Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Spile

A spile is a small tube or spout, typically made of metal, plastic, or wood, that is inserted into a hole drilled in the trunk of a sugar maple tree to collect sap for the production of maple syrup.^[1] When properly installed at a slight upward angle in a clean, round hole no deeper than 2 inches, the spile facilitates the flow of sap into attached buckets or tubing systems without causing lasting harm to the tree, as the hole naturally seals over time.^[2] The use of spiles dates back to early European settlers in North America, who learned the technique from Native Americans; initially, sap was gathered by making gashes in trees and using bark containers, but spiles improved efficiency by allowing precise tapping.^[1] In traditional methods, pails were hung directly beneath the spiles to catch dripping sap, a process that was labor-intensive and susceptible to contamination from weather or animals.^[1] Modern spiles often connect to plastic tubing networks that transport sap by gravity to centralized collection tanks, enabling larger-scale operations on hobbyist or commercial maple farms.^[1] Typically, one spile is used per tap hole on trees with diameters of 10 inches or more, with a maximum of two per tree to avoid stress, and tapping occurs annually during late winter when temperatures fluctuate between freezing nights and thawing days.^[2] Beyond maple sugaring, the term "spile" also refers to a wooden plug or bung used to seal the vent of a cask or barrel, controlling the flow of liquids like beer or cider in brewing and storage.^[3] In tunneling, spiles are used in forepoling as temporary reinforcements ahead of the tunnel face to prevent collapse. In construction, the term can also refer to heavy stakes or piles driven into the ground for support.^[4]^[5] These applications highlight the word's origins in Middle Dutch "spile," meaning a peg or splinter, related to terms for stakes or plugs, reflecting its versatile role in resource extraction, containment, and structural engineering.^[3]

Etymology and History

Linguistic Origins

The word "spile" entered English in the early 16th century, derived from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German spile, signifying a "splinter" or "peg."^[6]^[7] This borrowing reflects influences from Low German trade and craftsmanship in northern Europe, where such terms described small wooden implements.^[8] Tracing further back, the term originates from Proto-Germanic \spīlaz, denoting a "splinter" or "peg," which in turn stems from the Proto-Indo-European root \spei- or \sp(h)ei-, associated with concepts of splitting, piercing, or sharp points.^[8]^[6] This ancient root underscores the word's connection to actions involving division or insertion, as seen in cognates like Latin spica (ear of grain, implying a pointed spike) and Old Norse spīll (splinter).^[6] The earliest documented use of "spile" in English appears in 1513, in Gavin Douglas's Scots translation of Virgil's Aeneid, where it refers to a wooden peg or splinter in a descriptive context.^[9] By the 19th century, the term had developed specific senses, such as a vent peg for casks in brewing (attested from the early 1800s) and a spout for maple sap extraction (first recorded in 1844).^[6] Regional variations emerged in American English dialects, notably a pronunciation of "spile" as a phonetic rendering of "spoil," as evidenced in Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), where Aunt Polly declares, "Spare the rod and spile the child."^[6]^[10] This dialectal form, attested from around 1815, highlights phonetic shifts in Southwestern U.S. speech patterns.^[6]

Early Historical Uses

Shipping records from northern European ports document the standardization of cask sizes—typically 226–232 liters—for commodities like salted herring in the 16th century, with vessels often repurposed for transporting liquids such as wine and ale.^[11] Brewery inventories from the 18th century reflect the scale of cask-based production, with major houses like Whitbread and Truman handling hundreds of thousands of barrels annually, supporting the industry's growth amid rising urban demand, as brewers shifted from small-scale operations to industrialized facilities using coal-fired coppers and vast oak vats.^[12]^[13] In colonial America during the late 18th century, particularly around the 1770s, settlers incorporated spiles into tree-tapping practices for sap extraction, drawing directly from Native American techniques observed in journals and accounts. European immigrants, influenced by Indigenous methods documented by captives like Colonel James Smith in 1755, drilled shallow holes into sugar maple trunks and inserted semicircular wooden spiles—often carved from basswood—to channel clear sap into birch bark troughs or metal pails, yielding a vital sweetener amid wartime shortages of imported cane sugar. These early spiles, hollowed from softwood twigs like sumac, marked a practical adaptation of Native practices, where gashes and rudimentary spouts had long been used without fire for concentration via freezing.^[14]^[15]

