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Ray

Ray may refer to:

Biology

Fish

Rays are a diverse group of cartilaginous fish belonging to the superorder Batoidea within the class Chondrichthyes, encompassing over 600 species characterized by their flattened bodies and adapted for benthic lifestyles.^[1] This superorder includes several orders, such as Myliobatiformes, which contains suborders like Myliobatoidei (encompassing stingrays and eagle rays) and the family Mobulidae (manta rays and devil rays).^[2] Rays share a common evolutionary lineage with sharks, both falling under the subclass Elasmobranchii, with ancestors dating back approximately 400 million years and diverging during the Jurassic period around 200 million years ago.^[3] Their skeletons consist of cartilage rather than bone, a key chondrichthyan trait that provides flexibility suited to their undulating swimming motions.^[4] Physically, rays are distinguished by their enlarged pectoral fins that fuse with the head to form a broad, disc-like body, enabling them to glide over substrates or through water columns.^[5] Gill slits are located ventrally on the underside, facilitating respiration while lying flat against the seafloor, and the mouth and nostrils are also positioned below the disc for bottom-feeding. Many species, particularly in the suborder Myliobatoidei, possess a serrated, venomous spine on the tail for defense, which can deliver painful stings but is typically non-lethal to humans.^[6] The disc shape evokes a geometric ray in mathematics, extending outward symmetrically from the body center like lines radiating from a point. Most rays are bottom-dwellers inhabiting coastal oceans, estuaries, and coral reefs, where they forage for mollusks, crustaceans, and small fish by flapping their discs to stir sediment; however, some species, including freshwater stingrays of the family Potamotrygonidae in South America and of the family Dasyatidae in Southeast Asia, inhabit rivers and lakes.^[2]^[7] Pelagic species like the giant oceanic manta ray (Mobula birostris) roam open oceans as filter-feeders, consuming plankton via cephalic fins that direct water into their mouths, and can attain disc widths up to 7 meters (23 feet).^[8] Behaviorally, rays often bury in sand for camouflage and exhibit social aggregations at cleaning stations, where smaller fish remove parasites from their skin. Conservation challenges threaten many ray species, with overfishing for meat, fins, and gill plates driving population declines; according to a 2024 IUCN assessment, approximately one-third of shark, ray, and chimaera species are threatened with extinction.^[9] The giant oceanic manta ray, for instance, is classified as Endangered by the IUCN due to targeted fisheries in the Indo-Pacific for its gill rakers used in traditional medicine. Other threatened taxa include devil rays in Mobulidae, prompting international protections under CITES Appendix II since 2014 to regulate trade.^[10] Habitat degradation from coastal development further exacerbates risks for benthic species, underscoring the need for marine protected areas to safeguard these ancient lineages.^[8]

Botany

In the Asteraceae family, ray florets are the peripheral, strap-shaped flowers that comprise the outer portion of the capitulum inflorescence, in contrast to the central, tubular disc florets that form the core.^[11] These ray florets exhibit zygomorphic symmetry and are characterized by an elongated ligule, a flattened extension of the corolla that gives them a petal-like appearance.^[12] The primary function of ray florets is to attract pollinators, such as insects, by providing visually striking, often brightly colored extensions that mimic petals and enhance the overall display of the flower head.^[13] This specialization aids in guiding pollinators toward the fertile disc florets, where nectar and pollen are produced.^[14] Prominent examples include sunflowers (Helianthus annuus), where vibrant yellow ray florets encircle a dense cluster of disc florets, and common daisies (Bellis perennis), featuring white or pink ray florets surrounding a yellow disc.^[15] Anatomically, ray florets arise from modifications of the corolla tube, resulting in a ligulate form that is typically sterile, lacking functional stamens and relying on pistillate structures for reproduction in some species.^[16] Ray florets are a defining feature of the Asteraceae, a family comprising over 32,000 species of flowering plants widely distributed across temperate and tropical regions worldwide.^[17]^[18]

