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Rohru

Rohru is a town and municipal committee in of the Indian state of , located on the banks of the Pabbar River approximately 115 kilometers northeast of . Nestled in the scenic Pabbar Valley, often referred to as the "Apple Valley" or "Golden Belt," it sits at an elevation of about 1,537 meters above sea level, surrounded by the Himalayan foothills that contribute to its temperate climate and lush landscapes. As of the , the area had a of 6,875 (estimated at approximately 10,000 as of 2024), predominantly engaged in agriculture and tourism-related activities. Historically, Rohru was part of the of Bhushar before India's independence and has since developed into an independent with key government offices, including a weekly session of the Shimla . The town's economy is prominently driven by , particularly the of high-quality apples, which are among the finest in and exported both domestically and internationally, supporting a notably high and in the region. Notable features include the Dhamwari , located 25 kilometers upstream along the Pabbar River, and a national-level stadium situated by the Shikari River, enhancing its appeal as a hub for . Rohru also holds cultural significance, hosting the annual Rohru Fair from April 21 to 23 near the Pabbar River, which attracts locals and visitors to celebrate regional traditions and community events. The surrounding area offers opportunities for trekking, angling, and exploring natural attractions like the Pabbar Valley and nearby Chander Nahan Lake, making it a growing destination for eco-tourism amid the Himalayan terrain.

History

Early Settlement and Princely Era

The Rohru Valley, situated in the of , was initially inhabited by indigenous hill communities, including groups like the Kulindas who occupied the Shimla and Sirmour hills between the , Satluj, and rivers during ancient times. These early settlers practiced a form of , with a central assembly sharing power with local leaders, reflecting the socio-political structures of prehistoric hill societies in the region. Though records of specific migrations and settlements remain sparse due to the rugged terrain and oral traditions predominant in the area. Rohru's formal historical integration occurred under the of Bashahr (also spelled ), one of the oldest hill states in the , traditionally founded by , son of Lord Krishna, with its capital initially at Kamru. The area fell under local chiefs who were to the Bashahr rulers, functioning as a semi-autonomous subunit within the larger state, which encompassed much of present-day and Kinnaur districts. By the , as British influence expanded in the hills following the Anglo-Gorkha War of 1814-1816, Bashahr came under British paramountcy in 1815, leading to the consolidation of regions like Rohru into the broader administrative framework of the Himachal hill states. Rohru remained under Bashahr's control as a area during this period. Early records of Rohru's settlement are marked by historical obscurity, with limited written documentation owing to the reliance on oral histories and the isolation of the valley, making precise timelines challenging to establish. However, archaeological evidence from ancient sites provides crucial insights into cultural continuity. The Hatkoti Temple complex, located near Rohru along the Pabbar River in Jubbal tehsil, stands as a prominent testament to early cultural settlements, dating to the 8th or CE during the Gurjara-Pratihara period, with inscriptional evidence confirming its construction as a site dedicated to deities like Hateshwari Durga and . This temple, built in the nagara architectural style, indicates organized religious and communal life in the valley predating the princely era, serving as a focal point for local worship and reflecting the enduring spiritual heritage of the region.

Post-Independence Development

Following India's independence in 1947 and the subsequent integration of princely states into the newly formed in 1948, Rohru, previously part of the , was declared an individual by the state government in the mid-20th century as part of broader administrative reorganizations to enhance local governance in the . This administrative elevation facilitated better governance and development in the hilly region, aligning with broader state reorganization efforts that consolidated fragmented territories into structured units. Rohru's growth as a municipal area began with the of the in March 1978, covering an initial area of 1.28 square kilometers and seven wards, which later evolved into a full under . This establishment supported urban expansion and services, significantly boosted by the development of hatcheries, including the prominent facility at Dhamwari established in 2005 and located 25 kilometers upstream, which built on the 1990s commercialization of breeding in and positioned Rohru as a key center for national-level initiatives. In recent years, has accelerated, exemplified by Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu's inauguration and foundation-laying of projects worth Rs 100.95 in December 2024, including Rs 51.74 for road upgrades such as the Podhar-Mandiyori-Karasa and Seema-Ratnari routes, and an Rs 8.25 hostel at Seema College in Rohru. These initiatives, alongside enhancements in storage, healthcare like a new , and water supply schemes, aim to improve connectivity, , and economic opportunities in the . Post-independence cultural revival in Rohru has been marked by events like the Bhunda Mahayagya, a rare tribal held in the Spail of the Rohru subdivision, which commemorates the historical victories of the Khasa (Khashiya) tribe over invading Nagas and reinforces indigenous heritage amid modernization. Revived in January 2025 after a 40-year hiatus—the last occurrence in 1985—the ceremony, centered on devta Bakralu worship and traditional sacrifices, drew over 200,000 participants and underscored the persistence of pre-colonial Khasa customs in contemporary community life.

