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Vendel

Vendel is a parish and locality in Uppsala Municipality, Uppland, Sweden, renowned as the namesake of the Vendel Period (c. 550–750 AD), a pivotal phase in the Late Iron Age characterized by elite warrior burials and the emergence of complex Scandinavian societies preceding the Viking Age.^[1] The site features a prominent boat burial cemetery excavated starting in the late 19th century, revealing richly furnished graves that highlight the wealth and martial culture of the period's aristocracy.^[2] These discoveries include crested helmets, gold-inlaid swords, gaming pieces, and animal sacrifices such as horses and dogs, underscoring Vendel's role as a center of power in the Mälaren Valley region.^[1] The Vendel Period marks a transition from the Migration Period, with societal reorganization evident in the construction of monumental burial mounds and the development of trade networks extending to continental Europe and the British Isles.^[3] At Vendel, archaeologists uncovered at least 14 boat graves between 1881 and 1883, many showing signs of later reentry possibly for ritual or relic purposes, which provides insights into evolving mortuary practices and collective memory in early medieval Scandinavia.^[4] Notable artifacts, such as three iron helmets displaying intricate designs with boar motifs and garnets, are now housed in the Swedish History Museum, illustrating the technical prowess and artistic influences from Roman and Migration-era traditions.^[1] This period's material culture, including ship burials paralleling those at Sutton Hoo in England, reflects a "golden age" of Norse elites who controlled resources through agriculture, craftsmanship, and warfare.^[5] Vendel's archaeological importance extends to its proximity to other key sites like Valsgärde and Gamla Uppsala, forming a cluster of elite cemeteries that suggest a networked political landscape among the Svear people.^[2] The graves indicate stratified social hierarchies, with high-status individuals buried with imported goods like silver residues from wire-drawing workshops, pointing to specialized production and long-distance exchange. As a precursor to the Viking Age, the Vendel Period laid the groundwork for expansive Scandinavian kingdoms, with its warrior ethos and maritime traditions evolving into the seafaring expeditions of the 8th century onward.^[3] Today, Vendel remains a focal point for studies on pre-Viking Scandinavia, contributing to understandings of cultural continuity and transformation in northern Europe.^[4]

Location and Geography

Position and Administrative Details

Vendel is situated in Tierp Municipality, Uppsala County, within the Uppland region of eastern Sweden, at coordinates approximately 60°10′N 17°36′E.^[6] The locality forms part of the broader administrative division of Tierp, which encompasses several parishes and rural areas in the county.^[7] The village lies roughly 40 km north of Uppsala along the E4 highway, positioned in the fertile Fyris River valley where the Vendel River meets the Fyris, and adjacent to Lake Vendelsjön, a long narrow body of water that influences the local landscape.^[8]^[9] This strategic placement in Uppland, a historically significant province, underscores Vendel's role in regional connectivity during earlier eras. In the present day, Vendel functions as a small rural village integrated into Tierp Municipality's administrative framework, with the surrounding Vendel parish recording a population of 2,611 as of 2023.^[10] During the medieval period, however, Vendel served as a key royal estate within the Uppsala öd network, a system of crown-owned lands designed to generate revenue and provisions for the Swedish monarchy's itinerant court and administrative needs.^[11]^[12] These estates, including Vendel, were pivotal in sustaining royal governance by supplying agricultural yields, labor, and logistical support across Uppland and beyond, contributing to the centralization of power in early medieval Sweden.^[11]

Landscape and Environmental Context

Vendel is situated in the fertile plains of Uppland, a region characterized by flat terrain formed by glacial processes during the last Ice Age. The dominant soils here consist of glacial till, a mixture of clay, sand, gravel, and boulders deposited by retreating glaciers, which provide a moderately fertile substrate well-suited for agriculture in this area. These soils, often calcareous in parts of Uppland, supported crop cultivation and pastoral activities, contributing to the region's long history as an agricultural district at elevations of 25 to 50 meters above sea level.^[13] The site's natural setting is shaped by its proximity to Lake Vendelsjön, a 9-kilometer-long inland body of water, and the nearby Vendel River, which flows into the larger Fyris River. These water features facilitated access to trade routes across Uppland, connecting inland settlements to broader networks via the Fyris Valley and ultimately to the Baltic Sea, while also influencing local practices such as water-oriented burial traditions. The lake and river system enhanced the area's strategic importance for transportation and resource exploitation during the Iron Age.^[14] During the Iron Age, particularly the Vendel Period following the Migration Period (c. 550–800 CE), the regional climate was cooler and more variable, following a significant downturn around 536–540 CE due to volcanic eruptions. This post-Migration cooling, with shorter growing seasons and increased precipitation, nonetheless supported a mixed economy of farming and animal husbandry, relying on hardy cereals and livestock adapted to the temperate conditions of central Sweden. Pollen records from Uppland indicate sustained agricultural activity, including infield-outfield systems that integrated crop rotation with grazing on surrounding pastures.^[15]^[16] The landscape around Vendel includes extensive wetlands and mixed forests of birch, pine, and oak, which created waterlogged, anaerobic environments conducive to the preservation of organic materials in burial contexts. These mires and forested margins, common in Uppland's glacial topography, limited aerobic decay and protected wooden structures and textiles from the graves, offering insights into perishable aspects of Iron Age material culture. This environmental mosaic also played a role in sustaining the economic functions of the nearby Uppsala öd estate through diverse resource availability.^[17]^[18]