Science and mathematics

Mathematics

In Euclidean geometry, a ray is defined as a part of a line that starts at an endpoint, known as the origin, and extends infinitely in one direction without bound.^[19] This distinguishes it from a line segment, which has two endpoints, and a full line, which extends infinitely in both directions.^[20] The concept originates in axiomatic geometry, where rays serve as building blocks for more complex figures.^[21] Rays are denoted using a vector-like notation, typically \overrightarrow{AB}, where A is the endpoint and B is any point on the ray beyond A.^[22] This notation emphasizes the direction from A through B and onward indefinitely. Key properties include the absence of a finite length, as the ray's extent is unbounded, making direct measurement impossible.^[19] Rays are essential for defining angles, formed by two rays sharing an endpoint (the vertex); they also underpin the construction of lines (as the union of two opposite rays) and planes in three dimensions.^[22] Additionally, any points on a ray are collinear, meaning they lie on the same straight path originating from the endpoint.^[20] In coordinate geometry, rays provide the foundation for parametric representations of directed paths. For a ray in the plane starting at point (a, c) and extending in the direction of the vector (b, d), the position is given by the equations

x = a + bt, \quad y = c + dt

where t \geq 0. This parameterization allows for algebraic manipulation of rays, such as finding intersections with other geometric objects, while the non-negative t ensures the half-line structure.^[23] Rays appear prominently in triangle geometry theorems, particularly Ceva's theorem, which concerns the concurrency of cevians—rays emanating from each vertex and intersecting the opposite side. Ceva's theorem states that for a triangle ABC with points D, E, F on sides BC, CA, AB respectively, the rays AD, BE, CF are concurrent if and only if \frac{BD}{DC} \cdot \frac{CE}{EA} \cdot \frac{AF}{FB} = 1.^[24] This result, originally proved in 1678, relies on the directional properties of rays to establish concurrency conditions in planar figures.^[25]

Physics

In physics, a ray represents an idealized straight-line path for the propagation of light or other electromagnetic waves in the approximation of geometric optics, where the wavelength is negligible compared to the scale of optical elements, allowing phenomena like refraction and reflection to be modeled without considering wave interference effects.^[26] This approximation is governed by Snell's law, which quantifies refraction at an interface between two media with refractive indices n_1 and n_2, stating that n_1 \sin \theta_1 = n_2 \sin \theta_2, where \theta_1 and \theta_2 are the angles of incidence and refraction relative to the normal.^[27] Ray tracing techniques extend this model to predict light paths through complex systems by sequentially applying laws of reflection (angle of incidence equals angle of reflection) and refraction, providing a foundational tool for analyzing optical instruments despite its limitations in capturing diffraction or interference.^[26] Physical rays also encompass high-energy forms of radiation. X-rays are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging from 0.01 to 10 nm, enabling them to penetrate soft tissues while being absorbed by denser materials like bone.^[28] Discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen during experiments with cathode rays in vacuum tubes, X-rays were initially observed as penetrating radiation produced when electrons strike a target, revealing their electromagnetic nature through subsequent studies.^[29] Gamma rays, in contrast, are high-energy photons emitted during nuclear decay processes, such as the de-excitation of atomic nuclei following alpha or beta decay, with energies typically exceeding 100 keV and wavelengths shorter than 0.01 nm.^[30] Cosmic rays consist of high-energy particles, primarily protons (about 89% of the flux), originating from extraterrestrial sources like supernovae or active galactic nuclei, traveling near the speed of light and interacting with Earth's atmosphere to produce secondary particles.^[31] Cathode rays, historically significant, are streams of electrons emitted from a heated cathode in a vacuum tube, accelerated by an electric field to form a beam that can be deflected by magnetic or electric fields, paving the way for early understandings of charged particle motion.^[32] These physical rays find critical applications in medicine and diagnostics. X-rays are widely used for non-invasive imaging in diagnostics, such as detecting fractures or tumors by exploiting differential absorption in tissues, forming the basis of radiography and computed tomography.^[33] Gamma rays enable radiation therapy, where focused beams target cancerous cells to induce DNA damage and apoptosis while sparing surrounding healthy tissue, as in techniques like Gamma Knife radiosurgery for brain tumors.^[34] From a quantum perspective, rays embody the classical limit of wave-particle duality, where the probabilistic quantum wavefunction of particles like photons collapses to deterministic ray-like trajectories in regimes of high energy or large scales, bridging quantum mechanics with geometric optics.^[35] This idealization draws from the mathematical concept of a ray as an infinite straight line, adapted to physical propagation models.^[27]