Geography

Location and Physical Features

Rohru is situated in the of , , at coordinates 31.202°N 77.752°E, with an average elevation of approximately 1,525 meters (5,003 feet) above sea level. The town lies on the banks of the Pabbar River, which flows through the scenic Pabbar Valley, a sub-valley of the larger River basin in the lower . This positioning places Rohru within a rugged mountainous terrain characterized by steep slopes and high surrounding hills, contributing to its role as a gateway to remote Himalayan regions. The Rohru tehsil encompasses an area of 231.87 km², dominated by elevated landscapes that rise dramatically from the valley floor. It is in close proximity to the , located at an elevation of 3,755 meters, which connects Rohru to the Dodra-Kwar Valley and offers access to the higher Chanshal Peak at 4,520 meters, the tallest in . The region features dense cover, with coniferous species such as deodar (), kail (), and chir pine () predominating across significant portions of the tehsil. These forests, part of the broader Rohru Forest Division covering about 42% of its geographical area, support rich , including broad-leaved oaks (Quercus spp.) and associated that enhance ecological diversity in the Himalayan . Climatic variations in the area influence forest composition, promoting a mix of temperate adapted to the valley's altitudinal gradients.

Climate and Environment

Rohru features a temperate with dry winters, classified under the Köppen system as Cwb. This classification reflects its subtropical highland characteristics, marked by mild summers, cold winters, and concentrated in the summer season. During the summer months of to , average high temperatures reach 25.6°C (78°F) with lows around 11.9°C (53°F), providing pleasant conditions though occasionally interrupted by pre-monsoon showers. Winters, spanning December to February, see temperatures dropping below freezing, with average highs of 13-16°C (55-61°F) and lows as low as 2.6°C (37°F) or colder, accompanied by snowfall totaling about 291 mm annually over roughly 6 days. The region's location along the Pabbar River contributes to elevated humidity levels, particularly during transitional periods. Annual averages 1,000-1,500 mm, predominantly falling during the from to , when monthly totals can exceed 300 mm in alone; post-monsoon months of and often bring foggy conditions that reduce . The environment of Rohru is characterized by high forest density, with encompassing approximately 46% forest cover that supports diverse wildlife, including species in nearby areas like the Talra Wildlife Sanctuary. These forests, covering significant portions of the Rohru forest division at about 43% of the local area, play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and . However, the region faces vulnerabilities such as frequent landslides triggered by heavy rains, which have damaged and in recent years, and frost events that threaten apple orchards by affecting buds and fruit development, as reported by local growers perceiving frost as a primary risk factor.

Demographics

Population and Growth

According to the , the population of Rohru town stood at 6,875, comprising 3,759 males and 3,116 females. The overall was 829 females per 1,000 males, while the child sex ratio for individuals under of age was 941 females per 1,000 males. In the broader Rohru , the population totaled 49,490, with 25,607 males and 23,883 females. The town's population has shown significant growth over the decades, increasing from 2,335 in 1981 to 6,875 in 2011, a rise of approximately 194% that underscores patterns of rural-to-urban migration in the region. Estimates suggest the town's population reached approximately 9,700 as of 2025. This expansion reflects broader demographic shifts in , where administrative and economic opportunities in smaller towns like Rohru draw residents from surrounding rural areas. Among the town's residents, Scheduled Castes accounted for 17.85% of the population, totaling 1,227 individuals, while Scheduled Tribes represented 0.51%, or 35 individuals. These figures highlight the diverse yet predominantly non-tribal composition of Rohru's urban demographic.

