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Storge

Storge (Ancient Greek: στοργή, romanized: storgḗ) is a classical Greek term denoting love, affection, or fondness, most commonly referring to the natural, instinctual empathy and devotion, especially between parents and their children.^[1] The word derives from the verb stérgein (στέργειν), meaning "to love" or "to be fond of," and appears in ancient literature to describe familial bonds and tender attachments.^[2] Examples include its use in Empedocles' fragments for general affection, highlighting its role in expressing innate human connections beyond romantic or friendly ties.^[1] In modern interpretations of ancient Greek concepts, storge is often categorized as one of four distinct types of love—alongside eros (passionate desire), philia (friendship), and agape (selfless devotion)—emphasizing its characteristics of familiarity, loyalty, and unassuming warmth in long-term relationships like those within families or enduring companionships.^[3] This classification, popularized in philosophical and psychological discourse, underscores storge's stability and dependence on shared history rather than intensity or reciprocity.^[4] Unlike more volatile forms of love, storge develops gradually through everyday interactions and is exemplified in parental nurturing or sibling solidarity, contributing to emotional security and social cohesion.^[3]

Etymology and Definition

Etymology

The term storge derives from the Ancient Greek noun στόργη (storgḗ), a nominal form of the verb στέργω (stérgō), which conveys the sense of "to love," "to feel affection," or "to nurture," with a particular emphasis on instinctive or familial bonds such as those between parents and children.^[5]^[6] This etymological root highlights a primal, protective affection tied to caregiving, often extending from biological ties to broader relational contexts in Greek usage.^[5] Attestations of storgḗ trace back to the 5th century BCE, with the earliest known use in Empedocles (fragment 109.3), denoting general affection.^[7] The noun was relatively rare in classical Greek literature, overshadowed by more prevalent terms for love like eros and philia, but gained prominence in Hellenistic and Koine Greek periods.^[7] Its influence extended to compound forms, notably φιλόστοργος (philóstorgos), blending philia (friendship love) with storgḗ to signify tender, familial devotion; this appears in the New Testament at Romans 12:10, while the antonym ἄστοργος (astorgos, without natural affection) appears in Romans 1:31 and 2 Timothy 3:3.^[8]^[9] In English, the word has evolved phonetically to a pronunciation of /stɔrˈɡeɪ/, reflecting adaptations from its original Greek form while retaining the core consonantal structure.^[6]

Core Definition

Storge refers to a natural and instinctual form of affection, primarily manifesting in familial bonds such as those between parents and children or among siblings, where it arises from innate empathy and a sense of mutual dependence.^[2] This love is characterized as non-passionate and habitual, often obligatory in its relational context, yet deeply rooted in loyalty and shared history rather than physical attraction or conscious choice.^[10] Derived from the ancient Greek term στοργή, denoting parental or familial tenderness, storge emphasizes a comfortable, cozy warmth akin to the instinctive care a mother provides her offspring.^[2]^[11] Unlike romantic or divine forms of love, storge builds slowly through familiarity and companionship, fostering enduring ties without the intensity of passion or altruism.^[10] It extends beyond immediate family to long-term friendships, where affection develops from natural compatibility and repeated interactions, creating a sense of security and belonging. For instance, the habitual comfort in sibling relationships or the steady loyalty in lifelong partnerships exemplifies storge's essence as a grounded, empathetic connection.^[11] This instinctual affection underscores the relational foundation of human bonds, prioritizing stability and empathy over fervor, and is evident in the protective instincts that sustain family units across cultures.^[2]

