Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

STS-123

STS-123 was a mission to the (ISS), designated as the 25th shuttle flight to the orbital laboratory, which launched on March 11, 2008, at 2:28 a.m. EDT from in aboard the orbiter and lasted 15 days, 18 hours, and 10 minutes before landing on March 26, 2008, at 8:39 p.m. EDT. The primary objectives of STS-123 were to continue ISS assembly by delivering and installing the Kibo Pressurized Logistics Module—the first major component of Japan's Kibo laboratory—and the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (Dextre), a Canadian robotic system designed for fine maintenance tasks on the station's exterior. The mission also included a crew exchange, with astronaut replacing European Space Agency astronaut Leopold Eyharts as a on the ISS, and featured the first for pilot and mission specialists Robert L. Behnken and Michael J. Foreman. Commanded by veteran astronaut Dominic L. Gorie, the seven-person crew—comprising pilot , mission specialists Richard M. Linnehan, Robert L. Behnken, Michael J. Foreman, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency () astronaut , and ISS crew member Garrett E. Reisman—conducted three spacewalks to outfit the new hardware and performed scientific experiments during their 15-day stay docked to the station. , the first Japanese astronaut to perform a spacewalk, contributed to the installation of Dextre and Kibo elements, marking a significant international collaboration in the ISS program. Notable aspects of the included the successful integration of Kibo's logistics module, which provided pressurized storage and for future laboratory operations, and Dextre's deployment, enhancing the station's remote servicing capabilities without requiring additional spacewalks for routine repairs. The flight underscored the multinational partnerships in space exploration, with contributions from , JAXA, the Canadian Space Agency, and the , and proceeded without major technical issues despite the complexity of handling large payloads in orbit.

Mission Overview

Objectives

The primary objective of STS-123 was the delivery and installation of the Japanese Experiment Module (Kibo) Experiment Logistics Module-Pressurized Section (ELM-PS) to the zenith port of the node on the (ISS). Weighing approximately 8,400 kg (at launch), the ELM-PS functioned as a pressurized stowage facility capable of accommodating up to eight Payload Racks for subsystems, experiments, samples, and spares, thereby supporting the initial buildup of Japan's contributions to the ISS. Key tasks encompassed robotic berthing of the module via the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (SRMS), activation of onboard systems, and preliminary checkouts to verify functionality ahead of its temporary role and later relocation. A secondary objective focused on the installation of the Canadian Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (Dextre, also known as SPDM) onto the Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS). This 1,850 kg robotic system, featuring two multi-jointed arms equipped with tools, cameras, and force sensors, was delivered disassembled on a Pallet and assembled over three spacewalks to enable dexterous external maintenance on the ISS, reducing the need for crewed extravehicular activities. Additional goals included the transfer of approximately 16,916 kg of mass to the ISS, comprising spare parts, equipment, and utilization items to bolster station operations. STS-123 also demonstrated the first full operational use of the Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS), enabling the ISS to provide electrical power to the orbiter and thereby extending duration while conserving fuel cells. These objectives collectively advanced ISS by integrating hardware and preparing infrastructure for Kibo's expanded capabilities in future flights.

Key Statistics

The STS-123 , flown by , achieved several notable performance metrics during its assembly flight to the (ISS). These statistics highlight the 's scale in terms of time, distance, and payload delivery, directly supporting the objectives of installing the Kibo Experiment Logistics Module-Pressurized Section (ELM-PS) and the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (Dextre).
MetricValue
Mission duration15 days, 18 hours, 10 minutes, 54 seconds
Orbits completed
Distance traveled10,585,900 km (6,578,000 miles)
Launch massApproximately 2,052,900 kg
Landing mass121,810 kg
Orbital inclination51.6 degrees
Maximum altitude220 nautical miles
STS-123 marked the first operational use of the Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS), which supplied power from the ISS to , extending the orbiter's battery life by three orbits and enabling a longer docked period for payload operations. The mission delivered a payload mass of 16,916 kg to the ISS, including the Kibo ELM-PS at 8,484 kg and Dextre at 3,485 kg, representing key contributions to the station's expansion and robotic capabilities.

Historical Background

ISS Assembly Sequence

STS-123 marked the 25th Space Shuttle mission dedicated to the and served as the 1J/A assembly flight in the overall ISS construction sequence. This designation indicated the first joint delivery of and Canadian elements to the station, advancing the integration of international contributions following the resumption of assembly after the accident. The mission built upon the achievements of preceding flights, including (10A), which delivered and installed the (Node 2) module to provide additional docking ports and support future laboratory attachments, and (1E), which added the European Space Agency's laboratory to Harmony's starboard port. These prior missions established the structural framework necessary for the subsequent attachment of non-U.S. pressurized modules, setting the stage for the Japanese Kibo laboratory's initial components. Key to STS-123's role was the installation of the Kibo Experiment Logistics Module - Pressurized Section (ELM-PS), the first pressurized element of the Kibo laboratory, which was temporarily berthed to the zenith port of the node using the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System. This approximately 4.2-meter-long, 4.2-metric-ton module provided initial storage and experiment capabilities, with its internal racks prepared for relocation during the follow-on (1J) mission that delivered the full Kibo Pressurized Module. Additionally, the mission outfitted the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (Dextre), enhancing the station's robotic capabilities for external maintenance tasks. By facilitating the early integration of Kibo's components and Dextre, STS-123 played a pivotal role in the ISS assembly progression, contributing to the achievement of the U.S. Core Complete configuration—encompassing the primary U.S. structural and power elements—along with international laboratories by the end of 2008. This milestone enabled full operational capacity for six-person crews and expanded research facilities aboard the station.