Languages, Religion, and

Rohru's linguistic landscape is dominated by , the official language of , which serves as the primary medium of communication in administration, education, and urban settings. Locally, various dialects, part of the group, are predominantly spoken, particularly in rural and contexts, reflecting the region's and daily interactions among residents. The religious composition of Rohru is overwhelmingly Hindu, with over 94% of the population adhering to , as per the census data for the area. Minority faiths include (approximately 3.9%), (0.79%), and negligible presence of and , with no significant other religious communities reported. Buddhist influences are subtly present in peripheral tribal-influenced areas surrounding the town, often linked to scheduled populations, though they constitute less than 1% overall. Literacy in Rohru stands at 88.3% as recorded in the 2011 census, surpassing the national average of 74%. This includes a male literacy rate of 92.22% and a literacy rate of 83.44%, indicating a relatively high compared to broader rural trends. The gender disparity in literacy has been narrowing over time, with female rates showing progressive improvement from earlier censuses, though challenges persist in remote villages within the .

Economy

Agriculture and Horticulture

Rohru's economy is predominantly driven by , with apple orchards forming the backbone of agricultural activity in the region. Known as one of India's premier apple-growing areas, Rohru specializes in high-quality temperate fruits, particularly apples, which thrive in its high-altitude, cool . The area under apple has expanded significantly, contributing to the livelihoods of a majority of local farmers. Apple production in Rohru accounts for approximately 14.8% of Shimla district's output, which itself represents about 67% of Himachal Pradesh's total apple production, making Rohru a key contributor to the state's horticultural sector at around 10% overall (as of 2018-2021). Varieties such as , along with strains like Royal Delicious and Scarlet Spur, dominate the orchards, yielding high-quality fruits suited for both fresh consumption and processing. These apples are exported to major national markets, including and , supporting the regional economy through substantial trade volumes. Apple farming contributes over 70% to the income of local households engaged in , with net returns averaging ₹1,73,000 to ₹3,54,000 per 100 plants depending on orchard age and management practices (as of 2019-2025). In addition to apples, Rohru's agriculture includes cultivation of potatoes, off-season vegetables such as cabbage, peas, and cauliflower, and other temperate fruits like pears and apricots, which provide supplementary income and dietary diversity for farmers. These crops are grown on terraced fields, leveraging the region's fertile slopes and ample rainfall. Trout farming complements horticulture, with government-operated hatcheries at Dhamwari in Rohru tehsil, established in 2005, producing rainbow trout utilizing the cold waters of the Pabbar River for aquaculture that has been promoted through national initiatives since the 1960s. Economically, apple cultivation in Rohru yields an average of 49-68 quintals per 100 plants after accounting for costs like planting (₹42,000-48,000 per 100 plants) and maintenance. However, farmers face challenges from variability, including erratic rainfall, reduced chilling hours, and hailstorms, which have led to production declines of up to 20-50% in recent years. In 2024, Himachal Pradesh's apple production fell to 580,000 tonnes from 672,000 tonnes in 2022-23, primarily due to adverse conditions. These issues underscore the need for adaptive practices, such as introducing low-chill varieties and improved , to sustain Rohru's horticultural prominence.

Tourism and Emerging Sectors

Tourism in Rohru has emerged as a vital driver of economic diversification, complementing the region's traditional apple-based by attracting visitors to its scenic valleys, high-altitude passes, and trekking routes. The sector focuses on eco-tourism and adventure activities, such as nature walks and river-based pursuits, fostering sustainable growth in a rural setting. In , tourism contributes approximately 7% to the state GDP and supports over 14% of direct and indirect employment, with emerging areas like Rohru benefiting from this broader momentum through increased local revenue from visitor spending (as of 2022-23). Statewide tourist arrivals rose from 13.3 million in 2010 to 15.1 million by 2022, recovering to 18.1 million in 2024 following the . Beyond core tourism, emerging non-agricultural sectors in Rohru include handicrafts, particularly woolen textiles like shawls and traditional weaves, alongside woodwork such as carved furniture and artifacts, which provide supplementary income for local artisans and integrate with tourist markets. Small-scale hydroelectric projects, such as the 1.2 MW Salanti Small Hydro Electric Project and the 16.5 MW Andra Hydroelectric Project in Rohru tehsil, harness the Pabbar River's flow to generate renewable energy, contributing to local power supply and creating jobs in construction and maintenance. The service sector, notably homestays, has expanded rapidly, with numerous community-run accommodations offering authentic experiences and boosting household earnings amid rising demand from domestic travelers. Government efforts under the Tourism Policy 2019 emphasize inclusive growth by promoting lesser-known destinations like Rohru through infrastructure optimization and eco-friendly developments. The 2024 Eco-Tourism Policy further supports this by allocating resources for 77 new sites statewide, including potential expansions in areas like Rohru, with an expected revenue generation of Rs 200 over five years via activities like trekking and viewing. Additionally, the Tourism Development Corporation (HPTDC) secured a $162 million loan from the in 2024 to refurbish facilities and advance projects in remote spots including Rohru, alongside Rs 696 tenders for 11 tourism initiatives to enhance connectivity and amenities. Despite these advances, in Rohru grapples with seasonal dependency, where earnings peak during the summer and autumn months from to due to favorable weather, leaving off-season periods economically challenging and straining local resources during high influx. This variability underscores the need for year-round to mitigate fluctuations in and .

