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Wide Angle Search for Planets

The Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) is an international astronomical collaboration dedicated to discovering exoplanets through the transit method, utilizing robotic observatories equipped with wide-angle cameras to monitor millions of stars simultaneously for periodic dips in brightness indicative of planetary transits.^[1]^[2] Established as a consortium of UK universities including Keele, Warwick, and St Andrews, along with international partners such as the University of Geneva and the South African Astronomical Observatory, WASP operates two primary facilities: SuperWASP-North at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos on La Palma, Canary Islands (operational since 2006), and WASP-South at the South African Astronomical Observatory (operational since 2006).^[1]^[3] Each observatory features eight wide-field cameras with 200 mm f/1.8 lenses and 2048×2048 CCD detectors, providing a field of view of approximately 7.8° × 7.8° per camera and enabling near-continuous coverage of the entire sky visible from each site.^[2]^[3] The project's data pipeline, developed by institutions like Queen's University Belfast and Keele University, processes vast datasets—over 430 billion photometric measurements of around 30 million stars—to identify transit candidates, which are then followed up using radial velocity spectrographs such as CORALIE and SOPHIE to confirm planetary masses and orbits.^[1]^[3] WASP has proven to be the most prolific ground-based exoplanet transit survey, with confirmed discoveries exceeding 150 planets, including notable hot Jupiters like WASP-1b (the first from the project, announced in 2006) and more recent finds such as WASP-121b, a "super-hot" Jupiter studied for its atmospheric dynamics.^[1]^[4] Beyond detection, WASP contributes to broader exoplanet research by releasing public archives of light curves and images, facilitating studies on stellar variability, eclipsing binaries, and short-period variables, while its wide-field approach has advanced techniques in automated photometry and candidate validation essential for next-generation surveys like TESS and PLATO.^[3]^[2]

Overview and History

Project Overview

The Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) is an international ground-based exoplanet survey that utilizes the transit method to detect planets orbiting stars with visual magnitudes between 7 and 13, covering the entire sky through observations from both the Northern and Southern hemispheres.^[3]^[1] Operational since 2004, the project employs wide-field imaging to monitor millions of stars simultaneously each night, building extensive light curves to identify potential transiting exoplanets.^[3]^[5] The primary objective of WASP is to identify transiting exoplanets suitable for detailed follow-up characterization, particularly those around bright stars that enable high-precision radial velocity measurements and atmospheric studies.^[1] As of 2025, the survey has led to the discovery of nearly 200 confirmed exoplanets, predominantly hot Jupiters—gas giants in close orbits around their host stars.^[6] These findings contribute significantly to understanding exoplanet demographics and formation mechanisms.^[6] The transit detection principle relies on observing periodic dimming of a star's light as a planet passes in front of it, allowing initial candidate identification before confirmation via complementary techniques.^[1] Through its automated pipeline and collaborative network, WASP continues to provide a robust dataset for advancing exoplanet science.^[3]

