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Xi

Xi Jinping (习近平; born June 1953) is a Chinese politician who has served as General Secretary of the (CPC) Central Committee since November 2012, President of the (PRC) since March 2013, and Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission and the PRC Central Military Commission, positions that collectively establish him as the of . Born in Fuping County, Province, to a family with revolutionary ties—his father was a senior CPC official—Xi rose through provincial posts in and before entering the Standing Committee. His leadership emphasizes strengthening CPC control, ideological conformity under "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era," and national goals like the "" of rejuvenation through doubled per-capita GDP targets and military expansion. Key initiatives under Xi include a massive campaign launched in 2012 that has disciplined over 1.5 million party members, including high-ranking "tigers" like former security chief , aimed at purifying the party but also consolidating power by removing rivals. Economically, his administration claims to have eliminated for nearly 100 million rural residents by through targeted relocation and infrastructure programs, while advancing the to invest over $1 trillion in global infrastructure, enhancing China's trade networks but incurring debt risks for recipient nations. Militarily, Xi has overseen modernization, including deployments and hypersonic weapons development, alongside reforms to the for joint operations capability. Xi's rule has sparked controversies, including the 2018 constitutional amendment removing presidential term limits, enabling his third term in 2022 and indefinite leadership, which critics argue undermines collective rule norms established post-Mao. concerns center on , camps in affecting over a million according to U.S. and UN estimates—though Chinese officials describe them as vocational centers—and crackdowns in via the 2020 law, eroding promised autonomies. The policy enforced through 2022 lockdowns suppressed outbreaks but triggered economic slowdowns, peaks above 20%, and rare s, contributing to global views of turning unfavorable in surveys across 24 countries, often citing rights restrictions and assertive . These accounts from Western governments and NGOs, while empirically detailed on scales and suppressions, contrast with official Chinese narratives denying abuses and emphasizing stability gains, highlighting credibility tensions in polarized reporting.

Xi Jinping

Early life and education

Xi Jinping was born on June 15, 1953, in , to , a senior official and early associate of who later served as vice premier, and , with ancestral roots in Fuping County, Province. His early childhood occurred amid relative privilege as a "princeling" due to his father's revolutionary status, though formal schooling was inconsistent following disruptions from political campaigns. The family's status deteriorated during the after Xi Zhongxun's 1962 purge for allegedly supporting a literary work critical of Mao, leading to imprisonment and persecution of relatives, including Xi Jinping's half-sister who died by suicide under pressure. In January 1969, at age 15, Xi was dispatched as a "" under Mao's policy to relocate over 17 million urban adolescents to rural areas for , arriving in the impoverished Liangjiahe village in Province amid widespread family upheaval. Over seven years in Liangjiahe (1969–1975), Xi resided in cave dwellings, endured flea infestations and harsh poverty, and performed manual tasks such as farming, hauling grain, and building infrastructure like dams, eventually earning local respect and serving as for a production . He applied for CCP membership eight times before admission in 1974, reflecting persistence amid rejections tied to his father's disgrace. In 1975, Xi entered in as a "worker-peasant-soldier student" via non-competitive recommendation emphasizing labor experience over exams, studying and graduating with a in 1979. This period marked his transition from rural hardship to formal , aligning with post-Cultural reforms restoring university access.

