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Weevil

Weevils are beetles belonging to the superfamily Curculionoidea, characterized by a head prolonged forward into an elongated snout (rostrum) that bears the mouthparts at its tip, with antennae typically elbowed and clubbed.^[1] This superfamily encompasses one of the most species-rich clades within the order Coleoptera, with approximately 62,000 described species distributed across about 5,800 genera.^[2] The taxonomy of weevils includes eight extant families: Cimberididae, Nemonychidae, Anthribidae, Belidae, Attelabidae, Caridae, Brentidae, and the highly diverse Curculionidae, which alone accounts for the majority of species.^[2] These insects are predominantly phytophagous, feeding on plant tissues as both larvae and adults, with early-diverging families like Nemonychidae and Belidae often associated with gymnosperms, while more derived groups such as Brentidae and Curculionidae exploit angiosperms—a diversification pattern linked to the radiation of flowering plants.^[2] The rostrum serves as a key adaptation for precise feeding and oviposition into plant parts, enabling access to otherwise protected resources.^[2] Weevils exhibit global distribution and play significant ecological roles as herbivores, pollinators in some cases, and prey for various predators, but many species are economically important pests that inflict substantial damage to crops, stored grains, fruits, and timber.^[1] Notable examples include the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis), which devastated cotton production in the American South, and the red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), a major threat to palm plantations worldwide.^[3] Their larval stages, often legless and C-shaped, bore into plant material, leading to widespread agricultural losses estimated in billions annually.^[1]

Morphology and Physical Characteristics

General Body Structure

Weevils exhibit a wide range of body sizes, typically measuring from less than 1 mm to over 80 mm in length, though most species are under 6 mm.^[4] The overall body form is compact and often curved, with an elongate, cylindrical or oval shape that is parallel-sided or stout, providing a robust structure adapted for various terrestrial lifestyles. This morphology is divided into three main segments: the head, thorax, and abdomen, with the thorax bearing the legs and the hardened forewings known as elytra. The elytra are hardened and form a protective cover over the membranous hindwings and much of the abdomen, often fused along the suture and complete even in flightless individuals, leaving the pygidium exposed in some cases. The abdomen consists of 5–7 visible sternites, which are typically soft and flexible, allowing for expansion during feeding or reproduction. Legs are generally adapted for walking, with moderately long cursorial limbs, but in some species, such as jumping weevils in the genus Sitona, the hind legs are enlarged with strong metafemora and tibial structures that enable explosive jumps for escape. Most weevils possess functional hindwings and are capable of flight, facilitating dispersal, though flightless or brachypterous forms occur in isolated habitats like islands or high altitudes, where elytra may be fused to prevent wing deployment. Coloration in weevils varies from dull browns and blacks for camouflage to metallic sheens or patterned scales, often covering the body surface and providing protection against predators through mimicry or blending with plant material. The body is defined by a prominent rostrum extending from the head, a key feature distinguishing weevils from other beetles.

The Rostrum and Head

The rostrum of weevils (superfamily Curculionoidea) is a distinctive, elongated snout-like projection that forms an extension of the head capsule, typically cylindrical and curved, housing the mouthparts at its distal apex. This structure primarily functions to position the mouthparts for precise insertion into plant tissues during feeding and egg-laying, enabling weevils to access otherwise inaccessible resources. Internally, the rostrum is hollow and contains the reduced chewing mouthparts, including the labrum, paired mandibles for grinding plant material, maxillae (comprising cardo, stipe, galea, lacinia, and palpi), and labium with its palpus, all adapted for phytophagous lifestyles.^[5]^[6]^[7] Rostrum length exhibits considerable variation relative to body size across weevil taxa, ranging from short and compact in more primitive forms—such as those in the subfamily Nanophyinae, where it barely exceeds the head width—to extremely elongated structures that can surpass the body length. For instance, in the New Zealand giraffe weevil (Lasiorhynchus barbicornis), the male rostrum can measure up to 45 mm, comprising nearly half of a total body length of approximately 90 mm, representing an extreme adaptation in the Brentidae family. These variations reflect underlying differences in internal sclerites and musculature, with longer rostra often featuring extended tendons that operate the mouthparts from within the head capsule.^[7] Sensory structures on the weevil head are closely associated with the rostrum, particularly the antennae, which are inserted into lateral grooves (scrobes) near its base for protection when the rostrum is in use. Weevil antennae are typically geniculate, featuring an elbowed joint between the scape and funicle, and culminate in a compact, clubbed apex bearing numerous sensilla for chemoreception. These antennal clubs detect volatile pheromones and host plant cues, aiding in orientation and mate location through olfactory signals. The compound eyes are typically positioned laterally on the head, behind the antennal insertions.^[7]^[8] The rostrum's evolutionary origin traces to modifications of the ancestral beetle head sclerites, representing a key innovation that facilitated the transition to specialized phytophagy by allowing weevils to exploit diverse plant parts. This adaptation likely co-evolved with the radiation of angiosperms during the Cretaceous, enabling the superfamily's diversification into approximately 62,000 described species through enhanced feeding and oviposition capabilities.^[9]^[10]^[2]