Historical Development

The Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) project originated in 1999 through a collaboration between Queen's University Belfast and the University of St Andrews, aimed at developing a wide-field survey to detect transiting exoplanets. The initial prototype, WASP0, was constructed by Don Pollacco using off-the-shelf Comet Cam CCD technology and deployed for testing in 2000 at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos on La Palma, Canary Islands. This system, with its 9-degree field of view, successfully detected the known transit of HD 209458b, confirming the viability of the ground-based wide-angle approach for exoplanet searches.^[7] Following the prototype's success, the collaboration expanded in 2000 to include the Universities of Cambridge and Leicester, securing funding from the UK's Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC) for an upgraded system called WASP1. By 2002, Queen's University Belfast obtained additional funding for SuperWASP, an enhanced array initially comprising four cameras (later expanded to eight), optimized for brighter stars and deployed at La Palma. In 2003, Keele University joined the effort, obtaining £400,000 to establish WASP-South at the South African Astronomical Observatory site, with St Andrews funding matching camera arrays for both observatories. SuperWASP-North began partial operations in 2004 with five cameras but required an overhaul in 2005 due to initial technical issues, achieving full robotic functionality in 2006 alongside WASP-South, each equipped with eight cameras.^[7] The project's first exoplanet detections occurred in 2004 using early SuperWASP-North data, but formal announcements came on September 26, 2006, with the confirmation of WASP-1b and WASP-2b—two hot Jupiter planets orbiting F7V and K1V stars, respectively, with periods of 2.52 and 2.15 days. These discoveries, validated through radial velocity follow-up with the SOPHIE spectrograph, represented the first results from a dedicated wide-field ground-based transit survey. In 2007, the project announced WASP-3b, WASP-4b, and WASP-5b, further hot Jupiters transiting moderately bright stars, which were highlighted as among the year's top scientific breakthroughs by the journal Science.^[8]^[7] A pivotal milestone arrived in 2009 with WASP-17b, an ultra-low-density planet (approximately 1.6 Saturn masses but 1.5–2 Jupiter radii) in a 3.7-day orbit around an F6 star, confirmed to have a retrograde orbit via Rossiter-McLaughlin effect measurements—the first such detection for an exoplanet. This finding offered key evidence on dynamical interactions in planetary systems. By 2011, WASP had confirmed dozens of transiting exoplanets, expanding to over 100 by 2013 and reaching 118 by 2016, reflecting steady growth in survey efficiency and follow-up capabilities. By 2025, the project had surpassed 150 discoveries, continuing its role as a leading ground-based contributor to exoplanet science. In April 2025, a batch of nine new giant planets (WASP-102 b to WASP-197 b) was announced, further advancing the survey's tally to nearly 200 confirmed exoplanets.^[9]^[1]^[10] Early challenges included the WASP0 prototype's limitations, such as its narrow field and sensitivity constraints, which restricted it to known targets and prompted rapid iteration to SuperWASP's broader coverage and automated data pipeline. Handling the massive data volumes—up to 2,000 images per night producing 40 GB—also required significant upgrades in processing infrastructure to identify rare transit signals amid stellar variability. These hurdles were overcome through iterative design and international partnerships, enabling the project's transition to sustained operations.^[7]

Instrumentation and Observatories

SuperWASP-North

SuperWASP-North is located at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos on the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands, Spain, where it benefits from the site's dark skies and stable atmospheric conditions as part of the Isaac Newton Group of telescopes. This northern facility enables continuous monitoring of the northern celestial hemisphere, complementing the southern counterpart to achieve near-whole-sky coverage for exoplanet transit searches.^[11] The hardware setup consists of eight wide-field cameras mounted on a single robotic equatorial fork mount, each featuring a Canon 200 mm f/1.8 telephoto lens paired with a 2048 × 2048 pixel back-illuminated CCD detector from Andor Technology (model iKon-L with e2v sensors). Each camera provides a field of view of approximately 61 square degrees at a plate scale of 13.7 arcseconds per pixel, yielding a total coverage of about 490 square degrees per pointing. The system employs broadband filters spanning 400–700 nm, roughly equivalent to the V-band, to optimize sensitivity for bright stars in the 8–13 magnitude range.^[11]^[12] Operations are fully robotic and unattended, with the enclosure's roll-off roof opening automatically during clear weather to allow imaging throughout the night. The telescope dynamically schedules observations to survey the visible sky approximately every 40 minutes, prioritizing exoplanet candidate fields while acquiring high-cadence data where needed; this generates up to 100 GB of raw data per night, which is immediately transferred for processing.^[11]^[13] These modifications, along with earlier additions like the broadband filters and dynamic scheduling software, have sustained the instrument's performance over its operational lifetime.^[14] In late 2022 to early 2023, SuperWASP-North underwent a major refurbishment and upgrade, redeveloped into the STING (Simultaneous Transit Instrument with Nine Guns) facility. STING features a wider 75 square degree field of view with simultaneous imaging in four colors (g', r', i', z'), enhancing capabilities for exoplanet transit detection, stellar variability studies, and multi-wavelength photometry. This upgrade maintains the robotic operations while improving sensitivity to smaller transits and enabling new science cases beyond the original SuperWASP design.^[15]^[16]

