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Rolemaster

Rolemaster is a fantasy tabletop role-playing game system developed and published by Iron Crown Enterprises (ICE), first released in 1980 as a modular set of rulebooks designed to enhance realism and depth in gameplay.^[1]^[2] Known for its intricate, skill-based mechanics and emphasis on detailed simulation, Rolemaster allows players to create highly customizable characters through professions, races, and development points, while featuring open-ended dice rolls for unpredictable outcomes in combat and skill checks.^[3]^[2] The game's core components originated as individual supplements—such as Arms Law for weapon combat tables, Claw Law for unarmed and monster attacks, Spell Law for magic systems, and Character Law for creation—intended initially to integrate with existing RPGs like Dungeons & Dragons, but quickly coalesced into a comprehensive standalone fantasy system.^[4] Over its history, Rolemaster has undergone multiple editions to refine its rules: the First Edition (RM1, 1980–1982) introduced the foundational boxed sets; the Second Edition (RM2, 1984–1994) expanded professions and spells with revised core books; the Rolemaster Standard System (RMSS, 1995) revamped skill categories and character generation for greater balance; Rolemaster Fantasy Roleplaying (RMFRP, 1999) reorganized RMSS into a single core rulebook alongside supplements; Rolemaster Classic (RMC, 2006) streamlined RM2's mechanics; and the latest, Rolemaster Unified (RMU, released starting with Core Law in 2022 and followed by Spell Law in 2023, Treasure Law in 2024, and Creature Law Volume One in late 2024), unifies elements from prior versions with 23 races, 22 professions, and 25 skill categories for modern play.^[2]^[5] Central to Rolemaster's appeal is its gritty, lethal combat system, which uses percentile dice and extensive tables to resolve attacks, incorporating hit location, critical wounds (ranging from stuns and bleeding to instant death), and weapon-specific effects, making even low-level encounters dangerous.^[2] Magic is divided into three realms—Essence (arcane power drawn from the environment), Channeling (divine power from gods), and Mentalism (psionic abilities of the mind)—each with hundreds of spell lists that scale in complexity and power.^[6] The official campaign setting is Shadow World, a high-fantasy realm blending epic lore, ancient gods, powerful artifacts, and moral ambiguity between good and evil forces.^[7] Despite ICE's financial challenges and bankruptcy in the early 2000s, the system remains actively supported through print-on-demand releases, digital tools, and community-driven expansions, including ongoing RMU publications as of 2025.^[5]^[3]

Overview

Core Concept and Design Philosophy

Rolemaster is a fantasy role-playing game system published by Iron Crown Enterprises (ICE), renowned for its emphasis on gritty realism and tactical depth in simulating complex interactions within a medieval-inspired world.^[8] The system prioritizes detailed outcomes over abstract simplification, allowing players to engage in open-ended scenarios where character actions have nuanced, often unpredictable consequences. This core concept emerged from ICE's foundational works in the early 1980s, positioning Rolemaster as a skill-based alternative to class-restricted systems like Dungeons & Dragons, with an initial release as a combat supplement in 1980 that evolved into a full standalone RPG by 1982.^[9] At its heart, Rolemaster's design philosophy adopts a simulationist approach, aiming to model real-world physics, biology, and tactics through intricate mechanics that reward strategic planning and player creativity. Central to this is the percentile dice (d100) resolution system, which uses open-ended rolls—rolling again and adding the result for rolls of 96-00—to accommodate edge cases, critical successes, and catastrophic failures, ensuring that no outcome is predetermined by fixed ranges. This philosophy, co-developed by creators like Terry K. Amthor and Olivia Johnston, extends to innovations such as extensive tables and charts for resolving attacks, spells, and maneuvers, which cross-reference factors like weapon type, armor, and attacker skill to produce varied, realistic results rather than uniform damage.^[9]^[10] The system's modular rules further embody this philosophy by enabling customization, with professions serving as archetypal frameworks that define skill development costs and aptitudes, fostering diverse character builds without rigid classes. For instance, the Rolemaster Unified Edition (RMU) includes 22 professions, spanning realms of arms, essence, channel, and mentalism, each tailored to encourage specialized yet adaptable playstyles. This structure, rooted in the 1980s RPG boom, reflects ICE's commitment to depth over accessibility, appealing to players seeking immersive, consequence-driven narratives amid the era's proliferation of innovative systems like RuneQuest.^[9]

Setting and Genre Adaptability

Rolemaster's default setting is the high-fantasy world of Shadow World, situated on the planet Kulthea, which serves as the official backdrop for the game's campaigns. This setting features a rich cosmology including real deities, powerful magical essences known as Essænce that influence travel and power dynamics, and a diverse array of cultures, races, and dangerous creatures across multiple continents. Elements such as moral ambiguity between good and evil, along with ancient histories involving gods and cosmic forces, provide a detailed foundation for storytelling, though the setting is explicitly presented as optional to encourage player and gamemaster creativity.^[8]^[11] The core Rolemaster system is designed with genre neutrality in mind, allowing its detailed, skill-based mechanics to support a wide range of campaigns beyond traditional fantasy, including science fiction, horror, and historical genres through modular supplements and custom world-building. This adaptability stems from the game's open-ended structure, where gamemasters can tailor professions, skills, and lore to fit any milieu without requiring extensive rule overhauls. For instance, the system integrates seamlessly with non-fantasy environments by adjusting skill categories and optional rules, enabling campaigns in futuristic or gritty urban settings while maintaining consistent resolution methods.^[8] Iron Crown Enterprises expanded this flexibility with companion systems derived from Rolemaster's framework, such as Space Master for science fiction adventures involving laser weaponry, alien races, and interstellar exploration, and CyberSpace for cyberpunk narratives set in a dystopian 2090 Earth rife with corporate intrigue and cybernetic enhancements. These variants demonstrate the system's portability, reusing core elements like character development and task resolution while introducing genre-specific modules for technology, psionics, or espionage.^[12]^[13] Supporting this adaptability, the Shadow World series of lore books offers extensive expansions on Kulthea's cosmology, history, and geography through volumes like the Master Atlas, which detail planetary features, pantheons, and cultural intricacies without imposing them as mandatory. These resources enable gamemasters to draw selectively for depth or inspiration, fostering hybrid campaigns that blend Shadow World's elements with entirely original worlds or other genres. The magic system, with its essence-based lores, can thus integrate into diverse settings to enhance thematic consistency.^[11]^[14]