Sexual Dimorphism

Sexual dimorphism in weevils manifests primarily in differences in rostrum length and body size, with variations depending on the species and subfamily. In many true weevils (Curculionidae), females typically possess longer and smoother rostrums compared to males, facilitating precise insertion of eggs into plant tissues during oviposition. For instance, in the red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, Rhynchophorinae), female rostrums measure approximately 9.68 mm on average, significantly longer than the 8.21 mm in males, which aids in boring into palm trunks for egg placement.^[11] This pattern is adaptive, as the elongated female rostrum enhances efficiency in host plant penetration, a sex-specific role critical for reproductive success.^[12] Body size dimorphism also occurs, though the direction varies across species. In some cases, females are larger overall, correlating with their reproductive demands, while in others, males exhibit greater size for competitive interactions. A notable example is the New Zealand giraffe weevil (Lasiorhynchus barbicornis), where males reach up to 90 mm in length—nearly double the 50 mm maximum for females—enabling them to wield their extended rostrum in territorial fights and mate guarding.^[13] This male-biased size dimorphism supports aggressive behaviors in mate competition, contrasting with the female-biased patterns in species like Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, where females exceed males in total body dimensions.^[14] Additional traits include variations in antennal structure and leg robustness, particularly in genera like Anthonomus. In the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis), females have longer, smoother rostrums, while males possess shorter, more pitted ones; antennal differences may involve subtle variations in scape length or funicle segmentation, aiding sex-specific sensory functions.^[15] Leg dimorphism appears in related species, such as the strawberry blossom weevil (Anthonomus rubi), where males feature a distinctive thorn-like seta on the inner coxae of the middle legs, potentially enhancing grasp during mating.^[16] These traits underscore adaptive roles: robust male legs may support territorial defense, while female antennal refinements could improve host detection for oviposition.^[17] Such dimorphism is rarer and less pronounced in primitive weevils (e.g., basal Curculionoidea families like Brentidae) compared to its prevalence in true weevils (Curculionidae), where evolutionary pressures from diverse host interactions have amplified sex-specific morphologies. In primitive groups, dimorphism often limited to subtle jaw or rostrum differences, whereas in true weevils, it frequently involves exaggerated rostrum elongation in females for ecological niche exploitation.^[18] This contrast highlights how advanced weevil lineages have evolved pronounced physical divergences to optimize sex-specific survival and reproductive strategies.

Taxonomy and Classification

Phylogenetic History

Weevils belong to the superfamily Curculionoidea within the order Coleoptera, encompassing approximately 62,000 described species across eight families, making it one of the most species-rich superfamilies of beetles.^[2] This placement reflects their shared derived traits with other cucujiform beetles, such as compact body form and phytophagous habits, though weevils are distinguished by their elongated rostrum. The superfamily's monophyly is supported by morphological synapomorphies like the geniculate antennae and modified mouthparts, as established in early classifications. The fossil record of Curculionoidea dates back to the Middle-Late Jurassic, with the oldest known specimens, such as those from the Jiulongshan Formation in China (approximately 165 million years ago), indicating an early divergence within Coleoptera. Diversification accelerated during the Cretaceous, coinciding with the rise of angiosperms, as evidenced by amber inclusions from Myanmar showing weevils associated with early flowering plants around 100 million years ago. These fossils reveal a gradual evolution from primitive forms feeding on gymnosperms to more specialized lineages exploiting diverse plant hosts, with over 300 Mesozoic species described to date.^[19]^[20] Weevils are traditionally divided into primitive weevils (Orthoceri), characterized by straight antennae inserted near the base of the rostrum (exemplified by families like Nemonychidae), and true weevils (Gonatoceri), with elbowed antennae inserted more apically (including the diverse Curculionidae). This dichotomy, based on rostrum and antennal morphology, highlights an evolutionary progression from generalized feeders to highly specialized forms. Key phylogenetic studies have refined this framework: Kuschel's 1995 classification provided a foundational morphology-based phylogeny recognizing 22 families; Marvaldi et al.'s 2002 molecular analysis integrated host-plant associations to resolve higher-level relationships; and recent phylogenomic work, such as Zhang et al. (2023), has updated superfamily boundaries using extensive genomic data, confirming the monophyly of major clades while adjusting subfamilial limits.^[2] Within Coleoptera, Curculionoidea's closest relatives are other phytophagous superfamilies like Chrysomeloidea and Tenebrionoidea, sharing a common ancestor in the Jurassic. Notably, eusociality—a rare trait in beetles—has evolved independently in at least one curculionoid lineage, the ambrosia beetle Austroplatypus incompertus (Platypodinae), where colonies exhibit caste differentiation and cooperative brood care, diverging from the typical solitary habits of weevils. This exception underscores the superfamily's adaptability in social and ecological contexts.^[21]