WASP-South

WASP-South, the southern component of the Wide Angle Search for Planets project, is situated at the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) near Sutherland, South Africa, providing optimal access to the southern celestial hemisphere.^[1] Installed in 2006, it began routine operations that year, capturing its first light on February 13, 2006, and has since conducted continuous robotic observations of the night sky.^[17] This location was selected for its dark skies and favorable astronomical conditions, despite the site's variable weather, which includes periods of high wind and dust typical of the semi-arid Karoo region.^[18] The observatory's hardware mirrors the design philosophy of its northern counterpart, featuring an array of eight Canon 200 mm f/1.8 telephoto lenses, each paired with a 2K × 2K Andor iKon-L Peltier-cooled CCD detector.^[19] This configuration delivers a broad field of view totaling approximately 490 square degrees per pointing, with a pixel scale of about 14 arcseconds, enabling the simultaneous monitoring of millions of stars brighter than magnitude 15.^[20] The system employs a custom broadband filter (400–700 nm) to optimize sensitivity for transit detection in main-sequence stars.^[21] In operation, WASP-South scans one-third of the observable southern sky every 10 minutes under clear conditions, acquiring CCD images with 30–60 second exposures to build high-cadence light curves for variability analysis.^[22] The instrument is synchronized with the northern facility to provide near-continuous full-sky coverage, alternating observations to avoid seasonal biases. It is engineered to withstand the Sutherland site's environmental challenges, such as elevated dust levels from dry winds and occasional strong gusts exceeding 20 m/s, through robust enclosure designs and automated cleaning protocols that minimize downtime.^[23] Performance-wise, WASP-South has amassed over 200 billion stellar measurements, contributing to roughly 50% of the project's confirmed exoplanet detections by targeting fields accessible for efficient follow-up with southern hemisphere telescopes like those at La Silla and Paranal.^[1] This southern vantage has proven particularly valuable for characterizing hot Jupiters and other transiting systems, with notable examples including WASP-12b and WASP-65b, where the site's clear seeing and low humidity enhance photometric precision.^[20]

Detection Method

Transit Photometry

Transit photometry is the primary detection method employed by the Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) project, which identifies exoplanets by observing periodic decreases in the brightness of a host star caused by a planet passing in front of it from the observer's perspective. This transit event occurs when the orbital plane of the planet is nearly edge-on relative to the line of sight, resulting in a characteristic dip in the star's light curve that repeats with the orbital period. The method relies on high-precision, wide-field photometric monitoring to detect these subtle flux variations, typically on the order of 1% for gas-giant planets. The depth of the transit, denoted as \delta, is approximately given by the ratio of the squared radii of the planet and star:

\delta \approx \left( \frac{R_p}{R_\star} \right)^2

where R_p is the planetary radius and R_\star is the stellar radius. The duration and shape of the transit light curve further depend on the orbital period P and the impact parameter b, which measures the minimum projected separation between the planet's center and the stellar disk center in units of R_\star. These parameters influence the ingress and egress times, allowing for constraints on the orbital inclination and semi-major axis. For typical hot Jupiters with periods of a few days, transits last about 2 hours. WASP's sensitivity enables the detection of planets larger than approximately 1 Jupiter radius orbiting stars brighter than 13th magnitude in the V band, achieving photometric precision sufficient to identify ~1% depth transits.^[24] False positives, such as eclipsing binaries mimicking planetary transits, are mitigated through detailed analysis of the light curve shape, which reveals asymmetries or durations inconsistent with a planetary signal. Compared to radial velocity methods, transit photometry offers the advantage of directly measuring planetary radii, and when combined with radial velocity follow-up, it yields precise densities and masses for confirmed exoplanets.

