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SCE

SCE most commonly refers to Southern California Edison, the primary electric utility serving much of Southern California. SCE may also refer to:

Science

Sister Chromatid Exchange

Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) is defined as the reciprocal exchange of DNA segments between two sister chromatids of a duplicated chromosome, occurring primarily during the S phase of the cell cycle and resolved during mitosis.^[1] This process involves homologous recombination mechanisms that repair DNA damage or replication errors, resulting in no net genetic change but serving as a sensitive indicator of genomic instability.^[2] SCEs were first visualized in the early 1970s through the incorporation of the thymidine analog 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), which differentially labels sister chromatids after two rounds of replication, allowing detection via fluorescence microscopy. The seminal work by Latt in 1973 demonstrated this using Hoechst 33258 staining to highlight BrdU-substituted DNA under UV light, revealing asymmetric chromatid fluorescence that pinpointed exchange sites.^[3] Subsequent advancements by Perry and Wolff in 1974 introduced a Giemsa-based differential staining method (FPG technique), enabling brighter, more stable visualization of SCEs without relying on fluorescence fading.^[4] SCE frequency is a well-established cytogenetic endpoint for assessing genotoxicity, as it increases in response to DNA-damaging agents such as mutagens, carcinogens, and environmental toxins, reflecting heightened homologous recombination activity.^[5] In normal human cells, baseline SCE rates are low, typically around 5–10 exchanges per metaphase, but exposures to ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, or chemicals like cyclophosphamide elevate this rate dose-dependently. Elevated SCEs are particularly pronounced in genetic disorders like Bloom syndrome, where rates can be 10-fold higher due to defects in the BLM helicase gene, predisposing individuals to cancer through chronic genomic instability.^[6] This biomarker has broad applications in toxicology for screening potential hazards, in cancer research to evaluate chemotherapeutic efficacy and tumor sensitivity, and in occupational health monitoring for workers exposed to genotoxins like benzene or pesticides.^[7] The standard SCE assay in mammalian cells, such as human lymphocytes or Chinese hamster ovary cells, involves culturing cells in BrdU-supplemented medium for two cell cycles (approximately 48–72 hours), followed by treatment with the test agent and Colcemid to arrest cells in metaphase.^[5] Slides are prepared, stained using the FPG technique—exposing fixed chromosomes to Hoechst 33258, UV light, and Giemsa—and examined under light microscopy to score exchanges per metaphase spread, with at least 25–50 spreads analyzed per sample for statistical reliability.^[8] Alternatively, flow cytometry can quantify SCE frequency by detecting BrdU incorporation via fluorescent antibodies, offering higher throughput though less resolution for individual events.^[9] Positive controls like mitomycin C are included to validate assay sensitivity, ensuring SCE induction confirms genotoxic potential.^[10]

Saturated Calomel Electrode

The saturated calomel electrode (SCE) is a secondary reference electrode widely used in electrochemistry to provide a stable and reproducible potential for measurements. It consists of a pool of elemental mercury in contact with a paste of mercurous chloride (Hg₂Cl₂, also known as calomel) immersed in a saturated potassium chloride (KCl) solution, typically contained in a glass tube with a porous frit or fiber junction to connect to the sample solution; electrical contact is made via a platinum wire embedded in the mercury.^[11]^[12] The half-cell reaction at the electrode is given by:

\text{Hg}_2\text{Cl}_2(s) + 2e^- \rightleftharpoons 2\text{Hg}(l) + 2\text{Cl}^-(aq)

This equilibrium establishes the electrode's potential based on the chloride ion activity in the saturated KCl electrolyte.^[11]^[13] The standard potential of the SCE is +0.241 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) at 25°C, making it a convenient reference for calibrating other electrodes.^[13]^[12] Its potential exhibits a temperature dependence of approximately -0.5 mV per degree Celsius, primarily due to changes in the solubility of KCl and consequent variations in chloride ion concentration; for precise work above 80°C, corrections are applied using empirical formulas or alternative references to account for this shift.^[13]^[14] The electrode's potential is described by the Nernst equation:

E = E^0 - \frac{RT}{F} \ln(a_{\text{Cl}^-})

where E^0 is the standard potential (0.268 V at 25°C for the underlying Hg₂²⁺/Hg couple adjusted for solubility), R is the gas constant, T is the temperature in Kelvin, F is the Faraday constant, and a_{\text{Cl}^-} is the activity of the chloride ion, which incorporates activity coefficients to reflect non-ideal behavior in the concentrated saturated KCl solution (mean activity coefficient ≈ 0.6 at 25°C).^[13] In practice, the saturated nature of the KCl fixes a_{\text{Cl}^-}, ensuring stability unless evaporation or contamination alters the electrolyte.^[11] The calomel electrode, including its saturated variant, emerged from advancements in reference electrode design during the late 19th century, with early formulations developed around 1894 to provide reliable potentials for electrochemical studies; the SCE specifically gained prominence in the early 20th century for its enhanced stability.^[15] Compared to other reference electrodes like the silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl), the SCE offers advantages such as greater robustness against mechanical damage, ease of preparation using readily available materials, and maintained constant potential even if small amounts of KCl evaporate due to the saturating solid phase.^[12]^[14] These features make it particularly suitable for routine laboratory use where long-term potential reproducibility is essential.^[11] In applications, the SCE serves as a reference in pH measurements by pairing with glass electrodes to quantify ion activities via potentiometry, in voltammetric techniques like cyclic voltammetry for studying redox processes, and in potentiometric titrations to monitor equivalence points through potential changes.^[11]^[12]^[16] However, limitations include the risk of chloride ion leakage from the porous junction contaminating samples sensitive to Cl⁻ (e.g., silver-based analyses), which can be mitigated by using double-junction designs; additionally, the presence of toxic mercury and its compounds poses health and environmental hazards, contributing to its gradual replacement by non-mercury alternatives in modern setups.^[11]^[12]

Short Channel Effect

The short channel effect (SCE) in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) refers to the degradation in device performance that occurs when the channel length (L) becomes comparable to the gate oxide thickness (t_ox) or the depletion region widths, typically below 100 nm. This scaling proximity leads to diminished gate control over the channel potential, resulting in phenomena such as threshold voltage (V_th) roll-off, where V_th decreases with shorter L, and drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL), which lowers the potential barrier between source and drain under high drain bias.^[17]^[18] Key SCEs include increased subthreshold leakage current due to a steeper subthreshold swing, reduced gate control exacerbating off-state power consumption, and hot carrier injection, where high-energy carriers damage the gate oxide. These effects are quantified in industry-standard compact models like BSIM (Berkeley Short-channel IGFET Model), which incorporates parameters for V_th adjustment, DIBL coefficient (η ≈ 50-100 mV/V in sub-100 nm devices), and subthreshold slope degradation to predict circuit behavior accurately.^[17] SCEs emerged as critical challenges in the 1970s during early MOSFET scaling efforts, following Dennard's 1974 scaling theory that predicted uniform voltage and dimension reduction for performance gains, but practical limits surfaced around 1-μm channels due to 2D electrostatics. By the 1980s, as feature sizes approached sub-micron levels, these effects constrained further densification without innovations.^[19]^[20] Mitigation strategies have evolved to restore gate control and suppress SCEs, including the adoption of high-k dielectrics (e.g., HfO_2 with k ≈ 25) starting in the 45-nm node to enable thinner equivalent oxide thickness without tunneling leakage, tri-gate FinFET architectures introduced at 22 nm for three-dimensional channel wrapping that reduces DIBL by up to 50%, strain engineering via SiGe source/drain stressors to boost carrier mobility by 20-50% while aiding short-channel immunity, and gate-all-around (GAA) nanosheet FETs adopted at the 3 nm node (2022) and 2 nm node (2025) for even better electrostatic control, reducing DIBL and leakage in advanced nodes.^[21]^[22]^[23] A fundamental mathematical model for the threshold voltage shift due to SCEs approximates the DIBL-induced roll-off as:

\Delta V_{th} = -\left( \frac{\varepsilon_{si} t_{ox}}{\varepsilon_{ox} L} \right) (V_{ds} - V_{ds,sat})

where \varepsilon_{si} and \varepsilon_{ox} are the permittivities of silicon and oxide, respectively, V_ds is the drain-source voltage, and V_ds,sat is the saturation voltage; this 1D charge-sharing approximation highlights the inverse dependence on L.^[18]^[24] In modern very-large-scale integration (VLSI) design, SCEs have imposed significant limitations on Moore's Law beyond the 90-nm node, where classical planar MOSFETs exhibited excessive leakage (e.g., >1 μA/μm off-state current), necessitating multi-gate structures and materials shifts that extended scaling to sub-3 nm dimensions but at higher costs and complexity, slowing transistor density doubling from ~2 years to ~3 years by the 2010s and beyond.^[25]^[26]^[27]

Education

State Compensatory Education

State Compensatory Education (SCE) is a supplemental funding program in Texas designed to support students at risk of dropping out of school by providing targeted services that address academic disparities and promote higher achievement and completion rates.^[28] Under Texas Education Code §29.081, the program defines at-risk students based on criteria including economic disadvantage (family income at or below 125% of federal poverty level), limited English proficiency, unsatisfactory performance on state assessments, or prior retention in grade, among others; it mandates supplemental instruction, such as accelerated learning and remediation, to eliminate performance gaps on assessments like the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR).^[29]^[30] Funding for SCE is allocated through the Foundation School Program as a weighted allotment calculated by the Texas Education Agency (TEA) under Texas Education Code §48.104, applying weighted allotments of 0.230 to 0.280 to the basic allotment for each identified educationally disadvantaged student (as of 2025), with higher weights for students in economically disadvantaged census block groups or specific categories like homelessness; in 2025, House Bill 2 increased compensatory education weights by 0.005 and repealed the previous 55% direct spending requirement to provide districts greater flexibility in supporting at-risk students.^[28]^[31]^[32] The modern framework of SCE was established through House Bill 72 in 1984, a landmark education reform that expanded support for compensatory services amid broader efforts to enhance equity and accountability in public schools.^[33]^[34] Districts implement SCE via campus and district improvement plans developed with input from site-based decision-making committees, which include parents, teachers, and administrators; these plans outline strategies to meet student needs, require annual public hearings for program evaluation, and ensure compliance through reporting of at-risk student data and expenditures to TEA via the Public Education Information Management System (PEIMS).^[31]^[35] Program effectiveness is assessed annually by districts using STAAR results, graduation rates, and dropout data to measure reductions in achievement gaps between at-risk and non-at-risk students, with TEA oversight ensuring alignment with statutory goals.^[28] SCE has contributed to statewide improvements in high school graduation rates, which rose from 84.7% in 2009 to 90.3% for the class of 2023, though challenges including 2011 legislative cuts of over $5 billion to public education funding have strained resources for at-risk support programs.^[36]^[37]^[38]

School of Continuing Education

Schools of Continuing Education (SCEs) are specialized divisions within universities dedicated to providing non-degree programs for adult learners, including certificates, workshops, and online courses in fields such as business, languages, and arts. These programs emerged in the early 20th century to extend university resources beyond traditional degree-seeking students, with early examples including the University of California's extension efforts starting in 1891 and UCLA Extension formally founded in 1917 to offer accessible education to the broader community.^[39]^[40] Today, SCEs operate as autonomous units or extensions, focusing on flexible, practical learning formats tailored to non-traditional students. The primary purpose of SCEs is to support lifelong learning among working adults, facilitating career advancement, skill enhancement, and personal enrichment without the commitment of full-degree programs. These institutions address the needs of professionals seeking to upskill in response to evolving job markets, with curricula emphasizing applied knowledge over theoretical academia. Enrollment in major SCE programs is substantial, often serving tens of thousands annually; for instance, UCLA Extension enrolls over 84,000 students each year across its offerings.^[41] This scale underscores their role in democratizing access to higher education for adults balancing work and family responsibilities. Prominent examples include NYU's School of Continuing and Professional Studies (SPS), established in 1934, and UCLA Extension, which provide diverse curricula encompassing English as a Second Language (ESL), project management, and digital media production. NYU SPS offers professional certificates in areas like real estate and hospitality, while UCLA Extension includes specialized tracks in entertainment studies and sustainable business practices, all designed for immediate workplace application. These programs typically feature short-term formats, such as weekend workshops or evening classes, to accommodate participants' schedules.^[42]^[43] SCEs experienced significant growth following World War II, driven by the GI Bill, which enabled millions of veterans to pursue higher education and prompted universities to expand adult-oriented programs to meet the influx of non-traditional students. This period marked a shift toward broader accessibility, with enrollment surging as institutions adapted to serve returning service members and the growing workforce. In recent years, the emphasis has shifted toward online delivery, accelerated by the 2020 pandemic, which boosted digital course adoption by over 90% in some sectors and solidified hybrid models as a core component of SCE offerings.^[44]^[45] Accreditation for SCE programs is generally aligned with their parent universities, ensuring quality through regional bodies like the Western Association of Schools and Colleges for UCLA Extension, while partnerships with professional organizations—such as industry associations for project management certifications—enhance credential value. These collaborations result in outcomes like employer-recognized certificates that support career progression, with graduates often reporting improved job prospects and salary increases in fields like digital media and business administration. In contrast to K-12 remedial programs like State Compensatory Education, SCEs emphasize voluntary adult skill-building for professional growth.^[43]