Culture

Festivals and Fairs

Rohru, a town in the of , , is renowned for its vibrant festivals that blend religious devotion with cultural expressions, particularly honoring local deities known as Devtas. These events, rooted in the region's traditions, draw communities from surrounding villages and attract visitors seeking authentic Himalayan heritage. The festivals emphasize communal participation through rituals, performances, and gatherings that reinforce social bonds and spiritual beliefs. The Rohru Fair, held annually from April 21 to 23 on the banks of the Pabbar River, is a prominent dedicated to Shikru Devta, the presiding deity of the town. This three-day event features traditional music and folk dances, competitive sports, and rows of commercial stalls selling local handicrafts and produce, fostering both cultural exchange and economic activity. It serves as a major religious observance, with devotees offering prayers at the Shikru Devta Temple, highlighting the deity's role in protecting the community and ensuring prosperity. Another significant observance is the Jagra Festival, occurring in or around Bhadon , which unfolds in Rohru and its surrounding villages during the night. This ritualistic event involves oracles channeling divine messages, rhythmic drumbeats, and processions carrying Devta palanquins through the hills, creating an atmosphere of intense spiritual fervor. Participants believe these nighttime vigils invoke the deities' blessings for village welfare, emphasizing the mystical connection between humans and the divine in culture. The Bhunda Maha Yagya represents a rarer, more elaborate sacred fire ritual performed in Rohru, along with nearby areas like Rampur and Nirmand, every 40 years to commemorate historical victories of the Khasa people, an ancient Indo-Aryan in the region. The ceremony includes elaborate yajnas (fire offerings), invocations to local Devtas, and symbolic acts of devotion, such as ritual processions and communal feasts, underscoring themes of triumph over adversity and communal harmony. The most recent event occurred from January 2 to 5, 2025, in Dalgaon village, Rohru subdivision, drawing over 100,000 participants after a 40-year hiatus.

Local Traditions and Cuisine

Local traditions in Rohru revolve around the veneration of indigenous known as devtas, who are believed to safeguard the community and natural resources. The Shikru Devta temple, located in the upper of Rohru, honors a discovered centuries ago at Chanshal Lake near Chirgaon, serving as a focal point for rituals that invoke protection and prosperity for the region's apple orchards and rivers. Similarly, Devta Narayan Ji at the Navar temple in Rohru is revered as the guardian of 11 surrounding villages, embodying principles of justice and communal harmony through annual observances that reinforce social bonds. These practices highlight the syncretic spiritual landscape of the area, blending animistic elements with broader Hindu influences. Folk arts form a vital part of daily cultural expression, with the Nati dance being a prominent group performance featuring men and women in traditional attire, accompanied by rhythmic beats of the dhol drum and melodic strains from flutes and other local instruments like the nagara. Performed during community gatherings, Nati celebrates agricultural cycles and social unity, often improvising steps to folk tunes that narrate tales of mountain life. Social customs further reflect historical clan structures inherited from the Khasa people, evident in surnames common to the Rohru and Jubbal regions, such as those ending in "-ta" (e.g., Zinta, Jakta), which denote ancestral lineages and facilitate ties in rural . Community jagras, night-long vigils involving bhajans and hymns in praise of devtas, are held to express gratitude for bountiful harvests, fostering collective participation and spiritual awakening. Rohru's culinary heritage draws from Pahari staples, emphasizing locally sourced ingredients suited to the Himalayan climate. Siddu, a steamed bread stuffed with lentils or nuts, provides nourishing warmth during winters and is typically enjoyed with or . , a creamy or black gram tempered with and spices, serves as a festive , while trout preparations—freshly caught from the Pabbar and grilled with local masalas—highlight the region's pisciculture tradition. Apple-based desserts, such as made from orchard-fresh fruits in Rohru's Chauhara block, offer a sweet conclusion to meals, utilizing the area's renowned produce for confections with extended shelf life. Traditional brews like lugdi, a fermented beverage known locally as jhol, accompany occasions, prepared seasonally to aid digestion and warmth in high altitudes. Oral histories preserved through storytelling and folk songs recount the migrations of tribal groups into the Shimla hills, including integrations with incoming Hindu practices that shaped contemporary devta cults and clan identities. These narratives, transmitted across generations, emphasize against environmental challenges and cultural , forming the bedrock of Rohru's .