Data Processing Pipeline

The Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) employs an automated data processing pipeline to transform raw wide-field images into light curves suitable for transit detection, handling approximately 50 GB of data per night from each observatory.^[13] The pipeline, developed collaboratively by institutions including Queen's University Belfast and the University of Warwick, processes images sequentially to calibrate, extract sources, and mitigate instrumental systematics before searching for periodic signals indicative of transits. Image calibration begins with the application of bias, dark-current, and flat-field corrections derived from nightly observations at dusk and dawn. Bias and dark frames are constructed as sigma-clipped medians from 10–20 exposures to account for CCD readout offsets and thermal noise, while twilight flats correct for pixel-to-pixel sensitivity variations, dust, and vignetting using iterative least-squares modeling. These steps ensure linearity and uniformity across the 2048 × 2048 pixel CCD arrays, rejecting frames with excessive cloud-induced noise (χ² > threshold) or more than 50% bad pixels. Source extraction follows using a custom aperture photometry routine based on the Starlink EXTRACTOR package, which detects sources above 4σ significance and matches them to the Tycho-2 and USNO-B1.0 catalogs, incorporating unmatched "orphan" sources for completeness. Photometry is performed with concentric apertures of radii 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 pixels, estimating sky background via a quadratic fit in an outer annulus (13–17 pixels); flux ratios between apertures (r1 and r2) flag blended sources to prioritize isolated targets brighter than V ≈ 15. This yields raw fluxes (FLUX2 in micro-Vega units) with precisions better than 1% for V < 12.5.^[24] Detrending addresses correlated systematics such as airmass-dependent extinction, seeing variations, and pixel-position effects using the SYSREM algorithm, which iteratively removes up to four dominant trends via singular value decomposition while down-weighting outliers like variable stars.^[25] The corrected fluxes (TAMFLUX2) enhance signal-to-noise ratios, enabling reliable light curve construction across multiple observing seasons and cameras.^[3] Period searches apply the Box Least Squares (BLS) method to detrended light curves, scanning for box-shaped dips consistent with planetary transits over periods typically below 10 days.^[24] Candidates are selected based on a signal-to-red-noise ratio (S_red) exceeding 7–8, multiple transit events, anti-transit ratios greater than 2, and depths implying planetary radii under 1.6 R_J, filtering out ellipsoidal variables and grazing eclipses.^[24] The pipeline generates thousands of initial candidates annually from monitoring millions of stars, with a confirmation yield of approximately 1% after spectroscopic follow-up.^[26] Post-2010 enhancements to the pipeline included refined SYSREM iterations for improved noise suppression and integration of the TAMUZ detrending module to standardize light curves across WASP-North and WASP-South datasets, facilitating the public release of over 12 million light curves in 2011.^[3] These updates reduced false positives and boosted sensitivity to shallower transits, supporting the survey's discovery of over 100 exoplanets by 2020.^[5]

Organization and Operations

Founding Institutions

The Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) project was founded in 2000 as a consortium of primarily UK-based academic institutions dedicated to developing wide-field imaging systems for detecting transiting exoplanets. The core founding members included Queen's University Belfast as the lead institution, the University of Leicester, and the University of St Andrews, alongside supporting organizations such as the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes (ING) and the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) for operational aspects.^[27]^[28] Queen's University Belfast played a central role in project leadership, funding, and data management, including backup and distribution of observational data. The University of Leicester contributed significantly to instrumentation development and data analysis, overseeing the design and construction of key hardware components. The University of St Andrews focused on instrumentation and software development for data processing, while the ING provided support for telescope operations, and the IAC managed the La Palma site hosting the SuperWASP-North array at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos.^[28]^[27]^[2] Initial funding for the project came from the UK Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), with major contributions from Queen's University Belfast and additional support from consortium members, enabling the prototype WASP0 testing in 2000 and SuperWASP construction starting in 2003. PPARC's support transitioned to the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) following its formation in 2007.^[27]^[7] The consortium's governance was formalized through a 2003 agreement that outlined collaborative responsibilities and marked the beginning of SuperWASP camera assembly, ensuring coordinated operations across the UK institutions. This structure later facilitated brief expansions to select international partners for enhanced coverage. Over time, the core operations have shifted, with the University of Warwick now operating SuperWASP-North and the WASP data centre, and Keele University leading operations of WASP-South, under ongoing STFC funding as of 2024.^[27]^[2]