Scottish Certificate of Education

The Scottish Certificate of Education (SCE) was established in 1962 as a standardized framework for secondary school qualifications in Scotland, unifying the previously separate Higher Grade examinations—dating back to 1888—with the newly introduced Ordinary Grade (O Grade) to broaden access to certification for a wider range of students.^[46]^[47] Administered initially by the Scottish Certificate of Education Examination Board (SCEEB) from 1963 to 1982, and later by the Scottish Examination Board (SEB) until 1997, the SCE encompassed subjects across mathematics, sciences, English, and humanities, aiming to provide a national benchmark for academic achievement.^[48] The system was designed to support comprehensive secondary education, with O Grades targeting fourth-year pupils and Higher Grades for fifth-year or beyond, facilitating progression to further study or work.^[49] The SCE's structure featured two main levels: the O Grade, equivalent to SCQF levels 4-5 and awarded from 1962 to 1990, and the Higher Grade at SCQF level 6, which continues in evolved form.^[47] Qualifications were graded from A (highest) to D (pass), with Highers using sub-bands like A1-A2 for finer distinction in university admissions.^[50] The Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA), formed in 1997 through the merger of SEB and SCOTVEC, took over administration, issuing certificates on the Scottish Qualifications Certificate since 2000.^[48] These credentials served as key school-leaving qualifications, essential for entry to higher education—typically requiring three Highers—or employment in various sectors. Reforms began in the 1980s with the introduction of Standard Grade in 1986, which replaced O Grades by 1990 and emphasized credit, general, and foundation levels to better assess a range of abilities.^[47] The 1999 Higher Still reforms expanded options with Advanced Highers while retaining core Highers, though implementation faced criticism for haste.^[49] Under the Curriculum for Excellence launched in 2010, Standard Grades were phased out by 2014, replaced by National 5 (SCQF level 5) as the new intermediate qualification, with Highers realigned to promote broader skills like critical thinking.^[51] The 2020s saw further adjustments amid COVID-19 disruptions, including moderated grading in 2020-2021 and ongoing reviews to integrate digital literacy and wellbeing, with new qualifications at SCQF levels 6-7 planned for 2032.^[52]^[51] Annually, over 140,000 candidates sit SCE-derived exams, with Higher entries reaching approximately 196,000 in 2024.^[53] Pass rates (A-D) for Highers hover around 75%, as seen in 74.9% for 2024 and 75.9% for 2025, reflecting consistent national performance despite attainment gaps.^[54]^[55] For adults seeking further qualifications post-SCE, pathways like those in the School of Continuing Education offer non-degree options.

Computing

Sony Computer Entertainment

Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. (SCE) was established in November 1993 as a joint venture between Sony Corporation and Sony Music Entertainment (Japan) Inc., with the primary goal of developing and marketing video game hardware and software.^[56] The division was spearheaded by key figures such as Ken Kutaragi, often called the "Father of the PlayStation," who oversaw the creation of the original PlayStation console.^[57] SCE launched the PlayStation on December 3, 1994, in Japan, marking Sony's entry into the competitive home console market and revolutionizing gaming with CD-ROM technology for enhanced graphics and multimedia capabilities.^[58] Under SCE's leadership, the PlayStation brand achieved major milestones, including the original PlayStation selling 102 million units worldwide from 1994 to 2006.^[59] The PlayStation 2, released in 2000, became the best-selling console ever with 160 million units sold lifetime.^[59] The PlayStation 3, launched in 2006, reached 87 million units by 2017.^[59] These successes were bolstered by strategic acquisitions, such as Naughty Dog in 2001, which brought acclaimed developers of titles like Crash Bandicoot exclusively to PlayStation platforms.^[60] SCE's efforts laid the foundation for the PlayStation brand's continued growth, with subsequent consoles like the PlayStation 4 selling 117 million units as of 2021 and the PlayStation 5 exceeding 80 million units as of 2025.^[61] SCE drove key innovations that expanded gaming's scope, including the integration of DVD playback in the PlayStation 2, which allowed the console to double as an affordable home entertainment device and boosted adoption among non-gamers.^[62] In 2006, SCE introduced the PlayStation Network (PSN), a free online service launched alongside the PlayStation 3, enabling digital downloads, multiplayer gaming, and media streaming; by 2013, PSN had over 110 million registered accounts. The PlayStation 3 also pioneered motion controls with the Sixaxis wireless controller, featuring six degrees of freedom for intuitive gameplay in titles like Flower.^[63] In April 2016, SCE merged with Sony Network Entertainment to form Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE), consolidating hardware, software, and network operations under a U.S.-based headquarters to streamline global strategy.^[64] SCE's cultural influence is evident in iconic franchises like Gran Turismo, a pioneering racing simulation series that debuted in 1997 and sold over 100 million units across installments as of 2025, setting standards for realistic vehicle handling and photorealistic graphics.^[65] Similarly, God of War, launched in 2005, became a cornerstone action-adventure series with mythic storytelling and combo-based combat, amassing over 70 million sales as of 2025 and inspiring adaptations in comics and novels.) However, SCE faced legal challenges, including a patent dispute with Immersion Corporation over haptic feedback technology in DualShock controllers, resulting in a 2005 court order for $90.7 million in damages before a confidential settlement in 2007.^[66] These elements underscored SCE's transformative role in elevating video games as a mainstream entertainment medium.

Systems and Computer Engineering

Systems and Computer Engineering is an interdisciplinary academic and professional field that bridges electrical engineering and computer science, focusing on the design, analysis, and implementation of integrated hardware-software systems. This discipline emphasizes the development of reliable, efficient computing solutions for complex applications, including the integration of hardware components with software architectures to enable real-world functionality. At institutions like Carleton University, the Department of Systems and Computer Engineering offers undergraduate and graduate programs that cover key areas such as embedded systems, computer networks, and digital signal processing, preparing students to tackle challenges in system-level optimization and performance.^[67]^[68]^[69] Core topics in Systems and Computer Engineering curricula include digital design for hardware implementation, operating systems for resource management, and control theory for dynamic system behavior. Students engage in hands-on laboratories that involve FPGA prototyping to simulate and test custom digital circuits, as well as real-time programming to develop responsive embedded applications. These practical components, common across programs, foster skills in hardware description languages like VHDL and real-time operating systems such as FreeRTOS, enabling students to build and verify system prototypes.^[70]^[71]^[72]^[73]^[74] Graduates pursue diverse career paths in sectors like aerospace for avionics systems, telecommunications for network infrastructure, and the Internet of Things for connected devices. Many programs integrate industry certifications, such as Cisco CCNA, to enhance employability in networking roles. The field has evolved from the era of centralized mainframe computing in the mid-20th century to modern distributed cloud architectures, driven by advances in virtualization and scalable infrastructure. Current research focuses on AI-optimized hardware accelerators and cybersecurity measures for resilient systems, addressing vulnerabilities in integrated circuits and network protocols.^[75]^[76]^[77]^[78]^[79]^[80]^[81] Enrollment in Systems and Computer Engineering programs, such as at Carleton University, supports robust outcomes with graduates securing positions at leading firms like IBM in software and systems development roles. These programs produce professionals with strong placement rates, and the average salary for computer engineering graduates in Canada is approximately $74,000 annually as of 2025.^[82]^[83]^[84]^[85]