Etymology and Early History

Origins of the Name

The name Vendel is first attested in 1291 as Vendil in medieval Swedish records, marking its earliest known written appearance, with no earlier written records of the name. This initial reference occurs in the context of the parish's inclusion in Uppsala öd, the network of royal estates that provided economic support to the medieval Swedish monarchy. The name evolved consistently in subsequent Swedish documents from the 13th century onward, retaining forms close to its original spelling in administrative and ecclesiastical texts. Linguistically, Vendel likely derives from an older designation for the adjacent Vendelsjön lake, recorded in Old Swedish as Vændil. This form connects to the Old Norse verbs vinda ("to wind" or "to turn") and vända ("to turn"), suggesting a descriptive reference to the lake's curving northern section or an associated winding watercourse named Vand-.^[19] Scholars have proposed, though without definitive proof, a link between the place name and the ancient Germanic Vandals tribe, attested as Vandilii by Ptolemy in his 2nd-century Geography and potentially reflecting migrations during the Migration Period (c. 300–700 CE).^[20] The prominence of the Vendel site's boat graves and artifacts ultimately inspired the designation of the Vendel Period (c. 550–800 CE) in archaeological chronology.^[5]

Prehistoric and Migration Period Settlement

Evidence of human activity in the Vendel area during the Bronze Age (c. 1500–500 BC) is sparse but indicative of early farming communities. Archaeological surveys in Uppland, including the vicinity of Vendel, have documented around 73 settlement-related finds, such as tools and domestic artifacts, suggesting small-scale agrarian exploitation of the fertile plains near Lake Mälaren.^[21] Permanent habitation likely began in this period, with basic farmsteads supporting mixed agriculture and animal husbandry amid a warming climate that favored cultivation.^[22] The Migration Period (c. 400–550 AD) marked a significant shift, with massive colonization and intensified settlement in Vendel, transforming the landscape from scattered farms to more organized communities. This expansion coincided with increased trade networks linking Scandinavia to the Roman world, as evidenced by imported goods in minor graves across Uppland, including East Roman glass beakers, gilded silver clasp buttons, and gaming pieces of foreign origin.^[22]^[23] These artifacts, found in approximately 40 chamber graves dating to c. AD 480–510, highlight Vendel's integration into broader exchange systems that brought luxury items to local elites.^[23] Early elite burials from this era, such as wooden chamber graves surrounded by stone cairns and containing weapons, feast gear, and Roman imports, point to Vendel's role as an emerging power center in Uppland. These high-status inhumations, often located near settlements like those at Lilla Sylta, demonstrate the consolidation of authority among warrior elites and served as precursors to the later royal estate at Vendel, part of the Uppsala öd network that supported medieval Swedish kings.^[23]^[22] The volcanic eruptions around AD 536 triggered severe climate cooling in Sweden, leading to shorter growing seasons and crop failures that prompted adaptive responses in Uppland settlements. Amid this "dust veil" event, communities like those near Vendel shifted toward fortified farmsteads and hilltop enclosures, such as the Migration Period site at Runsa Borg, to enhance defense and resource management during social upheaval and farm consolidations.^[15]^[24] This period of instability laid the groundwork for the richer burials and centralized authority of the subsequent Vendel Period.

The Archaeological Site

Excavation History

The archaeological site at Vendel first gained systematic attention in the late 19th century through the efforts of Swedish archaeologist Hjalmar Stolpe, who conducted excavations from 1881 to 1883. During this period, Stolpe investigated 14 burial mounds situated in and adjacent to the southeast corner of the Vendel churchyard, employing manual digging techniques typical of the era to document the site's Iron Age remains. These excavations revealed a series of high-status graves that highlighted the region's elite burial practices, contributing to the establishment of the Vendel Period as a key phase in Scandinavian prehistory.^[25] Subsequent work focused on the prominent Ottarshögen mound, a large barrow traditionally associated with early Swedish kings. Excavated in 1914 and 1916 under the direction of the State Antiquarian, with assistance from archaeologist Sune Lindqvist, the dig uncovered cremation urns and associated artifacts from multiple phases, indicating prolonged ritual use of the landscape.^[26] Lindqvist's team utilized stratigraphic recording and artifact recovery methods to analyze the mound's internal structure, marking one of the last major invasive investigations at the site. After 1917, archaeological activities at Vendel shifted toward preservation, with no large-scale excavations undertaken due to concerns over damaging the remaining undisturbed deposits. No major archaeological interventions or new discoveries have been documented at Vendel from 2020 to November 2025, with research emphasizing non-invasive methods and site management.^[27]

