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TRAPPIST

The Transiting Planets and Planetesimals Small Telescope (TRAPPIST) is a Belgian-led project comprising two robotic 60 cm Ritchey-Chrétien optical telescopes dedicated to the detection and characterization of exoplanets via the transit method and the observation of small Solar System bodies, including comets and trans-Neptunian objects.^[1]^[2] TRAPPIST-South, the first of the pair, achieved first light in June 2010 and is located at the European Southern Observatory's La Silla site in Chile at an altitude of 2,400 meters, where it operates autonomously from a control center in Liège, Belgium.^[2]^[1] The telescope features a 0.60 m primary mirror made of Astro Sitall and is equipped with a high-quality CCD camera for precise photometry, enabling it to monitor stellar brightness variations caused by planetary transits or cometary activity.^[2] In 2016, TRAPPIST-North joined the network at the Oukaimeden Observatory in Morocco's Atlas Mountains at 2,750 meters elevation, providing complementary Northern Hemisphere coverage to extend observation windows and improve follow-up capabilities.^[1]^[3] Both telescopes are managed by the University of Liège in collaboration with the Geneva Observatory and funded by Belgian and Swiss scientific agencies.^[1]^[2] The project gained international prominence through its role in discovering the TRAPPIST-1 system in 2016, initially identifying three Earth-sized planets orbiting an ultracool dwarf star 40 light-years away, with subsequent observations by TRAPPIST-South, NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, and other instruments confirming a total of seven rocky worlds, three of which lie in the habitable zone where liquid water could potentially exist.^[4]^[5] Additional notable contributions include the detection of the first asteroid ring system around (10199) Chariklo in 2014 and ongoing studies of comet compositions and exoplanet atmospheres using facilities like the James Webb Space Telescope for follow-up.^[2]^[5] These efforts have advanced understanding of planetary systems around low-mass stars and the diversity of habitable environments beyond the Solar System.^[4]^[5]

History

Development and Funding

The TRAPPIST project originated in 2009 at the University of Liège's Astrophysics and Image Processing group within the Department of Astrophysics, Geophysics, and Oceanography, led by astronomers Michaël Gillon and Emmanuël Jehin in collaboration with the Geneva Observatory.^[6]^[7] The initiative focused on developing a robotic telescope to search for transiting exoplanets around ultracool dwarf stars, which are faint and cool M-type dwarfs that pose unique challenges for detection due to their low luminosity and high contrast with potential planets.^[8] Key team members included Didier Queloz, Pierre Magain, Jean Manfroid, and Stéphane Udry, who contributed expertise in exoplanet photometry and instrumentation.^[7] The primary motivation was to address limitations in ground-based surveys for small, Earth-sized planets transiting these dim stars, where space telescopes like CoRoT and Kepler provided benchmarks but lacked continuous coverage for southern targets.^[7] TRAPPIST was designed as a prototype to enable efficient, automated photometry, complementing ongoing efforts such as the WASP survey and supporting follow-up for CoRoT detections, while also allowing observations of Solar System planetesimals like comets.^[7] This ground-based approach aimed to fill gaps in detecting short-period transits around nearby ultracool dwarfs, potentially revealing habitable worlds overlooked by larger facilities.^[8] Funding came mainly from the Belgian Fund for Scientific Research (F.R.S.-FNRS) via grant FRFC 2.5.594.09.F, supplemented by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), enabling rapid development with off-the-shelf components.^[9]^[10] Partnerships with the European Southern Observatory (ESO) provided access to the La Silla site, facilitating installation without additional construction costs.^[7] The project secured these resources to build and test a 60-cm telescope in under two years, reflecting efficient allocation for a low-cost, high-impact instrument.^[7] Development milestones included conceptualization and construction starting in 2009, with the telescope installed at ESO La Silla in April 2010.^[7] Commissioning and prototype testing occurred through November 2010, verifying robotic operations and photometric performance, followed by full operational approval and science commencement in December 2010.^[7] This timeline positioned TRAPPIST as an early adopter of fully automated ground-based exoplanet hunting.^[8]