Political rise and career

Xi Jinping joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in January 1974, during his time as a worker at an agricultural machinery factory following the Cultural Revolution. After graduating from Tsinghua University in 1979 with a degree in chemical engineering, he served as a personal secretary to Geng Biao, then the minister of national defense, from 1979 to 1982, gaining early exposure to central-level military and party affairs. In 1982, Xi was appointed deputy party secretary of Zhengding County in Hebei Province, rising to by 1983, where he focused on rural economic reforms, including land contracts and development to alleviate in the underdeveloped area. He remained in that role until 1985, emphasizing practical governance over ideological campaigns. From 1985 to 2002, Xi built his provincial career in Province, starting as vice mayor of , where he oversaw the of the Xiamen Special Economic Zone and anti-corruption efforts against . He advanced to party secretary of (1988–1990), deputy party secretary of (1990–1993), party secretary of (1993–1995), and eventually deputy governor and executive deputy party secretary of (1995–1999), acting governor in 1999, and full from 2000 to 2002, prioritizing economic growth, environmental protection, and with . In 2002, Xi transferred to Zhejiang Province as governor and deputy party secretary, becoming in 2003 and serving until 2007; during this period, he promoted private enterprise, innovation-driven growth, and the moral campaign, overseeing GDP expansion from 866 billion yuan in 2002 to over 1.8 trillion yuan by 2007. Following the 2006 dismissal of party secretary amid a scandal, Xi was appointed of in March 2007, stabilizing the municipality through probes and economic continuity before his elevation to the CPC Central Committee Politburo Standing Committee in October 2007. He was elected vice president of the in March 2008, positioning him as the under . Xi's ascent culminated at the 18th CPC National Congress in November 2012, where he was named general secretary of the and chairman of the Central Military Commission, consolidating control over party, state, and military apparatuses; he was elected president by the in March 2013. His career trajectory, spanning local governance in coastal economic hubs, reflected a deliberate grooming process leveraging his "princeling" background as the son of revolutionary veteran while demonstrating administrative competence in fostering market-oriented reforms.

Consolidation of power

Upon assuming the role of General Secretary of the (CCP) at the 18th National Congress on November 15, 2012, simultaneously took control of the Central Military Commission, consolidating authority over both the party and the . In March 2013, he was elected President of the by the , completing the "three-in-one" leadership structure that centralized power in his hands. This rapid ascent marked a departure from the model under his predecessor , enabling Xi to initiate reforms aimed at strengthening intraparty discipline. Xi launched a sweeping campaign in December 2012, targeting "tigers and flies"—high- and low-level officials alike—which by 2022 had investigated over 4.7 million CCP members and punished more than 1.5 million, including numerous members and generals. While officially framed as combating systemic graft, the effort disproportionately affected figures from rival factions, such as former security chief (sentenced to life in 2015) and military leaders like (died under investigation in 2015), leading analysts to view it as a mechanism for eliminating political threats and ensuring loyalty. A pivotal step occurred on March 11, , when the amended the constitution with 2,958 votes in favor and two against, abolishing the two-term limit on the presidency previously enshrined since 1982 to prevent lifelong rule. This change aligned the presidential tenure with Xi's indefinite role as CCP General Secretary, effectively permitting rule for life and reversing post-Mao norms against personalistic . At the 20th CCP National Congress in October 2022, Xi secured a third term as General Secretary, unprecedented since Deng Xiaoping's era, while stacking the Standing Committee with loyalists and omitting clear successors. This consolidation extended to enshrining "" in the party , elevating his ideology above collective decision-making. Purges intensified after 2022, particularly in the , with nine senior generals expelled from the CCP in October 2025 alone on corruption charges, including top figures like and others from the Rocket Force, amid concerns over loyalty and combat readiness. These actions, continuing a pattern from 2023 onward, have targeted overlapping networks of officers whose careers predated Xi's rise, further entrenching his control but raising questions about institutional stability.