Service Creation Environment

The Service Creation Environment (SCE) is an integrated software framework designed for the development, testing, and deployment of telecommunications services within operations support systems (OSS) and business support systems (BSS).^[86] It provides tools that enable service providers to create applications such as Voice over IP (VoIP) and Short Message Service (SMS) by abstracting complex network interactions into user-friendly interfaces.^[87] Notable implementations include those from Hewlett-Packard (HP), which focused on end-to-end service lifecycle management, and Ericsson, which integrated SCE into broader network management platforms for agile service provisioning.^[86]^[88] Core components of an SCE typically encompass graphical editors for visual service design, simulation engines for virtual testing of network behaviors, and application programming interfaces (APIs) for integration with backend systems.^[89] These elements support key protocols such as Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for call setup in IP multimedia subsystems and Diameter for authentication and charging in mobile networks.^[89]^[90] For instance, simulation tools like SIPp allow developers to emulate traffic loads without physical infrastructure, while Diameter extensions facilitate protocol-specific testing in development environments.^[89] Historically, SCE gained prominence in the 1990s as part of Intelligent Networks (IN), where it served as the primary development platform for creating services on service control points (SCPs) to enable rapid customization of features like call forwarding and prepaid billing.^[91] In contemporary contexts, SCE concepts have evolved into low-code platforms and orchestration tools adapted for 5G and cloud-native architectures, supporting microservices-based service deployment in distributed edge environments.^[87]^[92] This adaptation allows for programmable network functions closer to users, enhancing real-time service delivery in 5G ecosystems.^[92] One key benefit of SCE is the significant reduction in time-to-market, often shortening service rollout from months to weeks through automated design and testing workflows.^[93] For example, mobile operators like Verizon have leveraged similar agile creation environments in their digital transformations to achieve faster provisioning and improved customer satisfaction via cloud-based service innovations.^[93] SCE implementations align with industry standards, including the TM Forum's enhanced Telecom Operations Map (eTOM) for structuring service development processes and ITU-T recommendations (e.g., M.3050 series) that outline operational frameworks for IN and next-generation networks.^[94]^[95]

Organizations

Southern California Edison

Southern California Edison (SCE) is the primary electric utility subsidiary of Edison International, providing power to approximately 15 million residents and businesses across a 50,000-square-mile service territory spanning central, coastal, and southern California, including more than 180 incorporated cities and 15 counties. Incorporated in 1909 with origins tracing back to predecessor companies formed as early as 1886, SCE is headquartered at 2244 Walnut Grove Avenue in Rosemead, California. As one of the largest investor-owned utilities in the United States, SCE operates under regulation by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) and focuses on delivering reliable, affordable electricity while advancing clean energy integration. As of 2024, SCE employs approximately 14,000 people.^[96]^[97]^[98] SCE's operations encompass a vast infrastructure network, including 125,000 miles of distribution and bulk transmission lines, 1.3 million distribution structures, 1.4 million electric poles, and 142,000 transmission structures, enabling the delivery of electricity generated from a diverse portfolio of sources. In 2023, SCE achieved 49% carbon-free power in its retail sales, surpassing national averages and aligning with California's renewable portfolio standard goals ahead of schedule through increased procurement of wind, solar, and energy storage resources. The company maintains generation capacity exceeding 20,000 megawatts, with ongoing efforts to enhance grid reliability amid rising demand from electrification and extreme weather events.^[96]^[99] SCE's history reflects a pattern of consolidation and innovation in California's energy sector, beginning with mergers of small electric companies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, such as the 1908 combination of Redlands Electric Light and Power Company and others to form the modern entity. Key milestones include the development of nuclear facilities, notably the 450-megawatt San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station Unit 1 completed in 1968, which represented a major step in commercial nuclear power; however, the plant's Units 2 and 3 were permanently closed in 2013 due to equipment issues and regulatory uncertainties. In recent decades, SCE has grappled with wildfire liabilities, including settlements related to the 2017 Thomas Fire and 2018 Woolsey Fire, where the company established reserves exceeding $4 billion in 2019 to address claims, culminating in multi-billion-dollar agreements by 2020 to resolve lawsuits and support recovery efforts.^[97]^[100]^[101] Sustainability initiatives form a core pillar of SCE's strategy, with significant investments in electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure, including grid upgrades to accommodate projected EV adoption rates exceeding 90% by 2045. The company has expanded solar capacity through utility-scale projects and community solar programs, contributing to California's clean energy transition. Grid modernization efforts, such as installing over 6,800 miles of covered conductors and undergrounding high-risk lines, enhance resilience against wildfires while integrating distributed energy resources; SCE aims for net-zero greenhouse gas emissions across Scopes 1, 2, and 3 by 2045, delivering 100% carbon-free power to customers in alignment with state mandates.^[102]^[103]^[104] Financially, SCE reported operating revenues of approximately $17.6 billion in 2024, driven by rate-approved investments in infrastructure and clean energy, with net income reaching $1.619 billion amid CPUC oversight that balances cost recovery with affordability. The 2025 general rate case authorizes $9.756 billion in revenue requirements to fund wildfire mitigation, grid enhancements, and renewable integration, reflecting a 13.68% increase over 2024 levels, approved in July 2025. These finances underscore SCE's role in supporting California's energy goals while managing operational risks.^[98]^[105]^[106]

Standing Committee on the Environment

The Standing Committee on the Environment and Sustainable Development (ENVI) is a permanent standing committee of the House of Commons of Canada, established in 1994 to provide legislative oversight on environmental matters.^[107] It was created amid growing parliamentary focus on sustainable development, particularly following the review of environmental legislation in the early 1990s, and has operated continuously since its inception as part of the House's committee system.^[108] Pursuant to Standing Order 108(2)(a)(vi), the committee's mandate encompasses the review and study of all matters relating to the environment and sustainable development, including programs and legislation administered by Environment and Climate Change Canada, Parks Canada, and the Impact Assessment Agency of Canada.^[108] It typically consists of 12 members, appointed at the start of each parliamentary session by proportional representation of recognized parties, with the chair and vice-chairs elected from among them.^[109] The committee examines key legislation, such as the Canadian Environmental Protection Act of 1999, through detailed scrutiny of bills, amendments, and implementation strategies to ensure alignment with environmental protection goals.^[110] Key activities include conducting public hearings with experts, government officials, and stakeholders; producing investigative reports; and providing oversight of federal environmental agencies.^[109] For instance, in 2023, the committee reviewed Canada's net-zero emissions strategy under the Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act, assessing progress toward 2050 targets through evidence sessions and recommendations on emission reduction pathways.^[111] It also holds the Department of Environment and Climate Change Canada accountable via examinations of annual reports, action plans, and compliance with international commitments.^[112] Historically, the committee has played a pivotal role in addressing major environmental challenges, such as the ecological impacts of oil sands development in Alberta, where it investigated water resource effects, tailings management, and sustainable extraction practices through multi-year studies.^[113] It has also advanced policies on pollution reduction, including hearings and reports on banning single-use plastics, evaluating their environmental and economic implications to support regulatory bans on items like straws and checkout bags. As of 2025, following the outcomes of the 2022 COP15 biodiversity conference in Montreal—which adopted the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework—the committee has prioritized studies on domestic implementation, focusing on ecosystem restoration, species protection, and integration of biodiversity targets into federal law.^[114] The committee's outputs primarily consist of reports containing findings, analyses, and non-binding recommendations to the government, which influence policy but lack enforceable power unless adopted through subsequent legislation or executive action.^[108] These reports often lead to tangible changes, such as enhanced monitoring frameworks for industrial emissions or updated conservation strategies, by informing ministerial priorities and budget allocations.^[115]