Installation and Expansion

The installation of TRAPPIST-South began in April 2010 at the European Southern Observatory's La Silla site in Chile, where telescope components were transported from Belgium with logistical support from ESO personnel.^[11] The telescope was housed in a refurbished 5-meter enclosure previously used for the Swiss T70 telescope, which underwent site preparation including the installation of new azimuth motors, computerized dome control, and a meteorological station to ensure reliable operation at the observatory's 2,400-meter altitude.^[11] Commissioning occurred over two months, with first light achieved remotely on June 8, 2010, via a VPN connection from the control room in Liège, Belgium, highlighting the challenges of overseeing setup from afar without on-site presence.^[12]^[11] Full robotic operations commenced by December 2010, enabling automated nightly observations.^[11] To extend coverage to the Northern Hemisphere and facilitate year-round monitoring of celestial targets, a twin telescope, TRAPPIST-North, was installed in spring 2016 at Oukaïmeden Observatory in Morocco's Atlas Mountains. TRAPPIST-North is funded by the University of Liège in collaboration with Cadi Ayyad University of Marrakesh.^[10] The setup was completed in May 2016, with initial observations, including the first recorded transit data, obtained as early as June 1, 2016.^[13]^[14] Full integration into the project followed in 2017, allowing coordinated operations between the two sites for continuous sky coverage.^[15]

Design and Operation

Technical Specifications

The TRAPPIST telescopes employ a lightweight Ritchey-Chrétien optical design featuring a 60 cm diameter primary mirror and an f/8 focal ratio, enabling high-precision photometry for faint targets.^[7] This configuration provides a field of view of approximately 22 arcminutes by 22 arcminutes for TRAPPIST-South and 19.8 arcminutes by 19.8 arcminutes for TRAPPIST-North.^[16] The telescopes lack adaptive optics and rely on the excellent site seeing at their installations, with median values below 1 arcsecond.^[17]^[18] At the focal plane, each telescope is equipped with a back-illuminated deep-depletion CCD detector from Andor iKon-L, consisting of 2048 × 2048 pixels with a 15 μm pixel size, yielding a plate scale of about 0.6 arcseconds per pixel.^[19]^[16] The detector achieves high quantum efficiency exceeding 80% in red wavelengths, peaking at 98% around 750 nm, which supports sensitive observations of cool stars and cometary emissions.^[7] The telescopes are mounted on German equatorial robotic systems, specifically the Astelco NTM-500 model, which offers precise tracking with differential positioning accuracy better than 1 arcsecond and no periodic error, allowing unguided exposures up to 4 minutes.^[19]^[7] Active thermoelectric cooling maintains the CCD at approximately -35°C, reducing dark current to 0.11 electrons per second per pixel for low-noise performance.^[7] A custom filter set is installed, including broadband options such as I+z' for monitoring exoplanet transits around late-type stars and narrowband filters (e.g., for OH, CN, C3, and C2) tailored to comet spectroscopy.^[7] Infrastructure includes uninterruptible power supplies providing 45 minutes of backup, with data acquisition generating 2-15 GB per night per telescope, transferred via VPN for remote processing.^[7] The automation software interfaces seamlessly with these hardware components to enable fully robotic operations.^[7]