Historical and Philosophical Context

Ancient Greek Classifications

In ancient Greek thought, love was categorized into distinct types, with storge representing familial affection or natural tenderness, particularly within kinship ties; eros signifying passionate or sexual desire; philia denoting loyal friendship among equals; and agape referring to selfless, unconditional goodwill toward others.^[12] These classifications, while not always explicitly enumerated in a single text, reflect a broader cultural vocabulary for emotional bonds that emphasized differentiation based on context and intensity. Etymologically, storge stems from the verb stergein, connoting tender attachment or endearment. Philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle provided limited direct references to storge, often implying it through discussions of innate kinship and household relations rather than treating it as a standalone category. In Plato's works, familial loyalty appears in dialogues like the Laws, where natural parental devotion underpins social stability, though without explicit use of the term. Aristotle, in his Nicomachean Ethics (Book VIII), employs forms of stergein to describe the instinctive affection between parents and children, portraying it as a foundational element of philia that arises naturally and supports ethical community life. This affection is distinguished as more reflexive and enduring than voluntary friendships, rooted in the oikos (household) as the basic unit of society. During the Hellenistic period, Stoic philosophy emphasized natural empathy and social interconnectedness, as elaborated by thinkers like Hierocles in fragments discussing oikeiōsis, the innate drive toward self-preservation extending to family and humanity, fostering ethical cosmopolitanism without emotional excess.^[13] In the cultural sphere, storge embodied the societal norm of stable family structures in ancient Greece, emphasizing duty and mutual support within the oikos, in contrast to the disruptive passion of eros celebrated in lyric poetry. Sappho's fragments, for instance, juxtapose intense erotic longing with subtler familial tenderness, as in her references to her daughter Kleis or brothers, highlighting storge as the quiet anchor amid eros's turmoil. This reflection underscores storge's role in maintaining domestic harmony against the literary idealization of romantic upheaval.

Biblical and Religious References

In the New Testament, storge is most directly referenced in Romans 12:10, where the Apostle Paul instructs believers to "be devoted to one another in love. Honor one another above yourselves" (NIV), employing the compound Greek term philostorgos. This word merges philia (brotherly friendship) with storge (natural familial affection), urging Christians to extend tender, kinship-like devotion to the community, fostering mutual honor and unity as an expression of faith.^[14]^[15]^[16] The Bible also implies storge through familial imperatives in the Old Testament, such as the Fifth Commandment in Exodus 20:12: "Honor your father and your mother, so that you may live long in the land the Lord your God is giving you" (NIV). This directive reflects the instinctive affection and dutiful respect expected within families, positioning it as essential to Israel's covenant relationship with God and societal stability.^[17]^[16] In the New Testament, its negation appears in 2 Timothy 3:3, warning of end-times perils where people become "without natural affection" (astorgos), a term denoting the absence of innate familial tenderness and portraying such hardness as a hallmark of spiritual and moral decline.^[18]^[19] Early Church Fathers like John Chrysostom elaborated on these texts, viewing storge as a divine endowment that binds families and the ecclesial body. In his Homily 21 on Romans, Chrysostom describes philostorgos as requiring believers to love one another with genuine familial warmth, preferring others selflessly to promote harmony, and sees this affection as God's provision for maintaining unity against discord.^[20] Within Abrahamic traditions, storge underscores theological themes of relational fidelity to God through human bonds, though parallels exist elsewhere; for instance, Confucian filial piety (xiao) mirrors its emphasis on reverent care for parents as a societal virtue, while Hindu sneha evokes similar affectionate kinship ties, yet biblical usage uniquely integrates it into redemptive community life.^[21]^[22]

Modern Interpretations

Psychological Theories

In John Alan Lee's color wheel theory of love, developed in 1973, storge represents one of three primary love styles, defined as a calm, affectionate bond rooted in friendship and mutual companionship that evolves gradually without the intensity of passion or obsession.^[10] This style prioritizes stability, shared interests, and everyday familiarity, often manifesting in relationships where partners view each other as close friends before romantic involvement.^[23] Lee's framework positions storge alongside eros (passionate love) and ludus (playful love), with secondary styles emerging from their combinations, highlighting storge's role in fostering enduring, low-drama connections.^[10] Storge integrates with attachment theory, particularly John Bowlby's conceptualization of secure attachment from 1969, where consistent caregiving builds trust and emotional safety, mirroring storge's emphasis on dependable, familial-like bonds.^[24] Empirical analyses reveal positive correlations between secure attachment orientations and storgic love attitudes, suggesting that individuals with secure bases are more likely to form relationships emphasizing comfort and reliability, especially within family contexts.^[24] This alignment underscores storge's contribution to psychological security, as securely attached individuals report higher comfort in non-romanticized, supportive dynamics that promote long-term emotional well-being.^[25] Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, outlined in 1986, equates storge with companionate love, a form comprising intimacy and commitment but excluding passion, which typically characterizes stable, long-term marriages where emotional closeness and dedication sustain the partnership.^[26] In this model, companionate love—akin to storge—emerges as relationships mature beyond initial excitement, prioritizing mutual understanding and loyalty over arousal.^[26] Sternberg notes that such love styles are prevalent in enduring unions, where the absence of passion does not diminish satisfaction but enhances resilience through shared history and commitment.^[26] Empirical studies from the 1990s onward demonstrate storge's association with relationship longevity and marital satisfaction, often attributing stability to its focus on familiarity and companionship rather than novelty or intensity.^[27] For instance, research utilizing Lee's Love Attitudes Scale in the late 1980s and 1990s found that storgic orientations predicted higher satisfaction in long-term couples, with emphasis on gradual development and mutual respect correlating to lower conflict and greater endurance.^[28] These findings highlight storge's practical value in promoting sustained partnerships, as evidenced by dyadic analyses showing storgic similarity between partners linked to improved relational outcomes over time.^[29]

