"
[185]
German far-right AfD firebrand sees 'common ground' with US
Sep 23, 2025 · Europe News: He is often described as the most radical face of Germany's far-right AfD party, has called for the \"remigration\" of ...
[186]
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Feb 22, 2025 · A pivotal endorsement from Elon Musk came in the form of a tweet: “Only the AfD can save Germany.”Missing: remigration | Show results with:remigration
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Far-right activists from Germany spent US election day at Trump's ...
Dec 7, 2024 · AfD parliamentary candidate and influencers posed for photos with now president-elect at his Florida home
[189]
'Your countries are being ruined' by migration, Trump tells Europe at ...
Sep 23, 2025 · In his UN speech on Tuesday, Trump warned Europe that immigration and climate policies are destroying its heritage and causing an ...
[190]
'Your countries are being ruined' by migration, Trump tells Europe at ...
Sep 23, 2025 · In his UN speech on Tuesday, Trump warned Europe that immigration and climate policies are destroying its heritage and causing an ...
[191]
Trump's Proposal for Office of Remigration Evokes Ethnic Cleansing ...
May 30, 2025 · The president's call for a policy of “remigration” has been embraced by far right groups in Europe.
[192]
Trump's Mass Deportation Agenda Makes Everyone Less Safe
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Migrant repatriations as a transatlantic challenge: Some legal ...
Apr 17, 2025 · An Axios/Ipsos poll conducted in January 2025 found that while 66% of Americans supported the idea of deportation, only 38% were in favour of ...Political Context · Legal Provisions · Population SurveysMissing: remigration | Show results with:remigration<|separator|>
[194]
Trump's migration speech at UN should not go unanswered
Sep 24, 2025 · Trump's UN speech attacked Europe with false claims on migration. The EU must counter disinformation with reforms, facts, and credible ...
[195]
It's not just Trump, the EU is also waging an anti-migration crusade
Mar 29, 2025 · In the first nine months of 2024, EU states issued 327,880 expulsion orders, with 27,740 people forcibly removed between July and September.
[196]
Understanding Europe's turn on migration - Brookings Institution
Oct 24, 2024 · Europe's tone on migration has notably shifted toward a more securitized, hardline approach, even among mainstream parties.
[197]
AfD: Germans float ban on elected far-right party after scandal - BBC
Jan 20, 2024 · Germans are angered by reports that AfD figures joined a meeting that discussed mass deportations.Missing: ethnic | Show results with:ethnic<|separator|>
[198]
From Radicalisation to Designation: The AfD's Extremist Turn - ICCT
Jun 13, 2025 · In fact, since the German reunification, the AfD is only the second party in the Bundestag, after Die Linke (The Left), which was monitored ...
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The Worrying Backstory of Trump's Proposed “Office of Remigration”
May 30, 2025 · It calls for the forcible repatriation or mass expulsion of non-ethnically European immigrants and their descendants, regardless of immigration ...
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AfD endorses controversial 'remigration' as German election race ...
Jan 12, 2025 · The co-leader of Germany's AfD has endorsed the policy of “remigration”, pledging to carry out mass deportations of immigrants if it enters government next ...
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Mainstream media ignore Trump's planned Office of Remigration, a ...
Jun 11, 2025 · ... to include a new “Office of Remigration.” “Remigration” is a term long used by far-right extremists to describe ethnic cleansing.<|separator|>
[203]
Mass Deportation Is an Inhumane Policy and Bad for the United States
Jan 17, 2025 · Mass detention and deportations will tear apart families, cause lasting trauma and harm, and set back health and education in immigrant ...<|separator|>
[204]
A 'Global Solution' that won't solve anything: Why mass deportation ...
Jan 10, 2025 · Mass deportation poses significant ethical concerns as it threatens to separate these children from their families and primary caregivers.
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UN experts alarmed by resumption of US deportations to third ...
Jul 8, 2025 · “Other countries that have attempted to outsource their responsibilities have left people stranded in far away places, arbitrarily detained for ...
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[PDF] The principle of non-refoulement under international human rights law
Non-refoulement guarantees no one is returned to a country where they face torture, cruel treatment, or irreparable harm, and applies to all migrants.
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Access to territory and non-refoulement | UNHCR
Mar 6, 2025 · The principle of non-refoulement is applicable to any form of removal or return, including in the context of interception at land or sea; ...Overview · Relevance for emergency... · Main guidance
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EU: Return proposals a “new low” for Europe's treatment of migrants
Mar 11, 2025 · The European Commission introduced a proposed revision to the 2008 Return Directive, amending the EU legal framework on returns or deportations outside of the ...
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EU's inhumane deportation rules should be rejected - ECCHR
Sep 15, 2025 · EU institutions and Member States have increasingly made criminalisation, surveillance, and discrimination the default tools of migration ...Missing: strategies remigration
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Oct 11, 2022 · This article proposes a new approach to the political theory of migration: the ethics of migration policy dilemmas.What are 'hard' ethical... · How can hard ethical... · Five migration policy dilemmas
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Dismantle the Mass Deportation Machine and Invest in Welcoming ...
Immigration detention in the U.S. is unnecessary, rife with systemic abuses, arbitrary, and unlawful under international human rights law. Detaining people ...
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Do Migrants Pay Their Way? A Net Fiscal Analysis for Germany
Jan 26, 2025 · Our results show that migrants, especially first-generation migrants, have a more favorable net fiscal impact on average compared to natives.
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[PDF] Do Migrants Pay Their Way? A Net Fiscal Analysis for Germany
Nov 21, 2024 · This study quantifies the direct average net fiscal impact (ANFI) of migra- tion in Germany, taking into account both indirect taxes and in-kind ...
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Denmark, Sweden and Germany have analysed impact of low ...
Oct 1, 2024 · Research in Denmark, Sweden, Germany and other countries has found that mass immigration through low-wage, low-skill and non-European migration from the Middle ...
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[PDF] Crime and immigration: evidence from large immigrant waves
Abstract—This paper focuses on empirical connections between crime and immigration, studying two large waves of recent U.K. immigration (the.
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[PDF] Evidence From an Immigrant Welfare Scheme in Denmark
Based on a quasi-experimental research design, we find sizeable effects: the benefit reduction reduced the net flow of immigrants by about 5,000 people per year ...Missing: remigration | Show results with:remigration
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The Erosion of Border Control and Its Threat to National Sovereignty
Jun 3, 2022 · Washington's failure to control the country's southern border has longer-term implications: it erodes the principle of national sovereignty.
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[PDF] The Power to Control Immigration is a Core Aspect of Sovereignty
Where in our constitutional system is the power to regulate immigration assigned? Professor Ilya Somin argues that the power to regulate immigration is not ...
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America's Forgotten History Of Mexican-American 'Repatriation' - NPR
Sep 10, 2015 · More than a million people of Mexican descent were sent to Mexico. Author Francisco Balderrama estimates that 60 percent were American citizens.
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The Employment Effects of Mexican Repatriations: Evidence from the 1930s
NBER Working Paper No. 23885 analyzing labor market outcomes following the 1930s Mexican repatriations.