Automation and Control Systems

The TRAPPIST telescopes operate as fully robotic systems, enabling remote control from the University of Liège in Belgium over a secure VPN connection with a bandwidth of approximately 30 Kb/s.^[20] This setup allows operators to monitor and adjust observations in real time, supported by three infrared webcams for visual and audio feedback from the sites.^[20] The automation integrates the ACE Smart Dome system, which slaves the enclosure movements to the telescope's pointing, ensuring synchronized operation without manual intervention.^[20] A Boltwood II weather station continuously assesses conditions, automatically closing the observatory during adverse weather to protect the instruments.^[20] Target selection and scheduling rely on the ACP Observatory software (DC-3 Dreams), which manages full-night observing sequences and adapts to real-time environmental changes, such as weather-induced interruptions, by prioritizing queued targets.^[20] Telescope control employs the ASCOM Super Driver for hardware interfacing, with software-based guiding achieving tracking accuracy better than 10 arcseconds over 10 minutes without an autoguider; differential tracking corrects for mount errors during long exposures.^[20]^[21] Focus and pointing adjustments are handled algorithmically to maintain stability, leveraging the direct-drive German equatorial mount's high slew speed of up to 50 degrees per second.^[22] Data handling follows an automated pipeline that processes 5–15 GB of nightly observations on-site, performing initial archiving before transfer to Liège via external storage racks.^[21] Reduction involves IRAF scripts for calibration (bias, dark, and flat-field corrections) executed through PyRAF within a Python 3 framework, followed by aperture photometry using IRAF/DAOPHOT and astrometric tools like SExtractor and SCAMP.^[23]^[9] Custom Python scripts enable differential photometry and light curve extraction, yielding rms precisions below 1 mmag (e.g., 0.32 mmag in combined transits) for bright targets (V < 12).^[9]^[24] On-site monitoring incorporates the Boltwood II weather station and infrared webcams for environmental oversight, complemented by uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) to handle brief outages and ensure operational continuity.^[22]^[20] These systems support high uptime, with approximately 300 clear nights per year at La Silla, corresponding to over 80% observational availability.^[21] IP Power devices enable remote power cycling of components via the internet, providing failover for critical hardware.^[20] Security features include VPN-encrypted remote access and data transfers, safeguarding against unauthorized intrusions in the remote observatory environments.^[20]

Locations

TRAPPIST-South

TRAPPIST-South is situated at the European Southern Observatory's (ESO) La Silla Observatory in the Coquimbo region of Chile, with precise coordinates of 29°15′16″S 70°44′22″W. This location, at an elevation of approximately 2,400 meters in the Atacama Desert, provides exceptionally dark skies rated Bortle class 2 and a dry climate that minimizes atmospheric interference for astronomical observations.^[1]^[25]^[26] The telescope operates within a refurbished 5-meter Ash Dome enclosure, equipped with active ventilation systems to manage humidity and reduce the risk of condensation, thereby maintaining optical clarity. A Boltwood II meteorological station continuously monitors conditions, automatically closing the dome in response to adverse weather such as high winds or precipitation risks.^[27]^[28] Performance at the site features good seeing conditions, typically around 0.8 arcseconds, and over 300 clear nights annually, enabling high-precision photometry essential for its primary role in monitoring exoplanet transits across the Southern Hemisphere. Maintenance is conducted remotely from the University of Liège in Belgium via a VPN connection, with annual on-site visits by the Belgian team and support from ESO staff or local technicians for any mechanical issues; the telescope integrates with ESO infrastructure for shared power supply and an internet connection to facilitate continuous operation.^[26]^[27] Unique to its early operations, TRAPPIST-South achieved first light on June 8, 2010, with initial observations focused on comet photometry tests using specialized filters to detect emissions from molecules like OH, CN, C₂, and C₃.^[27]^[12]

TRAPPIST-North

TRAPPIST-North is a 0.6-meter robotic telescope installed at the Oukaïmeden Observatory in Morocco's High Atlas Mountains, at an elevation of 2,750 meters above sea level. Its precise coordinates are 31°12′22″N 7°51′29″W. The site was selected for its minimal light pollution in a semi-desertic environment, favorable astronomical seeing conditions, and close proximity to Europe, which simplifies logistical support and maintenance from the University of Liège team.^[29] The observatory faces distinct environmental challenges, including high winds and seasonal snow accumulation during winter. These conditions necessitate a robust dome design, with the system automatically closing when wind speeds exceed 25 km/h to protect the telescope. The telescope shares the automated control systems of its southern counterpart, enabling remote operations resilient to such weather variability.^[30]^[31] Observationally, TRAPPIST-North achieves seeing conditions of 1.0–1.5 arcseconds, influenced by local atmospheric turbulence, yet benefits from approximately 250 clear nights annually. This performance profile particularly enhances monitoring of Northern Hemisphere celestial targets, including circumpolar fields inaccessible or poorly positioned from southern latitudes.^[30]^[29]^[32] The telescope's installation in 2016 involved complex logistics for transporting the instrument from Europe to Morocco, coordinated through international shipping routes and on-site assembly. This effort was undertaken in close partnership with Cadi Ayyad University, which manages the Oukaïmeden facility and provided essential local expertise for integration into the existing infrastructure.^[33]