Other Uses

Safety Critical Element

A Safety Critical Element (SCE) is defined under the UK Control of Major Accident Hazards (COMAH) Regulations 2015 as any part of an installation, including equipment, structures, systems (hardware or software), or any combination thereof, whose failure could cause or contribute substantially to a major accident or whose purpose is to prevent or limit the effect of a major accident.^[116] Examples include pressure vessels in refineries, blowout preventers in offshore drilling, and emergency shutdown systems in chemical processing plants, where integrity is essential to mitigate risks of fires, explosions, or toxic releases.^[117] The identification of SCEs typically begins with systematic hazard analysis techniques, such as Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) studies, which examine process deviations to pinpoint elements critical to major accident prevention.^[118] Following identification, operators establish performance standards specifying reliability, availability, and functionality requirements for each SCE, along with verification schemes involving independent audits, testing, and maintenance protocols to ensure ongoing compliance.^[119] Management of SCEs is governed by Safety Management Systems (SMS) that integrate risk-based integrity assurance, including routine inspections, corrective actions, and annual reviews to adapt to operational changes or degradation.^[120] Lessons from the 1988 Piper Alpha disaster, where inadequate maintenance and verification of safety systems contributed to 167 fatalities, underscored the need for robust SMS in offshore oil operations, leading to enhanced regulatory requirements for SCE oversight.^[121] Globally, SCE management aligns with IEC 61511, the international standard for functional safety of safety instrumented systems in the process industry sector, which provides lifecycle requirements for design, operation, and maintenance to achieve tolerable risk levels.^[122] As of 2025, updates to related standards and guidelines incorporate digital twins—virtual replicas of physical SCEs—for real-time predictive monitoring, enabling early detection of anomalies through simulation and data analytics.^[123] A prominent case study is the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, where failures in unverified SCEs, particularly the blowout preventer and its control systems, allowed an uncontrolled well release, resulting in 11 deaths and extensive environmental damage; investigations revealed deficiencies in testing, maintenance, and emergency response integration.^[124]

Supply Chain Execution

Supply chain execution (SCE) refers to the set of software applications and operational processes that manage the physical flow of goods from procurement through fulfillment and delivery, encompassing warehouse management systems (WMS), transportation management systems (TMS), and order management systems.^[125] These systems handle tasks such as inventory control, picking and packing in warehouses, route planning for shipments, and real-time order tracking to ensure efficient distribution.^[126] SCE platforms typically integrate with enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems to synchronize data on inventory levels, customer orders, and financials, enabling seamless coordination across the supply chain.^[127] Key components of SCE include real-time visibility tools leveraging radio-frequency identification (RFID) and Internet of Things (IoT) devices for tracking goods in transit and within facilities, as well as algorithms for optimizing transportation routes based on factors like traffic, fuel costs, and delivery windows.^[128] These elements support end-to-end execution, from inbound receiving to outbound shipping, while the global supply chain management (SCM) software market, of which SCE forms a core segment, reached $14.7 billion in 2024.^[129] The historical development of SCE traces back to the 1990s, when advanced planning and scheduling (APS) tools emerged to address growing complexities in global logistics, evolving from basic inventory software to integrated execution platforms.^[130] Vendors like Manhattan Associates, founded in 1990, pioneered warehouse management solutions that became foundational for SCE, expanding into cloud-based systems by the 2010s and incorporating AI-driven features post-2020 for predictive optimization and automation.^[131] This progression shifted SCE from siloed, on-premise applications to unified, scalable platforms capable of handling omnichannel fulfillment in e-commerce eras.^[132] Implementing SCE delivers measurable benefits, including 20-30% improvements in operational efficiency through streamlined processes and reduced manual errors, alongside 15-25% cuts in inventory holding costs via better demand forecasting and stock optimization.^[133] However, challenges persist, such as vulnerability to global disruptions like the 2021 Suez Canal blockage, which halted shipping for six days and caused delays costing billions in lost trade, underscoring the need for resilient execution strategies.^[134] Performance in SCE is evaluated through metrics like on-time in-full (OTIF) delivery rates, which measure the percentage of orders shipped complete and on schedule—ideally targeting 95% or higher—and fill rates, indicating the proportion of ordered items fulfilled from available stock, with benchmarks around 97-98% for efficient operations.^[135] These indicators provide insights into fulfillment accuracy and customer satisfaction, guiding continuous improvements in execution workflows.^[136] Looking ahead, future trends in SCE emphasize blockchain integration for enhanced traceability, enabling immutable records of goods movement to combat counterfeiting and ensure provenance from supplier to end-user, particularly in regulated industries like pharmaceuticals and food.^[137] This technology, combined with AI advancements, promises greater transparency and resilience against disruptions.^[138]