Boat Graves and Burials

The boat graves at Vendel represent a distinctive form of elite inhumation practiced between approximately 550 and 800 AD, with 14 such burials identified in the cemetery.^[28] These inhumations featured clinker-built vessels ranging from 5 to 9 meters in length, interred within earthen mounds aligned along a prominent esker ridge that overlooks the Vendel River and lake.^[29] The strategic placement on this elevated ridge not only elevated the graves visually but also integrated them into the local landscape, emphasizing their prominence in a community setting. These burials contained the remains of high-status males, accompanied by grave goods that underscored their warrior elite status, including weapons such as swords and spears, finely crafted jewelry, and evidence of sacrificed animals like horses and dogs positioned within or around the boats.^[4]^[30] The presence of these items suggests rituals focused on equipping the deceased for an afterlife journey, with horses symbolizing mobility and dogs possibly serving as companions or guardians. No female boat graves have been identified at Vendel, distinguishing it from other regional sites where such burials occasionally included women.^[31] Ritual practices evident in the Vendel boat graves included orienting the vessels toward the nearby watercourses, a configuration interpreted as symbolizing a posthumous voyage across mythical waters to the afterlife.^[28] This orientation aligns with broader Scandinavian traditions of boat inhumation, akin to the high-status ship burial at Sutton Hoo in England.^[32] Preceding these boat graves in the cemetery is Ottarshögen, an early 6th-century cremation mound measuring about 40 meters in diameter and 5 meters high, containing charred bones of a man and woman along with metal artifacts; it is traditionally associated with the legendary king Ohthere from Beowulf and Ynglinga saga.^[33]^[34]

Key Artifacts and Finds

The three Vendel helmets, from graves I, XII, and XIV and unearthed from boat graves at the site, represent exceptional examples of 6th- to 7th-century Scandinavian metalworking. Crafted from iron with ridged bowls derived from late Roman designs, these helmets feature prominent crests terminating in boar or eagle heads, adorned with embossed silver or gold foil plaques depicting motifs such as mounted warriors, fallen fighters, and possibly the war god Odin guiding a spear. The boar motifs, in particular, symbolize protection and ferocity in battle, underscoring the helmets' role as status symbols for elite warriors rather than mere protective gear. Their intricate riveting and foil application demonstrate sophisticated local craftsmanship, adapted from continental influences yet distinctly Nordic in execution. These helmets closely resemble the one from the Sutton Hoo ship burial in England, highlighting shared artistic and cultural traditions across the North Sea region.^[35]^[36] Weaponry from the Vendel graves includes iron shields with wooden cores and metal bosses, as well as pattern-welded swords featuring elaborate hilts and scabbards. Many of these weapons incorporate garnets in cloisonné inlays, particularly on sword pommels, which point to trade connections with Frankish territories and garnet sources in Bohemia. The garnets' vibrant red hue and precise setting reflect high-end craftsmanship, likely imported or imitated to signify wealth and alliances with Merovingian elites. These metallic artifacts, often gilded or silvered, exemplify the fusion of local forging techniques with exotic materials.^[37] The anaerobic conditions within the waterlogged burial mounds preserved rare organic remains, including fragments of woolen and linen textiles, leather straps, and horse gear such as bridles and saddle fittings. These items reveal advanced weaving and tanning processes, with textiles showing tablet-woven bands and leather treated for durability in equestrian use. The horse gear, complete with metal mounts, indicates the cultural importance of mounted warfare and ceremonial processions. All major artifacts from Vendel, including the helmets, weapons, and organics, are housed in the Swedish History Museum in Stockholm. These finds play a key role in defining the Vendel art style through their animalistic and narrative motifs.^[1]