International Collaborations

The Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) project has established key international partnerships to facilitate follow-up observations and site hosting for its telescopes. The European Southern Observatory (ESO) provides access to the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) spectrograph and the 1.2-m Euler Telescope at La Silla Observatory in Chile, enabling precise radial velocity measurements for confirming planetary masses among WASP candidates.^[1] Similarly, the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) hosts the WASP-South array at Sutherland since 2006, offering optimal southern sky viewing conditions and logistical support for operations.^[1]^[29] These facilities, including the CORALIE spectrograph operated by the Geneva Observatory on the Euler Telescope, have been instrumental in radial velocity follow-ups.^[1] WASP maintains active collaborations with international institutions for joint research and observations, notably through numerous co-authored papers with the Geneva Observatory, where teams have conducted radial velocity observations of over 1,500 WASP candidates to characterize exoplanet properties.^[30] Additional partnerships include the University of Geneva in Switzerland, the Observatoire de Haute-Provence in France, the University of Liège in Belgium (providing access to the TRAPPIST robotic telescope), and the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) in Spain, which hosts the SuperWASP-North array on La Palma.^[1] These alliances extend to space-based assets, such as the European Space Agency's CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS), which has observed WASP-discovered planets like WASP-189b and WASP-103b to refine orbital and atmospheric parameters.^[31]^[32] More recently, WASP team members have participated in international efforts using NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) for studies like the 2024 mapping of weather patterns on WASP-43b, involving astronomers from multiple countries to analyze phase-curve data.^[33]^[34] Data sharing forms a cornerstone of WASP's international engagement, with public releases of light curve data beginning in 2011 and integration into the NASA Exoplanet Archive, which hosts approximately 18 million WASP time-series measurements from 2004 to 2008 for global researcher access.^[35] This openness has fostered broader community contributions to exoplanet validation and analysis. The project's growth includes the addition of Keele University as an early member in 2003, which now leads operations of WASP-South in collaboration with other international sites.^[7]

Discoveries

Confirmed Exoplanets

The Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) has confirmed nearly 200 exoplanets as of 2025, with the majority being transiting hot Jupiters characterized by short orbital periods of less than 10 days.^[4] These discoveries represent a significant portion of ground-based transit detections, highlighting WASP's role in identifying close-in giant planets amenable to follow-up observations.^[1] Typical properties of WASP-confirmed exoplanets include masses ranging from 0.5 to 2 Jupiter masses and radii from 1 to 1.5 Jupiter radii, often exhibiting inflated atmospheres due to intense stellar irradiation. Their host stars are predominantly F, G, and K dwarfs, which provide stable photometric baselines suitable for transit detection. Confirmation of these candidates typically involves radial velocity measurements to verify planetary masses, as detailed in subsequent follow-up studies. The catalog of WASP exoplanets spans from WASP-1b, discovered in 2006, to WASP-197b as of 2025, encompassing a diverse array of systems.^[4] A notable early batch from 2006 to 2009 includes over 20 planets, such as WASP-1b through WASP-22b, which established the survey's efficacy in detecting hot Jupiters shortly after its operational start. Discovery yields peaked between 2008 and 2012 at approximately 10 planets per year, driven by initial refinements in the survey's wide-field imaging capabilities.^[36] Subsequent sustained output has been supported by enhancements to the data processing pipeline, enabling efficient candidate identification amid growing photometric datasets.^[3] In April 2025, the survey announced nine additional hot Jupiters, ranging from WASP-102b to WASP-197b, further demonstrating its ongoing productivity.^[4]

Other Objects

In the Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) survey, the vast majority of transit-like signals detected in photometric data are false positives, with approximately 95% of candidates ultimately ruled out as non-planetary phenomena. These include eclipsing binaries, which account for about 45.5% of rejections, blends from unresolved multiple star systems at 20.1%, and low-mass eclipsing objects or stellar variability comprising 23.1%.^[37] Instrumental artifacts represent a smaller fraction, around 3.3%, while giant stars unsuitable for hosting close-in planets make up 6.8%.^[37] A comprehensive catalogue of 1,041 such Northern hemisphere false positives from SuperWASP observations highlights the predominance of astrophysical contaminants, emphasizing the need for rigorous follow-up to distinguish genuine transits.^[37] Among the non-planetary detections, transiting brown dwarfs stand out as rare but significant "other objects" identified by WASP, bridging the gap between planets and stellar companions in the so-called brown dwarf desert. Only a handful have been confirmed, including WASP-30b, a 61 Jupiter-mass brown dwarf orbiting an F8V star with a 4.16-day period, detected through combined photometry and radial velocity measurements that revealed its substellar nature above the deuterium-burning limit. Similarly, WASP-128b, with a mass of approximately 37 Jupiter masses, transits a G0V host every 2.2 days, providing insights into the dynamical evolution of massive companions in short-period orbits.^[38] These discoveries underscore the scarcity of such systems, with statistics indicating that brown dwarf transits constitute less than 1% of the WASP candidate sample, reflecting the broader rarity of close-in substellar objects around solar-type stars.^[39] Early WASP operations in 2006–2007 demonstrated the challenges of false positive identification through initial follow-up campaigns, where cross-correlation analysis of light curves and spectroscopic observations excluded numerous candidates as eclipsing binaries or variable stars. For instance, refined photometric pipelines during this period rejected signals from hierarchical triples and background blends, preventing misinterpretation of non-planetary events. Over time, enhancements to the data processing and selection filters—such as improved centroid analysis and multi-season stacking—have significantly lowered the false positive rate by better isolating genuine shallow transits from contaminants.^[37] These advancements have not only streamlined candidate vetting but also highlighted the survey's role in characterizing the diverse astrophysical phenomena mimicking exoplanet signals.