Domestic policies and reforms

Upon assuming leadership as General Secretary of the in November 2012, launched a sweeping campaign that has disciplined over 4.7 million officials by 2023, including high-profile figures such as former members and . This initiative, enforced through the , targeted , , and , leading to a reported decline in illicit activities like lavish banquets and gift-giving among officials. While praised for enhancing in the —evidenced by surveys showing improved perceptions of —the campaign has also been critiqued for selectively purging political rivals, thereby aiding Xi's consolidation of power without addressing systemic incentives for corruption in a . Xi's poverty alleviation drive, initiated in 2013, culminated in the official declaration of eradicating absolute in 2021, with nearly 100 million rural residents lifted above the national poverty line of 2,300 annually (about $400 in 2011 prices) through targeted interventions like , relocation programs, and subsidies totaling over 1.6 trillion from central funds. These efforts focused on 832 impoverished counties, employing precision targeting via data-driven assessments to address root causes such as geographic isolation and low productivity, resulting in measurable gains like universal rural road access and rates exceeding 99%. Independent analyses, however, question the sustainability and metrics, noting that the threshold remains low by international standards (e.g., Bank's $1.90 daily extreme poverty line adjusted) and that relocations sometimes disrupted communities without long-term income security. In economic policy, Xi has pursued "" since 2021, emphasizing income redistribution and curbing excesses in sectors like and to foster middle-class expansion without enforcing strict . This included directives for high-income groups and enterprises to "reasonably increase" contributions, alongside tax reforms and rural revitalization, aiming to narrow the from 0.47 in 2018. Complementary reforms promoted mixed-ownership in state-owned enterprises by injecting private capital while subordinating the to party oversight, as seen in the 2013 Third Plenum decisions and subsequent five-year plans prioritizing ""—boosting domestic demand amid external uncertainties. These shifts contributed to GDP growth averaging 5-6% annually in the early but coincided with challenges like rising local exceeding 60 trillion by 2023 and a sector slowdown following restrictions on developers like Evergrande. Xi's administration intensified regulations on the sector starting in 2020, imposing antitrust fines totaling over 18 billion on firms like Alibaba and for monopolistic practices, alongside laws requiring algorithmic transparency and user privacy protections. This crackdown, framed as preventing "disorderly capital expansion," reduced tech giants' by trillions of but spurred state-led innovation in semiconductors and under the "new quality productive forces" doctrine. By 2025, policies evolved toward selective cooperation, with Xi meeting private tech leaders in February to encourage alignment with national goals like in chips amid U.S. controls, reflecting a balance between control and growth in the 14th (2021-2025). Overall, these reforms prioritize party-directed over unfettered markets, yielding stability but constraining private dynamism as evidenced by outflows and slowed innovation metrics in regulated domains.

Foreign policy and international relations

Xi Jinping's foreign policy marks a departure from the previous emphasis on "hiding capabilities and biding time," adopting a more assertive posture aimed at advancing China's "great rejuvenation" and enhancing its global influence. This shift prioritizes , , and economic , often tolerating increased friction with other powers to pursue objectives like countering perceived encirclement by the . Under Xi, China has pursued "major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics," seeking to reshape norms in alignment with Beijing's preferences, including through initiatives that promote multipolarity and challenge Western-led institutions. A cornerstone of Xi's strategy is the (BRI), launched in 2013, which encompasses overland and maritime infrastructure projects spanning more than 140 countries to boost trade linkages and export markets for goods. By 2023, BRI investments had exceeded $1 trillion, focusing on ports, railways, and energy facilities, though critics highlight debt sustainability risks for recipient nations and strategic leverage for . Xi has framed BRI as a pathway for mutual development and global interconnectivity, extending the ancient Silk Road's spirit, but it also serves as a counter to U.S. regional pivots by fostering economic dependencies. Diplomatic style under Xi has embraced "" tactics, characterized by combative rhetoric from officials defending China's positions on issues like territorial claims and criticisms, reflecting efforts to amplify Beijing's "discourse power" internationally. This approach intensified post-2018 with the establishment of the under Xi's direct oversight, though it has drawn backlash for alienating partners and complicating relations. In regions like and , such assertiveness persists selectively, prioritizing nationalistic responses over accommodation. Relations with the have deteriorated into strategic rivalry, exacerbated by the 2018 trade war imposing tariffs on hundreds of billions in goods, which Xi's administration countered with retaliatory measures and diversification. Tensions over escalated, with Xi reiterating unification as a core interest and increasing military drills around the island following U.S. figures' visits, positioning it as a potential flashpoint. By October 2025, tentative U.S.- agreements averted 100% tariffs, amid discussions during potential Trump-Xi summits on trade fairness and Taiwan's status, though underlying competition in technology and alliances endures. In the , Xi's policy emphasizes expansion, including island-building on disputed features since 2013 and grey-zone coercion against claimants like the and , to assert dominance over vital sea lanes carrying $3.4 trillion in annual trade. This aligns with Xi's vision of as a " great power," backed by a modernized , but has prompted multilateral pushback and strengthened U.S. alliances in the region. Xi has deepened ties with , culminating in a "no-limits" declared in and reaffirmed in multiple meetings between Xi and Putin, including September summits emphasizing mutual support for and economic cooperation like the Power of 2 pipeline. has provided dual-use exports aiding Russia's efforts without direct military involvement, while coordinating on global issues to counter U.S. influence. Recent developments through reflect continued assertiveness tempered by economic pragmatism, including nuclear arsenal expansion to over 500 warheads and initiatives like the Global Development Initiative, amid U.S. rivalry where leverages long-term strategies in and technology. Xi's centralized control via bodies like the ensures alignment with domestic priorities, though global perceptions of 's intentions remain contested based on textual analyses of official rhetoric.