International Partnerships

The STS-123 mission exemplified international collaboration in the of the (ISS), with Japan's (JAXA) playing a pivotal role through the development and delivery of the Kibo laboratory's initial module. JAXA provided the Experiment Logistics Module-Pressurized Section (ELM-PS), a stowage unit for experiments, spare parts, and samples, which was launched aboard and temporarily attached to the ISS's Harmony node. This contribution marked the beginning of Japan's major hardware addition to the ISS, enhancing its capacity for long-term and research. Additionally, JAXA astronaut served as a , becoming the first Japanese citizen to fly on a shuttle mission dedicated to ISS assembly, where he assisted in robotic arm operations for module installation. Canada's space agency, the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), contributed the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM), known as Dextre, a two-armed robotic system designed for precise maintenance tasks on the ISS exterior. Delivered via STS-123 and installed during the mission's spacewalks, Dextre features articulated arms with tools for tasks such as battery replacement and component repairs, enabling operations without the need for extravehicular activities (EVAs) and thereby reducing risks to astronauts. Developed by in , Dextre completed Canada's robotics contributions to the ISS, complementing the earlier Canadarm2 and Mobile Base System. NASA coordinated the integration of these international payloads under the framework of the ISS Intergovernmental Agreement and the Multilateral Coordination Board (MCB), which oversees joint management among partner agencies including , , and . The MCB ensured alignment on assembly sequences, resource sharing, and operational protocols, facilitating seamless delivery and installation during STS-123. This mission represented a key milestone in the of the ISS, as the Kibo module's ELM-PS laid the groundwork for advanced microgravity in fields like and , fostering global scientific cooperation and technological exchange.

Preparation

Shuttle Processing

Following its return from the mission on August 21, 2007, was towed to the (OPF) at NASA's for post-flight deservicing and pre-flight preparations for STS-123. Technicians conducted routine maintenance, including the removal and replacement of several tiles damaged during reentry, primarily on the orbiter's ventral surface; inspections confirmed no underlying structural . systems underwent standard validation and software updates to ensure compatibility with mission requirements, such as enhanced for in-orbit inspections. The Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS), a 50-foot extendable arm equipped with cameras and lasers for thermal protection system inspections, was removed from storage, inspected, and reinstalled in the payload bay during processing to support pre-launch and on-orbit evaluations. was rolled over to the (VAB) on February 11, 2008, where it was mated to the refurbished Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs), designated BI-133, which had been recovered, disassembled, and remanufactured at the facility of ATK Launch Systems for reuse. The stack was then joined to External Tank ET-126, a Super LightWeight Tank variant, on February 14, 2008. Prior to launch, ET-126 was loaded with approximately 1,511,000 liters of and 566,000 liters of to fuel the orbiter's main engines and provide oxidizer. These preparations ensured the shuttle's readiness for the March 11, 2008, liftoff.

Payload Integration

The primary payload for STS-123, the Japanese Experiment Logistics Module-Pressurized Section (ELM-PS) of the Kibo laboratory, was developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency () with manufacturing by . The module, designed to house up to eight International Space Station standard racks for experiments and stowage, underwent rigorous assembly and testing at JAXA's Space Center, including thermal balance tests in a space environment chamber to validate its passive thermal control systems, such as and heaters. Following these tests, the ELM-PS was shipped by sea from Tsukuba to NASA's in 2007, arriving for final outfitting and integration into Space Shuttle Endeavour's bay within the Space Station Processing Facility. There, technicians installed the module's eight racks—comprising five subsystem racks, two experiment racks, and one stowage rack—before securing it for launch. The Canadian Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM), nicknamed Dextre, was another key , built by , Dettwiler and Associates (now ) in , . Dextre, comprising the SPDM main body with two articulated arms and the Orbital Replacement Unit Temporary Platform (ORU TFM) for tool storage and fluid management, was assembled and subjected to comprehensive functional and environmental testing at 's facilities to confirm its precision manipulation capabilities for extravehicular tasks. Shipped to in mid-2007, Dextre was integrated onto the Spacelab Pallet Deployment System (SLP-D1) in the payload bay, positioned adjacent to the ELM-PS for coordinated handling during the ; this setup allowed for electrical and mechanical interfaces to be verified without using a . Secondary payloads encompassed additional Japanese robotics elements, such as preliminary components supporting Kibo's future remote manipulator system, spare hardware including pumps and valves stored in the ELM-PS racks, and the Lightweight Multi-Purpose Experiment Support Structure (ExPRESS) carrier for hosting small-scale experiments like the Materials Experiment (MISSE-6). These items were processed and loaded at Kennedy Space Center's Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility and Space Station Processing Facility, ensuring compatibility with the primary payloads through vibration and testing. As launch preparations advanced, late stowage adjustments accommodated the Expedition 16 crew rotation, incorporating personal items, scientific samples, and the custom seat liner exchange for astronaut to replace ESA astronaut Léopold Eyharts, all verified and secured in Endeavour's middeck lockers during final payload bay closeout.