Government and Infrastructure

Administration and Governance

Rohru serves as a municipal committee and tehsil headquarters within , , overseeing administrative functions for the surrounding region. The tehsil encompasses 142 villages, contributing to its rural-urban administrative framework that manages local revenue, land records, and developmental coordination. Governance in Rohru is primarily handled by an elected , which is responsible for urban services such as , , and maintenance within the town limits. Law enforcement falls under the jurisdiction of the (SDPO), reachable at 8894728010, ensuring security across the . Key administrative roles include the , who oversees revenue collection and land administration, supporting the broader district machinery. The Rohru assembly constituency is represented by Mohan Lal Brakta of the (), who has held the position since the 2022 elections and advocates for local developmental priorities. In line with Congress-led state governance, recent initiatives include the approval and inauguration of projects worth Rs. 100.95 in November 2024, focusing on road upgrades and agricultural infrastructure to bolster regional growth. These efforts align with the state government's emphasis on equitable development in hill areas like Rohru.

Education and Healthcare

Rohru's education sector benefits from the high literacy rate in Himachal Pradesh, which stands at 99.3% as of 2025, supporting a network of primary, middle, and senior secondary schools across the town and surrounding villages. Institutions such as Himalayan Public Senior Secondary School and Government Girls Senior Secondary School provide foundational education, with the state emphasizing access to quality schooling within short distances for rural populations. Recent state investments include the approval of 15,000 new posts in the education department to enhance teaching quality and infrastructure, aligning with efforts to maintain near-universal literacy and introduce vocational courses for better employment prospects. Higher education in Rohru is anchored by key institutions like the , established in 2005 as the state's first college, offering a four-year B.Pharm program approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and (PCI), with an intake of 40 students and a focus on modern facilities including planned expansion and biomedical research capabilities. Government College Seema (formerly Seema College), a prominent government institution, is set to introduce a B.Ed. program in the upcoming academic session and has received state funding for a new multipurpose building, while the foundation stone for a Rs 8.25 hostel was laid in November 2024 to improve residential facilities for students. Despite these advancements, challenges persist, including limited options for advanced higher , prompting many residents to to for specialized programs and postgraduate studies. In healthcare, the Civil Hospital Rohru serves as the primary public facility, providing general medical services, care, and diagnostics to the tehsil's of 49,490 (2011 ). The has allocated funds under a Rs 193 crore infrastructure initiative in 2025, including the development of a 50-bedded Critical (CCB) at the hospital to enhance intensive care and response capabilities. needs are addressed through sub-centers and outreach programs in surrounding villages, with a focus on rural maternal and child services such as , vaccinations, and under the framework. However, advanced treatments remain limited locally, leading to reliance on referral hospitals in for complex cases like specialized surgeries or intensive neonatal care.