Controversies and human rights record

Under Xi Jinping's leadership since 2012, has intensified domestic and control mechanisms, including expanded and the , which penalizes perceived disloyalty through restrictions on travel and employment. These measures, justified by the as necessary for stability, have suppressed dissent, with authorities detaining journalists, activists, and ethnic minorities for criticizing government policies. In 2018, the amended the constitution to abolish presidential term limits, enabling Xi to potentially rule indefinitely and marking a shift from norms established post-Mao Zedong. This consolidation, alongside purges of rivals under anti-corruption campaigns, has been criticized as fostering personalistic , though officials argue it ensures policy continuity amid geopolitical challenges. In , policies targeting and other Muslim minorities escalated after Xi's 2014 visit, leading to the construction of internment camps detaining over one million individuals by 2018 for "re-education" against . A 2022 United Nations report documented arbitrary detentions, torture, forced labor, and sterilizations, concluding serious violations that "may constitute ." The U.S. State Department has labeled these actions as , citing evidence from survivor testimonies, of facilities, and leaked government documents, while maintains the camps are vocational centers combating terrorism. Forced labor in supply chains linked to global brands has prompted , with supply disruptions reported in and solar panels. The 2020 imposition of the , directly overseen by under Xi, criminalized , , and with foreign forces, resulting in over 10,000 arrests by 2023 and the dissolution of pro-democracy groups. The law bypassed local legislature, eroding judicial independence and press freedom, with figures like media tycoon detained since 2020 on charges including . A 2024 expansion via further broadened sedition offenses, leading to self-censorship among educators and businesses; critics, including , describe it as a full-scale assault on remaining autonomies promised under the 1997 . defends the measures as restoring order after 2019 protests, which involved millions but were framed officially as foreign-orchestrated chaos. Xi's policy, enforced from 2020 to late 2022, mandated city-wide lockdowns affecting hundreds of millions, including the 2022 siege where residents faced food shortages and welded doors. The strategy, credited with low official death rates early on, drew controversy for economic costs exceeding $100 billion quarterly and sparking rare nationwide protests in November 2022 calling for Xi's . Its abrupt abandonment in December 2022 unleashed an unreported surge, with excess deaths estimated at one million by foreign models, exposing undercounting and inadequate vaccination for the elderly. Officials attributed persistence to Xi's personal endorsement, prioritizing elimination over adaptation despite global evidence of vaccines' efficacy. Broader repression includes crackdowns on religious groups, with thousands of churches demolished or repurposed since 2013, and ongoing practitioners through organ harvesting allegations documented in tribunals. Under Xi, transnational efforts have targeted overseas dissidents via harassment and rendition, as reported by investigative outlets. While portrays these as defensive against subversion, independent analyses highlight a systemic prioritization of over individual rights.