Crew Preparation

The STS-123 crew, assigned in December 2006, underwent extensive mission-specific training at NASA's in , , spanning the approximately 15 months leading to launch in 2008. This preparation included simulations for shuttle operations, integration, and payload handling to ensure proficiency in the mission's complex objectives, such as installing the Kibo laboratory module and activating the Dextre robotic system. Training emphasized hands-on simulations, including sessions in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) pool, where crew members practiced extravehicular activities (EVAs) and operations in a weightless-like environment. For instance, mission specialists Michael Foreman and Robert Behnken conducted NBL runs to rehearse spacewalk tasks, such as preparing Dextre for deployment, while the full crew participated in integrated simulations for Kibo installation procedures. These sessions, conducted in training versions of the (EMU) spacesuits, focused on procedural efficiency and contingency handling to simulate the five planned EVAs. Crew seating assignments for launch and entry were configured to optimize control and safety: Commander Dominic Gorie in seat 1 (front left), Pilot in seat 2 (front right), Mission Specialist Robert L. Behnken in seat 3 (aft left), Michael J. Foreman in seat 4 (aft right), Richard M. Linnehan in seat 5 (middeck), Takao Doi in seat 6 (middeck), and in seat 7 (middeck). Specific drills encompassed rehearsals for Kibo pressurization and outfitting, Dextre arm activation and checkout, and emergency egress procedures, including the Terminal Countdown Demonstration Test (TCDT) conducted at in late February 2008 to practice launch aborts and pad evacuations. International collaboration was integral, particularly for astronaut , who participated in joint training sessions with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency at the Space Center for Kibo-specific operations, including simulations and hardware integration drills. These sessions complemented NASA-led training, ensuring seamless coordination for the Kibo Logistics Module delivery and setup. Additionally, the crew received robotics training from the Canadian Space Agency to prepare for Dextre's installation and initial functionality tests.

Crew

Flight Crew

The flight crew of STS-123 consisted of Dominic L. Pudwill Gorie and Gregory H. Johnson, who were responsible for the overall piloting and command of during its 15-day, 18-hour mission to the in March 2008. Gorie, a retired U.S. Navy Captain, served as the mission , overseeing all shuttle operations, activities, and coordination with ground control, drawing on his extensive experience as a naval aviator with over 6,700 flight hours in more than 35 aircraft types, including 38 combat missions during Operation Desert Storm. This marked Gorie's fourth space shuttle flight, following his roles as pilot on (1998) and (2000), and on (2001), accumulating a total of over 47 days in space across his career. Gregory H. Johnson, a retired U.S. Air Force Colonel, served as the pilot for STS-123, his first spaceflight, where he handled critical duties including ascent and entry piloting, rendezvous with the ISS, and operations of the shuttle's robotic arm as the primary operator. Johnson brought a background as a test pilot and instructor, with over 5,000 flight hours in more than 50 aircraft, including F-16 Fighting Falcons during 61 combat missions in Operations Desert Storm and Southern Watch, as well as T-38 Talon instruction. Selected as a NASA astronaut in 1998, his prior roles included contributions to the Shuttle Cockpit Avionics Upgrade project and as Chief of the Astronaut Safety Branch, ensuring precise execution of the mission's orbital maneuvers and safe return.

Mission Specialists

The STS-123 mission featured five mission specialists, each bringing specialized expertise to the delivery and installation of the Kibo laboratory's Experiment Logistics Module-Pressurized Section (ELM-PS) and the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (Dextre) to the (ISS). These crew members focused on payload integration, robotic operations, and extravehicular activities (s), supporting the assembly of Japan's primary contribution to the station. Three of the specialists—Richard M. Linnehan, Robert L. Behnken, and Michael J. Foreman—served as primary EVA crew members, conducting spacewalks to install and configure the new hardware. Richard M. Linnehan, a by training with a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine from , served as the payload commander and lead for the Kibo ELM-PS transfer and robotics operations during his fourth spaceflight. Selected as a in 1992, Linnehan had previously flown on STS-78, STS-90, and , accumulating experience in life sciences research and servicing. On STS-123, he led the coordination of robotic maneuvers using the shuttle and ISS arms to berth the Kibo module and Dextre, while also acting as the lead crew member for one of the mission's three spacewalks, where he assisted in hardware transfers and inspections. Robert L. Behnken, an major and with a Ph.D. in from the , flew his first space mission as an EVA crew member responsible for Dextre's installation. Selected in 2000, Behnken contributed to robotics operations by operating the ISS robotic arm during the transfer of the approximately 8.4-metric-ton Kibo ELM-PS and the subsequent attachment of Dextre, a two-armed robotic system designed for fine maintenance tasks on the station. He participated in one EVA focused on outfitting Dextre with tools and cameras, ensuring its readiness for autonomous operations. Michael J. , a U.S. captain and naval aviator selected as an in 1998, served as the EVA lead across the mission's multiple spacewalks during his first flight. With a background in test piloting and over 3,000 flight hours, Foreman conducted two EVAs, totaling approximately 13 hours outside the vehicle, where he oversaw the installation of Kibo utilities, Dextre mounting on the station's robotic rail, and final inspections of the payloads. His leadership ensured the safe handover of the hardware to the Expedition 16 crew. Takao Doi, a Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency () with a in from the , brought expertise in Kibo operations as the module's primary user representative on his second spaceflight and first shuttle mission. Selected in 1985, Doi had previously flown on in 1997, during which he performed the first by a . During STS-123, he coordinated the activation and initial outfitting of Kibo's pressurized section, including the transfer of experiments and racks, and supported robotics tasks for the module's integration into the ISS node. Garrett E. Reisman, a mechanical engineer with a Ph.D. from the , flew his first mission to facilitate the ISS crew exchange, replacing astronaut Léopold Eyharts as Expedition 16 flight engineer upon arrival. Selected in 1998, Reisman provided robotics support during payload berthing and participated in one EVA to assist with Kibo and Dextre setup. He remained on the station for Expedition 16 and part of Expedition 17 before returning on STS-124.

Launch

Countdown Sequence

The countdown for STS-123 began at T-43 hours on March 9, 2008, marking the start of the final pre-launch preparations for Endeavour's departure from Launch Complex 39A at NASA's . This timeline incorporated 27 hours and 28 minutes of built-in holds to allow for system checks, crew activities, and contingency planning ahead of the targeted liftoff time of 2:28 a.m. EDT on March 11, 2008. Weather conditions during the were generally acceptable, though a planned hold at T-9 hours was extended briefly to monitor low-level cloud cover and ensure compliance with launch criteria. The crew, consisting of Commander Dominic Gorie, Pilot , and Mission Specialists Richard Linnehan, Robert Behnken, Michael , Takao , and Garrett , conducted final briefings and suited up in the at approximately T-2 hours before departing for the via the Astrovan. As the progressed into its terminal phase, the final built-in hold at T-9 minutes allowed for last-minute polls of flight controllers, confirming all systems were go. Weather remained favorable, and liftoff occurred at 2:28 a.m. EDT as planned.