Arts and entertainment

Music

Ray Charles, often called the "Father of Soul," was a pioneering figure in the genre, blending elements of gospel, rhythm and blues, jazz, and country to create a distinctive sound that profoundly shaped modern music during the mid-20th century.^[36] His 1957 self-titled debut album on Atlantic Records marked an early milestone, featuring tracks like "Ain't That Love" and "Hallelujah, I Love Her So," which showcased his emotive vocals and piano-driven arrangements.^[37] Charles' influence extended to landmark hits such as "Georgia on My Mind," released in 1960, which topped the Billboard Hot 100 and became a timeless standard, later adopted as Georgia's state song in 1979.^[38] Ray Davies served as the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, and primary songwriter for the English rock band the Kinks, formed in 1963, contributing to their status as one of the most influential groups in British Invasion-era music.^[39] Davies penned iconic songs like "You Really Got Me" and "Sunny Afternoon," blending sharp social commentary with innovative guitar riffs that impacted rock and power pop genres.^[40] His work with the Kinks, including over 20 studio albums, emphasized storytelling and British cultural themes, earning the band induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990.^[41] In the folk and contemporary singer-songwriter realm, Ray LaMontagne emerged in the early 2000s with a gravelly, soul-infused voice reminiscent of earlier blues traditions.^[42] His third studio album, Gossip in the Grain (2008), produced by Ethan Johns, featured introspective tracks like "You Are the Best Thing" and "Let It Be Me," earning critical acclaim for its organic instrumentation and emotional depth, peaking at number 3 on the Billboard 200.^[43] British singer-songwriter Raye (born Rachel Keen in 1997) rose to prominence in the 2010s with a fusion of R&B, pop, and dance elements, co-writing hits for artists like Beyoncé and Rihanna before establishing her solo career.^[44] Her breakthrough came with singles like "By Your Side" (2017), which charted in multiple countries, and her debut album My 21st Century Blues (2023), reflecting personal struggles and earning her the 2024 Brit Award for Album of the Year after a high-profile dispute with her former label.^[44] Raye's vocal versatility and genre-blending style have positioned her as a key voice in modern British pop.

Fictional characters and mascots

In television, one prominent fictional character named Ray is Ray Barone, the central figure in the American sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond, which ran for nine seasons from 1996 to 2005. Portrayed by Ray Romano, Barone is depicted as an ordinary sportswriter and family man dealing with everyday domestic challenges, including his quirky wife Debra, their three children, and his overbearing parents who live directly across the street, highlighting themes of familial dysfunction and suburban life.^[45] Another notable television character is Ray Manchester, also known as Captain Man, the indestructible superhero and deuteragonist of the Nickelodeon series Henry Danger, which aired from 2014 to 2020. Played by Cooper Barnes, Manchester is Swellview's longtime protector who gained his powers from a lab experiment as a child; he later recruits teenager Henry Hart as his sidekick Kid Danger to combat local villains, often showcasing his bravado, immaturity, and reliance on gadgets despite his superhuman durability. In comics, Ray Terrill, the second character to assume the mantle of The Ray, is a DC Comics superhero with the ability to generate and manipulate light energy, allowing him to fly, create solid light constructs, and emit blinding blasts. Created by writer Christopher Priest and artist Howard Porter, Terrill first appeared in The Ray #1 in 1992 as the son of the original Ray (Happy Terrill, who debuted in 1940); he joins teams like the Justice League and Freedom Fighters, using his powers to battle threats while grappling with the isolating effects of his abilities, which initially required him to live in darkness to avoid harming others. In animation and video games, Ray the Flying Squirrel is a supporting character in Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog franchise, introduced in the 1993 arcade game SegaSonic the Hedgehog. An anthropomorphic yellow squirrel with gliding abilities powered by his large tail, Ray is portrayed as optimistic, agile, and loyal, often teaming up with Sonic and Mighty the Armadillo as a sidekick in adventures against Dr. Robotnik; his appearances span comics, games like Sonic Mania Plus (2018), and official merchandise, embodying the trope of the plucky, adventurous companion in high-speed platforming narratives.^[46] Characters named Ray frequently appear as mascots in sports and entertainment. Raymond, the official mascot of Major League Baseball's Tampa Bay Rays since their inaugural 1998 season, is a furry, blue seadog-like creature who entertains crowds at Tropicana Field through dances, races, and fan interactions, symbolizing the team's sunny Florida identity and contributing to game-day excitement alongside secondary mascots like Stinger the stingray.^[47] These fictional Rays often reflect archetypes such as the relatable everyman in comedic settings (e.g., Barone's domestic woes) or heroic sidekicks in action-oriented stories (e.g., the Flying Squirrel's supportive role), influencing cultural perceptions of the name in media as approachable yet capable.^[48]