The Vendel Period

Chronology and Definition

The Vendel Period, spanning approximately 550–800 AD, represents a transitional phase in Scandinavian prehistory, bridging the Migration Period (c. 400–550 AD) and the Viking Age (c. 800–1050 AD).^[38]^[1] Recent scholarship (as of 2025) favors the term "Vendel Period" for Swedish contexts to distinguish it from the continental Merovingian Period and avoid terminological confusion.^[39] This era is characterized archaeologically by a marked shift from cremation to inhumation burials, particularly among elites, accompanied by displays of substantial wealth in grave goods that reflect emerging social complexities.^[40] The period's definition is rooted in the material culture of central Sweden, where rich boat inhumations signal a consolidation of power and continuity with earlier Germanic traditions while foreshadowing Viking expansions.^[38] The name "Vendel Period" derives from the archaeological site at Vendel in Uppland, Sweden, which serves as the type-site due to its sequence of boat graves dating from the late 6th to early 8th centuries AD.^[1] These burials, alongside those at nearby Valsgärde, provide the primary evidence for defining the period, illustrating a focus on elite warrior commemorations with imported and locally crafted items.^[38] Excavations at Vendel, conducted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, established the foundational chronology by linking artifact styles—such as Salin's Style II animal motifs—to broader Scandinavian developments.^[38] In contrast to the Danish Younger Germanic Iron Age, which encompasses similar temporal spans under broader regional terms, the Vendel Period emphasizes Uppland-specific cultural markers like these monumental inhumations.^[38] The period is often divided into two phases based on evolving burial practices and stylistic changes. The Early Vendel Phase (c. 550–650 AD) retains influences from the Migration Period, including the persistence of certain weapon types and the onset of boat grave traditions amid post-Roman stabilization.^[41] The Late Vendel Phase (c. 650–800 AD) shows increasing refinement, with grave assemblages prefiguring the Oseberg-style artistry of the early Viking Age, such as more elaborate metalwork and a consolidation of inhumation rites.^[41]^[38] This phasing underscores the Vendel site's role in delineating a distinctly Swedish trajectory within northern European Iron Age sequences.^[1] The Vendel period society was characterized by a warrior aristocracy, where chieftains or kings were buried alongside their retinues, evidencing a hierarchical, kin-based structure that emphasized loyalty and martial prowess.^[42] Elite males dominated power dynamics, as indicated by the concentration of high-status weapons and imported luxuries in their graves, suggesting a system where social rank was tied to military leadership and familial alliances.^[41] This aristocracy controlled resources and labor, with subordinates including free farmers and possibly thralls supporting the elite through tribute and service.^[43] The economy combined local production with extensive long-distance trade, featuring agriculture focused on barley and livestock to generate surpluses for elite consumption.^[41] Ironworking flourished in Uppland, producing tools, weapons, and trade goods that bolstered wealth and exchange networks.^[44] Trade extended to the Franks and Byzantines, involving exports of amber, furs, tar, and slaves, while imports like glass vessels, silk, and garnets reflected connections across Europe and the Baltic; these links are evident in grave goods such as exotic materials from Merovingian and Byzantine sources.^[45]^[42] Gender roles showed male dominance in the elite sphere, with burials primarily featuring male warriors equipped for combat, while women occupied supporting positions in household production, including textile manufacturing as suggested by tools like spindle whorls in female-associated contexts.^[46] Women of high status likely managed domestic economies and preserved social memory through heirlooms, contributing to kin networks without direct evidence of political authority.^[46] This network of elite farms and central places reinforced aristocratic control, channeling resources like furs and iron to sustain hierarchical societies across the region.^[43]

Art Style and Material Culture

The Vendel style, a hallmark of the period's artistic expression, is characterized by elaborate animal interlace motifs on metalwork, prominently featuring boars, birds of prey, and serpentine creatures that intertwine in dynamic, symmetrical patterns. This style evolved directly from the zoomorphic designs of the Migration Period, where simpler animal forms transitioned into more complex, abstracted interlacing that emphasized movement and symmetry, often adorning helmets, brooches, and sword fittings. Scholars classify it within Salin's broader Style II framework, highlighting progressive refinements in figural abstraction and decorative density.^[47]^[48] Technological advancements in craftsmanship underpinned these artistic developments, including the use of filigree—delicate twisted wirework—for borders and accents, and cloisonné enameling combined with garnet inlays to create vibrant, cell-like patterns on gold bases. Shipbuilding techniques reached notable sophistication, as evidenced by the construction of clinker-built vessels up to 10 meters long for elite burials, foreshadowing Viking longship designs with overlapping planks and iron rivets for durability. Ironworking supported agricultural and domestic needs through tools like sickles, axes, and knives, forged with pattern-welding for strength, reflecting a blend of practical innovation and ritual significance.^[49]^[50]^[51] Material culture from Vendel graves reveals everyday items that underscore social continuity into the Viking Age, such as antler or bone combs for grooming, often intricately carved, and iron implements like shears and whetstones for maintenance and farming tasks. These artifacts, deposited alongside elite goods, indicate a stratified society where personal hygiene and productivity tools held cultural value, with designs and functions persisting seamlessly into later Scandinavian traditions. Germanic influences dominate, particularly in the widespread adoption of garnet cloisonné jewelry derived from continental Migration Period practices, though subtle Celtic-inspired curvilinear elements appear in some interlace variations. The iconic crested helmets from Vendel exemplify this style as prototypes for Viking warrior iconography.^[52]^[4]^[53]