Gameplay Mechanics

Character Creation and Development

Character creation in Rolemaster begins with generating ten primary attributes, known as potential stats, on a scale from 1 to 100, which represent a character's innate capabilities in areas such as Agility (governing physical dexterity), Constitution (endurance and health), Empathy (interpersonal and magical sensitivity), Intuition (perception and initiative), Logic (deductive reasoning), Memory (recall and learning), Presence (charisma and leadership), Quickness (speed and reflexes), Reasoning (problem-solving), and Self-Discipline (willpower and concentration).^[15] The following describes mechanics from the Rolemaster Unified edition (RMU, 2022), which unifies and refines prior systems. These stats are typically determined through random rolls using multiple d10 dice (e.g., 10d10 + 600 points assigned across stats with increasing costs for higher values) or a point-buy system allocating 600 + 10d10 total points, ensuring a balanced starting temporary stat array that influences skill development and bonuses.^[16] The stat bonus, used in various calculations, is derived from the formula floor((stat value - 50) / 5), providing modifiers ranging from -10 (for stats below 50) to +10 (for stats of 100).^[16] Players then select a race from 23 available options in the Rolemaster Unified Edition (RMU), each granting specific stat bonuses or penalties, skill modifications, and cultural affinities; for example, Elves receive bonuses to Empathy and Presence but penalties to Constitution and Self-Discipline, reflecting their graceful but less resilient nature, while Dwarves gain advantages in Constitution and Self-Discipline suited to their hardy nature.^[15] Following race selection, a culture is chosen from 10 possibilities, such as Urban (favoring social and technical skills) or Rural (emphasizing survival and perception abilities), which affects starting skill ranks, development point costs, and background options like training packages that bundle related skills for efficiency.^[15] Next, players pick a profession from 22 core options, categorized by realm—Essence (e.g., Mage, focusing on arcane manipulation with restrictions against using Mentalism or Channeling), Mentalism (e.g., Mentalist, emphasizing psionic powers with no Essence access), or Arms (e.g., Fighter, excelling in combat without magical realms)—or hybrids like the Sorcerer, which combines Essence and Channeling but limits power point pools and spell access.^[15] Professions determine skill category development costs (e.g., "Own Profession" skills cost fewer development points than "Everyman" or "Restricted" ones), base power points for magic users, and overall advancement paths, with background options such as talents (innate advantages like extra development points) and flaws (drawbacks for balance) further customizing the character.^[17] During initial development, characters receive a pool of starting development points (typically 40-60, influenced by stats and profession) to purchase skill ranks across 25 categories like Arms (combat), Lore (knowledge), and Perception (sensing), where the skill bonus is calculated as development level (ranks invested) plus relevant stat bonuses plus profession and other modifiers.^[18] Skills are grouped into categories, and progression follows a tiered structure: +5 per rank for the first 10 ranks, +3 for ranks 11-20, +2 for 21-30, and +1 thereafter, encouraging broad or specialized builds.^[19] Character advancement occurs through earning experience points from adventures, which grant levels and additional development points per session or level (often 40 base plus stat-derived bonuses, such as the average of five key stats divided by 5). These points are spent to increase skill ranks, gain stat improvements (via random rolls against potential caps), or acquire new talents, allowing gradual progression in a flexible system that integrates with task resolution for ongoing growth.^[15] This mechanics emphasize customization, where hybrid professions offer versatile but restricted paths, such as essence-based magic users facing penalties in non-Essence realms to maintain balance.^[20]

Task and Skill Resolution

In Rolemaster, task and skill resolution for non-combat actions primarily employs an open-ended percentile dice system, where players roll a d100 (two ten-sided dice, one for tens and one for units) and add modifiers derived from the character's skill bonus, relevant stat bonuses, and situational factors to determine success against a target difficulty level.^[19] The open-ended mechanic allows for extreme outcomes: a natural roll of 96–100 prompts an additional d100 roll added to the total (potentially chaining further), while 01–05 subtracts the next d100 roll, enabling results from catastrophic failure to extraordinary triumph and emphasizing the game's simulationist depth.^[21] Difficulty levels are quantified with modifiers applied to the roll, such as +30 for Routine tasks, 0 for Standard, -30 for Hard, and up to -50 or lower for Sheer Folly, allowing gamemasters flexibility in scaling challenges based on context.^[19] Skills in Rolemaster number over 100 and are organized into categories including Awareness/Perception (e.g., Detect Noise, Spot Concealment), Athletic/Movement (e.g., Jumping, Climbing), Crafts (e.g., Blacksmithing, Alchemy), Lore (e.g., Area Lore, Herb Lore), and Technical/Trade (e.g., Navigation, Appraisal), with resolution incorporating category-specific modifiers and potential stat influences like Agility for physical tasks or Intuition for perceptive ones.^[21] During character development, players allocate development points to advance skill ranks, which generate bonuses (e.g., +5 per rank for the first 10 ranks, +3 for ranks 11-20, scaling progressively), but resolution focuses on the cumulative total roll versus the adjusted difficulty to yield nuanced outcomes rather than binary success.^[19] Situational bonuses or penalties, such as +20 for favorable lighting in perception checks or -40 for poor tools in crafting, further refine the roll, promoting detailed environmental interaction.^[21] Resolution often consults maneuver tables, distinguishing between Static Maneuver Tables for immobile or mental tasks (e.g., persuasion via Acting skill or research via Lore) and Moving Maneuver Tables for dynamic physical actions (e.g., climbing or jumping), where the final roll determines the column consulted for results ranging from Total Failure (-100% success chance, potential fumble) to Extraordinary Success (+150% or better, with bonuses to follow-up actions).^[19] These tables provide graduated outcomes, including time multipliers for task duration (e.g., double time on partial success) and subsequent action modifiers (e.g., -20 to related rolls on failure), with fumbles cross-referenced to critical failure charts that might result in injury or complication, such as a slipped grip during crafting leading to material waste.^[21] For instance, a persuasion attempt might yield "Success" for basic compliance or "Special Success" for gaining extra information, while a climbing maneuver could range from secure ascent to a perilous slip requiring recovery rolls.^[19] This system underscores Rolemaster's emphasis on granular simulation for non-combat scenarios, such as stealthy infiltration using Subterfuge skills or technical analysis in investigation, where repeated resolutions can chain into complex sequences without relying on combat or magical frameworks.^[21]