Recent developments

In October 2025, oversaw a significant expansion of military purges, with the expelling nine senior generals from the on October 17, including key figures from the Rocket Force and other commands accused of undermining his authority through corruption and disloyalty. This action, the largest single purge in recent years, followed earlier removals such as Defense Minister in 2023 and signaled Xi's intensified efforts to enforce loyalty within the amid concerns over operational readiness and internal power struggles. Subsequently, Xi appointed General Zhang Youxia's ally to the second-highest military post, further consolidating control over the Central Military Commission. The Fourth Plenum of the 20th , held October 20-23, 2025, advanced planning for the 15th (2026-2030), emphasizing "high-quality development" through technological , innovation in sectors like semiconductors and , and measures to stimulate domestic consumption amid slowing growth. Xi directed focus on improving social security, expanding for foreign firms, and achieving "markedly stronger" global influence by 2035 while safeguarding multilateral trade, though official data showed third-quarter 2025 GDP growth at 1.5% quarter-on-quarter and exports rising 6.1% in the first nine months amid persistent real estate and debt challenges. These priorities reflect Xi's persistence with state-led industrial policies despite external trade pressures, prioritizing long-term over short-term stimulus. Internationally, Xi prepared for a with U.S. at the APEC meeting in on October 30, 2025—their first since 2019—following U.S.- agreement on a framework addressing tariffs, soybean purchases (where accounted for $12.8 billion in U.S. imports in 2024), and TikTok's status. This comes as global views of and Xi improved slightly in 2025 surveys, with favorability rising double-digits in countries like and from 2024 levels, though underlying tensions over and technology persist.

Greek letter

Symbol and phonetics

Xi is the fourteenth letter of the alphabet, represented in uppercase as Ξ and in lowercase as ξ. These forms derive from earlier Phoenician scripts, with the lowercase ξ often rendered with three horizontal strokes connected by diagonals in classical . In encoding, the uppercase symbol corresponds to U+039E (Ξ) and the lowercase to U+03BE (ξ). Phonetically, xi denotes the voiceless /ks/, equivalent to the "ks" sequence in English words like "box" or "kicks". This , a followed by a , has persisted from , where it transcribed foreign sibilant clusters, to modern Greek usage. The letter's name, "xi," is pronounced /ˈksi/ (approximating "ksee" in English ). This naming aligns across ancient and modern varieties of the , reflecting its origins in the Phoenician samekh, adapted to represent the /ks/ sound.

Mathematical and scientific applications

In mathematics, the lowercase Greek letter ξ denotes the Riemann xi function, defined as ξ(s) = \frac{1}{2} s(s-1) \pi^{-s/2} \Gamma(s/2) \zeta(s), where ζ(s) is the Riemann zeta function and Γ is the gamma function. This function satisfies the functional equation ξ(s) = ξ(1-s), which simplifies analysis of the zeta function's non-trivial zeros and relates to the Riemann hypothesis. The uppercase Ξ and lowercase ξ appear in various other mathematical contexts, such as variables in integration (e.g., Riemann-Stieltjes integrals or approximations in the mean value theorem for integrals) and parameters in probability distributions, including the shape parameter ξ in generalized extreme value distributions. In statistics, ξ often represents the i-th observation or a location-scale parameter in models like the Gumbel distribution. In physics, the uppercase Ξ symbolizes the xi baryons (cascade baryons), a family of strange baryons with S = -2 and I = 1/2. These include the Ξ⁰ (neutral, mass 1314.86 ± 0.20 MeV/c²) and Ξ⁻ (charged, mass 1321.71 ± 0.07 MeV/c²), discovered in experiments in 1952 and confirmed in accelerator experiments shortly thereafter; their properties, including decay modes and lifetimes, are compiled by the Particle Data Group. Lowercase ξ denotes quantities like the ξ(r) in , measuring clustering as a function of separation r, or coordinates in (e.g., null geodesics in Kruskal-Szekeres diagrams). In engineering dynamics, ξ occasionally represents the damping ratio ζ in second-order systems, though ζ is more conventional.