Families and Diversity

The superfamily Curculionoidea encompasses approximately 62,000 described species worldwide, representing one of the most diverse groups of beetles, with estimates suggesting a total of around 220,000 species when accounting for undescribed taxa.^[22] The family Curculionidae, known as the true weevils, dominates this diversity, comprising about 51,000 species or roughly 85% of all described weevils, organized into numerous subfamilies including the bark beetles of Scolytinae.^[23] Recent taxonomic revisions, such as the elevation of Cimberididae to family status in 2017 based on phylogenomic analyses, have refined the classification of this superfamily into eight extant families. Primitive weevil families, often characterized by more generalized morphologies and associations with ancient plant lineages like gymnosperms, include Nemonychidae, Anthribidae, Belidae, Caridae, Attelabidae, and Brentidae. Nemonychidae, with around 100 species, feature a long, cylindrical rostrum and simple antennal clubs, typically lacking a pygidium. Anthribidae, known as furniture or fungus weevils, comprise about 3,000 species distinguished by a deep rostral pleurostomal sinus, a bell-shaped pronotum, and often hairy bodies adapted for fungal interactions. Belidae, totaling roughly 400 species, exhibit robust, cylindrical bodies with free ventrites and enlarged tarsomere 1, reflecting their primitive status and ties to cycads or primitive angiosperms. Caridae, a small family with fewer than 10 species, possess short rostra and straight antennae, confined largely to southern continents. Attelabidae, including leaf-rolling weevils with about 2,200 species, are noted for their short rostra, distinct elytral striae, and behaviors like leaf manipulation, with subfamilies such as Rhynchitidae showing divergent tarsal claws. Brentidae, encompassing around 1,700 species, are identified by straight antennae inserted along the rostrum sides, elongate slender bodies, and ventrites in distinct planes, often inhabiting dead wood in tropical regions.^[24]^[2] The true weevils of Curculionidae exhibit geniculate (elbowed) antennae housed in scrobes and a geniculate rostrum, enabling precise host plant interactions across diverse subfamilies like the wood-boring Scolytinae (bark beetles, over 6,000 species) and the seed-feeding Dryophthorinae. Cimberididae, newly recognized with about 20 species of palynophagous pine cone weevils, features specialized mouthparts for pollen feeding and a basal position in phylogenies, highlighting ongoing refinements in weevil taxonomy.^[25]^[2] Despite extensive study, significant gaps persist in weevil taxonomy, with over 200,000 species likely undescribed, particularly in tropical hotspots like rainforests where sampling remains limited and molecular tools are increasingly revealing cryptic diversity.^[22]

Biology and Life History

Life Cycle

Weevils undergo complete, or holometabolous, metamorphosis, consisting of four distinct life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.^[26] This developmental pattern allows for significant morphological changes between immature and mature forms, with the larval stage often being the longest and most variable in duration.^[27] The egg stage typically lasts 3 to 10 days, depending on species and environmental conditions such as temperature.^[26] Eggs are usually laid singly within plant tissues, and hatching produces small, legless larvae. The larval stage is characterized by C-shaped, white-bodied grubs that feed internally on plant material; this phase can extend from 2 weeks to 12 months or more, influenced by temperature, food availability, and species-specific traits.^[26] For instance, in stored-grain weevils like Sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil), the larval period typically ranges from 15 to 35 days under varying conditions.^[28]^[26] Larvae develop through multiple instars (typically four) within protected habitats such as seeds, stems, roots, or bolls; the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) exemplifies this, with larvae boring into cotton bolls for 7 to 14 days.^[29] Following the larval stage, pupation occurs in a chamber formed within the host plant or a silken cocoon, lasting 5 to 20 days.^[26] The pupa is non-feeding and immobile, resembling a miniaturized adult form, and environmental factors like temperature accelerate or prolong this transformation.^[26] Adults emerge fully formed, with a snout (rostrum) and functional wings in many species, and can live from several months to about a year, though longevity varies by species and climate—tropical weevils often produce multiple generations annually, up to 6 or 7 in warm regions.^[30]^[29] In temperate species, such as grain weevils in the genus Sitophilus, diapause commonly interrupts development, with larvae overwintering dormant within grains to survive cold periods.^[31] This adaptation allows populations to persist through unfavorable seasons, resuming growth in spring.^[31] Overall, the full life cycle from egg to adult spans 1 month to over a year, modulated by external influences like temperature and host quality.^[26]