Combat System

The combat system in Rolemaster emphasizes tactical depth and realism, simulating the nuances of weapons, armor, and injuries through extensive tables and modifiers. Central to this is the Offensive Bonus (OB) and Defensive Bonus (DB) mechanic, where combatants allocate portions of their total skill and stat bonuses to offense or defense at the start of each round, influencing both attack potential and evasion. This allocation encourages strategic decision-making, as overcommitting to offense leaves one vulnerable.^[15] Combat proceeds in rounds, each lasting about 10 seconds, divided into phases for movement, actions, and strikes to allow sequential resolution. The order of acting is determined by initiative, calculated as the character's Quickness stat bonus plus a d10 roll, with ties resolved by further modifiers or gamemaster discretion. Multiple actions per round are possible based on initiative results and character capabilities, such as additional strikes for high rolls.^[22] Attacks are resolved by rolling an open-ended d100, adding the attacker's OB (including relevant skill bonuses from character development), and subtracting the target's DB. The modified result is looked up on one of 29 weapon-specific attack tables, which factor in the opponent's armor type (from 20 possible varieties) to yield an outcome line indicating base damage and whether a critical strike occurs. For example, a sword attack might reference the "Long Sword" table, where results range from misses to high-damage hits against chain mail.^[22] Damage consists of concussion hits that deplete the target's endurance points, reduced by armor absorption, plus any critical effects. If a critical is indicated, a d100 roll is made on a severity table (A for minor to E for devastating), selected by attack type (e.g., slashing, puncturing, crushing), to determine additional damage and special results like bleeding (ongoing hit point loss per round), stunning (action penalties), or limb impairment. Total damage follows the formula: base damage from attack table + critical table result - armor absorption at the hit location. There are dedicated critical tables for various attack forms, including elemental and creature assaults, to handle diverse combat scenarios.^[22] Armor is applied by specific body location, with each type (e.g., plate, leather) having an absorption value that mitigates damage before it affects hit points or causes criticals. A d100 roll on the hit location chart determines the struck area—divided into regions like head (01-09), right arm (10-19), left leg (60-69), and so on—ensuring wounds reflect anatomical realism, such as reduced mobility from leg hits or vulnerability from unarmored areas. This system underscores Rolemaster's focus on detailed injury simulation over abstract hit points.^[22]

Magic and Spellcasting System

Rolemaster's magic and spellcasting system revolves around three primary realms of power: Essence, Channeling, and Mentalism, each representing distinct sources and styles of magical energy. Essence draws from the environment and universal forces, enabling manipulation of elements and physical phenomena, but requires free hands and vocalization while being disrupted by inert materials like metal. Channeling channels divine or spiritual power through intuition, focusing on healing, protection, and faith-based effects, necessitating a free hand, vocalization, and avoidance of metal armor. Mentalism harnesses the power of the mind via presence, suited for personal enhancements, illusions, and psychic influences, with no need for gestures or incantations but vulnerability to head coverings that block mental focus. Spells are organized into lists categorized by type—Base (profession-specific, typically 6 per profession), Open (accessible within a realm), Closed (more advanced and restrictive), and Evil (dark magic under GM control)—with each list containing up to 25 spells progressing from level 1 to 50, including milestones at levels 25, 30, 35, 40, and 50. For example, a Magician's Base list in Essence might include "Fire Bolt" at level 1 for directed fire damage or "Fire Ball" at higher levels for area effects, while a Cleric's Channeling Base list features "Holy Armor" for protective blessings. These lists encompass thousands of spells across utility, elemental, informational, and forceful categories, detailed in core Spell Law publications and companion volumes that expand options for specific professions or settings. Professions determine access, with pure casters (e.g., Magicians for Essence) gaining full base lists, while hybrids (e.g., Sorcerers blending Channeling and Essence) combine realms but face the strictest restrictions from both, such as dual requirements for vocalization and hand gestures. To cast a spell, the user declares the action, expends power points (PP) equal to the spell's level, and makes a skill roll using d100 open-ended plus relevant modifiers against a spell casting roll (SCR) target number, incorporating list ranks, realm stat bonuses, and situational adjustments. Casting time bases on preparation class (0 rounds for instantaneous effects, up to 3 rounds for complex rituals) and may extend for higher-level spells or rituals that amplify effects through additional time and resources. Power points fuel this process and are calculated per realm based on the caster's level, profession multiplier, stat bonus (e.g., Empathy for Essence, Intuition for Channeling, Presence for Mentalism), and development skill ranks; for a pure spellcaster, a common formula yields PP as (stat bonus + level) × 5, adjusted by constitution and profession bonuses, with recovery occurring at a rate tied to ranks during rest periods. A level 5 Mentalist with a +10 Presence bonus, for instance, might have 75 PP total. Spell failure occurs if the roll falls below the SCR, resulting in no effect and wasted PP, while critical fumbles (unmodified rolls of 01-05) trigger realm-specific tables that impose mishaps such as backlash damage, stunning, or unintended explosions—for example, a fumbled Fire Bolt might detonate on the caster. Spells exceeding the caster's level incur additional penalties to the SCR, scaling with the difference (e.g., -20 per level above in some configurations), emphasizing preparation and progression.^[23] Acquisition involves learning from teachers, texts, or research, with time costs varying by list type—such as (spell level² + 5) days for an existing Open list—requiring ranks equal to or exceeding the spell level and often guild or cultural approval for base lists. Distinctive elements include silent casting inherent to Mentalism (no verbal or somatic components), cross-realm vulnerabilities where Essence users may resist Mentalism poorly due to mind-over-matter dynamics, and hybrid casters using averaged stat bonuses while adhering to compounded restrictions. Advanced options like Spell Mastery allow customization (e.g., altering a Fire Ball's appearance at medium difficulty) and rituals enable scaling effects, such as extending a healing spell's range through extra PP and hours of preparation, fostering tactical depth in spell use. Professions influence initial access to these mechanics, as detailed in character creation guidelines.^[8]

Publication History

Early Editions (1980–1994)