Scientific Impact and Follow-up

Confirmation Techniques

The confirmation of transiting exoplanet candidates detected by the Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) survey relies primarily on Doppler spectroscopy, which measures the gravitational influence of a potential planet on its host star through periodic variations in the star's radial velocity. This method provides the minimum mass of the candidate (M_p sin i) and helps distinguish true planets from false positives such as eclipsing binary stars or blended light from multiple sources. The key instruments employed for these follow-up observations are the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) spectrograph mounted on the European Southern Observatory's (ESO) 3.6 m telescope at La Silla Observatory in Chile, and the CORALIE echelle spectrograph on the 1.2 m Euler Telescope at the same site. These facilities offer high spectral resolution (R ≈ 115,000 for HARPS and R ≈ 60,000 for CORALIE), enabling precise velocity measurements down to a few m/s, essential for detecting the subtle signals from Jupiter-mass planets orbiting solar-type stars. The radial velocity semi-amplitude K, which quantifies the stellar wobble, is calculated using the relation

K = \left( \frac{2\pi G}{P} \right)^{1/3} \frac{M_p \sin i}{M_\star^{2/3}} \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - e^2}},

where P is the orbital period (derived from the transit light curve), G is the gravitational constant, M_p is the planet mass, i is the orbital inclination (near 90° for transiting systems), M_⋆ is the stellar mass, and e is the eccentricity (often assumed low for hot Jupiters). By fitting multiple epochs of radial velocity data to this model, researchers derive M_p sin i and constrain the planet's density when combined with the transit-derived radius, confirming its planetary nature if the mass is below the brown dwarf threshold (typically <13 M_Jup). Observations typically involve 10–20 measurements per target over several months to cover the orbit and assess linearity or additional signals. The WASP consortium secures dedicated observing time on these telescopes, with ESO allocating approximately 100 nights per semester on the 3.6 m telescope since 2009 for exoplanet confirmation programs using HARPS, with WASP among the beneficiaries. This allocation supports efficient vetting, as the process confirms or refutes the planetary status of most candidates within one year through initial reconnaissance spectroscopy and deeper follow-up if promising. Approximately 1 in 12 to 1 in 14 of spectroscopically vetted candidates prove to be bona fide planets, with the majority identified as astrophysical false positives like grazing eclipsing binaries or hierarchical triples.^[40]^[41] Alternative confirmation approaches are employed for select candidates, particularly to address limitations in ground-based radial velocity data. For instance, space-based photometry from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) provides higher-precision light curves that refine ephemerides and help validate transits independently, as seen in follow-up of several WASP systems. Additionally, high-resolution imaging with adaptive optics or lucky imaging on large telescopes (e.g., VLT/SPHERE or Gemini/NIRI) is used to resolve or exclude nearby contaminating stars that could cause blended transits mimicking planetary signals. These techniques complement radial velocity efforts, ensuring robust confirmation while minimizing resource expenditure on non-planetary candidates.^[42]