Vendel Church and Medieval Development

Construction and Architectural Features

Vendel Church was erected in the late 13th century, featuring a Romanesque style characterized by its sturdy proportions and rounded arches, while incorporating Gothic elements such as pointed arches in later additions. The sacristy, the oldest surviving portion, was likely built from brick during this period, with the main structure following shortly thereafter and consecrated around 1310 according to medieval legend. The church's location on a site possibly used for pre-Christian rituals underscores its role in the transition from pagan to Christian practices, contrasting sharply with the nearby Vendel Period boat burials that highlight the area's earlier elite pagan traditions.^[54] The construction utilized local stone for the walls, creating a robust longhouse-like nave with a narrower choir, measuring approximately 25 meters in length overall. A prominent tower was added in the 15th century, enhancing the verticality typical of Gothic influences and serving as a landmark for the surrounding landscape. This architectural evolution reflects the church's adaptation to growing parish needs during the medieval period.^[55] As the central parish church within the Uppsala öd—the royal domain network supporting the Swedish crown—Vendel Church administered spiritual and communal affairs for the extensive royal estates in the region, integrating religious life with the economic and administrative functions of these properties.^[56] Significant modifications occurred in the 18th century, including the addition of a north transept in 1734 and enlargement of windows in 1736, alongside restorations that carefully preserved the original medieval layout despite whitewashing that temporarily concealed interior features. These interventions ensured the structure's endurance while maintaining its historical integrity.^[54] In the 15th century, the wooden barrel vaults were replaced with durable brick vaults around 1450, providing better support and allowing for more elaborate interior designs. The 18th-century bell tower further solidified the church's silhouette, with subsequent restorations in 1930 and the early 2000s focusing on structural stability and cleaning to reveal underlying medieval elements without altering the core architecture.^[54]

Murals and Historical Modifications

The Vendel Church houses a significant collection of 15th-century murals executed by the Uppland-based artist Johannes Iwan around 1451 on the newly constructed brick vaults. These paintings illustrate a range of biblical narratives, including scenes from the Old Testament, the life of the Virgin Mary, the childhood of Christ, and depictions of saints such as St. George battling the dragon.^[57]^[54] Throughout the post-medieval period, the church's interior underwent several modifications reflecting evolving liturgical and aesthetic preferences. In 1734, a northern transept arm was added to expand the nave, followed by the enlargement of windows in 1736, during which the walls were whitewashed and the murals were obscured under layers of lime. A baroque-style altar was installed in 1752, introducing ornate elements characteristic of the era's ecclesiastical art.^[54] Further alterations occurred in the 19th century as part of broader church reforms in Sweden, including the replacement of earlier furnishings with new pews to accommodate changing congregation sizes and comfort standards. Conservation efforts began in earnest in the 20th century; a major restoration in 1930 revealed portions of the hidden murals by removing overlying plaster, while additional work in the 1970s and 1980s addressed structural and decorative preservation. Cleaning campaigns in the early 2000s further restored the vibrancy of the medieval paintings without introducing modern alterations.^[58] Today, Vendel Church serves as an active parish within the Vendel-Tegelsmora congregation, hosting regular worship services in both the main nave and a converted sacristy chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Select artifacts from the nearby Vendel period excavations, including replicas and interpretive displays, are housed in the adjacent Vendeltidsmuseet, linking the site's Iron Age pagan heritage to its Christian legacy.^[59]^[60]

Legacy and Modern Interpretations

Transition to the Viking Age

The Vendel Period's elaborate boat graves, such as those at Valsgärde and Vendel itself, demonstrate a clear continuity in funerary practices that evolved into the more grandiose ship burials of the early Viking Age, exemplified by the Oseberg ship (dated to 834 AD) and the Gokstad ship (circa 895 AD) in Norway.^[61]^[62] These later burials retained the Vendel tradition of interring elite individuals with vessels symbolizing status and seafaring prowess, but scaled up to full-sized ships, reflecting enhanced maritime capabilities. Similarly, elite weaponry from Vendel graves— including pattern-welded swords, helmets with boar motifs, and shields—shows stylistic and functional persistence into Viking artifacts, where such items underscored warrior hierarchies and were often customized for high-ranking burials.^[4] Around 800 AD, the transition intensified with the onset of widespread raiding expeditions, marking the conventional start of the Viking Age following the 793 AD attack on Lindisfarne, as Scandinavian societies shifted from localized power structures toward expansive overseas ventures. This period also saw the gradual introduction of Christian influences in Sweden, beginning with Ansgar's mission to Birka in 829 AD, which began eroding pagan burial rites like cremation and grave goods by promoting simpler Christian interments without elaborate accompaniments.^[5]^[63] By the late 9th century, these changes contributed to the decline of traditional pagan practices across the region, though syncretic elements persisted for decades.^[64] Vendel itself experienced a decline as a central power hub by the 8th century, with archaeological evidence indicating a shift toward Birka as the primary trade and political emporium on Lake Mälaren, evidenced by the emergence of high-status structures and imported goods at the latter site.^[65] Despite this, Vendel artifacts profoundly influenced Viking Age art, as the intricate animal interlace and mask motifs from Vendel metalwork evolved into the more dynamic Borre and Oseberg styles seen in Scandinavian carvings and jewelry.^[66] Legendary connections further bridge the eras, with the Ottarshögen mound at Vendel traditionally linked to Ohthere (Ottar), the Swedish king depicted in Beowulf as a formidable ruler warring against the Geats, whose saga-inspired exploits may have drawn from real Vendel-era elites and later fueled Viking oral traditions.^[67]