Reproduction and Development

Weevils typically engage in mating behaviors mediated by chemical signals, such as sex pheromones or aggregation pheromones produced by males to attract both sexes. In the raspberry weevil (Byctiscus betulae), cuticular lipids serve as contact pheromones that facilitate mate recognition and copulation.^[32] In species exhibiting physical contests, such as the giraffe weevil (Lasiorhynchus barbicornis), males use their elongated rostrum as a lever to flip and dislodge rivals during fights for access to females, with larger males achieving higher mating success.^[33]^[34] Fertilization in weevils is internal, occurring via sperm transfer during copulation, with females storing sperm in a specialized organ called the spermatheca for later use in egg fertilization.^[35] Parthenogenesis, a form of asexual reproduction where females produce offspring without fertilization, is rare but documented in certain genera, including Otiorhynchus species like the black vine weevil (O. sulcatus), which are all-female and polyploid.^[36]^[37] Following mating or parthenogenetic development, female weevils deposit eggs through oviposition, often using their rostrum to chew cavities in host plant tissues or seeds. In the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), females bore into grain kernels and lay up to 400 eggs over their lifetime, sealing each egg within the substrate.^[38]^[39] Post-embryonic development in weevils is regulated by hormonal mechanisms, particularly juvenile hormone (JH), which promotes larval growth and prevents premature metamorphosis. In the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis), disruption of JH metabolism via RNAi leads to interrupted larval-pupal transitions, highlighting its essential role in coordinating instar progression and tissue development.^[40] In grain weevils (Sitophilus spp.), JH analogs influence ecdysis and overall developmental timing.^[41] Parental care in most weevils is minimal, with adults providing little protection after oviposition. However, in the eusocial ambrosia beetle Austroplatypus incompertus, colonies feature cooperative brood care, including egg and larval guarding by non-reproductive workers to enhance offspring survival within galleries.

Ecology and Distribution

Habitats and Global Distribution

Weevils, belonging to the superfamily Curculionoidea, exhibit a cosmopolitan distribution, with over 62,000 described species occurring on all continents except Antarctica. This global presence underscores their adaptability as one of the most species-rich groups of beetles, with the highest diversity concentrated in tropical regions, particularly the rainforests of Southeast Asia and South America, where complex ecosystems support elevated speciation rates.^[42]^[43]^[44] Weevils predominantly occupy terrestrial habitats, spanning diverse environments from humid forests and expansive grasslands to dry deserts and agricultural fields. While most species are ground- or plant-dwelling, some have specialized in aquatic settings, such as the milfoil weevil (Euhrychiopsis lecontei) in freshwater systems, and others in subterranean or leaf litter niches, exemplified by certain Brentidae species that thrive amid decaying vegetation. Their altitudinal distribution extends from sea level to elevations over 3,000 meters in mountain ranges like the Rockies, with notable endemics including flightless weevils of the genus Rhyncogonus on isolated islands such as Hawaii.^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48] Dispersal mechanisms among weevils include active flight in many winged species, jumping behaviors in ground-adapted forms, and passive human-mediated transport, which has enabled invasions like that of the red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) across Europe via international trade. Weevils show broad climatic tolerance, enduring temperatures from approximately -10°C in cold-adapted sub-Antarctic taxa to 40°C or higher in tropical ones, reflecting physiological resilience across biomes. Ongoing global warming is driving distributional shifts, with predictive models indicating poleward expansions for temperate species such as the vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus).^[49]^[50]

Feeding Habits and Diet

Weevils, belonging to the superfamily Curculionoidea, are predominantly phytophagous, with both adults and larvae relying on plant material for sustenance. Adult weevils typically feed externally by chewing on leaves, flowers, bark, or pollen using their elongated rostrum to pierce and manipulate tissues.^[51] Larvae, in contrast, are internal feeders that bore into seeds, stems, roots, or other plant structures, consuming the softer internal tissues as they develop.^[52] Host plant specificity among weevils varies widely, ranging from monophagous species that feed on a single plant type to polyphagous ones capable of utilizing multiple hosts. For instance, the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) is largely monophagous, targeting cotton (Gossypium spp.) for both feeding and oviposition, which restricts its dietary range but enhances adaptation to that host.^[53] In contrast, the vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) is highly polyphagous, feeding on over 150 plant species across various families, including ornamentals and crops, allowing broader ecological flexibility.^[54] Weevils exhibit diverse feeding strategies tailored to specific plant parts and defenses, often reflecting subfamily specializations. In the Attelabidae (leaf-rolling weevils), adults roll leaves into protective cases for egg-laying and larval development, where larvae feed internally on the enclosed foliage, reducing exposure to predators.^[55] Wood-boring occurs in the Scolytinae (bark beetles), with adults and larvae excavating galleries under bark to feed on phloem and xylem, facilitating nutrient extraction from woody tissues.^[56] Nutritional adaptations in weevils include symbiotic gut microbes that enhance digestion of recalcitrant plant compounds. These microorganisms, such as bacteria in the genera Enterobacter and Serratia, aid in breaking down cellulose and other polysaccharides in root-feeding or wood-boring species, improving nutrient assimilation from low-quality diets.^[57] Some adult weevils supplement their herbivorous diet with pollen, which provides proteins and lipids; for example, certain Curculionidae species actively collect pollen from flowers to support reproduction.^[58] Feeding behaviors differ markedly between life stages, with adults engaging in external, selective grazing and larvae adopting concealed, destructive internal feeding. In species like Ceutorhynchus litura, adults chew externally on foliage, while larvae mine stems and induce gall formation, where they feed on the proliferating plant tissues induced by their presence.^[59] This stage-specific partitioning minimizes competition and optimizes resource use within the host plant.^[60]