Scientific Objectives

Exoplanet Surveys

The primary objective of the TRAPPIST exoplanet surveys is to detect transiting exoplanets orbiting ultracool dwarfs, particularly late-type M-dwarfs and brown dwarfs, to identify small, potentially habitable worlds in close orbits.^[34] These targets offer high geometric transit probabilities of approximately 5-10% due to the small radii of the host stars (typically 0.1-0.2 solar radii), which allow Earth-sized planets to produce detectable transit depths of 0.01-0.05 relative to the stellar flux.^[34] The surveys prioritize ultracool dwarfs with spectral types M6 to L5 and visual magnitudes brighter than V=14 to ensure sufficient signal-to-noise for detection and feasibility of ground-based follow-up observations.^[34] Target selection draws from infrared catalogs such as 2MASS for near-infrared photometry and proper motions, supplemented by Gaia DR2 for astrometry, focusing on nearby stars within 50 parsecs to enable detailed characterization with larger telescopes.^[34] The survey strategy involves continuous monitoring of 40-50 such targets using the TRAPPIST-South telescope, with each field observed for approximately 50 hours over multiple nights (equivalent to 20-30 nights of data collection) to cover potential short-period orbits of 1-3 days in the habitable zones of these cool stars.^[34] This approach yields a success rate of about 1-2% for detecting multi-planet systems, with an emphasis on planets in or near the habitable zone where orbital periods are short due to the inward-shifted habitable zones around ultracool dwarfs (30-100 times closer than the Solar System's).^[34] Transits are detected through high-precision differential photometry, comparing the target star's light curve to nearby reference stars to achieve relative flux precisions of around 0.5% (median nightly RMS of 0.3-0.8%).^[34] An automated pipeline applies the Box-fitting Least Squares algorithm to search for periodic dips, followed by sigma-clipping to remove instrumental artifacts like flares or cosmic rays.^[34] False positives are rejected through multi-color follow-up observations in filters such as I+z and z', which help distinguish astrophysical signals from eclipsing binaries or stellar variability.^[7] This methodology has established a lower limit of 10% on the occurrence rate of close-in, Earth-sized planets around ultracool dwarfs, informing broader estimates of exoplanet demographics.^[34] As of 2025, TRAPPIST continues to support follow-up observations of its discoveries using facilities like the James Webb Space Telescope.^[35]