References

[1]
About SCE
Nov 3, 2025 · SCE is a large electric utility serving 15 million people in Southern California, with a mission to deliver reliable, clean, and affordable ...
[2]
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-34519-8
[3]
Southern California Edison Co Company Profile - Overview
Southern California Edison (SCE) is an electric utility that generates and supplies electricity, with 13,483 employees, and $17.5B revenue in 2024.
[4]
Southern California Edison Co - Company Profile and News
Southern California Edison generates electricity through hydroelectric, coal, and nuclear plants, and distributes electricity, serving customers worldwide.
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Welcome to SCE
About SCE · Corporate Governance · Community Giving · Environment · Reliability · Energy Procurement · Regulatory Information · Open Noticed CPUC Proceedings ...Pay Your Bill · My Account · About SCE · For Business
[6]
Sister Chromatid Exchange - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) refers to the process in which sister chromatids break and rejoin with one another, effectively exchanging regions of DNA ...
[7]
Sister chromatid exchanges induced by perturbed replication can ...
Nov 7, 2022 · Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) are products of joint DNA molecule resolution, and are considered to form through homologous recombination ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[8]
Microfluorometric detection of deoxyribonucleic acid replication in ...
Microfluorometric detection of deoxyribonucleic acid replication in human metaphase chromosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973 Dec;70(12):3395-9. doi ...
[9]
New Giemsa method for the differential staining of sister chromatids
Sep 13, 1974 · Sister chromatids stain differentially with Giemsa, allowing the identification of the two chromatids, and the observation of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs)
[10]
Test No. 479: Genetic Toxicology: In vitro Sister Chromatid ... - OECD
The sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assay is a short-term test for the detection of reciprocal exchanges of DNA between two sister chromatids of a ...
[11]
A Manyfold Increase in Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Bloom's ...
Dividing cells from persons with Bloom's syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder of growth, exhibit increased numbers of chromatid breaks and rearrangements.
[12]
The meta-analysis of sister chromatid exchange as a biomarker in ...
Aug 25, 2023 · In this meta-analysis, we analyzed studies reporting the use of the SCE test as a biomarker of genotoxicity risk in health care workers exposed ...
[13]
The Sister-Chromatid Exchange Assay in Human Cells - PubMed
Here, we provide the detailed protocol to perform the SCE assay in cultured human cells. Cells are exposed to the thymidine analog 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) ...Missing: mammalian | Show results with:mammalian
[14]
Analysis for Sister Chromatid Exchange | Springer Nature Experiments
Usually two rounds of cell cycle progress are required to observe SCE under microscope. SCE can be visualized with the fluorescence plus Giemsa (FPG) staining ...
[15]
40 CFR 79.65 -- In vivo sister chromatid exchange assay. - eCFR
The most commonly used assays employ mammalian bone marrow cells or peripheral blood lymphocytes, often from rodent species.
[16]
Reference Electrodes - Chemistry LibreTexts
Aug 29, 2023 · Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). The SCE is a half cell composed of mercurous chloride (Hg2Cl2, calomel) in contact with a mercury pool.
[17]
Saturated Calomel Electrode - AlpHa Measure
Jan 19, 2024 · In this article, we review a saturated calomel electrode diagram, its theory of operation, and compare vs silver/silver chloride electrode.
[18]
support/reference-electrode/calomel - als-japan.com
Mar 29, 2021 · A calomel electrode, like the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE), has a potential of 0.241 V at 25°C, and its potential depends on chloride ion ...
[19]
saturated calomel electrode (SCE) - Corrosionpedia
At higher temperatures (above 80°C) the concentration of Cl- increases, and the electrode's potential decreases. Electrodes containing unsaturated solutions of ...<|separator|>
[20]
[PDF] Fundamentals of Electrochemistry
Eight new chapters have been added to these parts, most of which describe recent developments in theoretical and applied electrochemistry. ... 1894), 148.<|separator|>
[21]
Electrochemical Analysis Methods: Potentiometry, Voltammetry, and ...
Common examples include the saturated calomel electrode ... The most common application of potentiometry is the measurement of pH using a glass electrode.
[22]
Short-Channel Effects in MOSFETs | Request PDF - ResearchGate
Aug 6, 2025 · Short-channel effects are a series of phenomena that take place when the channel length of the MOSFET becomes approximately equal to the ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
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[PDF] Controlling Short-channel Effects in Deep Submicron SOI MOSFETs ...
Short-channel effects (SCE) can be chiefly attributed to the so-called drain- induced barrier lowering (DIBL) effect which causes a reduction in the threshold ...
[24]
A 30 year retrospective on Dennard's MOSFET scaling paper
Aug 6, 2025 · The MOSFET scaling principles for obtaining simultaneous improvements in transistor density, switching speed, and power dissipation ...
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CMOS Device Scaling— Past, Present, and Future
How short can a MOSFET be? ❑ Early Short-Channel Models (1970s-1980s). ➢ Charge sharing model. ➢ Polynomial potential models. ❑ ...
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(PDF) A 90-nm Logic Technology Featuring Strained-Silicon
... short channel effects are. improved and smaller channel length MOSFETs are ... To continue Moore's law, new materials and structures are required. The ...
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Effect of High-K Dielectric Material on TG n-FinFET to Minimize the ...
This paper focuses on the development of 80nm channel length of high-k (TiO 2) n-channel (NMOS) and p-channel (PMOS) enhancement mode MOSFETs which emerged due ...
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Threshold Voltage Model for Short-Channel Undoped symmetrical ...
Aug 12, 2025 · where V fb is the flatband voltage [17, 25, 26,28], and r = 2ε si t ox /(ε ox t si ) is a structural parameter. ... threshold voltage roll-off, ...
[29]
Advancement and challenges in MOSFET scaling | Request PDF
Oct 24, 2025 · But as the technology advances and gate length scaled down, its performance degrades because of various factors such as short channel effects, ...
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The chips are down for Moore's law - ResearchGate
Aug 9, 2025 · In recent years, the continuous scaling of transistors, denoted as Moore's law, has slowed down as silicon-based transistors are approaching ...
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Compensatory Education
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State Compensatory Education - School Services
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[PDF] FAQ - State Compensatory Education Program
Oct 26, 2021 · What is the purpose of State Compensatory Education (SCE)?. The Texas Education Code (TEC), §29.081, defines SCE as programs and services ...
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An Overview of the History of Public Education in Texas
In 1984, the Texas Legislature passed what is commonly known as House Bill 72, enacting sweeping reforms of the public school system. House Bill 72 provided ...
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[PDF] a decade of school finance reform - IDRA
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[PDF] Module 6: State Compensatory Education, Guidelines, Financial ...
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[38]
State of Texas: Students still feel impact from 2011 Texas school ...
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[39]
The Past Decade in Texas School Finance
Texas school funding was cut in 2011, then partially restored. In 2019, $6.4 billion was invested with property tax rate compression and a 2.5% cap.Missing: SCE dropout performance
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PaCE History | UCSB Professional and Continuing Education
A brief history of PaCE · In 1891, three UC professors crossed the Bay by ferry to offer courses in San Francisco seeing an immediate and enthusiastic response.Missing: American | Show results with:American
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About UCLA: Fast facts
Aug 25, 2025 · UCLA was founded in 1919 as the Southern Branch of the University of California. ... UCLA Extension, a pioneer in distance learning, offers ...
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Mission and History | NYU SPS
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About UCLA Extension
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Fast Facts: Distance learning (80)
In fall 2021, 9.4 million undergrads (61%) and 1.8 million postbaccalaureate students (1.3 million exclusively) were in distance learning.
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EDUCATION, SCOTLAND (Hansard, 10 July 1962)
This, of course, reflects the introduction of the ordinary grade of the Scottish Certificate of Education. This is designed for pupils in their fourth year ...
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[PDF] SCQF LEVELS AND TIMELINES
The O Grade was awarded from 1962 until 1990. It predates the SCQF and is estimated to have been at SCQF levels 4 and 5. It was awarded on the Scottish ...
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[PDF] SCOTTISH NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS - SCQF LEVELS AND ...