Rolemaster's first edition (RM1) originated as a series of modular supplements designed to enhance combat, magic, and character mechanics in existing role-playing games, beginning with the release of Arms Law in 1980. This 48-page booklet introduced a detailed combat system using percentile dice (d100) for attack and damage resolution, featuring weapon-specific tables against various armor types and basic critical hit results.^[24]^[25] Claw Law followed in 1980, adding 48 pages of rules for creature attacks and further expanding the combat framework with additional tables.^[24] In 1981, Spell Law was published as a 112-page boxed set, providing a generic magic system with spell lists, power points, and failure/conceptual difficulties, adaptable to any fantasy RPG but tied to the emerging Rolemaster framework.^[24] By 1982, the system coalesced into a more unified first edition with the release of Character Law, a 52-page book detailing character creation through potential statistics, races, and professions, using d100 rolls for development.^[24] This led to compiled boxed sets, such as Rolemaster Box #1 (220 pages, combining core rules) and Arms Law & Claw Law Box (Stock #1600), marking the transition from loose modules to a cohesive RPG.^[24] Known for its simulationist approach emphasizing realism in combat outcomes via open-ended tables and critical results, RM1 laid the foundation for Rolemaster's signature complexity, though it remained modular and lacked integrated campaign rules.^[25]^[26] The second edition (RM2), released starting in 1984, integrated these elements into a full standalone system with updated core books, including Arms Law & Claw Law (1984, revised 1989), Spell Law (1984, revised 1989), and Character Law & Campaign Law (1985, revised 1989).^[27] This edition expanded professions to 20 (including 15 spell-using variants: 9 pure, 3 semi, 3 hybrid) and skills to 28 primary with 43 optional secondary, enhancing character development through percentile-based learning (+5 per rank for spells).^[28] Combat evolved with 30 weapon attack tables and 13 special attack tables, alongside expanded critical strike tables (10 types) for more varied injury descriptions, emphasizing detailed simulationism.^[28] The maneuver system, using static and moving maneuver tables for non-combat actions, was formalized to resolve skill checks with results ranging from fumbles to extraordinary successes, adding tactical depth.^[29] RM2's growth included seven Rolemaster Companion volumes (1986–1993) introducing optional rules for economies, herbalism, and advanced maneuvers, alongside supplements like Creatures & Treasures I–III (1985–1993), pushing the total publications beyond 20.^[27] Iron Crown Enterprises (ICE) emphasized detailed, realistic simulation throughout this period, with RM2's boxed sets (1984, revised 1989) solidifying Rolemaster as a comprehensive fantasy RPG.^[27]^[30]

Mid-Period Editions (1994–1999)

The Rolemaster Standard System (RMSS), released in 1994 by Iron Crown Enterprises (ICE), represented a significant consolidation of the game's rules following the expansive modular approach of earlier editions. It organized the core mechanics into four foundational books: the Rolemaster Standard Rules for overall gameplay and character basics, Arms Law for combat and weaponry, Spell Law for magic systems, and Gamemaster Law for world-building and adjudication tools.^[31] This structure aimed to reduce the perceived complexity of prior versions by providing optional rules for customization, such as simplified skill progression through ranked development, while maintaining the percentile-based resolution system.^[32] For example, skill ranks allowed players to invest development points incrementally, offering more controlled character growth compared to the broader category-based spending in earlier systems.^[32] Building on RMSS, Rolemaster Fantasy Role Playing (RMFRP) emerged in 1999 as a refined iteration focused primarily on fantasy settings, reorganizing the rules into a more accessible core book supplemented by specialized volumes. This edition streamlined elements inherited from the second edition's extensive expansions, such as condensing multiple combat attack tables into unified charts for edged, concussion, and other weapon types, thereby addressing table bloat that had accumulated over years of supplements.^[33]^[34] RMFRP emphasized core fantasy play by limiting initial spell lists to tenth level and introducing Training Packages—predefined bundles of skills and abilities for quicker character assembly—while retaining over 300 skills across 56 categories for depth.^[28] It also incorporated point-based options for character customization, including talent points to purchase advantages and flaws in the accompanying Character Law supplement, enhancing flexibility without overhauling the underlying mechanics.^[35] During this period, ICE faced mounting financial pressures, culminating in a voluntary Chapter 7 bankruptcy filing in October 2000, which disrupted ongoing development and led to asset auctions.^[36] This instability prompted some releases to be handled through secondary channels, though RMFRP's core books were completed prior to the collapse. The editions' design choices, including step-by-step character creation guides and improved layout, targeted newer players seeking a balance between Rolemaster's renowned detail and ease of entry.^[33] Consequently, RMSS and RMFRP saw renewed availability in the early 2000s through warehouse clearances and digital formats, boosting accessibility for lapsed communities.^[37]

Rolemaster Unified Edition (2022–Present)