Beverage and Fermentation Applications

Cask Management in Brewing

In cask management for brewing, particularly in traditional real ale production, a spile functions as a wooden or plastic peg inserted into the shive hole of a cask to regulate the exchange of air and carbon dioxide (CO₂), thereby preventing over-carbonation, spoilage, or excessive pressure buildup during fermentation and maturation.^[16] This manual control allows brewers to maintain optimal conditions for secondary fermentation in cask-conditioned beers, where live yeast continues to work post-bottling, producing natural carbonation without artificial pressurization.^[17] By permitting controlled venting, spiles help preserve the beer's freshness and clarity, as excess CO₂ can otherwise lead to gushing or off-flavors from oxidation.^[18] Two primary types of spiles are employed: porous soft spiles, typically made from materials like bamboo, cane, or basswood, which enable gradual CO₂ release and limited air intake to support ongoing conditioning in cask ales; and solid hard spiles, crafted from dense woods such as oak or sycamore, or sometimes nylon, which seal the cask tightly to exclude air and retain carbonation once the beer is ready for serving.^[16] Soft spiles are single-use and disposable to avoid contamination, while hard spiles can be reusable after sanitization.^[17] The historical process of using spiles in British real ale, standardized since the 19th century, involves inserting a soft spile into the shive hole during initial maturation to vent built-up pressure from fermentation and allow breathable conditioning over several days in a cool cellar (typically 11–13°C).^[18] Once conditioning is complete, it is replaced with a hard spile to seal the cask. Prior to serving, the hard spile is removed from the shive to allow air intake, a tap is inserted into the keystone hole for dispensing via a beer engine, and the shive hole remains open or may be fitted with a soft spile during serving to control breathing, ensuring the beer remains naturally conditioned without pasteurization or filtration.^[17] This method traces back to early adoption in colonial American brewing, where similar pegs managed cask venting in rudimentary ale production.^[19] Compared to modern keg systems, spile-managed casks facilitate natural secondary fermentation, yielding a smoother, creamier texture and more nuanced flavors from yeast-derived esters and unfiltered haze, as emphasized in standards set by the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA), which defines real ale as beer matured by secondary fermentation in the cask and served without adjunct carbonation.^[18] CAMRA's guidelines, established since the organization's founding in 1971 to preserve traditional practices, highlight hand-pulled dispensing via beer engines, which draws the ale gently to minimize sediment disturbance and enhance the beer's lively character.^[18] This approach not only supports biodiversity in yeast strains but also aligns with sustainable, low-intervention brewing, contrasting the force-carbonated clarity of kegged beers.^[17]

Tapping in Distillation and Wine

In wine and spirit production, spiles are used to plug small holes or repair leaks in barrels during the aging process, ensuring no loss of contents and minimal oxygen exposure that could lead to oxidation or spoilage. These wooden plugs, typically crafted from softwoods or oak, are inserted into holes created for maintenance or after sampling, preserving the barrel's integrity over extended maturation periods that can last from months to years.^[20] For precise insertion that avoids disturbing the sediment layer at the barrel's bottom—a critical concern in red wine aging—tapered designs facilitate controlled placement, often in the barrel head or upper staves. Routine sampling is typically performed using tools like wine thieves inserted through the bung hole, without the need for new drillings.^[21] In distillation practices, spiles are used as plugs to seal small holes in whiskey and rum barrels after extracting samples for monitoring alcohol proof, flavor maturation, and overall development during aging. This periodic assessment helps adjust storage conditions, with spiles providing a secure seal to maintain the spirit's integrity in oak environments that impart key aromatic compounds over years of maturation.^[22] Historical accounts from 18th-century Scottish distilleries document the employment of spile-like plugs in barrel management, coinciding with the legalization and expansion of licensed whisky production following the Excise Act of 1823, though illicit operations predated this with rudimentary tapping methods. In contemporary settings, hygienic stainless steel sampling valves (distinct from traditional wooden spiles) have become standard in commercial wineries and distilleries, offering superior sanitation and controlled flow for sampling. These metal valves reduce oxidation risks by limiting air exposure to mere milliliters per sample, unlike wooden plugs that may absorb residues or harbor microbes, thus enhancing product consistency and safety in large-scale operations.^[23] A key technique in these applications is "broaching" the cask, where a spile is driven into a designated hole to initially release any residual pressure from filling or minor gas buildup, prior to installing a full tap for dispensing or further sampling. This method is particularly suited to the stable, non-fermenting nature of aged wines and spirits, allowing careful extraction without the vigorous venting required for actively carbonating beverages.^[24]