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A short history of the Highers | Tes Magazine
May 15, 2009 · Teachers say that the only constant in Scottish education, for at least 50 years, has been the pace of change. It is not quite true. For more ...
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[PDF] SQA says that Higher History marking standards did not change
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Jun 23, 2025 · Scotland is making important changes to its curriculum, qualifications and assessment system to better support children and young people from ages 3 to 18.
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Provisional Attainment Statistical Summary 2024 - SQA
Aug 6, 2024 · At Higher, there were 106,110 female candidate entries in 2024 (an increase of 3.0% from 103,025 in 2023). There were 90,075 male candidate ...
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Attainment Statistical Summary 2024 - SQA
Dec 10, 2024 · There were 163,300 entries for male candidates (an increase of 2.0% from 160,150 in 2023). At Higher, there were 106,110 entries for female ...
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1993. November – Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. is established as a joint venture between Sony Corporation and Sony Music Entertainment (Japan) Inc.
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The original PlayStation's story is one of betrayal and revenge. In June 1991, Ken Kutaragi – a businessman within Sony's R&D division – arrived at the annual ...
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History of the PlayStation - IGN
Aug 27, 1998 · On December 3, 1994, the PlayStation was finally released in Japan, one week after the Sega Saturn. The initial retail cost was 37,000 yen, or ...
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PS2 Launch: The DVD Capabilities - IGN
Mar 8, 2000 · Sony has promoted the PlayStation 2 as a complete home entertainment system. A big part of this is the machine's functions as a DVD movie player.
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PlayStation™Network To Encompass Games, TV, Video And Music ...
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Feb 21, 2007 · One of the more controversional aspects of the Sixaxis controller is the motion-sensing capabilities. Some may say it's tacked on; some may say ...
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Sony Computer Entertainment and Sony Network Entertainment ...
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Business Data & Sales - Sony Interactive Entertainment
More than 76.4 million (As of March 31, 2012) · More than 87.4 million (As of March 31, 2017) · More than 117 million (As of June 30, 2022) · More than 84.1 ...
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Sony, Immersion Settle Lawsuit Over Vibration Technology - CNBC
Mar 1, 2007 · Sony and Immersion said they have settled their long-simmering patent dispute over the vibration technology that shakes video game controllers.
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What is Computer Engineering? - Michigan Technological University
Computer engineering is a broad field that sits in between the hardware of electrical engineering and the software of computer science.
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B.S. in Computer Engineering - UW Tacoma
Computer engineering is an interdisciplinary field that merges computer science and electrical engineering to design, develop, and maintain computer systems ...
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Systems and Computer Engineering - Carleton University
The Department of Systems and Computer Engineering at Carleton University is a recognized world-class institution in computer systems engineering, ...B.Eng. in Computer Systems... · Contact Us · Regulations and Resources · Faculty
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Computer Engineering - The University of Southern Mississippi
Jun 26, 2025 · Digital Logic · Digital and Analog Electronics · Computer Architecture and Embedded Systems · Internet-of-Things and Cybersecurity · Mobile and ...
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Real-Time Digital Systems Design and Verification with FPGAs
This course covers the systematic design of real-time digital systems and verification techniques using field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).
[73]
Computer Systems Laboratory - - UCF ECE
Lab experiments range from design of introductory logic circuits to advanced complex circuits, including a course in hardware security.
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Real-Time Programming for Embedded Systems - Wind River Training
The Real-Time Programming for Embedded Systems course provides an introduction to embedded software concepts and the fundamental issues in real-time design.
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Real-time and Embedded Systems Lab | Facilities
Building real-time and embedded systems in this lab will help you learn about one of the fastest-growing fields in computing.Missing: programming engineering
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Career Pathways and Companies for Computer Engineering ...
Computer Engineering graduates work as Hardware/Software Engineers in the Aviation and Aerospace Sectors ; Role: Embedded Flight Software Engineer. Typical Job ...
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Top Career Opportunities for Computer Engineering Graduates
1. Software Developer / Engineer · 2. Hardware Engineer · 3. Network Engineer · 4. Cybersecurity Specialist · 5. Data Scientist / Analyst · 6. Embedded Systems ...
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Cisco Networking Academy - Farmingdale State College
Apr 8, 2025 · Farmingdale State College offers a three-semester sequence of courses leading to the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification by ...
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Evolution of Software Architecture: From Mainframes and Monoliths ...
Aug 5, 2024 · Software architecture has evolved from mainframes and monoliths into a distributed network of cloud computing, API connectivity, AI, ...
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The Evolution of Information Technology: From Mainframes to Cloud ...
Dec 18, 2024 · In some ways, the rise of cloud computing resembles the way businesses once used mainframe computers. As cloud computing became more popular ...
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AI tools can help hackers plant hidden flaws in computer chips ...
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Artificial intelligence for cybersecurity: Literature review and future ...
This article presents a systematic literature review and a detailed analysis of AI use cases for cybersecurity provisioning.
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Co-op Salary Survey - Employers - Carleton University
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Computer engineer salary in Canada - Indeed
Oct 11, 2025 · The average salary for a Computer Engineer is $73967 per year in Canada ... Average base salary. $73,967. Pay per: Year. Hour. Day. Week. Month.
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Careers in Computer Engineering - Department of Electrical and ...
$$65,000 Average starting salary. 70% of jobs secured by career services are in the ECE field. Career Possibilities. Where will your degree take you? Learn more ...
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How Stela Discovered her Passion for Software Development - IBM
Meet Stela, who recently graduated from University, and is now a junior software developer at IBM Bulgaria. Hear more about her life as a software developer ...
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Service Creation from IN to Mobile and Broadband - shiftleft.com
... HP Service Creation Environment (SCE) and experiences with its use. The SCE is used as part of the complete process of specification, creation, test and ...
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Service Creation Environment - CreaLog
Sep 3, 2024 · The CreaLog Telecom Platform comes with a powerful Low-Code Service Creation Environment (SCE), named CreaLog CDG, that allows users to change existing ...
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Network Management for telecom operations - Ericsson
Accelerate new service creation. Through automated agile resourcing, intelligent network management balances time-to-market with enhanced security ...
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4 Using Simulators and Other Testing Tools
This chapter describes the testing tools included with the SCE. The tools include simulators, SIPp, and Diameter domain extension tools.
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[PDF] Developing SIP and IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Applications
This information was developed for products and services offered in the U.S.A.. IBM may not offer the products, services, or features discussed in this ...
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Universal service creation and provision environment for intelligent ...
The evolution of the intelligent network (IN) is summarized, and its service creation requirements and provision environment are clarified.
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Cloud native: Unlock the full potential of 5G - Ericsson
Cloud native architecture enables CSPs to distribute network functions closer to the edge for near real-time processing, creating a programmable, data-centric ...
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Process Framework (eTOM) - TM Forum
eTOM is a reference framework for categorizing all the business activities that a service provider will use in a structured manner that allows these to be ...Missing: ITU- T
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[PDF] ITU-T Rec. M.3050.1 (03/2007) Enhanced Telecom Operations Map ...