The Rolemaster Unified Edition (RMU), developed by Iron Crown Enterprises (ICE), represents an effort to consolidate and refine elements from previous editions into a streamlined system while preserving the game's signature depth and flexibility. Announced through community playtesting on the ICE forums starting in the late 2010s, RMU emphasizes unification of mechanics drawn from Rolemaster Fantasy Role Playing (RMFRP) and earlier versions, with a focus on backward compatibility to ease transitions for existing campaigns. The inaugural release, Core Law, which encompasses character creation, combat resolution (incorporating Arms Law elements), and basic alchemy rules, became available as a PDF on DriveThruRPG on December 3, 2022.^[38]^[15] Subsequent volumes followed, including Spell Law on March 20, 2023, providing comprehensive spellcasting systems across essence, channel, and mentalism realms, and Treasure Law on February 7, 2024.^[39]^[39] Key innovations in RMU include a revised set of 22 professions, offering diverse archetypal roles such as fighters, mages, and hybrids, alongside 23 races and 10 cultures to enhance character customization without overwhelming complexity. The edition refines core mechanics like the open-ended d100 roll system for balanced outcomes, reducing extreme variability while maintaining dynamic resolution for tasks, combat, and magic; for instance, high-end rolls (96-00) still trigger additional dice for explosive results, but with streamlined modifiers to promote consistency. Integration with digital tools is a hallmark, supporting platforms like Roll20 for virtual tabletops and ERA software for automated calculations, facilitating online play and reducing table lookup time. As of 2025, the Creature Law series remains incomplete, with Volume I—detailing over 400 archetyped monsters built on character-like stats—released digitally in August 2025, while Volume II, covering advanced and unique creatures, is pending.^[15]^[40]^[41]^[42] RMU's development process relied heavily on iterative community feedback via the ICE forums, where playtesters contributed to balancing professions, skills, and combat tables for broader accessibility. Products are distributed primarily through DriveThruRPG in PDF format, with limited print-on-demand options, reflecting ICE's independent publishing model. Currently, ICE provides ongoing support through official errata updates to address minor inconsistencies in released volumes, such as spell interactions and combat charts.^[43]^[44] Community-driven fan conversions, discussed on official forums, help bridge gaps in monster and treasure content until full completion of the Creature and Treasure Laws, ensuring active engagement as the edition evolves into 2025 and beyond.^[45]^[46] Iron Crown Enterprises (ICE) developed several official spin-offs and licensed variants of Rolemaster, adapting its core d100 resolution system to specific genres while modifying tables and elements for thematic fit. Space Master, released in 1985, is a science fiction role-playing game that transplants Rolemaster's mechanics into interstellar settings, featuring rules for laser cannons, blasters, alien races, and spaceship combat.^[47] It includes adapted attack tables for futuristic weapons like phasers and plasma cannons, alongside generation systems for solar systems, planets, and starships, emphasizing tactical depth in zero-gravity and high-tech environments.^[48] A second edition followed in 1988, refining these elements for broader campaign support.^[49] CyberSpace, published in 1989, applies a revised Rolemaster framework to a cyberpunk genre set in 2090 AD, where megacorporate oppression clashes with urban sprawl hackers and street samurai.^[13] The system incorporates specialized tables for cybernetic enhancements, netrunning in virtual realities, and high-tech weaponry, while retaining the percentile-based skill and combat resolution central to Rolemaster.^[50] A second edition in 1992 expanded on global intrigue and technological decay, providing detailed sourcebooks for character cyberware and corporate espionage.^[51] In the 1990s, ICE produced licensed variants tied to popular franchises. The Lord of the Rings Adventure Game, released in 1991, served as a successor to the earlier Middle-earth Role Playing (MERP) system, simplifying Rolemaster's complexity for adventures in J.R.R. Tolkien's world while using adapted spell lists and combat charts suited to hobbits, elves, and orcs.^[52] It focused on narrative-driven quests, with percentile rolls for heroic feats and fellowship dynamics, and was supported by scenario packs until the Tolkien license ended in 1999.^[53] Rolemaster Express (RMX), issued in 2007, represents a streamlined official variant designed to introduce Rolemaster's essence without its full intricacy, featuring condensed combat tables, four core races and professions, and 30 essential spell lists.^[54] This d100-based system prioritizes accessibility for beginners, adapting core mechanics like skill development and task resolution for quicker play while preserving tactical options.^[50] Following ICE's bankruptcy filing in October 2000, with assets acquired by Aurigas Aldebaron LLC in 2001, the company revived under new ownership, leading to unofficial reprints and community-driven variants.^[55] Rolemaster Classic, released in 2006, is a reorganized reprint of the second-edition rules, incorporating optional companion materials into the core books for Character Law, Arms Law, and Spell Law to appeal to longtime fans.^[56] Community efforts post-bankruptcy include fan revisions of Rolemaster Standard System (RMSS), such as house-ruled skill categories and simplified critical tables shared on forums, though these remain unofficial and vary widely.^[57] The current ICE, reestablished as Iron Crown Enterprises, continues supporting these legacy variants through digital reprints.^[3]

Reception and Legacy

Critical Reception

Rolemaster's early editions in the 1980s received praise for their innovative detail and simulationist approach, particularly in a 1984 review in Dragon Magazine issue 88, which highlighted the system's flexibility, comprehensive skill mechanics, and extensive spell list of over 2,000 options that allowed for diverse mage builds without severe power imbalances.^[58] The review described it as offering "a great deal of flexibility and detail," appealing to players seeking realism in combat and character development.^[58] However, critics noted the overwhelming volume of charts and tables, which demanded significant preparation and could deter casual players, with specific flaws like arbitrary damage values and illogical economic pricing in supplements.^[58] Commercially, Rolemaster achieved notable success in the mid-1980s, with Iron Crown Enterprises selling around 5,000 copies of average titles and higher volumes for core books and companions, contributing to the company's growth alongside related systems like MERP.^[9] In the 1990s, the Rolemaster Standard System (RMSS, released 1995) was hailed by some for unifying and streamlining earlier rules, making character creation more accessible while retaining depth, as noted in reviews that appreciated its integration of optional mechanics from prior companions.^[59] A 1990 assessment by Rick Swan described the system as modular like supplements, offering robust simulation but lacking seamless integration.^[60] Nonetheless, reception was mixed, with ongoing criticism for its bloated complexity, high cost (around $65 for the set), and persistent "chart nightmare" that slowed play, even as it refined simulationist elements.^[9] The Rolemaster Fantasy Roleplaying (RMFRP, 1999) further streamlined RMSS into a single core rulebook, praised for improved layout and consolidated tables. The Rolemaster Unified Edition (RMU, 2022 onward) has been positively received for modernizing the classic framework, with a 2023 review in Cannibal + Halfling Gaming praising its granular mechanics that provide "unparalleled" detail and verisimilitude for number-crunchers, calling it a successful revival of 1980s design.^[61] On DriveThruRPG, the core book holds a 4.6 out of 5 rating from 66 reviews (as of November 2025), lauded for trimming excess while preserving depth.^[15] Critiques focus on its math-heavy nature slowing gameplay and niche appeal compared to lighter modern systems, alongside concerns over modular releases feeling incomplete.^[61] Rolemaster received no major Origins Awards, though creators like Terry K. Amthor were inducted into the Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design Hall of Fame in 2024 in recognition of contributions to simulationist RPGs via Rolemaster and related works.^[62]