Forestry and Sap Extraction

Maple Syrup Production

In maple syrup production, spiles—also known as taps or spouts—are essential tools for extracting sap from sugar maple trees (Acer saccharum). These devices, typically made of wood, plastic, or metal, are inserted into precisely drilled holes in the tree trunk to allow sap to flow out via gravity or assisted vacuum systems. The process begins with drilling a hole, usually 1 to 2.5 inches deep and at a slight upward angle to prevent sap stagnation, into which the spile is hammered or twisted securely. Sap then drips through the spile into attached buckets, bags, or continuous tubing networks that transport it to collection points for processing.^[25]^[26] Historical practices in North American maple syrup production trace back to Indigenous peoples, who employed natural materials like sumac twigs or elder stems as rudimentary spiles before the 1700s, inserting them into V-shaped cuts (known as "sugar gashes") made with axes or stone tools to channel sap into birch bark containers. These communities taught early European settlers these techniques, enabling the adaptation of tapping methods during colonial times. By the 19th century, settlers refined the process using hand-forged iron augers for cleaner holes and wooden spiles, shifting from gashes to round tapholes to minimize tree damage.^[27]^[28]^[15] Modern standards emphasize sustainable practices to ensure tree health and maximize yields, with 5/16-inch diameter spiles, widely adopted for their tree health benefits including smaller wounds and faster healing, produce similar sap volumes to traditional 7/16-inch versions, particularly in vacuum-assisted systems. Tapholes are placed 2-4 feet above the ground on the south side of the trunk for optimal exposure, with one tap for trees 10 to 20 inches in diameter at breast height (DBH), two taps for 21 to 27 inches DBH, and three taps for trees larger than 27 inches DBH, with no more than three taps per tree regardless of size, spaced at least 6 inches vertically and horizontally from previous taps to avoid scarring overlap. Annual tapping occurs in late winter, typically February to March, when daytime temperatures rise above freezing and nights drop below, creating pressure changes that drive sap flow; each tap yields 10-20 gallons of sap over 4-6 weeks, depending on weather and system efficiency.^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32] Once collected, the sap—containing about 2% sugar—is boiled to evaporate water until it reaches 66% sugar content by weight, at which point it thickens into syrup at approximately 219°F (104°C). This concentration is verified using hydrometers or refractometers to meet grading standards set by organizations like the International Maple Syrup Institute. The integration of spiles with modern tubing and vacuum pumps has scaled production, allowing efficient collection from thousands of trees while preserving the tree's cambium layer for repeated annual use.^[33]^[34]^[35]

Other Sap Collection Methods

Spiles, or tapered spouts inserted into drilled holes in tree trunks, facilitate sap extraction from various non-maple species, adapting techniques similar to those for maple syrup production but accounting for differences in sap flow and sugar content.^[36] In birch trees (Betula spp.), for instance, 5/16-inch diameter spiles direct sap into buckets or tubing systems, with collection occurring in spring when temperatures rise above 50°F, yielding a mildly sweet liquid used fresh as a tonic or fermented into beverages.^[37] Walnut trees (Juglans nigra) employ comparable 7/16-inch stainless steel spiles hammered into 2.5-inch deep holes in the sapwood, though the softer wood often causes leaks requiring maintenance, and sap flows more slowly at about 2-3 gallons per tree per season.^[38] Boxelder (Acer negundo), a lower-sugar maple relative, uses standard spiles in 1.5-inch deep holes at breast height, with one tap per 10-inch diameter tree producing 50-100 gallons of sap to yield one gallon of syrup, depending on the sap's sugar content.^[39] Birch sap harvesting exemplifies these methods' global variations, particularly in Russia where it supports production of kvass, a traditional fermented drink. Tapping Betula pendula and B. platyphylla involves drilling into mature trees during a 20-35 day window in early spring, with yields up to 129 liters per tree, though the sap's low sugar content—typically 0.5-1% brix—necessitates processing over 100 gallons to produce one gallon of syrup, far exceeding maple requirements.^[40]^[41] This lower concentration poses challenges, including prolonged boiling times that can impart unwanted molasses flavors unless mitigated by reverse osmosis, and demands larger collection volumes for viable yields, as seen in sustainable operations harvesting 77 tons annually in the Russian Far East.^[41]^[40] Walnut sap, at 1-1.5% brix, similarly requires 57-86 gallons per gallon of syrup and contends with pectin clogging processing equipment, highlighting the need for centrifugation in modern setups.^[38] In tropical regions, spiles adapt to higher-volume flows from trees like palms and rubber, often using larger diameters or bamboo variants for efficiency. For palm wine in Africa and Asia, tappers make incisions in oil palm (*Elaeis guineensis*) or raffia trunks, channeling sap via bamboo gutters—functionally akin to spiles—into calabashes for daily collection, where it ferments rapidly into an alcoholic beverage central to cultural rituals.^[42]^[43] Historical rubber tapping in South America employed spouts alongside cups to gather latex from *Hevea brasiliensis*, with shallow angled cuts on the trunk directing flow; indigenous groups pre-1900 used basic incisions and natural conduits for sustainable extraction, predating industrial booms.^[44] These methods contrast with temperate practices by handling thicker, latex-rich saps that demand larger spiles to accommodate volumes without clogging. Indigenous South American communities integrated spile-like tools into rubber tree tapping well before the 1900s rubber boom, employing angled bark strips and gourd spouts to harvest latex for balls and waterproofing without felling trees, emphasizing ecological balance in non-timber forest products.^[45] Modern eco-variants build on these traditions, promoting sustainable NTFP harvesting through regulated tapping quotas and bamboo alternatives to minimize tree damage, as in Russian birch operations targeting 800 tons annually while conserving 40% of the nation's birch forests.^[40]^[46] Such approaches address challenges like low sugar yields by prioritizing tonics and ferments over syrup, ensuring long-term viability for species with thinner flows.^[41]