The eTOM work has built on and enhanced the previous TM Forum Telecom Operations Map, and. eTOM sets a vision for the industry to enable it to compete ...
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Our History
### Summary of Edison International's History
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Sustainability Report
### Sustainability Summary for Edison International
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Contingencies - SEC.gov
In 2020 SCE entered into settlements with individual plaintiffs in the 2017/2018 Wildfire ... nuclear property damage insurance purchased for San Onofre ...
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Southern California Edison's $28B spending plan centers on ...
Nov 5, 2025 · Southern California Edison, a subsidiary of parent Edison International, announced several new wildfire-related legal settlements during its ...
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Wildfire Mitigation Efforts - SCE
Nov 3, 2025 · Covered conductor: 6,800+ miles installed. As part of ongoing wildfire mitigation efforts, SCE is undergrounding overhead distribution lines ...
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https://www.sce.com/outages-safety/wildfire-safety/wildfire-mitigation-efforts
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SoCal Edison reports record profits of $1.619 billion in 2024 while ...
Southern California Edison (SCE) reported a record $1.619 billion in 2024 profits today, a 9.8% increase from the previous ...
[105]
Fact Sheet on Proposed Decision in Southern California Edison's ...
Jul 29, 2025 · The Proposed Decision adopts a 2025 revenue requirement of $9.756 billion ($727 million lower than the $10.483 billion that SCE had requested).
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IEEE Computer Society History
The IEEE Computer Society traces its origins to the 1946 formation of the Subcommittee on Large-Scale Computing Devices (LCD) of the American Institute of ...
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Debates of June 10th, 1994 | openparliament.ca
That the Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development be designated as the committee referred to in section 139 of the Canadian Environment ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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ENVI - Home - House of Commons of Canada
### Summary of Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development
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Committee Report No. 8 - ENVI (42-1) - House of Commons of Canada
Strengthening the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999. Report of the Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development.
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Response to parliamentary committees an external audits
Jan 7, 2025 · In October 2023, the Environment and Sustainable Development (ENVI) Committee of the House of Commons tabled a report with recommendations on ...
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Mandate letter: Appearance before the Standing Committee
Recognize the “right to a healthy environment” in federal law and introduce legislation to require the development of an environmental justice strategy and the ...
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[PDF] THE OIL SANDS: TOWARD SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Report ...
Mar 1, 2025 · While the development of Alberta's oil sands undoubtedly provides an important economic stimulus to western Canada and to Canada as a whole, it.
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[PDF] Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development
Dec 11, 2024 · Monique Pauzé: Currently, the act simply provides for the biodiversity targets in the Kunming‑Montreal Global Biodiversity. Framework. Are there ...
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Overview of the Commissioner's role and mandate
Oct 8, 2024 · These reports are referred to the Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development but are often studied by a wide range of ...
[116]
Safety critical elements good repair and condition - HSE
Dec 9, 2020 · 2 requires employers to ensure that any plant which they provide is, and is maintained, in a condition that is so far as reasonably practicable ...
[117]
Safety Critical Elements (SCE): Rationalizing Our Barriers - AIChE
Aug 21, 2020 · Safety Critical Elements (SCE) can be described as part of an installation and such of its structure, equipment and systems or any part thereof ...Missing: COMAH 1999<|control11|><|separator|>
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Identifying and Managing Safety Critical Element - AIChE Proceedings
SCE identification is done in a group setting post Hazard and Operability (HAZOP), followed by Layer of Protection Analysis and Safety Integrity Level (SIL) ...
[119]
Verification that safety critical elements are "suitable" at the ... - HSE
Dec 9, 2020 · To identify errors or failures in the design and construction of the safety critical elements (SCE) that could prevent them from achieving their ...
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Control of Major Accident Hazards (COMAH) - HSE
Aug 26, 2025 · HSE provides information and guidance about the Control of major accident hazards regulations (COMAH). COMAH applies mainly to the chemical ...Information and guidance on... · Safety alerts · L111 · Public information on
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What have we really learned? Twenty five years after Piper Alpha
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Mathematical Framework for Digital Risk Twins in Safety-Critical ...
This paper introduces a formal mathematical framework for Digital Risk Twins (DRTs) as an extension of traditional digital twin (DT) architectures, ...
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https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/OCSNCOE/Casualty-Information/DWH-Macondo/CSB/CSB-Macondo-Report-Vol-2.pdf
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Supply Chain Execution: Definition, Implementation, Enhance
Jun 18, 2024 · Supply chain execution (SCE) is the coordinated set of activities involved in the physical movement and distribution of goods throughout the supply chain.
[126]
What is the difference between a TMS and a WMS? - Project44
The WMS ensures products are stored and picked efficiently, while the TMS ensures those products are shipped in the most cost-effective and reliable way ...How A Tms Works · How A Wms Works · Common Questions About Tms...
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Synchronizing ERP, WMS, and TMS Systems for Supply Chain ...
Oct 13, 2025 · A WMS orchestrates and automates all warehouse operations, from material receiving and system-directed put-away to picking, packing, and ...
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How TMS–WMS Integration Improves Supply Chain Efficiency
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Top 10 SCM Software Vendors, Market Size and Forecast 2024-2029
Jul 24, 2025 · The SCM market is $14.7B in 2024, projected to $19.2B by 2029. Top vendors include SAP, Oracle, Blue Yonder, and E2open.Top 10 Scm Vendors In 2024... · Vendor Snapshot: Scm Market... · Research Methodology
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(PDF) Advanced Supply Chain Planning Systems (APS) Today and ...
... vendors such as i2 Technologies, RedPrairie and Manhattan. Associates that started as specialized Supply Chain Management solutions vendors. With a closer ...
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Our Story and Timeline - Manhattan Associates
Discover how Manhattan emerged as a top supply chain solutions provider, from its founding in 1990 to the launch of Manhattan Active® Platform.
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History of Manhattan Associates, Inc. - FundingUniverse
By the end of 1997, Manhattan had made its mark in the warehouse management system sector of supply-chain execution. The company added 56 new clients during the ...
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Supply chain integration 101: definition, benefits, and more - Metrobi
Aug 6, 2024 · According to Supply Chain Digital, effective supplier performance management can lead to a 20-30% reduction in costs and a 10-20% improvement in ...
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Suez Canal is moving, but the supply chain impact could last months
Mar 29, 2021 · The ship that blocked the Suez Canal may be free, but experts warn the supply chain impact could last months. The Ever Given, the massive ...Missing: Execution | Show results with:Execution
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Suez Canal Crisis: Lessons Learned And How Tech Can Help
Jan 22, 2024 · The blockade of the Suez Canal in 2021 has highlighted the importance of risk minimization strategies. It also shows the need for effective risk management.
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Defining 'on-time, in-full' in the consumer sector | McKinsey
Jun 13, 2019 · OTIF measures the extent to which shipments are delivered to their destination according to both the quantity and schedule specified on the order.
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Fill rate: KPI for measuring delivery efficiency - Mecalux
Aug 8, 2023 · The fill rate measures a company's shipping performance and the percentage of orders successfully delivered to customers.
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Using Blockchain to Drive Supply Chain Transparency and Innovation
Using blockchain can improve both supply chain transparency and traceability as well as reduce administrative costs.
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Blockchain technology in supply chain management: Innovations ...
Blockchain improves traceability and provenance throughout complex supply chains. •. It addresses problems like counterfeiting, managing suppliers, and ...