C.S. Lewis's Framework

In C.S. Lewis's 1960 book The Four Loves, storge is equated with affection, described as the humblest and most natural form of love, emerging organically from sustained familiarity and everyday necessity rather than deliberate choice or dramatic emotion.^[30] Lewis portrays it as a bond that develops through proximity and habit, often in domestic or routine contexts, such as the instinctive care a parent provides for a child or the comfortable routines that sustain long-term spouses.^[30] This love is depicted as shared even with animals, exemplified by a mother's nursing of her young or the affectionate attachment between humans and pets like dogs and cats, highlighting its unpretentious, instinctual quality.^[31] Lewis distinguishes affection within a broader framework of "gift-love" and "need-love," where it embodies both: gift-love involves uncalculating giving, as in a parent's protective provision without expectation of return, while need-love reflects an instinctive receptivity, such as a child's dependence on caregivers or the comfort derived from familiar presences.^[30] However, he warns of inherent dangers, particularly its perversion into a cloying, over-familiar possessiveness that arises from unchecked intimacy, leading to suffocation, resentment, or even hatred, as illustrated by the character of Mrs. Fidget, whose smothering "affection" burdens her family.^[30] These risks underscore affection's vulnerability when it demands exclusivity or becomes a substitute for higher virtues. Theologically, Lewis views storge as a divine gift, a natural grace bestowed by God that underpins much of human happiness—"responsible for nine-tenths of whatever solid and durable happiness there is in our natural lives"—yet it remains subordinate to agape, the selfless divine love, requiring elevation through God's transformative grace to avoid idolatry.^[30] He emphasizes its role in imaging God's paternal care, as when affection is likened to the fatherly bond in Christian theology, fostering flourishing in everyday relationships like sibling ties forged in shared vulnerability.^[30] This perspective has profoundly influenced popular Christian understandings of love, popularizing storge through relatable examples of familial and pet bonds that illustrate its quiet, sustaining power in modern discourse.^[31]

Characteristics and Development

Key Features

Storge is defined by core traits of stability, loyalty, acceptance of flaws, and minimal emotional drama, emerging primarily from habitual interactions and physical or social proximity rather than romantic idealization. In psychological models, such as John Alan Lee's typology of love styles, storge develops from familiarity and shared experiences, fostering a sense of security without intense passion.^[32] These traits emphasize endurance over excitement, allowing relationships to persist through routine rather than grand gestures. The emotional tone of storge conveys warmth, comfort, and an undemanding quality, often described as a steady, default form of affection that withstands the passage of time.^[4] This low-intensity sentiment provides a grounding presence, akin to the quiet reliability found in long-standing bonds, where emotional demands remain minimal to preserve harmony.^[3] Behaviorally, storge manifests through practical acts of service integrated into daily routines, such as collaborative household chores within family units, which reinforce mutual support without expectation of reciprocity. Forgiveness arises naturally from deep familiarity, enabling partners or relatives to overlook imperfections through accumulated understanding and patience.^[33] Storge is most pronounced in blood relations due to innate kinship ties, but it can also be cultivated in close friendships through consistent companionship and shared values. Unlike more volatile forms of love marked by highs and lows, storge prioritizes long-term endurance, offering a resilient foundation that outlasts fleeting intensities.^[34]