Construction and Structural Roles

Piles and Stakes in Foundations

In civil engineering, piles function as heavy wooden stakes or piles driven vertically into the soil to provide stable support for structures in soft or unstable ground, such as bridge abutments, docks, and building foundations. Typically crafted from durable species like oak or southern yellow pine, these timber elements leverage their natural taper and strength to transfer loads to deeper, more competent strata.^[47]^[48] Historically, piles saw extensive use in medieval European wharves and foundations in marshy areas. By the 19th century, similar wooden stakes reinforced American waterways, installed via manual methods with heavy mauls or early steam hammers to combat flooding and erosion.^[49]^[50]^[51] Engineering specifications for piles emphasize lengths of 20 to 70 feet, selected based on site-specific penetration needs, with pressure treatments such as creosote (at 12-20 pounds per cubic foot, per AWPA C3 standards for freshwater or marine use) applied to resist rot and decay in moist environments. Load-bearing capacities depend on soil conditions; in clay, they can support up to 50 tons per pile through skin friction (adhesion to undrained shear strength) and end-bearing, calculated via methods like the α-factor approach with a safety factor of 2-4.^[48] While modern construction has shifted toward concrete and steel piles for enhanced longevity in permanent installations, wooden piles remain relevant in temporary works and eco-friendly initiatives, offering renewability, lower embodied carbon, and cost-effectiveness in suitable low-aggression settings.^[52]

Spiling in Tunneling and Mining

Spiling, also known as forepoling, is a temporary support technique employed in tunneling and mining to stabilize weak or unstable ground ahead of excavation, preventing roof collapse in soft, loose, or caving conditions.^[53] This method involves driving or inserting spiles—typically wooden poles, timbers, steel rods, or slabs—into the ground to form a protective arch or umbrella over the tunnel face.^[54] In mining applications, such as coal extraction under shale or clay, spiles are set in boreholes above the working face or lip to restrict deformations and support the roof.^[55] The technique originated in 19th-century British coal mining, where it was used to manage unstable overhead strata by installing overlapping wooden boards or timbers to create a continuous roof barrier during underground excavation.^[55] It was particularly vital in hand-driven roadways and shafts where ground conditions risked sudden falls, reflecting the era's reliance on manual labor and basic materials for safety in deep workings.^[54] During the construction of early London Underground lines, such as sections near Farringdon and Notting Hill Gate on the Metropolitan Railway, forepoling was applied alongside crown bar methods in traditional cut-and-cover and bored tunneling through variable clay and gravel.^[56] The process begins with drilling pilot holes at upward angles (typically 25-45 degrees) into the anticipated crown ahead of the face, followed by insertion of spiles—often 8-16 feet long—into these holes and securing them with grout or packing material.^[57] Spiles are installed intermittently, leaving gaps that are later filled with lagging timbers or planks wedged between them to form a continuous support layer, a variation known as crown spiling for targeted reinforcement in bad ground.^[54] In weak soil or rock, the spiles mobilize tensile forces to bridge potential voids, with monitoring via strain gauges to assess loads during advancement.^[57] In modern adaptations, steel H-beams or tubular spiles are grouted with resin (e.g., polyester) and arranged in an umbrella pattern to enhance stability in mechanized tunneling, as demonstrated in projects like the Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel where 16-foot steel bars supported overburden up to 1,450 feet in varied rock types.^[57]^[58] These installations, often using jumbo drills for precision, reduce deformations by up to 75% compared to unsupported excavation in squeezing ground.^[57] Traditional wooden spiles persist in artisanal mines in developing regions, where low-cost timber provides immediate roof support in soft overburden during small-scale operations.^[53]

Specialized and Modern Uses

Boat Building Techniques

Spiling serves as a precise patterning technique in wooden boat construction, where a flexible batten or existing rib acts as a template to transfer the curved contours of the hull onto flat plank stock or frame components. This method allows builders to capture the three-dimensional curves of the hull form and replicate them accurately on larger pieces, ensuring tight fits and fair lines essential for structural integrity and seaworthiness. Adapted for boat building, spiling in this context emphasizes minimal material waste through exact marking and cutting.^[59]^[60] The technique holds historical significance in the construction of clinker-built boats, a method prevalent in New England shipyards since the 18th century for fishing vessels and small craft. Documented in traditional practices from regions like Maine and Massachusetts, spiling enabled craftsmen to adapt to the overlapping lapstrake planking typical of these designs, as seen in early peapods and shallops. Its use distinguished skilled boatbuilders by facilitating the creation of watertight seams without reliance on modern measuring tools.^[61]^[62]^[63] In practice, the spiling process begins by placing a thin, flexible batten—often made from 1/4-inch lauan plywood or softwood lath—against the existing mold, frames, or adjacent planks on the hull. Builders mark intervals along the batten's length using dividers or a compass to scribe arcs representing bevels, edges, and overlaps, typically at 6- to 12-inch spacings for accuracy. The batten is then removed and aligned on the plank stock, where intersecting arcs are drawn to outline the shape; the plank is rough-cut with a circular saw or jigsaw, followed by planing to refine the edges and ensure a seamless fit. This step-by-step transfer promotes efficiency, with experienced builders completing a plank pattern in under an hour.^[59]^[62]^[64] Key tools for spiling include flexible battens for conforming to curves, dividers or compasses for marking precise points, and a block plane for final adjustments, while materials emphasize lightweight woods like larch or cedar for the planks themselves. These elements are vital for both carvel planking, where edges meet flush, and lapstrake styles, where overlaps require angled bevels to maintain hull fairness. By relying on tactile judgment and simple geometry, spiling remains a cornerstone of maritime craftsmanship, preserving the art of hand-built wooden vessels.^[59]^[64]^[65]