Solar System Observations

In addition to its primary focus on exoplanets, the TRAPPIST telescopes have played a significant secondary role in monitoring small bodies within the Solar System, particularly trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs), comets, and asteroids. These observations leverage the telescopes' robotic automation for continuous, high-cadence imaging, typically employing 10-30 second exposures in the R-band to capture rapid photometric variations, combined with precise astrometry to refine orbital ephemerides. Such data are routinely submitted to the International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center (MPC), with hundreds of measurements reported monthly, aiding in the characterization of object sizes, albedos, and dynamics for broader astronomical planning, including missions like New Horizons to the Kuiper Belt.^[27] A key application involves monitoring Kuiper Belt objects for stellar occultations to determine physical properties. For instance, TRAPPIST-South observed the 2010 occultation of Eris by a background star, revealing a radius of approximately 1163 km and a high geometric albedo of 0.96±0.05, confirming Eris as comparable in size to Pluto but with a brighter surface.^[36] Similarly, in 2011, TRAPPIST participated in the multi-site observation of Makemake's occultation, which measured its equivalent diameter at 1430×1502 km and albedo around 0.82, while establishing the absence of a substantial atmosphere through the lack of a clear central flash or refractive effects in the light curve.^[37] These events, rare due to the sparse stellar backgrounds in the ecliptic plane, provided unprecedented constraints on TNO compositions and sizes with kilometer-level precision. TRAPPIST has also contributed to comet studies through targeted photometry of outbursts and nuclei. Prior to the Rosetta mission's arrival, TRAPPIST-South conducted extensive monitoring of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014, capturing its pre-perihelion activity at heliocentric distances beyond 3 AU. Using narrowband filters for species like CN and C₂, the observations detected early dust production rates increasing from 0.2 to 2 kg/s, alongside imaging of the nucleus to estimate its size at about 4×4 km, informing Rosetta's approach and highlighting 67P's typical Jupiter-family behavior with gradual activity onset.^[38] For asteroids, TRAPPIST facilities have derived lightcurves for approximately 100 small bodies under 50 km in diameter, yielding rotation periods and shape models that refine orbital predictions. Examples include measurements of near-Earth asteroids like (99942) Apophis, revealing a tumbling non-principal axis rotation with periods around 30 and 7 hours, and main-belt targets such as 10 Hygiea, confirming a 27.2-hour period consistent with its elongated shape. These photometric datasets, often spanning multiple nights, support MPC astrometry and enhance ephemeris accuracy for potential hazardous objects and space mission targets.^[39]

Key Discoveries

TRAPPIST-1 System

The TRAPPIST-1 planetary system was identified through extensive photometric monitoring conducted in 2016 using the TRAPPIST telescope, totaling approximately 240 hours of observations on the ultracool dwarf star 2MASS J23062928-0502285, located at a distance of 12.4 parsecs from Earth.^[40]^[41] This M8-type star, with a radius comparable to Jupiter's and an effective temperature below 2,700 K, revealed multiple transit events indicative of a compact system of Earth-sized planets.^[41] Initial analysis detected three transiting planets (b, c, and d) with orbital periods ranging from 1.51 to about 18 days, but follow-up observations quickly uncovered additional signals, leading to the confirmation of seven planets in total by early 2017.^[40]^[41] The planets, designated b through h, have radii between 0.76 and 1.13 Earth radii (R_⊕), making them among the smallest transiting exoplanets known at the time.^[41] The inner six planets (b through g) orbit in periods of 1.51 to 12.35 days, forming a near-resonant chain that suggests dynamical migration during formation, while planet h orbits at approximately 18.8 days.^[41] Transit depths range from 0.3% to 0.8%, corresponding to the planets' small sizes relative to the star.^[41] Planets e, f, and g lie within or near the habitable zone of the star, where equilibrium temperatures range from about 200 K to 300 K, assuming Bond albedos typical of rocky worlds and no significant atmospheres.^[41] These temperatures position them as potentially temperate, with possibilities for liquid water if atmospheric conditions allow.^[41] Mass estimates derived from transit timing variations (TTVs) yielded planet masses of 0.3 to 1.4 Earth masses (M_⊕), enabling mass-radius models that indicate rocky compositions dominated by silicates and iron, with minimal volatile envelopes.^[41] Follow-up spectroscopic observations with the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) provided additional constraints on the system's stellar activity and planetary signals, refining density estimates to approximately 1–5 g/cm³ across the planets, consistent with terrestrial bodies rather than gaseous ones. Early analyses showed no evidence of significant atmospheric escape, such as hydrogen/helium outflows, supporting the stability of potential thin atmospheres on the inner planets.^[40] These initial findings were published in Nature in May 2016 for the three-planet discovery and February 2017 for the full system, highlighting TRAPPIST-1 as the first known multi-planet system orbiting an ultracool dwarf star and sparking widespread interest in the habitability of worlds around such faint hosts.^[40]^[41] The system's proximity and transiting geometry make it a prime target for atmospheric characterization, advancing understanding of planet formation in low-mass stellar environments.^[41] As of 2025, follow-up observations with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have begun characterizing the atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1 planets, revealing no thick hydrogen-helium envelopes on inner planets like b, c, and d, while suggesting possible thin atmospheres or bare rock surfaces; outer planets e, f, and g remain promising for habitable conditions.^[42]^[43]