Atmospheric and Orbital Studies

Atmospheric and orbital studies of exoplanets discovered by the Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) have advanced through high-precision observations using space-based telescopes, enabling detailed characterization of planetary atmospheres and dynamics. Transmission and emission spectroscopy, particularly with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), have revealed compositional and thermal structures in WASP planet atmospheres by analyzing light passing through or emitted from these worlds during transits and eclipses. For instance, JWST's Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) provided spectra of WASP-43b from 5 to 12 microns, mapping a global temperature profile that highlights a significant day-night contrast, with the dayside reaching 1,524 ± 35 K and the nightside 863 ± 23 K, influenced by widespread nightside clouds likely composed of magnesium silicates and other minerals like MnS and Na₂S, alongside detected water vapor.^[43] Similarly, the CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS) has delivered precise light curves for multiple WASP systems, refining orbital parameters and detecting subtle photometric variations that inform atmospheric models, such as in observations of WASP-103b where tidal deformation was measured at the 3σ level.^[32] Key findings from these techniques underscore the diverse atmospheric chemistries of WASP planets. In 2024, potential evidence for a "glory" effect—a rainbow-like phenomenon caused by light scattering—was detected in WASP-76b's atmosphere using CHEOPS and ground-based spectroscopy, suggesting the presence of uniform, reflective cloud droplets amid iron rain and extreme temperatures exceeding 2,400 K on the dayside.^[44] For WASP-107b, JWST observations in 2023 identified silicate clouds and sulfur dioxide in its extended atmosphere, with no methane detected, indicating vigorous mixing that prevents chemical equilibrium and contributes to the planet's inflated radius.^[45] Earlier, in 2023, JWST MIRI data on WASP-17b revealed tiny quartz (SiO₂) nanocrystals in high-altitude clouds, marking the first detection of crystalline silicates in an exoplanet atmosphere and implying rapid vertical transport of materials.^[46] Orbital analyses of WASP planets have provided insights into their formation and migration histories. WASP-17b exhibits a retrograde orbit, confirmed through Rossiter-McLaughlin effect measurements during transits, with an obliquity of approximately -150°, suggesting dynamical interactions like planet-planet scattering that reversed its orbital direction relative to the host star's spin.^[9] Complementing this, WASP-12b's ultra-short orbital period of 1.09 days places it among the closest-in hot Jupiters, enabling studies of tidal decay where the orbit is shrinking at a rate of approximately 29.4 milliseconds per year (as of 2022) due to gravitational interactions with the star.^[47] These investigations have broader implications for understanding exoplanet demographics and refining atmospheric circulation models. Recent JWST observations as of 2025, including a 3D map of WASP-18b's scorching atmosphere and an updated transmission spectrum of WASP-121b revealing methane and silicon, further enhance models of hot Jupiter weather patterns and migration mechanisms.^[48]^[49] By characterizing compositions like silicates and disequilibrium species in WASP systems, researchers aid predictions for habitable zone planets.^[45]