Contemporary Adaptations

In modern brewing, plastic or stainless steel spiles with integrated valves are used in craft cider and beer production to control gas release and pouring from kegs, improving hygiene and reducing oxidation as of 2025. These adaptations enhance efficiency in small-scale operations.^[66] In tunneling, composite spiles combining steel and recycled materials provide lightweight reinforcements, reducing environmental impact in urban projects since the 2010s.^[67]

Cultural References

In Literature

In Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), the term "spile" appears as a dialectal variant of "spoil," illustrating 19th-century Missouri vernacular. Aunt Polly employs it in a mangled proverb during a moment of self-reproach about disciplining Tom: "Spare the rod and spile the child, as the Good Book says." This phonetic rendering captures the informal speech patterns of the American Midwest, where "spile" evokes the idea of ruining or corrupting through indulgence, blending everyday rural idiom with biblical allusion.^[68]^[69] Early 20th-century survival and wilderness guides often depicted spiles functionally as essential tools for sap tapping, emphasizing practical self-reliance in forested environments. In The Library of Work and Play: Outdoor Work (1909), an instructional manual for youth exploring nature, spiles are described as necessary spouts—either patented metal versions with hooks for buckets or handmade sumac ones—for collecting maple sap from multiple trees, underscoring their role in transforming wild resources into sustenance like syrup. Such portrayals in guides like this one highlighted spiles as symbols of ingenuity amid isolation, guiding readers through the process of boring holes and hanging pails to harness seasonal flows.^[70] In Laura Ingalls Wilder's Little House series, particularly Little House in the Big Woods (1932), spiles feature symbolically in depictions of pioneer self-sufficiency during maple sugaring. Pa recounts how Grandpa bores holes in maple trunks and hammers wooden troughs—serving as rudimentary spiles—into them to channel sap into buckets, a labor-intensive ritual that yields syrup boiled over open fires and molded into sugar for the family. This portrayal represents the Ingallses' resourcefulness and harmony with the Wisconsin woods, where tapping trees embodies seasonal renewal and communal effort amid frontier hardships. The etymological link of "spile" to pegging or plugging reinforces its narrative role as a conduit between nature and human endurance.^[71] Rare metaphorical extensions of "spile" as a "plug" for emotions or secrets appear in modern fiction focused on rural life, extending its literal function to introspective themes of containment and release in isolated communities.

In Film and Media

In the 2013 film adaptation of The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, directed by Francis Lawrence, a spile serves as a pivotal sponsor gift delivered via parachute during the 75th Hunger Games (Quarter Quell). Katniss Everdeen, played by Jennifer Lawrence, identifies the object from her father's teachings on tree-tapping and uses it to bore into a tree, extracting clean drinking water that sustains her alliance with Peeta Mellark and others in the arena. This scene underscores the spile's survival utility, drawing from its real-world role in sap collection, and highlights themes of resourcefulness in the dystopian narrative.^[72] Documentaries on maple syrup production frequently depict spiles as indispensable tools in the traditional harvesting process. For instance, the PBS segment "America the Bountiful: Maple Syrup in Vermont" (2024) illustrates Vermont sugarmakers inserting metal spiles into maple trunks to collect sap, emphasizing the tool's evolution from wooden pegs to modern fittings while maintaining historical methods. Similarly, the 1941 National Film Board of Canada educational short "Maple Sugar Time" shows the insertion of spiles into tapped trees to gather sap for boiling into syrup, capturing mid-20th-century practices in Quebec's sugarbushes. These films educate viewers on the spile's mechanical function and cultural significance in North American forestry traditions.^[73] Survival television series have showcased spiles for extracting hydration in wilderness settings. In Survivorman (2004–present), hosted by Les Stroud, episodes and companion content demonstrate tapping birch or maple trees with improvised or commercial spiles to yield potable sap, as seen in Stroud's instructional segments on wild harvesting techniques. This portrayal aligns with practical bushcraft, where spiles provide a low-tech solution for water procurement during spring thaws, reinforcing the tool's relevance beyond commercial syrup production.^[74]