Tourism and Accessibility

Key Attractions

Rohru, nestled in the of , , is renowned for its array of natural and cultural attractions that draw visitors seeking tranquility and scenic beauty. The Pabbar Valley, a prominent feature of the region, extends along the Pabbar River, offering picturesque riverbanks with crystal-clear waters flanked by lush apple orchards, dense deodar forests, and snow-capped peaks of the Chanshal range. This verdant expanse provides serene spots ideal for picnics, where the gentle flow of the river and surrounding meadows create an idyllic retreat amid the Himalayan foothills. Among the valley's highlights is the sacred Chander Nahan Lake, also known as Chandernahan Lake, perched at an elevation of approximately 4,000 meters in the Chanshal range. This high-altitude , fed by melting snow and perennial springs, holds deep mythological significance as the abode of the Chandra, from which the Pabbar River is believed to originate. Accessible primarily by a moderate trek of about 20 kilometers from the base village of Janglik near Rohru, the lake's pristine waters surrounded by alpine meadows and rocky cliffs offer breathtaking panoramic views, especially during the summer months when wildflowers bloom. The Shikhru Devta Temple, an ancient shrine dedicated to the local deity Shikru Devta, stands as a spiritual centerpiece on the outskirts of Rohru, atop a prominent ridge providing sweeping vistas of the Pabbar Valley. Legend traces the deity's origins to its discovery in the waters of centuries ago, establishing the temple as a focal point for regional worship, particularly during the annual in April. The modest stone structure, enveloped by oak and pine forests, embodies the area's indigenous faith and serves as a cultural hub where devotees gather for rituals and festivals. Further enriching the region's heritage is the Hatkoti Temple, a historical complex of ruins dating back to the (4th–6th centuries ), situated on the right bank of the Pabbar River about 100 kilometers from . Dedicated to Goddess Hateshwari (a form of ) and Lord , the site features remnants of Gupta-era architecture, including pyramid-shaped shikharas and intricate stone carvings depicting mythological scenes. Surrounded by terraced fields and almond groves, it attracts pilgrims and history enthusiasts exploring its ancient inscriptions and the enigmatic chained kalash (sacred pot) within the sanctum. The Chanshal Valley, encompassing the high at 4,520 meters, unfolds as a vast expanse of alpine meadows, glacial streams, and wildflower-dotted plateaus linking Rohru to the Dodra-Kwar region. This remote area, part of the lesser-explored eastern , showcases dramatic landscapes with grazing pastures and distant Himalayan views, particularly vibrant from June to October. Complementing these natural wonders are the Rohru Apple Orchards, which blanket the valley slopes and form a key seasonal attraction for . Spanning thousands of hectares in the "Apple Country" belt, these orchards burst into a of blossoms in and yield ripe red apples from to , allowing visitors to partake in guided that highlight sustainable farming practices amid the terraced hillsides; as of 2023, apple in has expanded to 115,680 hectares overall, boosting regional agritourism.

Transportation and Visitor Information

Rohru is accessible primarily by road, located approximately 110 kilometers from via National Highway 5 (NH-5) up to Hatkoti, followed by the Hatkoti-Rohru road. The journey takes about 3 to 4 hours by car or taxi, with the route passing through scenic apple orchards and mountainous terrain. (HRTC) operates daily buses from to Rohru, providing an affordable public option with multiple departures. The nearest airport is Chandigarh International Airport, roughly 210 kilometers away, from where taxis or buses can be hired for the onward journey. For rail travelers, the closest stations are (110 km) or (approximately 180 km), both connected to major cities, with taxis available for the final leg. Popular activities in Rohru include trout fishing along the Pabbar River, where rainbow and thrive in the cold streams, offering opportunities from to October. Trekking routes such as those to and nearby falls provide moderate to challenging hikes through forests and valleys, ideal for nature enthusiasts during the same season. River on the Pabbar River features Grade II and III rapids, suitable for beginners and intermediates, with the best conditions from to June and September to October. These outdoor pursuits highlight Rohru's adventure potential, though visitors should prepare for variable weather and follow local guidelines. Visitor accommodations in Rohru range from the government-run HPTDC Hotel The Chanshal, offering basic rooms with amenities like a and , to numerous homestays providing authentic local experiences. No special permits are required for Indian or foreign tourists to visit Rohru, but checking weather advisories is essential, particularly during the monsoon season (July to August) when landslides can disrupt access. The optimal visiting period is to , avoiding heavy winter snowfalls that close higher passes. Local connectivity relies on and shared jeeps for within Rohru and to sites, as there is no internal railway station. Emerging opportunities are developing at sites like Rowda near Rohru, adding to the area's adventure offerings for those seeking aerial views of .

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