Surname and notable individuals

Xi Zhongxun

(October 15, 1913 – May 24, 2002) was a senior official and revolutionary who served as vice premier of the from 1959 to 1962. Born in Fuping County, Province, in a rural area of northwest , he joined the Communist Youth League in May 1926 at age 13 and the in 1928. During , Xi participated in guerrilla activities in , helping establish a Communist base in the northwest that provided refuge for Mao Zedong's forces during the , including support around the in 1935 where Mao consolidated power. By 1945, at age 32, he led the CCP's Northwest Bureau, overseeing military and political operations against Nationalist forces in the region. Following the Communist victory in 1949, Xi rose rapidly in the new government, becoming secretary general of the State Council in 1954 under Premier Zhou Enlai and vice premier in 1959. In 1952, he was appointed minister of the State Propaganda Department, tasked with shaping public narratives for the early People's Republic. Known for pragmatic approaches, he advocated less violent methods in consolidating Communist control in northwest China during the 1940s and collaborated closely with leaders like Zhou Enlai on administrative reforms. However, in 1962, Mao Zedong accused him of anti-party activities linked to his endorsement of a semi-fictional novel, Liu Zhidan, which portrayed early CCP history in ways Mao viewed as challenging his authority; this led to Xi's purge from office and labeling as head of an "anti-party clique." Xi endured severe persecution during the (1966–1976), including imprisonment, physical torture, and separation from his family, with estimates indicating that his purge implicated around 20,000 people, resulting in at least 200 deaths from beatings. He was rehabilitated in 1978 under Deng Xiaoping's influence, returning to politics as vice chairperson of the Standing Committee from 1980 to 1983 and supporting Hu Yaobang's reforms. In this period, Xi championed economic liberalization, playing a key role in proposing China's first Special Economic Zones in 1980, which facilitated foreign investment and market-oriented experiments in coastal areas like . Retiring in 1983 due to health issues, he remained an informal advisor until his death in on May 24, 2002, at age 88. was the father of , China's since 2012, though biographical accounts emphasize Xi Zhongxun's loyalty to party discipline over familial influence in shaping his son's worldview.

Other notable figures

Xi Jinping (born June 15, 1953) is a Chinese politician who has served as General Secretary of the since November 15, 2012, and President of the since March 14, 2013. Under his leadership, the CCP amended its constitution in 2018 to remove presidential term limits, enabling his continued tenure. Xi Mingze (born June 25, 1992), the only child of and , graduated from in 2014 with a in after studying under a for . She attended Hangzhou Foreign Language School and briefly before enrolling at Harvard in 2010. Xi Mingze maintains a low public profile, with limited verified information available due to restrictions on family details. , younger brother of , pursued business interests after the , reportedly accumulating substantial wealth by the 1980s through trade activities. In October 2014, he publicly addressed media scrutiny of his sister-in-law , confirming her pre-fame acting roles. Among historical figures, Xi Zuochi (c. 316–384 AD) was a dynasty historian known for his Annals of Han and Jin, which critiqued the Wei dynasty's legitimacy as successor to the , influencing later historiography on the period.

Places

Xi'an

Xi'an is the capital and most populous city of Province in , functioning as a sub-provincial with significant administrative autonomy. The city spans an area of approximately 10,752 square kilometers and encompasses both urban districts and surrounding counties. Its urban is estimated at 9.22 million in 2025, within a total municipal exceeding 12 million based on 2020 figures adjusted for growth. Founded over 3,000 years ago, —historically known as —has served as the capital for thirteen dynasties, including the (1046–771 BCE), Qin (221–206 BCE), (206 BCE–220 CE), and (618–907 CE), making it one of China's four ancient great capitals alongside , , and . During the and eras, it was the world's largest city, with populations reaching up to 1 million, functioning as a nexus for governance, military strategy, and cultural flourishing. The city's strategic location on the plain facilitated control over western frontiers and agricultural productivity from the fertile . Xi'an gained international prominence as the eastern starting point of the , established during the around 130 BCE, which connected to , the , and , enabling the exchange of silk, spices, porcelain, and technologies like and westward, while introducing , horses, and glass eastward. Archaeological evidence from sites like the Shaanxi History Museum underscores this role through artifacts such as silk fragments and foreign coins dating to the 2nd century BCE. The city's ancient city walls, constructed in the (1368–1644) on earlier Tang foundations, remain intact at 14 kilometers in circumference, enclosing the historic core and symbolizing its enduring defensive architecture. The discovery of the Terracotta Army in 1974 near Lintong District revolutionized understanding of Qin dynasty militarism and artistry; this funerary complex, built circa 210 BCE for Emperor Qin Shi Huang, comprises over 8,000 life-sized clay soldiers, horses, and chariots arranged in battle formations to guard the emperor's mausoleum, reflecting centralized imperial power and mass production techniques involving modular assembly. Each figure features individualized facial features, hairstyles, and armor, with heights ranging from 1.75 to 1.95 meters, crafted from local clay fired at high temperatures. Ongoing excavations, limited to avoid damaging the unopened mausoleum, have yielded over 10,000 bronze weapons preserved by chrome plating, indicating advanced metallurgical knowledge predating Western equivalents by centuries. In contemporary Xi'an, the economy emphasizes aerospace, electronics, and software development, bolstered by institutions like and the presence of multinational firms in the Xi'an High-Tech Industries Development Zone, contributing to Shaanxi's GDP growth. Tourism, drawing over 200 million visitors annually pre-pandemic, centers on UNESCO-listed sites including the (designated 1987) and the (652 CE), a Tang-era Buddhist structure. The city also hosts a notable Hui Muslim community in its Muslim Quarter, tracing to Silk Road-era migrations, with over 60,000 residents maintaining traditions like lamb pao mo cuisine and the Great Mosque (built 742 CE). Urban expansion has integrated links, such as the Xi'an-Beijing line operational since 2010, reducing travel times to under four hours.