References

[1]
Making Maple Syrup - SUNY ESF
When inserted properly, the spile does not harm the tree. In the early days of sap gathering, people hung pails under the spiles and let the sap drip into them.
[2]
How to Tap Trees for Optimal Sap Production - Maple Syrup Program
Apr 3, 2023 · Make the holes as round as possible. Oval-shaped holes won't seal correctly around your spiles, which can lead to leakage. This is especially ...
[3]
SPILE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
1. pile entry 1 sense 1 2. a small plug used to stop the vent of a cask : bung 3. a spout inserted in a tree to draw off sapMissing: construction | Show results with:construction
[4]
Spiles, spiling - Main glossary - About Tunnelling - ITA-AITES
Spiles, spiling - Essentially the same as forepoling, but may also include steel bars drilled ahead of a rock tunnel face.
[5]
Spile - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating from Northern English dialect spile (1510s), from Middle Dutch/German meaning "splinter," tap means a spout driven into a maple tree to draw ...
[6]
SPILE Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
noun · a peg or plug of wood, especially one used as a spigot. · a spout for conducting sap from the sugar maple. · a heavy wooden stake or pile. · forepole.Missing: construction | Show results with:construction
[7]
Spile Definition & Meaning - YourDictionary
Origin of Spile From Middle Dutch or Middle Low German spile (“splinter, peg" ), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *spÄ«laz (“splinter, peg" ), from Proto-Indo- ...
[8]
spile, n.³ meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary
The earliest known use of the noun spile is in the early 1500s. OED's earliest evidence for spile is from 1513, in a translation by Gavin Douglas, ...
[9]
Tools & Resources: Mark Twain Glossary | Test Prep - CliffsNotes
Spare the rod, and spile the child. "Spile" is southwestern dialect for "spoil." The saying is attributed by Aunt Polly to the Bible, and the original can ...
[10]
Casks & 16th Century Trade in Northern Europe - Academia.edu
Barker (1994) has discussed the stowage of casks on large ships using a combination of historical and archaeological data. On the Mombasa ship ...Missing: spile | Show results with:spile
[11]
Tracing Trade Routes: Examining the Cargo of the 15th-Century ...
Aug 18, 2022 · Investigations revealed a variety of cargoes, such as copper and speiss ingots, barrels with lime and tar, bricks and roof tiles, and oak timber ...
[12]
[PDF] inventors, patents and inventive activities in the english brewing ...
1 Peter Mathias, The Brewing Industry in England, 1700-1830 (Cambridge, 1959), 542-543. 2 Mathias, Brewing Industry, 12-21. 3 Christine MacLeod, Inventing the ...
[13]
The Industrialization of the London Beer-Brewing Trade, 1400-1750
London's early modern brewing trade was a dynamic one that was constantly in flux throughout the fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries ...
[14]
History of Maple Syrup & Sugaring in Colonial America
Apr 24, 2014 · Most historians agree that the Native Americans introduced maple sugaring to the European settlers. When the first immigrants arrived, ...Missing: spile influence 1770s
[15]
Maple History - Massachusetts Maple Producers Association
The early European settlers who came to New England made maple sugar in the way that they learned from the Native American population. The settlers set up sugar ...Missing: colonial influence 1770s
[16]
A Most Wholesome Liquor: A Study of Beer and Brewing in 18th-Century England and Her Colonies | Colonial Williamsburg Digital Library
### Summary of 18th-Century English Brewing, Cask Management, Ventilation, and Pegs/Spiles
[17]
spile, | The Oxford Companion to Beer
sometimes called a cask peg, is a wooden or plastic peg intended to manually control the venting in and out of carbon dioxide (CO2) and air from the shive hole ...Missing: English 1700s
[18]
Cask Ale: Expanding Your Beer Offerings - Brewers Association
Apr 28, 2014 · A spile is a wooden nail that is driven into the shive. A hard spile is pounded into the tut of the shive to release pressure from the cask and ...<|separator|>
[19]
Enjoy the Real Thing: Cask-Conditioned Ale - Brew Your Own
CAMRA has created standards for real ale and is having an effect on the beer ... The soft spile is porous and allows the cask to breathe. The hard ...
[20]
Brewing Jargon of 18th Century - The Colonial Brewer
Jun 28, 2024 · Brewing Jargon of 18th Century ... any variety of barley introduced into the country but not indigenous to a country. Faucet, spile or spigot.Missing: metal | Show results with:metal
[21]
Repairing Barrel Leaks Using Wooden Spiles & Wedges
Aug 14, 2023 · Wood Spiles, like bungs, create a tight seal that eliminates barrel leaks from venting or sampling holes. They are also soft enough to eliminate any risk of ...
[22]
Oak Spiles 1oz - The Vintner Vault
In stockOak Spiles 1oz: Used to plug small holes in barrels. Approximately 65-70 per ounce.
[23]
Wine Sampling Valves in Stainless Steel for Wooden Barrels
Distillery and winery grade stainless steel valves that can be fitted to medium sized and larger wooden barrels. Made for wine and spirits ageing and kombucha ...
[24]
Tasting valve - barrel-shop
The thermometer is made of V4A stainless steel and has been filled with glycerin. It is for the usage in mash tanks in combination with the heat changing plates ...
[25]
Bulletin #7036, How to Tap Maple Trees and Make Maple Syrup