Economic and Ecological Significance

As Agricultural Pests

Weevils represent one of the most significant groups of agricultural pests, inflicting substantial damage to crops, forestry resources, and stored products worldwide through their feeding and larval development within plant tissues.^[61] Species in the family Curculionidae, particularly those targeting staple crops like cotton and grains, have historically caused billions in economic losses by reducing yields and necessitating costly interventions.^[62] Their invasive potential, facilitated by global trade, exacerbates these impacts, leading to rapid establishment in new regions. A prominent example is the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis), which devastated the U.S. cotton industry after its introduction from Mexico in 1892, feeding on flower buds and bolls to cause severe yield reductions.^[63] Prior to eradication efforts, annual losses exceeded $300 million in crop damage and control costs across the Cotton Belt, prompting shifts in farming practices and regional economies.^[61] Eradication programs, initiated in the 1970s, successfully eliminated the pest from most U.S. states by the early 2000s using pheromones, sterile insects, and targeted insecticides, though it persists in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas with ongoing efforts as of 2025.^[64] In stored products, the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and granary weevil (S. granarius) are primary internal feeders that infest whole grains such as wheat, rice, and corn during storage, leading to weight loss, quality degradation, and mold proliferation globally.^[65] These pests develop entirely within kernels, rendering them difficult to detect until infestations are severe, and contribute to substantial post-harvest losses in stored grains worldwide.^[66] Their cosmopolitan distribution stems from contamination of traded commodities, making them persistent challenges in warehouses and silos.^[67] Forestry faces threats from species like the pine weevil (Hylobius abietis), which girdles and kills conifer saplings in reforestation sites across Europe, resulting in up to 70% seedling mortality in untreated areas.^[68] Adults emerge from stumps of felled trees to feed on bark and lay eggs at the base of young pines and spruces, disrupting regeneration efforts in managed forests.^[69] Economic impacts include millions in replanting costs, with annual damages exceeding $1 million in some regions due to the pest's preference for monoculture plantations.^[70] Invasion biology is exemplified by the red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), native to Southeast Asia but rapidly spreading to the Mediterranean via international trade in ornamentals and dates since the 1980s, now threatening palm groves in Spain, Italy, France, and beyond as of 2025. Larvae bore into trunks, causing structural collapse and killing mature trees, with outbreaks leading to significant economic losses in the millions for replacement and management costs.^[71] Its hidden larval stage delays detection, allowing populations to explode before interventions.^[72] Management of these pests is complicated by widespread insecticide resistance, as seen in boll weevils developing tolerance to organophosphates and pyrethroids by the mid-20th century, and similar patterns in stored-product weevils against phosphine fumigants.^[73] Pine weevils show emerging resistance to synthetic pyrethroids in Europe, while red palm weevils exhibit metabolic detoxification of common acaricides and insecticides.^[74] Consequently, integrated pest management (IPM) approaches are essential, combining cultural practices like sanitation and resistant varieties with biological controls, pheromones, and judicious chemical use to mitigate resistance and environmental risks.^[75] For instance, boll weevil eradication relied on area-wide IPM, reducing overall pesticide applications by over 90% in treated zones.^[76]

Beneficial Roles and Biological Control

Weevils play significant roles in biological control programs, particularly as agents against invasive weeds. For instance, the seedhead weevil Larinus minutus has been released in North America to target diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa), where it reduces seed production by feeding on flower heads and developing within seeds, destroying up to 100% of seeds in infested seedheads.^[77] Similarly, Larinus obtusus attacks spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe), contributing to long-term suppression when combined with other agents.^[78] In aquatic systems, Neochetina eichhorniae and Neochetina bruchi weevils have been deployed against water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Africa, where their feeding on leaves and petioles causes plant stress and fragmentation, achieving substantial reductions in weed coverage in Lake Victoria and other infested waters.^[79] These Neochetina species are host-specific, minimizing non-target impacts, and have been integral to integrated management since the 1990s.^[80] Certain weevils incidentally contribute to pollination, especially in tropical ecosystems where they visit flowers for feeding or oviposition. Specialized brood-site pollinators in the superfamily Curculionoidea, such as those in the genus Anchylorhynchus, transfer pollen while laying eggs in floral structures of palms and other plants, facilitating reproduction in species like Syagrus coronata.^[81] This mutualism is widespread, with hundreds of weevil species documented as key pollinators in brood-site interactions, enhancing fruit set by up to 50% in some host plants.^[82] Although not as efficient as bees, their role underscores weevils' ecological value beyond herbivory. Burrowing weevil species, including soil-dwelling larvae of vine weevils (Otiorhynchus sulcatus), contribute to soil aeration and structure in garden and natural settings. Their tunneling activity mixes soil layers, improving porosity and water infiltration, akin to other beneficial soil insects that enhance overall tilth.^[83] This process supports microbial activity and nutrient cycling, though benefits are often overshadowed by root-feeding damage in ornamental plants.^[83] High weevil diversity serves as an indicator of ecosystem health in entomological surveys. Leaf litter weevils in cloud forests, for example, exhibit high endemism and sensitivity to habitat disturbance, making them effective bioindicators for biodiversity assessments.^[43] Studies across biotope gradients show that stable weevil taxocoenoses correlate with ecological stability, with hygrophilous species signaling moist, undisturbed conditions.^[84] Weevils also provide models for research in eusociality and invasive dynamics. The ambrosia beetle Austroplatypus incompertus exhibits eusocial behavior, with cooperative brood care and division of labor in gallery systems, representing an ancient origin of such traits among Coleoptera.^[85] Genomic analyses reveal distinct lineages supporting this social structure, aiding studies on the evolution of parental care in insects. Additionally, weevil invasions, like those of Neochetina species, inform models of biocontrol efficacy and population spread in novel environments.^[86]