Preservation and Contemporary Research

The Vendel archaeological site, located in Uppland, Sweden, is designated as an ancient monument, placing it under legal protection to prevent unauthorized disturbance and ensure long-term conservation.^[68] This status aligns with the provisions of the Historic Environment Act (1988:950), which safeguards ancient monuments and remains as part of Sweden's cultural heritage.^[69] A dedicated visitor center at Vendel Church serves as an information hub for the public, offering exhibits on the site's boat graves and artifacts to promote awareness and responsible tourism.^[70] Recent research has focused on non-invasive and analytical methods to minimize site disturbance. In 2023, ancient DNA studies on skeletal remains from Vendel and the nearby Valsgärde cemetery analyzed 48 new genomes alongside published data, revealing diverse genetic origins among the buried individuals, including admixture from southern and eastern European populations that reflects migration patterns during the Vendel period (c. 550–790 CE).^[71] No major excavations have occurred at Vendel between 2020 and 2025, primarily due to ethical concerns over handling human remains and the potential irreversible damage to fragile archaeological contexts, prioritizing preservation over new digs.^[72] Significant gaps persist in Vendel research, notably the scarcity of identified female burials, which limits insights into gender dynamics and social roles in the period's elite communities.^[73] Climate change exacerbates preservation challenges, as rising moisture levels and temperature fluctuations threaten organic materials like wood and textiles in the site's acidic soils.^[74] To address these issues without excavation, researchers advocate for expanded geophysical surveys, such as ground-penetrating radar and magnetic prospection, building on prior small-scale applications at Vendel that have mapped subsurface features effectively.^[75] Vendel artifacts play a key educational role in Swedish museums, where they are displayed to illustrate the nation's prehistoric heritage. For instance, the Swedish History Museum in Stockholm features Vendel-period helmets, jewelry, and boat grave replicas in its Viking Age and Gold Room exhibitions, connecting the finds to broader narratives of Scandinavian identity and elite culture.^[76] Similarly, the Gustavianum at Uppsala University exhibits Vendel relics, fostering public engagement with the site's contributions to understanding pre-Viking societal complexity.