Developmental Process

Storge typically emerges instinctively at birth through the parent-infant bonding process, where oxytocin release during early physical contact and interactions facilitates initial attachment and natural affection.^[35] This foundational stage lays the groundwork for familial love, evolving as the child and caregivers engage in responsive caregiving that reinforces security.^[36] The bond strengthens gradually over time through repeated daily interactions and shared experiences, such as routine play or mutual dependence, which build companionship and familiarity. Key influencing factors include physical proximity, as cohabitation or close living arrangements increases opportunities for consistent engagement and emotional investment. Vulnerability plays a pivotal role, exemplified by caregiving during periods of illness or hardship, where acts of support deepen empathy and interdependence. Extended duration, often spanning decades in long-term familial or marital relationships, allows storge to mature into a stable, enduring affection. Development can be hindered by disruptions such as prolonged separation or experiences of abuse, which erode trust and lead to a state of astorgos, characterized by an absence of natural familial affection as described in ancient texts.^[37] In such cases, the instinctive bonding mechanisms fail to progress, resulting in weakened relational ties. In modern contexts, storge can be fostered in blended families through intentional rituals like shared family meals, which promote regularity and collective identity to bridge diverse relational histories.^[38] These practices help cultivate the loyalty that often emerges as an outcome of sustained storge development.^[39]

Comparisons with Other Loves

Distinctions from Primary Greek Loves

Storge, denoting natural familial affection and habitual fondness, stands in marked contrast to eros, the passionate and desire-oriented love often associated with romantic or sexual pursuit. While eros is depicted in classical texts as an intense, acquisitive force that can lead to ecstasy or turmoil—exemplified in Hesiod's cosmogony as a creative yet disruptive power—storge manifests as a steady, undemanding bond rooted in everyday familiarity and duty, such as the instinctive care between parents and children. This distinction highlights storge's lack of erotic intensity, prioritizing emotional security over physical longing.^[2] In comparison to philia, which Aristotle describes in the Nicomachean Ethics as a voluntary friendship based on equality, mutual goodwill, and shared virtues, storge is more instinctive and asymmetrical, emerging from familial or longstanding proximity rather than deliberate choice. Philia fosters loyalty through reciprocal respect and common activities, as seen in bonds between comrades or civic allies, whereas storge involves an obligatory tenderness that does not require equivalence, such as the unchosen devotion within a household. Despite overlaps in their emphasis on enduring commitment, storge's natural, kin-based origin differentiates it from philia's cultivated, egalitarian nature.^[2] Storge differs from agape, a term prominent in New Testament Greek for selfless, redemptive love that extends unconditionally without regard for reciprocity, as analyzed by theologian Anders Nygren in his contrast of divine benevolence against self-seeking impulses. Agape, akin to God's impartial grace toward humanity, operates independently of personal ties or proximity, whereas storge is inherently reciprocal and context-dependent, thriving on sustained interaction within family or familiar circles and diminishing with separation. This positions storge as a human, relational affection rather than agape's transcendent, sacrificial ideal.^[2]

Role in Compound Love Types

In John Alan Lee's color wheel theory of love, storge forms the basis for secondary love styles by combining with other primary types to create more complex relational dynamics. Pragma, the blend of storge and ludus, represents practical and enduring partnerships where storge's emphasis on familiarity and stability provides a foundational commitment, tempered by ludus's playful adaptability to maintain long-term harmony.^[40] This compound is characterized by pragmatic decision-making in relationships, such as selecting partners based on compatibility for shared life goals, fostering sustainable bonds over time.^[41] Similarly, agape emerges as a secondary style from storge and eros, integrating storge's affectionate loyalty with eros's idealistic passion to produce selfless, giving love that prioritizes the partner's well-being without expectation of reciprocity.^[40] In Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, storge aligns closely with companionate love, which comprises intimacy and commitment without intense passion, often developing in established relationships.^[26] This storge-like compound is prevalent among empty-nest couples, where emotional closeness and dedication sustain the partnership after child-rearing phases conclude.^[42] In real-world applications, many long-term marriages evolve from initial eros-driven passion to storge-dominant compounds like pragma or companionate love, enhancing relational sustainability through accumulated familiarity and mutual support.^[3] Such transitions underscore storge's role in providing emotional resilience, preventing dissolution amid life's challenges.^[43]