Community Impact and Influence

Rolemaster has fostered a dedicated fanbase since its inception, with active online communities sustaining discussions and resources for decades. The official Iron Crown Enterprises (ICE) forums, hosted at ironcrown.co.uk/ICEforums, serve as a central hub for players, featuring threads on gameplay, homebrewing, and edition comparisons dating back to the early 2000s, though community engagement traces to the 1990s through early internet RPG sites.^[63] Additionally, the Rolemaster Facebook group boasts over 2,500 members (as of November 2025) and sees several posts weekly on topics ranging from campaign ideas to rule clarifications, reflecting ongoing grassroots involvement.^[64]^[65] Fan efforts extend to conversions for broader compatibility, such as adapting Rolemaster mechanics to d20 systems, and support for online play through virtual tabletop (VTT) tools tailored to the Rolemaster Unified (RMU) edition, including extensions for Foundry VTT and official integration with Roll20 launched in 2024.^[64]^[66]^[67] The game's emphasis on granular mechanics has influenced the evolution of simulationist RPG design, contributing to trends seen in detailed systems like GURPS and HârnMaster, which similarly prioritize comprehensive tables for combat, skills, and world-building.^[30] Rolemaster's extensive use of charts and tables has also permeated broader RPG culture, inspiring the "chart meme" archetype where overly complex resolution systems are humorously critiqued as requiring endless lookups, a trope echoed in discussions of crunchy gameplay across the hobby. Despite its niche appeal stemming from the system's inherent complexity—which demands significant preparation and table consultation—Rolemaster has experienced a revival in the 2020s through accessible PDF releases on platforms like DriveThruRPG.^[15] Core RMU books, such as Rolemaster Core Law and Spell Law, have achieved "Platinum" status on the site, indicating substantial digital sales and renewed interest among veteran and new players alike.^[64] This resurgence has bolstered ICE's expansion of the Shadow World intellectual property, with updated materials and retcons aimed at growing the setting's product line and user base, including new 2025 releases like Creature Law and Treasure Law.^[55]^[68]^[69] In contemporary gaming, the community addresses RMU's gaps through fan-created tutorials and homebrew content, such as the Electronic Rolemaster Assistant (ERA) tool for character creation and adventure management, which includes step-by-step guides for RMU implementation.^[70] This DIY ethos aligns with growing interest in old-school revival (OSR) circles, where Rolemaster's retro-clone potential and simulationist roots attract hobbyists seeking alternatives to streamlined modern systems.^[71]

Core Publications

Primary Rulebooks

The primary rulebooks of Rolemaster form the foundational core for each edition, providing essential rules for character creation, combat, magic, and gamemastering. These books evolved across editions to refine mechanics, expand options, and improve accessibility while maintaining the system's emphasis on detailed, chart-driven resolution. Early editions relied on modular "laws" that could be used independently or combined, whereas later versions consolidated rules into fewer, more integrated volumes. The first edition (RM1), released in 1982, comprised four core rulebooks: Arms Law, which detailed melee and ranged combat tables; Claw Law, covering unarmed and monster attacks; Character Law, covering character generation and development; and Spell Law, outlining the expansive magic system with hundreds of spells.^[4] These volumes established Rolemaster's signature complexity, with Arms Law and Spell Law drawing from prior Iron Crown Enterprises supplements like those for Middle-Earth Role Playing.^[72] The second edition (RM2), published in 1984 and revised in 1990, expanded the core into a boxed set of five books, including Character Law & Campaign Law for world-building and organization alongside character rules, Arms Law & Claw Law for weapon and unarmed combat, Spell Law for magic, and Creatures & Treasures I and II for adversaries and rewards. Additional volumes like War Law and Sea Law are separate supplements sometimes considered essential for campaigns.^[73] This structure allowed greater customization, building on RM1's foundation while introducing more tactical depth in combat simulations. The Rolemaster Standard System (RMSS) of 1995 streamlined the core into four primary rulebooks: Rolemaster Standard Rules (a comprehensive introductory volume), Arms Law (combat mechanics), Spell Law (magic lists), and Gamemaster Law (adjudication and campaign tools).^[31] The subsequent Rolemaster Fantasy Roleplaying (RMFRP) edition in 1999 refined this further with Character Law (replacing the standard rules for development), Arms Law, Spell Law (divided into Of Essence, Of Channeling, and Of Mentalism for the three magic realms), and Gamemaster Law, emphasizing balance and usability over prior editions' sprawl. The Rolemaster Unified Edition (RMU), launched in 2022, adopts a modular approach with ongoing releases: Core Law (December 2022) integrates character creation with 22 professions, 23 races, and 10 cultures, alongside basic combat and skills; Arms Law (2023) expands on advanced melee, ranged, and large-scale fighting; Spell Law (2023) unifies the magic system with over 1,500 spells across realms; Creature Law I (September 2025) provides monster profiles; Treasure Law (2024) details items and artifacts; and Creature Law Volume Two (forthcoming) will add more creatures, with further volumes planned to consolidate the system for modern play.^[74]^[46] This edition prioritizes unified tables and backward compatibility with prior materials.^[43]

Supplements and Expansions

Rolemaster's supplements and expansions form a vast library of optional materials that extend the core rules, providing additional mechanics, settings, and adventures. Iron Crown Enterprises (ICE) produced over 100 such publications by 2001, spanning multiple editions and including mechanics-focused companions, setting-specific lore, and genre adaptations, many of which remain available as digital reprints through platforms like DriveThruRPG following ICE's revival in the 2010s.^[75] Setting supplements primarily revolve around the Shadow World campaign setting, a high-fantasy world on the planet Kulthea developed alongside Rolemaster since the 1980s. The series comprises over 20 volumes offering detailed lore, geography, cultures, and adventure modules, such as the Shadow World Master Atlas (first edition 1989, with later revisions up to the 4th edition in 1995), which provides a comprehensive overview of continents, gods, and magical essences; Emer III (1991), exploring the continent of Emer with political intrigue and demonic threats; and Haalkitaine: Capital of the Empire (1992), detailing the imperial city-state's society and layouts for urban campaigns.^[76] Earlier entries like Demons of the Burning Night (1987, ILE #1) introduce pacts with infernal entities and survival horror elements in volcanic realms. These works build on Rolemaster's magic and combat systems to emphasize epic-scale narratives involving gods, loremasters, and shadow entities. Mechanics expansions include the Companion series, which add optional rules, skills, spells, and professions to enhance character depth and gameplay variety. For instance, Rolemaster Companion (1986, for Rolemaster 2nd Edition) introduces over 100 new skills, expanded spell lists for lores and rituals, and variant rules for brawling and power projection, allowing customization beyond the standard professions.^[77] Subsequent volumes like Rolemaster Companion II (1987) and up to Companion VII (1991) further diversify with elemental companions, alchemy systems, and oriental-themed professions. Other notable expansions target specific subsystems, such as School of Hard Knocks (1997, for Rolemaster Fantasy Roleplaying) offering advanced combat variants including martial arts maneuvers, environmental hazards, and tactical grids to simulate gritty battles. Genre-specific supplements adapt Rolemaster to non-fantasy settings, with Space Master serving as a prominent science-fiction line compatible with Rolemaster mechanics. Modules like Spacemaster Privateers (1988) detail interstellar piracy, ship-to-ship combat, and cybernetic enhancements using Rolemaster's percentile system for skill checks and critical hits. Additional Space Master expansions, such as Blaster Law (1985) for energy weapon tables and Future Law (1986) for psionic and technological professions, integrate Rolemaster's spell-like tech lists. Adventure packs, often tied to these lines, provide ready-to-run scenarios; examples include Tears of the Gods (1990s, Shadow World adventure) featuring divine artifacts and godly conflicts, and Star Strike (1990, Space Master) involving fleet engagements and alien encounters.^[75] While official output dominates, the Rolemaster community has produced unlicensed fan supplements, such as custom spell addendums and homebrew setting expansions shared on forums, though these lack official support and compatibility guarantees.^[77]