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[23]
Ploidy of the eusocial beetle Austroplatypus incompertus (Schedl ...
Jun 4, 2009 · We found that both males and females of A. incompertus are diploid, signifying that altruistic behaviour resulting from relatedness asymmetries did not play a ...Missing: weevil | Show results with:weevil
[24]
Weevils, weevils, weevils everywhere* | Zootaxa - Biotaxa
Kuschel, G. (1995) A phylogenetic classification of Curculionoidea to families and subfamilies. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 14, 5–33.<|control11|><|separator|>
[25]
Curculionidae) weevils with mitogenomes and insights into the ...
Mar 27, 2024 · Curculionidae is the largest family of Curculionoidea, comprised of approximately 4,600 genera and 51,000 species globally (Oberprieler 2014).<|control11|><|separator|>
[26]
[PDF] Annotated key to weevils of the world. Part 1. Families ...
Nov 15, 2017 · A key to the families of Curculionoidea is given. The keys to subfamilies, supertribes, tribes and subtribes of Nemonychidae, Anthribidae ...
[27]
Phylogenomics of palynophagous ... - European Journal of Entomology
The beetle family Cimberididae (pine cone weevils) consists of one extant subfamily, Cimberidinae, and two tribes, Cimberidini and Doydirhynchini, ...
[28]
Chapter 7 Pests Of Stored Food Products - UCR Entomology
The eggs hatch in a few days, and the larvae feed on the interiors of the kernels, hollowing them out. There are 4 larval instars, and the developmental period ...
[29]
[PDF] 2 Biology, Behavior, and Ecology of Stored Grain and Legume Insects
A 3-degree increase in temperature (25 to 28°C) (77 to 82.4°F) results in a 17-day increase in larval development. Larvae are white and c-shaped. They have four ...
[30]
Boll Weevil - Field Guide to Common Texas Insects
Larvae hatch in 2 ½ to 5 days, and larvae feed for 7 to 14 days and develop through several stages (instars) before pupating. Adults emerge in 4 to 6 days and ...
[31]
Weevils on Stored Grain - Penn State Extension
Apr 14, 2023 · A minimum of thirty days is required for passing through the egg, larval and pupal stages. ... All three weevils develop as larvae within the ...
[32]
Sweetpotato Weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius) (Insecta: Coleoptera
The adult measures 5.5 to 8.0 mm in length. Under laboratory conditions at 15°C (59°F), adults can live over 200 days if provided with food and about 30 days if ...
[33]
[PDF] Stored-Grain Insect Reference - Agricultural Marketing Service
Maize weevil: Left, eggs; center, larva; right, pupa. ... In the North, it survives the winter mainly in the larval form in kernels of grain in storage or in.
[34]
Evidence of contact pheromone use in mating behavior of ... - PubMed
These results suggest that cuticular lipids mediate mating behavior of the raspberry weevil and provide the first evidence of contact pheromones in curculionids ...
[35]
Exaggerated rostra as weapons and the competitive assessment ...
Aug 9, 2025 · This study focused on the escalating fighting behavior and competitive assessment strategy of the New Zealand giraffe weevil (Lasiorhynchus ...
[36]
Social selection is density dependent but makes little contribution to ...
Jun 2, 2021 · Male-biased sexual size dimorphism and sex ratio in the New Zealand giraffe weevil, Lasiorhynchus barbicornis (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera ...
[37]
Systematics of Sitonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae), with ...
Aug 6, 2025 · The spermatheca consists of a sperm duct, a receptacle, and a gland ... The gross morphology of the soft parts of the male and female internal ...
[38]
Karyology of parthenogenetic weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)
The adoption of parthenogenetic reproduction by weevils is accompanied by a change in the mechanism of meiosis. Because there is no gene recombination, the ...
[39]
Otiorhynchus sulcatus, an autopolyploid general-purpose genotype ...
The weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus is a pest species that has spread rapidly ... Parthenogenesis; Phylogeny; Triploidy; United Kingdom; United States; Weevils ...
[40]
[PDF] Stored rice varietal resistance towards Sitophilus oryzae
Dec 3, 2022 · Adult females bore holes into kernels to oviposit an egg within, laying as many as 400 eggs in their lifetime (USDA, 2016). Once hatched, S.
[41]
Microstructure and mechanical properties of rostrum in ... - NIH
Its rostrum is an extension of the head of weevils and is often used to bore holes for oviposition (the process of laying eggs) in the host plant tissue (Andrew ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[42]
Simultaneous silencing of juvenile hormone metabolism genes ...
Mar 6, 2023 · Simultaneous silencing of juvenile hormone metabolism genes through RNAi interrupts metamorphosis in the cotton boll weevil. Front Mol Biosci ...
[43]
Metabolism of a synthetic juvenile hormone (JH-I) in two strains of ...