Cultural Representations

Literary Depictions

In ancient Greek literature, storge is implied through the enduring paternal affection depicted in Homer's Odyssey, particularly in the bond between Odysseus and his son Telemachus. Despite years of separation due to Odysseus's wanderings after the Trojan War, their reunion in Book 16 highlights a resilient familial connection, where Telemachus recognizes and embraces his father, underscoring themes of loyalty and natural kinship that sustain the hero's homecoming. C.S. Lewis, in his exploration of the four loves, draws on literary examples to illustrate storge as the humble, everyday affection that binds families and companions, often portraying it through affectionate routines in domestic settings. He references Jane Austen's novels, such as Emma, where familial interactions reveal the modest, need-based warmth of storge, as seen in Emma Woodhouse's well-intentioned but meddlesome care for Harriet Smith, reflecting the love's unpretentious and habitual nature.^[44] In 20th-century literature, storge manifests in Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina through Konstantin Levin's evolving family love, which emphasizes prosaic, enduring bonds over passionate romance. Levin's relationship with Kitty and their children embodies storge as a stabilizing familial affection that counters the novel's tragic eros-driven narratives, providing Levin with moral grounding and domestic fulfillment amid societal turmoil.^[45] Similarly, Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird portrays storge in Atticus Finch's steadfast parental guidance of his children, Scout and Jem, fostering resilience through quiet, principled affection in the face of prejudice. Atticus's patient teachings and protective presence exemplify storge as a counter to societal tragedy, enabling his family to navigate moral challenges with enduring strength.

Media and Popular Culture

In films, storge is vividly portrayed through parental and sibling bonds that emphasize instinctive protection and deep-seated affection. The 1994 animated film The Lion King exemplifies this via the father-son relationship between Mufasa and Simba, where Mufasa's guidance and sacrificial protection of his son highlight the natural, nurturing essence of familial love.^[46] Similarly, the 2013 Disney film Frozen showcases storge in the sibling loyalty between Anna and Elsa, whose unwavering commitment to each other amid isolation and conflict underscores the healing power of familial ties over romantic pursuits.^[47] Television series further illustrate storge through everyday family interactions marked by humor and imperfection. In The Simpsons, ongoing since 1989, the Simpson family's dynamics reveal storge as a flawed yet resilient familiarity, with underlying affection binding Homer, Marge, and their children despite frequent mishaps and conflicts.^[48] Likewise, Modern Family, which aired from 2009 to 2020, depicts storge across its interconnected households, portraying the Pritchett-Dunphy-Tucker clan as a web of supportive, evolving bonds that navigate generational and lifestyle differences with warmth and loyalty.^[49] Recent trends in popular culture reflect a growing emphasis on storge within blended families, often highlighting its role in post-trauma recovery. Shows like This Is Us (2016–2022) exemplify this by exploring the Pearson family's multigenerational healing from loss and adversity, where familial affection fosters resilience and emotional restoration.^[50] This portrayal aligns with a broader shift in media toward depicting non-traditional families, as seen in series like Modern Family and Parenthood, which mirror the increasing prevalence of blended households in American society.^[51] For non-Western examples, storge appears in Japanese literature, such as in Yasunari Kawabata's The Sound of the Mountain, where the protagonist's quiet devotion to his aging parents illustrates familial empathy and duty-bound affection amid generational tensions.^[52] In Indian cinema, the 2018 film Pad Man depicts storge through the supportive family dynamics that enable the protagonist's social innovations, emphasizing enduring kinship in rural settings.^[53] Overall, these representations reinforce storge as a source of idealized stability and enduring support, frequently contrasting it with the more volatile, passion-driven eros in romantic narratives to underscore the foundational role of family in personal growth.^[54]