Stellar Occultations and Other Findings

In addition to its major exoplanet discoveries, the TRAPPIST telescope has contributed to solar system science through observations of stellar occultations by distant trans-Neptunian objects. On November 6, 2010, TRAPPIST participated in a multi-site campaign to observe a stellar occultation by the dwarf planet Eris, the most remote solar system body observed via this method at the time (geocentric distance ~96 AU). The light curve from TRAPPIST helped constrain Eris's shape to spherical, yielding a diameter of 2326 ± 12 km and an optical albedo of ~0.96, consistent with a surface dominated by highly reflective methane ice and confirming its dwarf planet classification.^[36] A similar effort occurred on April 23, 2011, when TRAPPIST recorded the occultation of a background star by the dwarf planet Makemake. The data provided a size estimate of 1430 ± 14 km (equivalent diameter from projected semi-major and semi-minor axes of 1430 ± 9 km and 1502 ± 45 km, respectively) and upper limits on any global atmosphere (<4–12 nbar). Combined with contemporaneous lightcurve photometry, these observations refined Makemake's rotation period to ~22 hours, highlighting its slow spin relative to other Kuiper Belt objects.^[37] Beyond these highlights, TRAPPIST has supported diverse findings in exoplanet and solar system science. By 2025, the project has produced over 50 peer-reviewed publications on such topics, including the characterization of ~10 new small bodies via occultations and photometry.

Contributions to Follow-up Research

The TRAPPIST telescopes have provided critical ground-based support for James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations of the TRAPPIST-1 system by delivering precise ephemerides for planetary transits, essential for scheduling Cycle 1–3 programs from 2022 to 2025. These ephemerides, derived from extensive monitoring of transit timing variations (TTVs), enable accurate predictions of transit windows, allowing JWST's Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) and Low Resolution Spectrometer (LRS) to capture high-fidelity spectroscopy during key events.^[44] JWST follow-up observations, facilitated by this groundwork, have yielded significant insights into the atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1 planets between 2023 and 2025. For TRAPPIST-1 b, secondary eclipse and phase curve data indicate no substantial atmosphere, consistent with an airless, low-albedo rocky surface.^[45] On TRAPPIST-1 d, transmission spectroscopy reveals no Earth-like atmosphere rich in water vapor (H₂O), pointing instead to a potentially Venus-like scenario with a thin, CO₂-dominated envelope or high-altitude aerosols, limiting surface pressures to below 10 mbar.^[46]^[47] For TRAPPIST-1 e, NIRSpec/PRISM spectra show hints of a secondary atmosphere, excluding H₂-rich compositions but permitting N₂/CH₄ mixtures that could sustain liquid water, positioning it as a candidate ocean world under moderate greenhouse forcing.^[48]^[35] Recent 2025 phase curve observations of TRAPPIST-1 b and c using JWST/MIRI at 15 μm further constrain their thermal emissions, confirming no thick atmospheres and providing insights into heat redistribution efficiency.^[45] TRAPPIST's photometric data have been integrated with archives from TESS and Spitzer to refine baseline models, enhancing TTV constraints to uncertainties below 1 minute and enabling mass determinations with 3–5% precision.^[44]^[49] This collaborative effort has sharpened dynamical models of the resonant chain, reducing ephemeris errors and supporting JWST's detection of subtle atmospheric signals amid stellar contamination.^[50] These contributions have broadly influenced habitability assessments for M-dwarf planets, highlighting tidal locking's role in atmospheric retention and the impacts of high stellar radiation on volatile inventories. By 2025, TRAPPIST team members have co-authored over 20 JWST-related publications on the system, solidifying its legacy in probing exoplanet atmospheres and guiding future missions.^[51]^[52]