Before tapping, a tree should be at least 10 inches in diameter, measured at 4 1/2 feet above the ground. Trees between 10 and 18 inches in diameter should have ...Missing: modern standards placement<|control11|><|separator|>
[26]
[PDF] Maple Syrup Production Beginner's Notebook
For trees with more than one tap, distribute the tapholes around the circumference of the tree. Drill. 2 to 2 1/2 inches into the tree at a slight upward angle ...
[27]
The Indigenous Origins of Maple Syrup | NMAI Magazine
Above the bucket, they would “tap” the tree by drilling a hole and then placing a piece of wood in it to serve as a spout, or spile, from which the clear sap ...Missing: 1770s | Show results with:1770s
[28]
[PDF] Staghorn Sumac Spile - Blue Hill Heritage Trust
Indigenous people of North America made spiles from elder or sumac to help them harvest the sap from maple trees in order to make maple syrup1. They shared ...
[29]
Maple Syrup Production - Penn State Extension
Jan 22, 2010 · Maple syrup production requires woodland access, labor, and a short season. It involves collecting sap, boiling it down, and requires 43 ...
[30]
[PDF] Maple Setup and Guidelines - UNH Extension
Drill “check-valve” spouts at a flat angle. ▫. Use the smaller-diameter “health spouts” (5/16- or 19/64-inch spouts). Health spouts are preferred, but the 7 ...Missing: modern placement
[31]
[PDF] Is Tapping Below the Lateral Line a Good Idea?
The trees were divided into three treatment groups: • A control treatment with all taps placed above the lateral line with standard 5/16” polycarbonate spouts.
[32]
Making the Syrup - International Maple Syrup Institute
Maple sap's sugar content is between 1.5% and 3.0%, and finished maple syrup's sugar content is 66%. At the final boiling stage, sap concentrates and ...
[33]
[PDF] 045 - Maple Tapping in Utah | Fact Sheets | Publications | Forestry
Maple syrup is made by collecting sap from a maple tree in late winter/early spring and boiling it until it is 66% sugar concentrate.
[34]
[PDF] Vacuum pumping increases sap yields from sugar maple trees.
The average per-taphole yields were 2,239 milliliters for the vacuum system and 278 milliliters for gravity flow. These data were subjected to a "t" test for ...
[35]
Backyard Birch Tapping & Syrup Basics
To collect the sap, a spout, also called a spile, is inserted into a hole drilled into the tree. The spile directs the sap into a bucket.
[36]
About Birch Syrup | Cornell Maple Program
Spout (spile, tap): A tubular piece pounded into the tap hole, seating against the wall of the tap hole, and allows sap to flow through and either into a bucket ...
[37]
None
### Summary of Tapping Methods, Challenges, and Sugar Content for Walnut Trees
[38]
[PDF] Producing Maple Syrup From Boxelder and Norway Maple Trees
A snug fit of the spile into the tree is required; drill straight, using the bit to clear out shavings and produce a clean hole. Gently tap the spile into ...Missing: extraction | Show results with:extraction
[39]
[PDF] White Birch Trees as Resource Species of Russia - HUSCAP
Jul 29, 2010 · The harvesting stock of birch sap was planned to be as follows (Table). In 2004 actual harvesting stock of birch sap made up. 77.3 tons ...
[40]
Weighing the Pros and Cons of Producing Birch Syrup
Apr 6, 2015 · The sugar content of birch sap is much lower than maple sap (usually between .5-1 brix), so it takes a very long time to boil it down in to ...
[41]
Overall view on the tradition of tapping palm trees and prospects for ...
Collection of the sap starts 2 to 4 days later, using a bamboo gutter (15cm long) which goes into a container (calabash) under the stem. It is done twice a ...Missing: spiles | Show results with:spiles
[42]
In Nigeria, Palm Wine Celebrates the Human Experience
**Summary of Palm Wine Tapping Methods in Nigeria:**
[43]
The Human Price of American Rubber - Science History Institute
Dec 7, 2023 · A tree tapped with attention and care could yield latex for up to 25 years. A tree's first tapping panel was always laid on its north side.Missing: spiles | Show results with:spiles
[44]
History of Rubber: Discovery & Early Uses | Prescott Instruments Ltd
Jul 6, 2020 · The indigenous population made balls using the primitive rubber harvested from the latex-producing tree, Castilla elastica, also known as the ...
[45]
Sustainability issues of commercial non-timber forest product ...
Jun 28, 2018 · Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have been traded for millennia by indigenous communities. Current increased demands driven by globalisation, ...Missing: spiles variants
[46]
Glossary of Piledriving and Foundation Construction Terms
Spile, A small wooden peg, hence a spile or pile. Spiral Weld Pipe, Strip steel or plate turned into an open pipe with the longitudinal (spiral) joint welded ...Missing: civil | Show results with:civil
[47]
[PDF] Timber Pile Design and Construction Manual
3.4 PILE SIZE SPECIFICATIONS The natural taper of timber piles is a factor in the design formula. The natural taper of Southern pine is approximately 0.1 in/ft ...
[48]
Piling Through History: How London's Past Shapes Its Foundations
Jan 30, 2024 · Remnants of timber piles from Roman wharves, dating back to around 47 AD, have been found along the River Thames, evidence of the early ...
[49]
Chapter 1 - Pile Driving Introduction - Pile Buck Magazine
Historically, the oldest method of driving a pile, and the method most often used today, is by a hammer. No doubt, the earliest bearing piles were driven by ...
[50]
Pile - definition of pile by The Free Dictionary