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This paper summarizes the background and excavation history of the hilltop settlement of Runsa in Uppland, Sweden. Runsa tells an important story of several ...
[25]
https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/bitstream/handle/1956/11368/three-riders-coming-to-vendel.pdf
[26]
[PDF] Ottarshögen i Vendel - DiVA portal
Ottarshögen i Vendel. Av. SUNE LINDQVIST. ^ttar Vendelkråka är en av de få ... Sune Lindqvist,. Om av Ottar utförda handlingar få vi i Beowulf, den enda.
[27]
The Viking Phenomenon - Uppsala University
Nov 4, 2025 · Excavated from the 1920s to the 1950s, together with the nearby sites of Gamla Uppsala, Vendel and Ultuna they tell the story of Sweden and ...
[28]
Digital terrain modelling in archaeology : three-dimensional GIS ...
Surveying with GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) along a line down lhe southern slope of the ridge revealed a horiz.ontal underground reflection, which was ...
[29]
Welcome to Valsgärde - Scandinavian Archaeology
May 7, 2023 · Valsgärde is a burial ground with 92 graves, including 15 boat graves, and is considered one of the most interesting archaeological sites in ...
[30]
SHIP BURIALS. - jstor
The graves contained boats from 7 to 10 meters long, buried below the level of the field, and with no mark visible above the ground when discovered. The ...
[31]
https://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/rundkvist-and-williams-2008.pdf
[32]
[PDF] A Viking Boat Grave with Amber Gaming Pieces Excavated at ...
IN THE SUMMER of 2005 the authors directed the excavation of a flat stone setting with a boat-shaped central depression at Skamby, Kuddby parish, ...
[33]
Valsgärde - Uppsala University
Jan 24, 2024 · Work on the Vendel-period boat burials began more or less immediately with a preliminary account of grave 7 (Arwidsson 1935), and several ...
[34]
GrabInfo
The mound is appx. 40 meters in diameter and 8 meters high, which is unusually large. It was excavated in 1914 and 1916, and below the cairn there was a ...
[35]
The dating of Ottarshögen and the emergence of monumental burial ...
S Lindqvist. Lindqvist, S. (1917) Ottarshögen i Vendel. Fornvännen 12, 127-143. Vendelkulturens ålder och ursprung. Jan 1926. S Lindqvist. Lindqvist, S. (1926) ...
[36]
Helmets from the Vendel Period
... boars' heads and which may also be combined with pictures of dragons. The helmets with a markedly low crest, adorned with embossed silver foil ... Vendel ...
[37]
The Helmets from Sutton Hoo and Vendel - Medieval Histories
Apr 6, 2015 · Detailed study of the burials at Sutton Hoo and Vendel - and the helmets - helps to redraw the map of late Iron-Age Northern Europe.
[38]
(PDF) Elite Burials with Bohemian Garnets in Vendel Period Sweden
This paper is a short note on two elite burilas from present day Sweden. Dated to the Vendel period, i.e. the equivalent of the Merovingian period in ...
[39]
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384321733_Merovingian_or_Vendel_Period
[40]
[PDF] THE MATERIALITY OF THE ANCIENT DEAD - Publicera
the graves' superstructures. The period saw a change from cremation to inhumation, which seem to have altered the way in which the remains of the older dead ...
[41]
[PDF] OCCASIONAL PAPERS IN ARCHAEOLOGY 73 - DiVA portal
The geographical core area of the study is middle Sweden, a region of significant natural diversity with an environmental setting that ranges be- tween agrarian ...
[42]
Whalebone Gaming Pieces: Aspects of Marine Mammal Exploitation ...
May 21, 2018 · ... Age graves, divided into the Vendel period (c. ad 550–750) and ... Ljungkvist, Reference Ljungkvist and Norr2008b: 18, 30). Even though ...
[43]
New institutional economics in Viking studies. Visualising immaterial ...
Sep 23, 2022 · John Ljungkvist is Associate Professor of Archaeology at Uppsala University and part of the Viking Phenomenon project. A specialist in Vendel ...
[44]
Towards a Refined Chronology of Prehistoric Pitfall Hunting in ...
Mar 20, 2020 · ... trade in animal products was developing during the period (Lindholm & Ljungkvist, Reference Lindholm and Ljungkvist2016). A parallel for the ...
[45]
The Beginning of the Viking Age in the West | Journal of Maritime ...
Dec 7, 2018 · Largely, imports such as glass vessels and garnet jewellery have been retrieved from aristocratic contexts (Arrhenius 1985; Ljungkvist 2009; ...
[46]
https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2020.23
[47]
[PDF] Systems of Settlement Hierarchy - Skemman
These royally controlled farmsteads are assumed given to local elite, and form the basis of both the political, and economic power within the “Uppsala Öd”.
[48]
New Perspectives (II) - Image and Ornament in the Early Medieval ...
Jan 14, 2023 · ... animal art by continental scholars. ... Jahrhundert (Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1942), 18–21; later, Arwidsson added a sixth Vendel Style F; cf.
[49]
[PDF] The Dispersal of Gold - DiVA portal
Jul 15, 2020 · ... Vendel Style C. Olsén designates an ornamented buckle plate from Solberga in Östergötland, Sweden (Fig. 10) as belonging to. Vendel Style C ...
[50]
[PDF] GARNET CLOISONNE ORNAMENTS Vol. I Text and Catalogue
ABSTRACT. The thesis proposes a classification of gold and garnet cloisonne ornaments based on stylistic and technological features.Missing: shipbuilding | Show results with:shipbuilding
[51]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278416519301278
[52]
Human remains, context, and place of origin for the Salme, Estonia ...
Ship and boat graves in northern Europe date between ca. AD 550–950 (Bill, 2019). The custom of ship burial spread in Northern Europe during the Vendel Period ...
[53]
(PDF) Rescue excavation of a Vendel era boat-grave in Salme ...