SPECULOOS and Future Extensions

The SPECULOOS project, launched in 2018, extends the TRAPPIST prototype survey by deploying a dedicated network of robotic 1-meter telescopes to monitor approximately 1,200 nearby ultracool dwarfs for transiting Earth-sized planets in their habitable zones. The network's core consists of four telescopes at the SPECULOOS Southern Observatory (SSO) in Chile's Paranal region—named Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto—and one at the SPECULOOS Northern Observatory (SNO) in the Canary Islands' Teide Observatory, supplemented by the SAINT-EX 1-meter telescope in Mexico for broader sky coverage.^[53]^[54] TRAPPIST-South functioned as the operational prototype for SPECULOOS since 2011, providing foundational data reduction techniques and software pipelines that were adapted for the larger network to ensure seamless, automated photometry and transit detection.^[55] SPECULOOS aims to identify dozens of temperate terrestrial exoplanets around these faint stars, prioritizing those amenable to atmospheric studies that could reveal biosignatures, thereby supporting upcoming ESA missions like Ariel for exoplanet characterization and PLATO for transit surveys of habitable worlds.^[56] The project received initial funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the EU's Seventh Framework Programme via a €2 million Starting Grant to principal investigator Michaël Gillon, with ongoing support from Horizon Europe and collaborations involving UK institutions such as the Universities of Cambridge and Birmingham, MIT, and Swiss partners including the University of Bern and ETH Zurich.^[57]^[53]^[58] As of 2025, after five years of operations, SPECULOOS continues to refine its survey strategies and integrate new data, with potential expansions focused on improving sensitivity to fainter targets and enhancing global coverage for uninterrupted monitoring.^[59]