Ascent Phase

Space Shuttle Endeavour lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at on March 11, , at 06:28:14 UTC (2:28:14 a.m. EDT), propelled by its three main engines and two solid rocket boosters (SRBs). The ascent proceeded nominally along a planned to a 51.6-degree inclination at an altitude of approximately 122 nautical miles (226 kilometers), lasting about 8.5 minutes until main engine cutoff (). The SRBs separated roughly two minutes after liftoff, allowing the orbiter to continue on its main engines toward insertion. Immediately following , the crew initiated (OMS) burns to circularize the preliminary and establish the initial for preparations. The doors were then opened on Flight Day 1 to expose the radiators for thermal control and enable access to onboard systems and payloads. Post-ascent systems checks confirmed nominal performance with no major anomalies reported. A comprehensive of the tiles, using the Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS) mounted on the shuttle's , was scheduled for Flight Day 2 to verify the condition of the ahead of reentry.

Orbital Phase

Rendezvous and

The phase of STS-123 began on Flight Day 2, March 12, 2008, as executed a series of orbital maneuvers to align with the (ISS). Two primary (OMS) burns were performed: the first, known as the Nonlinear Coelliptic (NC1) burn, raised the shuttle's orbit to initiate the chase, followed by the NC2 burn to further match the ISS's altitude and velocity, positioning approximately 50,000 feet behind the station by the start of Flight Day 3. Relative navigation during the approach relied on video cameras for visual alignment, the shuttle's for range and closing-rate data, and systems integrated with onboard laptops to refine trajectory control, ensuring precise positioning relative to the ISS. At about 600 feet below the station, Commander Dominic Gorie executed the Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver, a 9-minute allowing the ISS crew to photograph 's using 400mm and 800mm lenses for damage assessment. Docking occurred on March 13, 2008, at 03:49 UTC to the Pressurized Mating Adapter-2 (PMA-2) port on the module, approximately 24 minutes later than the planned 03:25 UTC due to minor trajectory adjustments. Pilot guided the approach at a closing rate of about 0.1 feet per second, pausing at 30 feet if necessary for final alignment within a 3-inch tolerance, before contact initiated the soft mate sequence, where initial latches engaged followed by the hard mate, retracting the docking mechanism and capturing the hooks to form a secure seal. The hatches between and the ISS were opened at 05:36 UTC, marking the successful connection after roughly 28 hours of operations from the initial burns. Post-docking, STS-123 marked the first full utilization of the Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS), with the ISS supplying electrical power to through the port, thereby conserving the shuttle's onboard batteries and extending potential duration if needed. This capability, tested preliminarily on , allowed up to three of 's main buses to draw power from the station's systems during the docked phase. Following hatch opening, the crews conducted initial checks on the mechanism to verify seal integrity, confirming no loss in the combined volume. Garrett officially transferred to the ISS as a member of Expedition 16, exchanging seat liners with ESA astronaut Léopold Eyharts, who prepared to return aboard ; this crew exchange supported continuous station operations. With complete, joint activities commenced, including a brief welcome ceremony before transitioning to payload integration tasks.

On-Orbit Operations

Following docking with the (ISS) on March 13, 2008, the STS-123 crew of initiated a series of on-orbit operations focused on integration, module activation, and crew transitions in support of ISS assembly mission 1J/A. These activities spanned approximately 12 days of joint operations, emphasizing intra-vehicular transfers and robotic setup to enhance the station's research and maintenance capabilities. The efforts involved close coordination between the shuttle crew and Expedition 16 residents, leveraging the (MPLM) Leonardo for efficient cargo movement. Payload transfers were a primary focus, conducted over five dedicated days from flight days 5 through 9 and 14, during which crews moved a total of 16,916 kg of equipment, supplies, and components between and the ISS via the MPLM. This included critical elements for the Japanese Experiment Module (Kibo), such as subsystem racks, experiment hardware, and logistical items for Expeditions 16 and 17, along with spares like pumps and valves for station maintenance. The transfers utilized the shuttle's for initial positioning and manual handling inside the pressurized environment, ensuring the safe relocation of approximately 18,377 lbs (8,335 kg) of Kibo-specific logistics module mass alone. These operations not only restocked the ISS but also prepared infrastructure for future experiments, with return cargo of about 1,565 lbs (710 kg) transferred back to the shuttle, including processed samples and obsolete equipment. Activation of the Kibo Experiment Logistics Module-Pressurized Section (ELM-PS), delivered as the mission's primary , began immediately after its on the Harmony node's zenith port during flight day 4. The module, weighing 18,490 lbs (8,385 kg), was pressurized to one atmosphere to create a shirt-sleeve working environment, followed by power-up sequences initiated by the shuttle and ISS crews on flight day 5. astronaut , supported by mission specialist Rick Linnehan, conducted initial outfitting, connecting utilities and verifying subsystem functionality, which enabled the setup of early experiments such as the and RESIST WALL investigations using thale cress seeds to study plant biology in microgravity. These activation steps marked the first phase of Kibo's integration, laying the groundwork for its full pressurized module delivery on subsequent missions. Crew exchanges occurred smoothly on flight day 3, shortly after , as transferred to the ISS to join Expedition 16 as a , replacing outgoing member Léopold Eyharts in a standard seatliner swap. Eyharts, who had arrived via , prepared for his return aboard after a 48-day stay, participating in briefings on systems and ongoing . This ensured continuity for Expedition 16/17 operations, with Reisman contributing to joint tasks before his own return on STS-124. Joint tasks highlighted collaborative efforts between the crews, with Expedition 16 members assisting in ELM-PS outfitting on flight day 5 by relocating internal equipment and conducting inventory checks to accelerate integration. A key milestone was the initial testing of the Canadian Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (), installed during prior extravehicular activities, where ground controllers from the Canadian Space Agency performed the first remote operations on flight day 9 using the ISS's to reposition Dextre to the Destiny laboratory's Power and Data Grapple Fixture for protected tool caddy attachment. This ground-controlled demonstration validated Dextre's dual-arm precision for future maintenance tasks, weighing 3,431 lbs (1,556 kg), and confirmed its integration without requiring additional crew intervention. Support from extravehicular activities facilitated these internal setups by positioning components externally beforehand.