Other locations

The (Chinese: 西江; Xī Jiāng), also referred to as the West River, constitutes the primary western tributary of the system, which discharges into the . It traverses southern China, primarily through Zhuang Autonomous Region and Province, originating from upstream confluences in , Province. The river's course features a mix of gorges, plains, and deltas, facilitating navigation and irrigation for agriculture in the region. Including its major upper tributaries such as the Nanpan and Hongshui Rivers, the Xi extends over 2,218 kilometers (1,378 miles), making it the longest branch of the network. Its basin encompasses diverse ecosystems supporting rice cultivation, fisheries, and urban centers like and Zhaoqing, though it faces challenges from and due to industrial activity upstream. The river has historically served as a vital trade artery, linking interior provinces to coastal ports since ancient times.

Other uses

Scientific terms

In particle physics, designates a family of baryons known as particles, characterized by containing two strange quarks and one , resulting in number -2. The neutral \Xi^0 (composition: uss) and charged \Xi^- (dss) have masses of approximately 1314.86 MeV/c^2 and 1321.71 MeV/c^2, respectively, with mean lifetimes around $2.90 \times 10^{-10} s and $1.64 \times 10^{-10} s./University_Physics_III_-Optics_and_Modern_Physics(OpenStax)/11%3A_Particle_Physics_and_Cosmology/11.04%3A_Quarks) These particles primarily decay via into a \Lambda and a , often termed "" decays due to the sequential production of intermediate strange particles in or accelerator experiments. Variants include charmed Xi baryons, such as the doubly charmed \Xi_{cc}^{++} (composition: cc u), discovered in 2017 by the LHCb collaboration at CERN with a mass of 3620.75 ± 0.15 ± 0.10 ± 0.02 MeV/c^2, providing evidence for exotic states with two charm quarks and challenging aspects of quantum chromodynamics predictions for binding energies. Bottom and bottom-charmed Xi particles, like \Xi_b and \Xi_{bc}, have also been observed, extending the spectrum to heavier quarks. These baryons contribute to understanding symmetry breaking and the quark model, with properties tabulated in resources like the Particle Data Group reviews./University_Physics_III_-Optics_and_Modern_Physics(OpenStax)/11%3A_Particle_Physics_and_Cosmology/11.04%3A_Quarks)

Miscellaneous

The Xi text editor is an open-source software project designed to deliver high-performance text editing through a backend implemented in the Rust programming language, incorporating data structures such as persistent ropes for efficient manipulation and conflict-free replicated data types (CRDTs) for collaborative features. Initiated around 2016, it aimed to prioritize responsiveness and quality over traditional editor paradigms, with frontends prototyped for platforms like macOS. By 2020, project lead Raph Levien noted in a retrospective that while technical innovations like the rope implementation advanced understanding of text buffers, the effort stalled due to challenges in achieving broad adoption and frontend maturity, rendering it largely inactive. In consumer products, "Xi" appears in branding for items like the XI Formula motherboard, a high-end component released in supporting Intel's 9th-generation Core processors, socket, and features such as and extensive RGB lighting customization. This model emphasized extreme performance for enthusiasts, including liquid cooling readiness and multiple PCIe 3.0 slots.

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