The metabolism of topically applied 14-C juvenile hormone (JH-I) was compared in adult insecticide-susceptible and pyrethrin-resistant grain weevils, Sitophilus ...
[44]
Phylogenomics illuminates the phylogeny of flower weevils ... - NIH
Oct 11, 2023 · With more than 62 000 known species, weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) comprise the most species-rich radiation of phytophagous beetles [9].
[45]
Diversity and Spatial Distribution of Weevils (Coleoptera ...
In total, 2,102 individuals and 57 species of Curculionidae were collected and identified, of which >90% represented undescribed species. Total weevil densities ...
[46]
Status of knowledge of the broad-nosed weevils of Colombia ...
Dec 30, 2020 · There are eight tribes, 50 genera and 224 entimine species recorded from Colombia: seven genera and 142 species are considered endemic.
[47]
Milfoil weevil | Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center ...
The milfoil weevil (Euhrychiopsis lecontei) is a small, herbivorous aquatic beetle, belonging to the family Curculionidae, that is native to North America.Missing: subterranean | Show results with:subterranean
[48]
Anthribidae, Brentidae, Dryophthoridae, Brachyceridae, and ...
Adults were collected along the margin of a beaver pond by treading marsh vegetation. Others were found under leaf litter on the margin of a slow flowing river.
[49]
Presence of the Exotic Weevil Rhinocyllus conicus Fröelich at High ...
Aug 6, 2025 · We examined the presence of the exotic weevil Rhinocyllus conicus Fröelich on native thistles at high elevations in the Rocky Mountains of ...
[50]
[PDF] Review of Rhyncogonus of the Hawaiian Islands - Bishop Museum
Aug 6, 2003 · These weevils are flightless, tend to be massive, and are less likely to be blown into the air stream than lighter flighted insects, thus ...
[51]
Thermal tolerance limits in six weevil species (Coleoptera ...
The adults of these weevil species are similar to other high southern latitude insects in that they are freeze tolerant, but with high lower lethal temperatures ...
[52]
Prediction of the spatial distribution of vine weevil under climate ...
Mar 6, 2025 · The vine weevil was predicted to be primarily distributed in North America and Europe, with the highest invasion risk in Far East Asia and northern India.
[53]
Evolution of host plant use and diversification in a species complex ...
Mar 20, 2019 · Using phylogenetic comparative analyses, here we investigate the evolution of host use and its possible role in diversification processes of ...
[54]
[PDF] Seed-Feeding Beetles (Bruchinae, Curculionidae, Brentidae)
Larval bruchines are seed predators, feeding in seeds and pupating in the seed or pod/cap- sule of their host. Species differ in the number of generations ...Missing: strategies leaf- rolling Attelabidae wood- boring
[55]
Curculionidae) - PMC - PubMed Central - NIH
Jul 15, 2022 · This study deals with the question of whether the apple blossom weevil shows specific host selection patterns for the apple species M.Missing: monophagous | Show results with:monophagous
[56]
a laboratory and field study with the vine weevil (Otiorhynchus ...
The adult weevil is highly polyphagous, feeding on over 150 different plant species ... weevil larvae can be affected by the host plant species. However, these ...
[57]
EENY-420/IN753: Leaf-Rolling Weevil, Homoeolabus analis (Illiger ...
The leaf-rolling weevils and rhynchitids are sometimes treated as subfamilies (Attelabinae and Rhynchitinae) within the family Attelabidae (Arnett 2000), but ...Missing: strategies seed Bruchinae boring
[58]
control rice weevil: Topics by Science.gov
Based on our models, weevil seed predation reduced population growth ... The origin and relationship between certain wood boring weevil taxa has been ...<|separator|>
[59]
Gut bacteria of weevils developing on plant roots under extreme ...
Dec 30, 2019 · This study highlights the potential involvement of gut bacteria in the adaptation of insects to nutritional deficiencies under extreme desert ...Missing: pollen- | Show results with:pollen-
[60]
Curculionidae - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Following the weevils' introduction, large mats of Salvinia molesta are typically reduced to sparse plants around the margins of water ways, interspersed with ...
[61]
[PDF] Colorado Department of Agriculture - Bugwoodcloud.org
A weevil, ceutorhynchus litura, is a predator of Canada thistle. The weevil adults feed on the plant externally while the larvae mine the leaves and stems.
[62]
Trophic Interactions of Ceutorhynchinae spp. (Coleoptera - MDPI
This study aimed to establish trophic associations of Ceutorhynchus with their host plants and with their parasitoids in the agricultural landscape.<|control11|><|separator|>
[63]
Publication : USDA ARS
Sep 1, 2009 · U.S. ... boll weevil, a major cotton pest responsible for an estimated $300 million in annual crop losses, are still ongoing in Texas and Mexico.
[64]
Mississippi Boll Weevil Management Corporation