Extravehicular Activities

The STS-123 featured five extravehicular activities (EVAs), accumulating a total of 33 hours and 29 minutes of spacewalking time to facilitate the delivery and installation of the Kibo laboratory's Experiment Logistics Module-Pressurized Section (ELM-PS) and the Dextre Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator on the . These EVAs were executed by specialists Richard Linnehan, Robert Behnken, Michael Foreman, and , utilizing Extravehicular Mobility Units (EMUs) with integrated (SAFER) jet backpacks for mobility and safety. The spacewalks were staged from the Quest airlock, with no major anomalies or equipment failures reported, ensuring all primary objectives were met and contributing significantly to ISS assembly progress. EVA-1, performed on March 14, 2008 by Richard Linnehan (EV1) and (EV2), lasted 7 hours and 1 minute. The crew focused on preparing the Kibo ELM-PS for robotic removal from the payload bay, including removing protective covers, securing brackets, and verifying alignment for utility connections and subsequent transfer using the Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS). This EVA supported the initial steps of Kibo integration. EVA-2, conducted on March 15–16, 2008 by Richard Linnehan (EV1) and Michael Foreman (EV2), extended for 7 hours and 9 minutes. Objectives centered on assembling the Dextre robotic system, attaching its upper and lower arms to the main body, and conducting initial joint and brake tests to verify functionality. The spacewalkers worked from the mobile transporter, with assistance from the shuttle's , achieving operational readiness for Dextre's precision tasks. EVA-3, on March 17–18, 2008 with Richard Linnehan (EV1) and Robert Behnken (EV2), ran 6 hours and 53 minutes. The primary goals were to complete the assembly of Dextre, including installing the tool platform and caddy interfaces, and testing its mobility systems from the mobile transporter. This finalized Dextre's setup for remote operations, enhancing ISS external maintenance without additional EVAs. EVA-4, executed on March 20–21, 2008 by Robert Behnken (EV1) and Michael Foreman (EV2), lasted 6 hours and 24 minutes. Tasks included evaluating the Ablator-54 (STA-54) material and testing the repair ablator applicator tool on pre-damaged samples, demonstrating in-space repair techniques for thermal protection systems. This EVA also supported hardware installations near the Kibo site. EVA-5, the final spacewalk on March 22–23, 2008 by Robert Behnken (EV1) and Michael Foreman (EV2), took 6 hours and 2 minutes. Objectives involved relocating the Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS) from to temporary storage on the ISS P1 truss, installing a trundle bearing assembly for Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ) maintenance, and adding utility brackets and camera mounts. The crew verified connections for Kibo pressurization readiness, marking the handover of payloads to Expedition 16.

Reentry and Landing

Undocking and Deorbit

On Flight Day 15, the STS-123 crew and Expedition 16 station residents conducted a farewell ceremony before closing the hatches between and the Harmony module's forward (PMA-2) at approximately 21:49 UTC on March 25, 2008. A leak check followed, but undocking was delayed by 28 minutes due to an issue with a command to the ISS solar arrays. Separation occurred at 00:25 UTC on March 26, 2008, when springs pushed away from PMA-2, initiating a safe departure after nearly 12 days docked. Pilot then hand-flew through a 360-degree flyaround of the ISS at a distance of about 200 meters, allowing the crew to photograph the expanded —including the newly installed Kibo logistics module and Dextre robotic system—for post-mission damage assessment and configuration verification. This maneuver provided high-resolution imagery from multiple angles, capturing the station's external structures in orbit. With the flyaround complete, the crew shifted to deorbit preparations on Flight Day 16, reconfiguring the payload bay by stowing equipment such as the Orbiter Boom Sensor System and securing payloads for . They conducted scans of the wing leading edges using the OBSS to inspect the thermal protection system for any anomalies, performed a flight control system checkout, tested the thrusters, and reviewed deorbit burn parameters to ensure optimal trajectory for reentry. astronaut Léopold Eyharts, who had been aboard the ISS since , joined the crew for the return journey after transferring from the station.

Reentry and Landing

The deorbit burn for STS-123 was executed on March 26, 2008, at 23:33 UTC, utilizing the orbiter's engines for approximately 2.5 minutes to lower the perigee and commit to atmospheric reentry. During the reentry phase, followed a standard shuttle entry profile, encountering peak heating conditions at Mach 25 with surface temperatures reaching approximately 1,650°C (3,000°F) due to atmospheric friction and compression. The Terminal Area Energy Management (TAEM) interface was achieved at an altitude of approximately 28 km, transitioning the vehicle from to subsonic gliding descent under control, with pilot and commander Dominic Gorie monitoring systems. After a one-orbit delay due to low clouds and unstable weather at , touched down successfully on March 27, 2008, at 00:39 UTC (8:39 p.m. EDT on March 26) at the on Runway 15, completing a rollout of 3,200 meters. Post-landing operations included lowering the nose skid at approximately 100 m/s, with acceptable weather conditions (including a of 12 knots) for the landing site.