Benefits and Societal Role

Relational Advantages

Storge love fosters emotional security in relationships by offering predictable and consistent affection, which helps individuals feel supported and reduces feelings of anxiety during challenging times.^[4] Research on familial bonds indicates that this type of love is associated with lower stress levels, as strong family connections provide a buffer against daily pressures and promote overall emotional well-being.^[55] Secure attachment styles, positively correlated with storge love attitudes, further contribute to this stability by enhancing emotional regulation and resilience to stressors.^[24] In romantic and familial relationships, storge enhances longevity, with studies showing that storge-dominant love styles are positively linked to higher marital satisfaction compared to game-playing styles.^[56] This stability arises from features like loyalty, which enable effective conflict resolution through mutual forgiveness and a foundation of companionship rather than intensity.^[57] Couples exhibiting storge often report greater endurance in long-term partnerships due to this emphasis on practical support and understanding.^[58] For children, storge love from parents and siblings plays a key role in developmental advantages, cultivating resilience by promoting secure attachments that support emotional growth and future relational success.^[4] Positive storge experiences in early life contribute to higher self-esteem and better social skills, enabling children to form trusting bonds and navigate challenges with confidence.^[55] These attachments, built on consistent familial affection, lay the groundwork for healthier adult relationships marked by empathy and reliability.^[59] While storge promotes mutual support overall, an imbalance can lead to stagnation, where relationships become overly routine and lack excitement, potentially hindering personal growth if not complemented by other love forms.^[55] Despite this risk, its core emphasis on enduring companionship generally outweighs drawbacks, reinforcing deep relational bonds.^[60] Storge, as a form of familial affection, plays a foundational role in fostering social stability by promoting intergenerational care within families and communities. This type of love encourages ongoing support between generations, such as parents providing for children and adult children assisting aging parents, which helps maintain family units as core social safety nets.^[61] Strong familial bonds rooted in storge contribute to societal resilience by facilitating the exchange of resources, emotional support, and knowledge across generations, thereby reducing the burden on formal welfare systems.^[62] In particular, storge-driven intergenerational care has been shown to mitigate elder isolation in aging populations, where regular family interactions lower risks of loneliness and associated health declines, supporting broader community health.^[63] Cultural variations in the expression of storge highlight its adaptability to societal values, with stronger emphasis in collectivist cultures compared to individualistic ones. In collectivist societies, such as those in East Asia, storge manifests through traditions like filial piety, where children are expected to prioritize parental care and respect, reinforcing family interdependence and social harmony.^[64] This contrasts with individualistic cultures in Western societies, where storge may focus more on personal autonomy within families, leading to less obligatory intergenerational obligations but still valuing affectionate ties.^[65] These differences influence social structures, as collectivist emphases on storge promote extended family networks that enhance community cohesion, while individualistic approaches may rely more on institutional support for familial roles.^[66] Modern challenges to storge arise from urbanization and increased mobility, which often erode traditional family bonds by separating relatives geographically and prioritizing career demands over relational maintenance. Urban migration disrupts daily interactions essential for nurturing familial affection, leading to weakened intergenerational ties and heightened emotional strain on families.^[67] In response, policymakers have advocated for measures like parental leave to bolster family connections, as such policies allow parents more time for bonding with children, thereby sustaining storge and countering mobility-induced fragmentation.^[68] These interventions aim to preserve storge's role in family stability amid rapid societal shifts.^[69] On a global scale, communities with robust expressions of storge through strong familial affection exhibit lower crime rates, according to sociological analyses. Stable family environments characterized by affectionate, cohesive bonds provide youth with social controls that deter delinquent behavior, fostering environments where individuals are less likely to engage in criminal activities.^[70] Research indicates that neighborhoods with high levels of familial support correlate with reduced violent crime and property offenses, as storge cultivates a sense of belonging and accountability that extends to broader social order.^[71] This impact underscores storge's contribution to safer societies by reinforcing family as a buffer against antisocial influences.^[72]

References

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https://extension.usu.edu/relationships/research/creating-rituals-in-stepfamilies
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[PDF] The Legal Significance of the Natural Affection of Charlie Gard's ...
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An important goal of any stepfamily is to develop a sense of who you are as a family. Rituals can help create this feeling of “family.
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[PDF] Stronger Families, Safer Streets
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Most ordinary Americans do not need to survey the social science literature to know that a family life of affection, cohesion, and parental involvement ...