References

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Rolemaster Game System - RPGGeek
Game system shared by the various Rolemaster and Spacemaster games produced by Iron Crown Enterprises.
[2]
What is Rolemaster? - ICEWEBRING
Rolemaster is a skill based system, all abilities of a character are recorded as skills with a certain proficiency in each skill.
[3]
Iron Crown Enterprises
Rolemaster is a role playing game of modular rules where Game Masters and players can create their version of the rules designed to fit their style of gaming ...Official ICE Forums · Rolemaster · MERP · ICE Games
[4]
Rolemaster (1st, 2nd & Classic Editions) | RPG - RPGGeek
"Rolemaster (1st & 2nd Editions) includes the first set of rules originally published by Iron Crown Enterprises for their fantasy role-playing game around ...
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Rolemaster Unified | RPG - RPGGeek
Dec 7, 2022 · Publisher's blurb: For over four decades, Rolemaster has been the definitive fantasy role-playing game that combines realism and depth ...
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Rolemaster Fantasy Role Playing (RMFRP, 4th Edition) | RPG Item
Rating 6.9/10 (29) Rolemaster Fantasy Role Playing is easier than ever to understand and all you need to play the game - combat, character creation, and spell casting - can be ...
[7]
Rolemaster Role Playing Game - Iron Crown Enterprises
The official Rolemaster setting is Shadow World, a vast high-fantasy world with powerful magic, real deities, and shades of grey between good and evil.
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Rolemaster - Iron Crown Enterprises
Rolemaster offers advanced and expert role players the opportunity to take part in a game filled with gritty realism and exciting open-ended dice roles where ...Missing: design philosophy
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Nov 21, 2006 · And upon those ideas a company would be founded. It would be called Iron Crown Enterprises, after the legendary regalia of Middle-earth, or ICE.
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Shadow World - Iron Crown Enterprises
Shadow World is a high-fantasy setting published as a complete setting for the Rolemaster system in the late 1980's by Iron Crown Enterprise (ICE) and ...
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CyberSpace - Iron Crown Enterprises
Cyberspace is a complete RPG set in a 2090AD, corrupt, high-tech Earth, with rules for combat, travel, and espionage, and detailed cybernetic rules.Missing: genre adaptability
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Rolemaster Core Law (RMU) - Iron Crown Enterprises - DriveThruRPG
In stock Rating 4.6 (66) Rolemaster Core Law is divided into three parts: Character Law: A wide range of character creation choices – 22 professions, 23 races, 10 cultures.
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Dec 5, 2022 · RMU uses temporary stats for bonuses and potential stats as caps. Potential stats have limited functionality, and stat gains are partially ...
[17]
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Jun 1, 2015 · The three issues I have with the RMU character creation process are: Talents and Flaws. These have been around for a while as part of the RMSS/ ...
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Rolemaster Standard System
ICE's complete fantasy role playing system, combining four basic parts: the Rolemaster Standard Rules, Arms Law, Spell Law, and Gamemaster Law.
[20]
Professions in Shadow World using RMU - The Rolemaster Blog
Nov 2, 2024 · With RMU mechanics, it's easy to build several new specific professions than rely upon a carve out rule for a dual class.
[21]
Rolemaster Deconstructed: Action Resolution Mechanics
Dec 13, 2017 · While Rolemaster is a d100 system, success is measured in a variety of ways and using some different mechanics.
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Rolemaster Standard System: Appendices
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[23]
Rolemaster Classic Arms Law - Iron Crown Enterprises
In stock Rating 4.7 (17) Arms Law is a fantasy combat system for Rolemaster, designed for exciting combat with criticals and fumbles, and is the oldest part of Rolemaster.<|separator|>
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Rolemaster Pure/Hybrid Spell Users too weak.
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Arms Law (1st Edition) | RPG Item - RPGGeek
Rating 7/10 (3) Arms Law, 1st Edition was the first Rolemaster product released by Iron Crown Enterprises when it was published in 1980. Arms Law is the core rules weapons ...Missing: Spell 1980-1982
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Evolution of Arms Law - ICEWEBRING
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Rolemaster Second Edition - ICEWEBRING
History of the WebRings · What is Rolemaster? MERP Edition Reference · RMSS vs RMFRP · 1 – Introduction · 2 – Compilation Supplements · 3 – Non Reprinted ...
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Past Versions of Rolemaster - Iron Crown Enterprises
Rolemaster Classic offers you the power to create the character of your dreams, from the toughest fighter to the most powerful spell caster.
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Rolemaster Standard System « ICEWEBRING
Rolemaster Standard System. Product List. Cover, Stock Number · Product Name · Release Date · ISBN, Pages. 5520, Arms Law, 1994, 1-55806-214-9, 144. 5501, RM: ...
[33]
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Iron Crown Enterprises has just released a reformatted Rolemaster rulebook in hardback aimed at attracting a new fan base. This isn't a new edition, rather ...
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Rolemaster Fantasy Roleplaying « ICEWEBRING
Release Date · ISBN, Pages. 5801, Arms Law, 1999, 1-55806-551-2, 124. 5802, Creatures & Monsters, 1999, 1-55806-552-0, 208. 5803, Spell Law: Of Channeling, 1999 ...
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RMFRP Character Law - ICEWEBRING
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Rolemaster Fantasy Role Playing - Iron Crown Enterprises
So do your fantasy justice and use the most flexible rules around: Rolemaster Fantasy Role Playing. ... RMFRP 1999 Arms Law. $10.00.
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Rolemaster Unified Core Law out now! - Iron Crown Enterprises
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Rolemaster Unified - ICEWEBRING
Spell Law was released on March 20, 2023, and Treasure Law was released on February 7, 2024, at the following links:.
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[PDF] Rolemaster CORE Law - Cloudfront.net