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[31]
[PDF] TRAPPIST asteroid lightcurves - MatheO
Jul 9, 2018 · TRAPPIST-S is installed at the ESO La Silla Observatory in Chile since 2010 and TRAPPIST-N is in operation at the Oukaïmeden Observatory ...
[32]
Optical seeing monitoring at the Oukaïmeden in the Moroccan high ...
Oct 14, 2025 · The total of 1182 days in the data base shows that the number of clear hours is about 3086 per year which represents 65.32% of clear sky.
[33]
[PDF] Composition and activity of comet C/2020 M3 (ATLAS) with the ...
It is located 80 km south of Marrakech in the High Atlas Mountains, at an altitude of ... Figure 3: TRAPPIST-North at Oukaimeden Observatory, Morocco (IAU code: ...
[34]
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.07278.pdf
[35]
The tumbling spin state of (99942) Apophis - ScienceDirect.com
May 1, 2014 · Our photometric observations of Asteroid (99942) Apophis from December 2012 to April 2013 revealed it to be in a state of non-principal axis rotation (tumbling ...
[36]
Temperate Earth-sized planets transiting a nearby ultracool dwarf star
May 2, 2016 · Here we report observations of three short-period Earth-sized planets transiting an ultracool dwarf star only 12 parsecs away.
[37]
Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ... - Nature
Feb 23, 2017 · The Spitzer Space Telescope observed TRAPPIST-1 using its Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) detector for 5.7 h on 21 February 2016, for 6.5 h on 3, 4 ...
[38]
Faraway Eris is Pluto's Twin - ESO
Oct 26, 2011 · This event was seen at the end of 2010 by telescopes in Chile, including the Belgian TRAPPIST telescope at ESO's La Silla Observatory. The ...
[39]
Dwarf Planet Makemake Lacks Atmosphere - ESO
Nov 21, 2012 · The new study now shows that, like Eris, Makemake is not surrounded by a significant atmosphere.
[40]
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17448
[41]
[PDF] Monitoring the activity and composition of comets with TRAPPIST ...
2.1 TRAPPIST-North at Oukaimeden Observatory, Morocco (IAU code Z53). ... 2020-F3C/2020-M3C/2020-S32I/Borisov. Updated on December 10, 2020. Number of Nights.
[42]
A temperate rocky super-Earth transiting a nearby cool star - Nature
### Summary of TRAPPIST Mention and Role in LHS 1140 b Discovery
[43]
Refining the Transit-timing and Photometric Analysis of TRAPPIST-1
We have collected transit times for the TRAPPIST-1 system with the Spitzer Space Telescope over four years. We add to these ground-based, HST, ...
[44]
Thermal emission from the Earth-sized exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 b ...
Mar 27, 2023 · Here we present photometric secondary eclipse observations of the Earth-sized exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 b using the F1500W filter of the mid-infrared instrument on ...
[45]
Constraining the Thickness of the Atmosphere of TRAPPIST-1 b ...
May 17, 2023 · In this Letter, we compare the measured secondary eclipse depth of TRAPPIST-1 b to predictions from a suite of self-consistent radiative-convective equilibrium ...
[46]
Strict Limits on Potential Secondary Atmospheres on the Temperate ...
... detector pixels, and instead rely on spatial and temporal outlier ... Coustenis 2018) approximately lie relative to our constraints for TRAPPIST-1 d.
[47]
Webb Narrows Atmospheric Possibilities for Earth-sized Exoplanet ...
Aug 13, 2025 · The TRAPPIST-1 system is located 40 light-years away and was revealed as the record-holder for most Earth-sized rocky planets around a single ...
[48]
JWST-TST DREAMS: Secondary Atmosphere Constraints for the ...
Sep 8, 2025 · The TRAPPIST-1 system offers one of the best opportunities to characterize temperate terrestrial planets beyond our own solar system.
[49]
NASA Webb Looks at Earth-Sized, Habitable-Zone Exoplanet ...
Sep 8, 2025 · The four transits of TRAPPIST-1 e analyzed in the new papers published today were collected by the JWST Telescope Scientist Team's DREAMS ...Image A: Trappist-1 E... · World Of (fewer)... · Image B: Trappist-1 E...
[50]
[PDF] Refining the Transit-timing and Photometric Analysis of TRAPPIST-1
TRAPPIST is a project funded by the Belgian Fonds (National) de la Recherche Scientifique (F. R.S.-FNRS) under grant FRFC 2.5.594.09.F. TRAPPIST-. North is a ...
[51]
[2006.13826] TRAPPIST-1: Global Results of the Spitzer Exploration ...
Jun 24, 2020 · In this paper, we present the global results of the project. We analyzed 88 new transits and combined them with 100 previously analyzed transits.Missing: TESS TTV
[52]
Planet TRAPPIST-1 b - exoplanet.eu
Detailed information about planet TRAPPIST-1 b and its parameters.Planet · Basic Informations 30... · Related Publications
[53]
JWST-TST DREAMS: NIRSpec/PRISM Transmission Spectroscopy ...
Sep 8, 2025 · ... detector systematics. While this setup allowed ... (2018) suggested that the transmission spectra might not be as constraining for TRAPPIST ...
[54]
First Light for SPECULOOS - ESO
Dec 5, 2018 · Four telescopes devoted to the search for habitable planets around nearby ultra-cool stars get off to a successful start at ESO's Paranal Observatory.<|separator|>
[55]
speculoos - ULiège
SPECULOOS: a network of robotic telescopes in search of telluric exoplanets. The telescopes of the SPECULOOS project are located in Chile, Tenerife, and Mexico.
[56]
[PDF] Development of the SPECULOOS exoplanet search project
It is based on a new software package, the SSOS tool,74 complemented by PHOTOMETRYPIPELINE75 that have been adapted and optimised for the TRAPPIST data50 and ...
[57]
4. ESTEC. Hunting for exoplanets: providing ground-based support ...
ESA's current and upcoming space fleet is on the forefront of this, featuring HST, Gaia, JWST, CHEOPS, and soon PLATO and Ariel. ... SPECULOOS (Chile) in support ...
[58]
Two ULiège astrophysicists supported by the European Research ...
Nov 9, 2013 · The ERC Starting Grant SPECULOOS grant (€2M) will allow the installation of two new ULiège telescopes in the Atacama desert in Chile. These ...
[59]
Home
### Summary of SPECULOOS Network
[60]
SPECULOOS: Five Years Hunting Terrestrial Planets Around Ultra ...
Jun 12, 2025 · The project operates a network of robotic telescopes at two main observatories: SPECULOOS-South in Chile, with four telescopes, and SPECULOOS ...