Post-Mission

Mission Outcomes

The STS-123 achieved all primary objectives, successfully delivering and installing the Japanese Experiment Module-Pressurized (ELM-PS), the first component of the Kibo , and the Dextre robotic system to the (ISS). The ELM-PS was attached to the during extravehicular activities, providing initial storage and setup for Kibo's system and experiment racks, while Dextre was fully assembled and tested, becoming operational for ISS maintenance tasks such as orbital replacement unit exchanges. These accomplishments marked a key step in ISS assembly, with the transferring over 25,000 pounds of hardware without any major disruptions. Scientifically, the enabled the initial configuration of Kibo facilities for experiments in fluid physics and , including preparations for microgravity studies on and biological samples that would support subsequent . from these early setups, along with shuttle-based observations, was transferred to ground control centers, laying the groundwork for Kibo's role as a major platform. The integration of Dextre further enhanced the station's capabilities for precise robotic operations, facilitating future scientific payloads. Minor anomalies occurred, including minor tile damage and orbital boom sensor system power glitches, which were addressed on orbit and posed no risk to the crew or vehicle. The mission's legacy includes enabling expanded ISS research through Kibo's infrastructure and Dextre's dexterity, fostering international collaboration with and . At 15 days, 18 hours, and 10 minutes, it was the longest Space Shuttle mission to the ISS until surpassed by STS-134.

Contingency Planning

Contingency planning for STS-123 encompassed a range of backup strategies to mitigate risks during launch, on-orbit operations, extravehicular activities (EVAs), and , ensuring safety and continuity in the event of anomalies. These plans were developed in accordance with NASA's requirements, drawing on lessons from prior s and post-Columbia safety enhancements. Launch abort scenarios were critical for early ascent phases, where the shuttle's trajectory allowed for rapid recovery options. In the event of a main engine failure between liftoff and approximately 4 minutes 20 seconds, the Return to Launch Site (RTLS) mode would be executed, involving a powered pitcharound maneuver followed by a glide back to the 's . For failures occurring after the RTLS window but before orbital insertion, the procedure directed the orbiter to one of three European sites: the primary at in , or alternates at in and in . These TAL sites were staffed with and personnel, equipped with specialized recovery gear, and required favorable weather for launch approval. Abort Once Around (AOA) options provided additional flexibility, targeting a single orbit before landing at or in . On-orbit contingencies emphasized the (ISS) as a safe haven, allowing the STS-123 crew to integrate with Expedition 16 for up to 70 days if the orbiter sustained irreparable damage, such as from impacts or thermal protection system issues. This capability relied on ISS systems, , and crew rotation provisions, including assigned seats for all astronauts. As a further safeguard, a Launch on Need (LON) rescue by STS-124 on was pre-positioned, with processing timelines enabling launch within 40 to 70 days to retrieve the stranded crew and payloads. EVA contingencies addressed potential suit malfunctions or untethered drifts during the mission's five planned spacewalks, which involved installing the Kibo Logistics Module and Dextre robotic system. Each EVA crew member carried the (SAFER), a nitrogen-jet enabling self-return to the structure in emergencies, serving as a secondary system to tethers and the shuttle's . For severe medical issues during or after EVAs, evacuation via the docked TMA-12 spacecraft was available, with pre-assigned seat liners ensuring all seven STS-123 crew members could depart the ISS if necessary. Power transfer backups were essential given STS-123's role as the first full utilization of the Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS), which supplied up to 10.5 kilowatts from the ISS to extend orbiter operations. If SSPTS failed post-docking, the shuttle's silver-zinc batteries—comprising 352 cells across three independent banks—could sustain critical systems for approximately 10 days without ISS support, prioritizing , , and minimal propulsion for deorbit preparation. This buffer allowed time for troubleshooting or safe undocking while conserving reactants.