Oct 8, 2014 · Seven men were buried in the smaller vessel (Salme I) and 34 in the larger one (Salme II). In addition, weapons, gaming pieces, combs and ...
[54]
Studies on Anglo-Saxon and Vendel-period garnet jewellery within ...
Especially in Anglo-Saxon England and Vendel-period Sweden, garnet boomed throughout the whole 7th century on elaborate jewellery and weaponry in form of single ...
[55]
Vendels historia - Vendel-Tegelsmora församling - Svenska kyrkan
Enligt en legend invigdes den färdiga kyrkan år 1310. Den var då invändigt försedd med trätunnvalv. Under 1300-talet byggdes ett vapenhus och under samma ...Missing: RAÄ | Show results with:RAÄ<|control11|><|separator|>
[56]
Vendel Church, Örbyhus, Sweden - SpottingHistory
Some foundings are displayed in the church's gate building. The historical era is named as a Vendel period after foundings in Vendel area. Medieval churches in ...Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[57]
Vendel - Wikipedia
Vendel was the site of an ancient royal estate, part of Uppsala öd, a network of royal estates meant to provide income for the medieval Swedish kings. A large ...Archaeological research · References
[58]
Mural Painting, Vendel, 1451-1593
Mural Painting Vendel, Tierp, Parish church ; Extant · Murals of Old Testament scenes, scenes from the life of the Virgin, the Childhood of Christ, and saints in ...
[59]
File:Vendels kyrka - KMB - 16000200139626.jpg
Oct 8, 2024 · Kyrkans fasad mot söder. Detalj av koret efter restaureringen 1930. Depicted place, Sweden, Tierp Municipality, Vendel. Date, 1930. date QS:P571 ...
[60]
[PDF] Removal of Damaging Conservation Treatments on Mural Paintings
The paintings are one of the most interesting painting schemes in the area and the artist Johannes Iwan is one of the few medieval painters that are known by ...
[61]
Vendels kyrka - Vendel-Tegelsmora församling - Svenska kyrkan
Vendels kyrka är sedan den katolska tiden en Mariakyrka och vi har gjort om sakristian till en andaktsplats där Maria står i centrum. Sommartid är kyrkan en ...Missing: bebyggelseregistret | Show results with:bebyggelseregistret
[62]
https://www.academia.edu/37611113/The_royal_Viking_Age_ship_grave_from_Gokstad_in_Vestfold_eastern_Norway_and_its_links_to_falconry
[63]
(PDF) Dendrochronological dating of the Viking Age ship burials at ...
Aug 6, 2025 · The Oseberg grave is dated to 834 and contained the bodies of two women and a ship, was excavated in 1904 (Bonde and Christensen 1993; ...
[64]
The royal Viking Age ship grave from Gokstad in Vestfold, eastern ...
The Gokstad ship, measuring 23.5 m, dates back to AD 890 and was buried circa AD 895–903. · Excavation in 1880 revealed twelve horses, seven dogs, and two ...
[65]
[PDF] The Christianization of Scandinavia - UCL Discovery
The aim of this thesis is to examine the Christianization of Scandinavia, focusing on the methods of conversion employed by secular rulers and clerics.
[66]
Handling bodies and objects in pagan and Christian Scandinavia ad ...
Aug 5, 2025 · The article discusses aspects of changing relationships between the living and the dead in Scandinavia in the Viking Age (800 – 1050AD) and ...
[67]
to Viking Period at Korshamn, Birka (Uppland/S) - Academia.edu
The establishment of the manor has been dated to the Vendel period, and it has been interpreted as a royal estate. There are indications of even earlier ...
[68]
(PDF) The gold foil figures within the imagery of the Vendel Period ...
The gold foil figures' pictorial motifs are special, though: in contrast to the scenic depictions, there are no weapons. The scenic images on the helmets can ...Missing: boar | Show results with:boar
[69]
Kingdoms of Northern Europe - Sweden (Swedes) - The History Files
Today, there is a burial mound at Husby in Uppland in Sweden that is traditionally known as Ottarshögen and which is linked to Ohthere. The area is very close ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[70]
Visar träffar för: “Vendel” | Arkivsök
Träfflista i Riksantikvarieämbetets söktjänst Arkivsök för sökningen: socken=Vendel.
[71]
Historic Environment Act (1988:950) - Riksantikvarieämbetet
Oct 1, 2019 · This Act contains provisions on place-names, ancient monuments and remains, listed buildings and ecclesiastical cultural heritage.<|control11|><|separator|>
[72]
Vendeltidsmuseet [Vendel visitor centre] Museum
Jun 1, 2025 · This small museum and information center was set up for visitors to the village and its archaeological past. Fifteen boat graves, created ...
[73]
The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the ...
Jan 5, 2023 · Vendel. The boat-grave cemetery at Vendel in northern Uppland (Sweden) was discovered by accident in 1881. It was only visible through ...
[74]
Crossing the Maelstrom: New Departures in Viking Archaeology
May 15, 2021 · This paper reviews the achievements and challenges of archaeological research on Viking Age northern Europe and explores potential avenues for future research.
[75]
Echoes of the Past: Women, Memories and Disc-on-Bow Brooches ...
Aug 14, 2020 · This article examines the development, handling, and depositions of disc-on-bow brooches from the sixth to tenth centuries ad in the Vendel and Viking periods.
[76]
(PDF) Crossing the Maelstrom: New Departures in Viking Archaeology
Aug 6, 2025 · This paper reviews the achievements and challenges of archaeological research on Viking Age northern Europe and explores potential avenues for future research.
[77]
[PDF] a small scale, high resolution magnetic survey at the ... - DiVA portal
Sep 15, 2016 · Among the Swedish archaeophysical surveys are the one in the Vendel ... Geophysical methods applied to two archaeological sites, Skane,. Sweden.
[78]
The Gold Room - Stockholm - Historiska museet
Discover the Swedish History Museum's treasury: unique gold collars, Viking Age silver jewellery, and medieval reliquaries with precious stones.