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It has 22 professions, 23 races, 10 cultures, and a comprehensive system of talents and flaws. A skill development system that allows a character to improve ...
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Rolemaster Creature Law Volume One (RMU) - DriveThruRPG
In stock Rating 3.8 (14) This first volume of Creature Law offers well over 400 creatures, created with the same fundamentals as characters, but streamlined with the use of archetypes.
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Rolemaster Unified - Iron Crown Enterprises
ICE is a small, independent publisher with no full-time staff. Rolemaster Unified is brought to you through the dedication and hard work of freelancers and ...
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Director's Briefing – February 2024 - Iron Crown Enterprises
Feb 7, 2024 · Rolemaster. Treasure Law is now ready for pdf release and will go on sale on Wednesday 7th. The third instalment of Rolemaster Unified, Treasure ...
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Spacemaster | RPG | Roleplaying game | Science Fiction
Spacemaster is a science fiction RPG with laser cannons, alien races, a skills-based system, and many character choices, including 17 professions and 120+ ...Missing: genre adaptability<|control11|><|separator|>
[48]
Spacemaster 2nd Edition GM Book - Iron Crown Enterprises
This is the GM Book of ICE's original science-fiction roleplaying game (Spacemaster 2nd Edition), containing generation rules for solar systems, planets, ...
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Spacemaster Second Edition - ICEWEBRING
Spacemaster Second Edition. Product List. Cover, Stock Number · Product Name · Release Date · ISBN, Pages. 9001, Space Master Combat Screen, 1988, 1-55806-009-X ...
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Cyberspace - Iron Crown Enterprises - DriveThruRPG
Cyberspace is a complete roleplaying game set in the corrupt, dirty, high-tech Earth of 2090 AD; where Megacorporation repression collides with Sprawl street ...
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Cyberspace | RPG Museum - Fandom
Cyberspace is a cyberpunk role-playing game by Tod Foley. It was first published in 1989 by Iron Crown Enterprises, with a second edition in 1992.
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The Lord of the Rings Adventure Game from Iron Crown Enterprises
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Lord of the Rings Adventure Game - Tolkien Gateway
Jul 27, 2025 · Release date, 1991. The Lord of the Rings Adventure Game (LOR or LoR) ... (2002-2005) The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game · (2001) The Lord of ...
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Rolemaster Classic « ICEWEBRING
Rolemaster Classic includes Character Law, Arms Law, Spell Law, Creatures & Treasures, Combat Companion, and The Essentials.
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Rolemaster Classic - Iron Crown Enterprises
Rolemaster Classic offers you the power to create the character of your dreams, from the toughest fighter to the most powerful spell caster.
[58]
None
Below is a merged response summarizing the reviews and mentions of *Rolemaster* from *Dragon Magazine Issue 88* based on the provided segments. Since the information varies across the segments (some provide detailed reviews, others note the absence of a review), I’ll consolidate the data into a comprehensive table for clarity and density, followed by a narrative summary to tie it all together. The table will capture all praise, criticism, direct quotes, sources, and URLs mentioned across the segments.
[59]
An Analysis of Early 1980s English Language Commercial TRPG ...
Dec 23, 2019 · Rolemaster was initially conceived and developed by its publisher Iron Crown Enterprises (ICE) as a series of supplements for other games.
[60]
Rolemaster Unified Review | Cannibal Halfling Gaming
Jan 25, 2023 · Rolemaster was first released in 1980 by Iron Crown Enterprises. ... Rolemaster Standard System was released in 1994. Rolemaster Fantasy ...
[61]
Hall of Fame — The Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design
Origins Award Winners · Hall of Fame · News · Join the Academy · Origins Award ... RPG Designer. Gaming Advocate, Shadow World, Rolemaster, Kult. Christopher ...
[62]
Official ICE Forums - Index - Iron Crown Enterprises
ICE Fan Sites Websites belonging to fans of Iron Crown products, and focusing on ICE related games and gaming.Missing: events | Show results with:events
[63]
Assessing the Rolemaster Community
Sep 9, 2024 · But the Rolemaster Group seems somewhat active with 2.2k members and typically several posts a week. Many of the names on the FB group are ...
[64]
Rmu - Fantasy Grounds
May 23, 2025 · And @BobM has an RMU extension in the works for the Foundry VTT which I'm helping playtest and I'd guess will be out in a couple of months.
[65]
44 year old TTRPG "Rolemaster" finally launches on Roll20
Sep 17, 2024 · Rolemaster, first published in 1980, is now on Roll20. It includes core rules, 22 professions, 23 races, 10 cultures, and 39 attack tables.<|separator|>
[66]
Retconning Shadow World. Pt.1 - The Rolemaster Blog
Dec 15, 2021 · Shadow World is “re-imagined” and retconned with a comprehensive plan to grow the product line and perhaps it's user base.
[67]
ERA for Rolemaster - RMU Character Creation - YouTube
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[68]
Random Musings: OSR, Retro-Clones, Open Source Rolemaster?
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[69]
Rolemaster - Wayne's Books RPG Reference
A masterful set of guidelines for fantasy role-playing character development. Includes 19 character classes with both potential and temporary stats.<|control11|><|separator|>
[70]
Rolemaster (2nd Edition, Revised) | RPG Item - RPGGeek
Rating 7.4/10 (21) Boxed set of all the core books needed to play Rolemaster. Contents: Spell Law (2nd Edition, Revised) (160 pages) Arms Law & Claw Law (2nd Edition, ...
[71]
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[72]
Catalog - Iron Crown Enterprises
With this package you get the 54 weapon attack tables in The Armory supplement for Rolemaster, along with the 7 critical tables required for them. This uses ...
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https://rpggeek.com/rpgitem/50076/rolemaster-2nd-edition-revised
[74]
Complete RM2 book list? - Iron Crown Enterprises
Oct 15, 2008 · Rolemaster 2nd Edition Rolemaster 2nd Edition Core Rules 1000 Rolemaster Boxed Set 1100 Arms Law & Claw Law 1110 War Law 1130 Sea Law