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Two New HATNet Hot Jupiters around A Stars and the First Glimpse ...
Sep 11, 2019 · ... (WASP-South) both consist of arrays of eight 200 mm f/1.8 Canon telephoto lenses on a common mount. Each camera is coupled with 2K × 2K ...
[19]
The discoveries of WASP-91b, WASP-105b and WASP-107b
WASP-South images one third of the visible South-African sky. (avoiding the galactic plane and the south pole) every ∼10 min and is sensitive to the ...
[20]
What are the various factors to consider when establishing a new ...
Dec 21, 2013 · Yes, you are right, the area does experience high winds and dust due to the dry environment. Some snow occurs during winter, but seldom heavy ...
[21]
SuperWASP wide-field exoplanetary transit survey - Oxford Academic
The ≈150 nights from the 2004 observing season covered several dozen separate fields and resulted in the detection of slightly more than 6.7 million stars. For ...
[22]
https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2017/08/aa30439-17.pdf
[23]
[PDF] SuperWASP-N extrasolar planet candidates from fields 06h < RA ...
A total of 729 335 stars from 33 fields achieved the baseline requirement for transit hunting, and 130 566 of these stars also met the photometric precision ...
[24]
[PDF] The WASP Project and the SuperWASP Cameras
These surveys have discovered Jupiter- sized objects in orbits out to 3 AU around 6% of the nearby. Sun-like stars surveyed. Of these, some 30% are “hot ...Missing: visual | Show results with:visual
[25]
https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2005/44/aa3180-05/aa3180-05.html
[26]
https://oro.open.ac.uk/10710/1/kane.pdf
[27]
WASP project - WASP Planets
Jan 13, 2020 · That collaboration still continues, and has involved the Geneva Observatory team observing 1500 WASP candidates over many hundreds of clear ...Missing: ESO | Show results with:ESO
[28]
First results from Cheops: ESA's exoplanet observer reveals extreme ...
Sep 28, 2020 · ESA's new exoplanet mission, Cheops, has found a nearby planetary system to contain one of the hottest and most extreme extra-solar planets known to date: WASP ...
[29]
CHEOPS reveals a rugby ball-shaped exoplanet - EurekAlert!
Jan 11, 2022 · Due to strong tidal forces, the appearance of the planet WASP-103b resembles a rugby ball rather than a sphere. On coasts, the tides determine ...
[30]
WASP Planets | Transiting exoplanets from the Wide Angle Search ...
May 6, 2024 · An international team of researchers has successfully used NASA's James Webb Space Telescope to map the weather on the hot gas-giant exoplanet WASP-43 b.Story of WASP · WASP Planets · About · KELT planets
[31]
Clouds blanket the night side of the hot exoplanet WASP-43b
Apr 30, 2024 · Using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the JTEC-ERS team observed the WASP-43 system continuously for 27 hours to observe the entire orbit ...
[32]
NASA Exoplanet Archive Frequently Asked Questions - Caltech
Jul 25, 2024 · A: The archive hosts data from the first WASP public data release that were acquired from 2004 to 2008. Not all confirmed WASP planet light ...
[33]
Exoplanet and Candidate Statistics
On this page we have assembled statistics for various categories of confirmed exoplanets, TESS candidates, and Kepler candidates.Missing: Wide timeline
[34]
Transiting exoplanets from the Wide Angle Search ... - WASP Planets
WASP Planets ; WASP-58. N · 1818+45 ; WASP-59. N · 2318+24 ; WASP-60. N · 2346+31 ; WASP-61. S · 0501−26 ; WASP-62. S · 0548−63.
[35]
Monthly Archives: October 2014 - WASP Planets
Oct 30, 2014 · We are currently finding transiting exoplanets at a rate of about 30 a year (WASP-117 is the highest number published, though we have currently ...
[36]
https://wasp-planets.net/2014/10/
[37]
WASP-128b: a transiting brown dwarf in the dynamical-tide regime
3, we place WASP-128b in a mass–radius diagram with the other known transiting brown dwarfs. WASP-128b sits in the driest part of the brown dwarf desert, ...Missing: fraction | Show results with:fraction
[38]
Improved radius determinations for the transiting brown dwarf ...
The transiting brown dwarf (BD) population has grown at a remarkable rate ... The WASP survey (Pollacco et al. 2006) has detected two transiting BD ...
[39]
[PDF] Near-InfraRed Planet Searcher to Join HARPS on the ESO 3.6 ...
Wide Angle Search for Planets, WASP, and the Hungarian Automated Telescope ... large fraction of HARPS nights over the last decade were allocated to monitor. M ...Missing: success | Show results with:success
[40]
Revisiting KELT-19Ab, WASP-156b, and WASP-121b in the TESS Era
Jan 5, 2022 · We present a re-analysis of transit depths of KELT-19Ab, WASP-156b, and WASP-121b, including data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey ...
[41]
Nightside clouds and disequilibrium chemistry on the hot Jupiter ...
Apr 30, 2024 · ... WASP-43b measured from 5 μm to 12 μm with the JWST's Mid-Infrared Instrument. The spectra reveal a large day–night temperature contrast ...
[42]
Detection of the tidal deformation of WASP-103b at 3 σ with CHEOPS
We obtained 12 transit light curves of WASP-103b with the CHaracterising ExOplanet Satellite (CHEOPS) to estimate the tidal deformation and tidal decay of this ...
[43]
SO2, silicate clouds, but no CH4 detected in a warm Neptune | Nature
Nov 15, 2023 · Previous observations showed evidence for water vapour and a thick, high-altitude condensate layer in the atmosphere of WASP-107b (refs.).Missing: sand | Show results with:sand
[44]
JWST-TST DREAMS: Quartz Clouds in the Atmosphere of WASP-17b
In this work, we observe one transit of the hot Jupiter WASP-17b with JWST's Mid-Infrared Instrument Low Resolution Spectrometer and generate a ...
[45]
The Apparently Decaying Orbit of WASP-12b - IOPscience
With an orbital period of 1.09 days, WASP-12b is one of the shortest-period giant planets known (Hebb et al. 2009) and has been monitored for a decade. It ...