Other media

In film, "Ray" is a 2004 biographical drama directed by Taylor Hackford, chronicling the life of musician Ray Charles from his childhood blindness and early struggles to his rise as a pioneering figure in rhythm and blues, with Jamie Foxx portraying Charles in an Academy Award-winning performance.^[49] The film received critical acclaim for its portrayal of Charles's personal and professional challenges, including his battles with addiction and racial barriers in the music industry.^[50] Short films titled "Ray" include a 2018 biographical documentary exploring the career of actor Raymond J. Barry, from athlete to performer, and a 2004 comedy short depicting a young protagonist navigating boredom in a small town.^[51]^[52] On television, "Ray Donovan" is an American crime drama series that aired on Showtime from 2013 to 2020, created by Ann Biderman and starring Liev Schreiber as Ray Donovan, a professional "fixer" for Los Angeles's elite who grapples with his own dysfunctional family after his father's release from prison.^[53] The series spans seven seasons, blending elements of noir thriller and family saga, and earned praise for its exploration of loyalty, violence, and redemption in Hollywood's underbelly.^[54] In literature, "Ray" is a 1980 novel by Barry Hannah, nominated for the American Book Award, that follows the chaotic life of Dr. Ray Acker, a Southern dentist turned vigilante, poet, and philanderer, weaving a satirical portrait of mid-20th-century American masculinity through episodic adventures marked by humor and absurdity.^[55] The book is celebrated for its lyrical prose and unflinching depiction of personal turmoil in the American South.^[56] Video games featuring "Ray" prominently include the Rayman franchise, a platformer series developed and published by Ubisoft since the 1995 debut title "Rayman," where players control the limbless hero Rayman to restore balance in a whimsical fantasy world across over 60 levels in various entries like "Rayman Legends" and "Rayman Origins."^[57] Created by Michel Ancel, the series has sold millions of copies and expanded into spin-offs emphasizing cooperative multiplayer and vibrant, hand-drawn art styles. The "Rayman: The Board Game," released in 2025, adapts the video game series into a cooperative adventure for up to four players, involving dice-rolling and card play to battle enemies and collect lums in themed scenarios. App-based games include "Ray Part 1," a 2015 point-and-click interactive fiction title on platforms like CrazyGames, immersing players in a noir-style criminal underworld narrative through choice-driven storytelling.^[58]

People

Given name

Ray is primarily used as a male given name, serving as a diminutive of Raymond, which originates from the Germanic elements ragin ("counsel" or "advice") and mund ("protector"), collectively meaning "wise protector."^[59] The name also aligns with the English word "ray," denoting a beam of light, which has influenced its adoption independently in English-speaking contexts since the 19th century.^[59] While unisex, it is predominantly masculine, with approximately 98% of bearers being male based on U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) data over the past 50 years.^[60] In the United States, Ray gained widespread popularity in the early 20th century, peaking at rank #63 in 1934 according to SSA records, and remaining in the top 150 during the 1960s, with a notable position of #121 in 1960.^[61] Its usage has since declined steadily, falling outside the top 700 by the 2020s and ranking #779 in 2024 per SSA data, reflecting a broader trend away from short, traditional names.^[62] Despite this, it persists as a concise, versatile choice in English-speaking countries like the UK and Australia, where similar mid-20th-century peaks occurred.^[63] As of 2024, its ranking continued to decline to #779, reflecting ongoing shifts toward more distinctive names. Notable individuals named Ray include American author Ray Bradbury (1920–2012), celebrated for his science fiction works such as Fahrenheit 451, which critiques censorship and has sold over a million copies worldwide.^[64] Actor Ray Liotta (1954–2022) rose to fame portraying mobster Henry Hill in the 1990 film Goodfellas, earning critical acclaim for his intense performance in Martin Scorsese's crime epic.^[65] In sports, basketball player Ray Allen (born 1975), a 10-time NBA All-Star, won championships with the Boston Celtics in 2008 and the Miami Heat in 2012, retiring as the league's all-time leader in three-point field goals made (later surpassed).^[66] Culturally, Ray has variations such as Rae, a feminine spelling often derived from Rachel or used independently to evoke a softer, light-inspired connotation.^[67] In some modern Indian contexts, Ray is used as a boy's name, sometimes associated with meanings like 'beam of light' or influenced by English usage.^[68] Demographically, the name is prevalent in the United States, where estimates indicate approximately 266,000 people (primarily male).^[69] It is also common in the United Kingdom and India, the latter having approximately 22,700 instances (ranked 7,097th nationally), while the United States has the highest with over 385,000; global total ~640,000, often in Hindu communities.^[70] Overall trends show a post-1960s decline in new registrations across these regions, though its brevity and cultural resonance sustain occasional use in modern naming.^[61]