References

  1. [1]
    STS-123 - NASA
    STS-123 was the 25th shuttle mission to the International Space Station and delivered the Japanese Kibo Logistics Module and the Canadian Dextre robotics system ...
  2. [2]
    [PDF] INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION - NASA
    Mass. 15,900 kg. (35,050 lb). 4,200 kg. (9,260 lb). Launch date. May 31, 2008. STS-124. 1J. March 11, 2008. STS-123. 1J/A. EF. Dimensions. 5.6 × 5 × 4 m (18.4 × ...
  3. [3]
    1J/A Mission - International Space Station - JAXA
    During the STS-123 mission, JAXA astronaut Takao Doi flew to the ISS aboard the space shuttle Endeavour as a Mission Specialist (MS). Astronaut Doi performed ...
  4. [4]
    Dextre's data sheet | Canadian Space Agency
    Nov 1, 2024 · Mass, 1,850 kg. Fast facts. Dextre is the most sophisticated space robot ever built. Since 2013, Canadarm2 and Dextre have adorned the new $5 ...
  5. [5]
    STS-123 Fact Sheet | Spaceline
    Mission Summary: The main payloads were the Japanese Experiment Logistics Module-Pressurized Section (ELM-PS) and the Canadian special purpose dexterous ...Missing: objectives | Show results with:objectives
  6. [6]
    STS-123
    STS-123 payload bay manifest: (16916 kg total):. Orbiter Docking System 1 ... STS-123, STS-123 ISS EO-16. Upon wakeup, FE--2 Eyharts performed the last ...
  7. [7]
    Spaceflight mission report: STS-123 - Spacefacts
    The JEM ELM PS is a Kibo storage facility that provides stowage space for experiment payloads, samples, and spare items. The pressurized interior of the JEM ELM ...
  8. [8]
    [PDF] SPACE SHUTTLE MISSIONS SUMMARY
    Space Shuttle missions included manned science, payload deployment, support for space activities, and ISS assembly, manning, and support.
  9. [9]
    [PDF] STS-123 - spacepresskit
    Orbiter/Payload Landing Weight: 207,582 pounds. Software Version: OIȬ32 ... with NASA's Mission Control Center and. Payload Operation Integration Center.
  10. [10]
    ESA - Endeavour lands in Florida - European Space Agency
    The mission also featured the successful test of the Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System ... He will return home with the STS-123 crew some two months later.
  11. [11]
    [PDF] The International Space Station: Operating an Outpost in the ... - NASA
    ... upmass capability or enough crew time available due to higher priorities. Approximately 2 years prior to a given increment, ISS. Program personnel, with ...
  12. [12]
    DOI Takao Astronauts | JAXA Human Spaceflight Technology ...
    DOI Takao was born in 1954 in Tokyo. In 1997, he boarded the Space Shuttle Columbia and became the first Japanese astronaut to take part in Extravehicular ...
  13. [13]
    About Dextre | Canadian Space Agency
    Jun 4, 2024 · Dextre is a versatile robot that maintains the International Space Station (ISS). Part of Canada's contribution to the Station, it is the most sophisticated ...<|separator|>
  14. [14]
    Multilateral Coordination Board Joint Statement - NASA
    Mar 5, 2019 · The International Space Station (ISS) Multilateral Coordination Board (MCB), which oversees the management of the ISS, met on March 5th, 2019.Missing: STS- 123
  15. [15]
    [PDF] SPACE STATION - U.S. Department of State
    The United States, through NASA, working with the other Partners' Cooperating. Agencies in management bodies, shall plan and coordinate space and ground.
  16. [16]
    Japanese Experiment Module Kibo - NASA
    Mar 27, 2024 · The Japanese Experiment Module – Kibo is Japan's contribution to the station and was launched and assembled over three space shuttle missions.
  17. [17]
    STS-118 - NASA
    STS-118 was the 22nd shuttle flight to the ISS, launched Aug 8, 2007, and landed Aug 21, 2007, lasting 12 days, 17 hours, 55 minutes, and 34 seconds.
  18. [18]
    Endeavour suffered no heat damage - NASA managers speak out
    Aug 29, 2007 · Endeavour is undergoing the dual post-flight and pre-flight STS-123 processing inside of OPF-2, following her first flight in nearly five years.
  19. [19]
    NASA Space Shuttle Processing Status Report 16 November 2007
    Nov 16, 2007 · Orbiter power system validations and radiator inspections have finished. The orbiter boom sensor system was removed and transferred to bay No. 2 ...Missing: Down Period OMDP
  20. [20]
    [PDF] SPACE SHUTTLE MISSIONS SUMMARY
    The NASA STI. Program Office provides access to the NASA STI. Database, the largest collection of aeronautical and space science STI in the world. The Program ...
  21. [21]
    Ready for Takeoff - NASA
    Mar 23, 2008 · On the STS-123 mission, Endeavour and its crew will deliver the first section of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Kibo laboratory ...
  22. [22]
    STS-123 Mission Crew completed final training at NASA Kennedy ...
    Feb 26, 2008 · JAXA astronaut Takao Doi and his STS-123 Mission crewmates completed the final session of the STS-123 mission-specific training held at NASA Kennedy Space ...
  23. [23]
    [PDF] Full page photo print
    May 3, 2008 · (STS¬123), 1J (STS‐124) and 2J/A (STS‐127) missions. When viewed from left‐to‐right, the patch reflects the sequence of Kibo assembly in.
  24. [24]
    [PDF] Dominic Gorie - Biographical Data
    Gorie retired from the Navy in September 2005. NASA EXPERIENCE: Selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in December 1994, Gorie reported to the Johnson Space.
  25. [25]
    [PDF] Gregory Johnson - Biographical Data
    GREGORY H. JOHNSON (COLONEL, U.S. AIR FORCE, RET.) NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER). PERSONAL DATA: Born on May 12, 1962, in South Ruislip, Middlesex, United. Kingdom ...
  26. [26]
    [PDF] Richard M. Linnehan | NASA
    Richard M. Linnehan is a NASA astronaut with a BS, DVM, and MPA. He flew on four missions, including STS-78, STS-90, STS-109, and STS-123, and has logged over ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  27. [27]
    [PDF] Bob Behnken | NASA
    A native of Missouri, Behnken flew space shuttle missions STS-123 in March 2008 and STS-130 in February 2010.
  28. [28]
    Pioneering Astronaut Bob Behnken Retires from NASA
    Nov 10, 2022 · On his first spaceflight, in 2008, Behnken was a space shuttle Endeavour mission specialist for the STS-123 ... He flew again in 2010, as a ...
  29. [29]
    [PDF] Biographical Data - NASA