... pile - a column of wood or steel or concrete that is driven into the ground to provide support for a structure. piling, spile, stilt · pillar, column ...
[51]
Net Zero – The Use of Timber Piles
Mar 6, 2023 · Timber piles are an entirely viable, low cost and sustainable alternative to steel and concrete, with the potential to be used for many projects.
[52]
Forepoling | Robit Drilling Consumables
Forepoling is a method of supporting a weak roof of a mine or a tunnel, used traditionally in soft, loose, or caving ground.
[53]
Fore Poling | PDF | Tunnel | Civil Engineering - Scribd
Forepoling is a tunneling method used in loose, unstable ground where sharp poles, timbers, steel, or slabs are driven into the ground ahead of excavation.
[54]
Pit Terminology - Healey Hero
This is a glossary of mining terms, some local, some general, and some with multiple meanings. Examples include 'Back' and 'Backshift'.
[55]
London Underground: nineteenth century railway, twenty-first ...
May 1, 2011 · Small sections near Farringdon and Notting Hill Gate were built traditionally, using forepoling and crown bar methods (Figure 1). Where there ...Missing: spiling 19th
[56]
[PDF] A Field Study of Spiling Reinforcement in Underground Openings.
monitor the spiling under actual tunneling conditions. This report describes the results of two such investigations . The first was car- ried out at the ...
[57]
Forepoling - Geolsa
Steel tubes (spiles) are installed in an umbrella shape and then injected to form a protective arch that is further supported with steel arches. LTM Forepoling ...
[58]
Spiling and it's application - Sandy Point Boat Works
It is to replicate a curve on a plank to fit either up against the keel, another plank, a stem or any other curved surface. In fact I often find myself using ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[59]
Glossary - Charlotte: A Wooden Boat Story
Poppet - A brace for supporting a boat during construction or storage. ... Spile - To make a pattern for an oddly shaped piece, such as a plank, by ...
[60]
A Peapod for a Schooner - Small Boats Magazine
Jun 14, 2023 · Some will work on one aspect of boatbuilding once a year, like spiling. ... New England boats. From the evidence of the 1880s peapods were ...
[61]
Planking: An Introduction to Methods & Techniques - Mastering Skills
Carvel planking is a common method found on a great variety of traditional wooden boats, from large schooners to classic racing yachts and tiny dinghies. A ...
[62]
New England Boat / Shallop (ancestral type) - Fitz Henry Lane Online
The Chebacco Boat became a distinct type by the mid-eighteenth century giving rise to the pinky in the early ninetennth century; the latter, by the early 1900s.
[63]
Spiling: How to make a plank pattern for a lapstrake canoe
Jan 23, 2022 · Spiling involves making a pattern by recording plank widths, tracing stems, and connecting shapes with wood strips to create an accurate plank ...
[64]
Six Ways to Build a Wooden Boat
Mar 14, 2024 · At right, students use a “spiling batten” to determine the necessary curvature of the next plank. 1. Carvel Planking. This, one of the classic ...
[65]
[PDF] DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF THE CHECK-VALVE SPOUT ...
Oct 1, 2009 · ATP luminescence showed that microbial contamination was significantly lower in sap collected from chambers with check-valve spouts than control ...Missing: eco- friendly 2000s
[66]
[PDF] Check-valve spouts vs. standard clear spouts
Check-valve spouts have a ball to prevent backflow, and research shows they provide more sap yield and profit than standard spouts, averaging 33.3% increase.Missing: forestry | Show results with:forestry
[67]
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer | Project Gutenberg
Below is a merged response that consolidates all the information from the provided segments into a single, dense, and organized format. To maximize detail and clarity, I’ve used a table in CSV format for key data points, followed by a narrative summary that ties everything together. This ensures all information is retained while adhering to the constraint of no "thinking tokens."
[68]
Chapter 1 - The Adventures of Tom Sawyer - CliffsNotes
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Mark Twain. BUY · BUY ! Home · Literature ... "Spare the rod, and spile the child." "Spile" is southwestern dialect for "spoil.
[69]
THE LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY Outdoor Work
You want a spile or spout for every pail and a pail for every tree. The patent spouts have a hook upon which the bucket hangs. If you use sumach spiles you may ...
[70]
Little House in the Big Woods, by Laura Ingalls Wilder
Dec 31, 2008 · After the deer meat had been salted several days, Pa cut a hole near the end of each piece and put a string through it. Laura watched him do ...
[71]
"Katniss Everdeen" prop spile from The Hunger Games: Catching Fire.
May 20, 2016 · Cast hard rubber 4.25 in. long tree tapping spile prop. The object is sent by Haymitch to Katniss during the Quarter Quell and provides a source of water.
[72]
America the Bountiful | Maple Syrup in Vermont | Season 1 - PBS
Jun 9, 2024 · We'd do a slit in the tree diagonal and put the spile in the tree. ... And then you can use a pure maple syrup or a smoked maple syrup. A ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[73]
How to Tap a Maple Tree | Wild Harvest Tips | Les Stroud - YouTube
Apr 29, 2025 · For more updates, follow my Facebook page! https://www.facebook.com/thereallesstroud #Survivorman #LesStroud.