Current estimates place the loss at approximately $300 million annually. In 1958 the National Cotton Council passed a resolution addressing the economic ...
[65]
We Don't Cotton to Boll Weevil 'Round Here Anymore
For more than 100 years, boll weevils wreaked havoc on the U.S. cotton industry. ... Over the years, estimates of yield losses and control costs due to the boll ...
[66]
Boll weevil eradication most successful pest insect elimination ...
Sep 13, 2023 · By the 1960s, boll weevils were showing widespread resistance to a range of pesticides due to heavy spray regimens. Frisbie said it was common ...
[67]
Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
The larval rice weevil must complete its development inside a seed ... The larvae feed inside the grain kernel for an average of 18 days. The pupa ...Missing: granarius | Show results with:granarius
[68]
Advances in Environmentally Friendly Techniques and Circular ...
Jan 22, 2023 · ... life stages of the insect, with the larvae being the most destructive stage. ... It has been shown that mature larval instars of grain weevils ...
[69]
Forest management practices in reduction of damage caused by ...
Pine weevil is one of the main forest pests in Europe that damage regenerated coniferous stands. Damage caused by this pest can produce 70% mortality of planted ...
[70]
A major forest insect pest, the pine weevil Hylobius abietis, is more ...
The pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) is a major forest regeneration pest causing high levels of seedling mortality and economic losses.
[71]
[PDF] Hylobius abietis | CAPS
Hylobius abietis can be an economically important pest of young conifer plantations in. Europe and Asia, causing more than $1 million in damage annually ( ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[72]
[PDF] Red Palm Weevil: Guidelines on management practices
Red palm weevil is one of the world's most invasive pests of palms. It is native to. Southeast Asia and has spread through the Arabian Gulf and the ...
[73]
Omics in the Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier ...
The resulting economic and biodiversity losses caused by invasive populations of the RPW gave it a major pest status, and now governments, companies, and ...
[74]
Insights into insecticide-resistance mechanisms in invasive species
This ranges from multiple years per life cycle, as in the case of large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) (Inward et al., 2012), to numerous life cycles per year ...
[75]
[PDF] Review on the management of red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ...
Dec 30, 2015 · A review of the available control methodologies suggests that R. ferrugineus can be managed by deploying an Integrated Pest. Management (IPM) ...
[76]
Integrated Pest Management for Cotton in the Western United States
Current pesticide resistance information; New sections on cotton aphid and silverleaf whitefly; Revised information on pink bollworm and boll weevil; New ...Missing: insecticide | Show results with:insecticide
[77]
[PDF] Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States
Insects Released in the United States for Biological Control of Spotted Knapweed ... Larinus obtusus Gyll. (Col: Curculionidae), a Candidate for Biological ...
[78]
Mottled Water Hyacinth Weevil Neochetina eichhorniae Warner ...
Jan 5, 2021 · Neochetina eichhorniae is host specific and causes substantial damage to water hyacinth, making it a valuable biological control agent for this invasive weed.
[79]
Water turbidity affects the establishment of Neochetina eichhorniae ...
Nov 15, 2023 · Water hyacinth is the target of nine biological control agents in South Africa including Neochetina eichhorniae (Warner) and Neochetina ...
[80]
A visual pollination mechanism of a new specialized pollinating ...
Aug 16, 2024 · Based on our evidence that most pollination is performed by the pollinating weevils, these insects increase the initial fruit set of plants by ...
[81]
Curculionoidea) are ubiquitous specialized brood-site pollinators of ...
May 25, 2023 · Most diverse, most neglected: weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) are ubiquitous specialized brood-site pollinators of tropical flora · [1] Adam ...
[82]
Role of Beneficial Insects in Agricultural Ecosystems Soil-Dwelling ...
Dec 15, 2024 · Their activities significantly improve soil structure, fertility, and water retention, creating an environment conducive to healthy crop growth.
[83]
weevils (coleoptera: curculionoidea) as bioindicators of the biotope ...
Dec 22, 2021 · Altogether, 174 weevil species were recorded. Taxocoenoses on all four sites showed a different relation to the humidity level. Hygrophilous ...
[84]
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357241349_WEEVILS_COLEOPTERA_CURCULIONOIDEA_AS_BIOINDICATORS_OF_THE_BIOTOPE_ECOLOGICAL_STABILITY
[85]
Into the weeds: Matching importation history to genetic ...
Here, we examined the genetic diversity in and among populations of two widespread biological control agents of water hyacinth, the weevils: N. bruchi and N ...