    EXPERIENCE: Foreman was designated as a Naval Aviator in January 1981.Early Navy assignments included Patrol Squadron 23 at NAS Brunswick, Maine, graduate ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
  30. [30]
    Veteran NASA Astronaut and Spacewalker Michael Foreman ...
    Jul 30, 2015 · Foreman was selected as a NASA astronaut candidate in 1998 and flew on two space shuttle missions, accumulating more than 26 days in space. He ...
  31. [31]
    30 Years Ago: NASA Selects its 15th Group of Astronauts
    Dec 9, 2024 · Across his three flights, Chrétien logged more than 43 days in space. Tokyo native Doi earned a doctorate in aerospace engineering. NASDA ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
  32. [32]
    DOI Takao Astronauts | JAXA Human Spaceflight Technology ...
    DOI Takao was born in 1954 in Tokyo. In 1997, he boarded the Space Shuttle Columbia and became the first Japanese astronaut to take part in Extravehicular ...
  33. [33]
    [PDF] Garrett Reisman - Biographical Data
    NASA EXPERIENCE: Selected by NASA as a mission specialist in June 1998, Dr. Reisman reported for training in. August 1998. Astronaut Candidate Training ...
  34. [34]
    [PDF] 20130010436.pdf - NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
    Feb 14, 2008 · ... OMDP (Orbiter. Maintenance Down Period) - which would have taken at least a year - it was decided her retirement in 2008 was deemed to be the ...
  35. [35]
    Spaceflight Now | Soggy arrival for crew as shuttle countdown begins
    Mar 8, 2008 · STS-123: TCDT The STS-123 astronauts complete their countdown dress rehearsal at Kennedy Space Center. Full coverage. STS-123: To the pad
  36. [36]
    Endeavour's Countdown Proceeding Smoothly - SpaceRef
    Mar 10, 2008 · The countdown to the launch of STS-123 has resumed as scheduled. ... countdown clock enters its last built-in hold at T-9 minutes. That ...
  37. [37]
    [PDF] Untitled - Wikimedia Commons
    being carried out over four missions: STS-118,. STS-120, STS-122 and STS-123. During the missions, the data will be collected over a period of five days ...
  38. [38]
    Flight Day 3: Mission - International Space Station - JAXA
    Mar 13, 2008 · During the rendezvous/docking operations, astronaut Doi assisted with the docking ... NASA STS-123 Mission Status Report. *All times are Japan ...
  39. [39]
    [PDF] Space Shuttle Missions Summary
    CARGO TOTAL: 3901248 LBS. PERFORMANC. E MARGINS. (LBS):. FPR ... At that time. Leopold Eyharts/ESA became a member of. STS-123 and Garrett Reisman joined the ISS.Missing: mass | Show results with:mass
  40. [40]
    [PDF] Walking to Olympus: An EVA Chronology, 1997–2011 Volume 2
    Aug 25, 2016 · Spacecraft/mission: STS-123. Crew: Dominic Gorie, Gregory Johnson, Garrett ... Takao Doi (JAXA), Leopold Eyharts (ESA, returned to Earth).
  41. [41]
    [PDF] EVA – Don't Leave Earth Without It
    The initial EVA satellite rescue missions required flying the Manned Maneuvering. Unit (MMU) out to the afflicted satellite, capturing it, and flying it back to ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
  42. [42]
    STS-123 completes EVA-2 - Dextre gains its arms
    Mar 15, 2008 · The spacewalk saw Dextre's 11 foot arms being attached to the torso of the robot – though one of the arms proved slightly troublesome – along ...Missing: SSMM | Show results with:SSMM
  43. [43]
    Flight Day 11: Mission - International Space Station - JAXA
    Mar 21, 2008 · The mission's fourth extravehicular activity (EVA#4) was carried out today by STS-123 mission specialists Robert Behnken and Mike Foreman.Missing: details | Show results with:details
  44. [44]
    STS-123 Flight Day 15-16 - Undock, Flyaround, Sep Burn, FCS ...
    Mar 24, 2008 · Endeavour in sunlight, 1h 10m away from undocking. Looks like we'll be in Orbital Night for the flyaround. · MCC-H taken over PLB Camera C to ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
  45. [45]
    Flight Day 15: Mission - International Space Station - JAXA
    Mar 25, 2008 · After undocking, the STS-123 Mission pilot Gregory Johnson maneuvered Endeavour for fly-around operations. During the fly-around, shuttle crew ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
  46. [46]
    [PDF] STS-123 Final Report - Wings & Things Guest Lecture Series
    Here we are at the neutral buoyancy lab at Johnson Space Center. It's a huge pool, and we're training for those spacewalks. Each of our five spacewalks had ...
  47. [47]
    Flight Day 16: Mission - International Space Station - JAXA
    Mar 26, 2008 · The entire crew worked on the standard de-orbit preparations, including the crew cabin stow, the flight control system (FSC) checkout, thruster ...Missing: deorbit | Show results with:deorbit
  48. [48]
    https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=12413.60
  49. [49]
    [PDF] reentry heat transfer analysis of the space shuttle orbiter
    Mach 25 at the start of reentry) and high angle of attack (approxi- mately ... peak temperature was 919O C (1687O F) for turbulent flow and 707O C ...Missing: 3000 | Show results with:3000
  50. [50]
    https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Portals/7/documents/transcripts/sts123_final_report_transcript.pdf
  51. [51]
    [PDF] Space Shuttle Transoceanic Abort Landing (TAL) Sites - NASA.gov
    Several unscheduled landing scenarios are possible, ranging from adverse weather conditions at the primary and secondary landing sites to mechanical prob- lems ...Missing: 123 RTLS
  52. [52]
    [PDF] iac-08-a6.3.1 micrometeoroid and orbital debris threat mitigation ...
    SAFE HAVEN. As a last resort, Contingency Shuttle Crew Support. (CSCS), also known as safe haven, would be used to return the crew of a critically damaged ...
  53. [53]
    STS-124 - NASA
    STS-124 shuttle mission was the 26th shuttle mission to the International Space Station and delivered the Pressurized Module and robotic arm of the Japanese ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  54. [54]
    [PDF] The Extravehicular Maneuvering Unit's New Long Life Battery and ...
    For example, the ICB was certified for a 300 day lifetime, with not more than. 12 charger/recharge cycles. Given the planned retirement of the Space Shuttle, ...
  55. [55]
    [PDF] Space Shuttle News Reference
    The Space Shuttle delivers payloads to Earth orbit, conducts experiments, services satellites, and is reusable, taking off like a rocket, landing like an ...<|control11|><|separator|>