Surname

Ray is a surname with diverse etymological roots. In English and Scottish usage, it often originated as a nickname from Middle English ræghe (from Old English rǣge), meaning "female roe deer," or northern Middle English rā (from Old English rā), denoting "roe deer," typically applied to a timid individual or swift runner.^[71] It could also serve as a shortened form of the personal name Raymond, introduced to England by Norman settlers after the 1066 Conquest.^[72] In South Asia, particularly among Bengali communities, Ray functions as a variant of Roy, derived from the Sanskrit rāja ("king"), historically used as an honorific title for landowners or officials.^[73] The surname is widely distributed globally, borne by approximately 5 million people, with the highest prevalence and density in India, where it ranks among the most common family names.^[74] In the United States, Ray is approximately the 210th most popular surname, with about 173,000 bearers as of recent estimates based on 2020 Census data, reflecting its integration into American society.^[74] In the United Kingdom, it holds the 477th position in surname frequency.^[75] Common variants include Rae (Scottish diminutive) and Wray (northern English topographic form).^[72] Prominent bearers include Satyajit Ray (1921–1992), the acclaimed Indian filmmaker whose works, such as the Apu Trilogy, earned international recognition; he received an Honorary Academy Award in 1992 for his mastery of motion pictures.^[76] Man Ray (1890–1976), born Emmanuel Radnitzky, was an influential American visual artist and photographer associated with the Dada and Surrealist movements, pioneering techniques like rayographs (camera-less photograms).^[77] Gene Anthony Ray (1962–2003) gained fame as an actor and dancer, portraying the street-smart Leroy Johnson in the 1980s television series Fame.^[78] Historical figures with the surname include John Ray (1627–1705), an English naturalist and botanist regarded as a founder of modern taxonomy for his systematic classification of over 18,000 plant species in works like Historia Plantarum.^[79] Ray Kroc (1902–1984) transformed McDonald's from a small California chain into a worldwide fast-food corporation, pioneering franchising models that standardized operations and expanded to thousands of locations.^[80] Genealogically, the Ray surname exhibits notable migration patterns, with many European bearers—primarily from England, Scotland, and Ireland—relocating to the Americas during the 19th century amid industrialization and economic opportunities; U.S. census data from 1840 onward documents a sharp increase in Ray families, often settling in the Midwest and South.^[71]

Places

Iran

Ray, also known as Rayy or Rhages in antiquity, is an ancient city located on the southeastern outskirts of modern Tehran in Tehran Province, Iran. Situated at approximately 35°36′N 51°28′E, it lies in a semi-arid region characterized by hot, dry summers and cold winters, with an average annual precipitation of around 230 mm. The city occupies a strategic position on the historical trade routes connecting the Iranian plateau to Mesopotamia, contributing to its prominence as a political and cultural center from prehistoric times. Archaeological evidence indicates continuous settlement dating back to the 5th millennium BCE, with key sites including the Cheshmeh-Ali mound, where recent excavations uncovered a 7,000-year-old skeleton from the Sialk III period (circa 4300 BCE), highlighting early human activity in the area.^[81]^[82]^[83] Historically, Ray held significant importance in the Median period (8th–6th centuries BCE), serving as a major urban center in the region of Media, though not its primary capital at Ecbatana. It is referenced in the Avesta, the sacred Zoroastrian text, as a place of antiquity and reverence. The city was conquered by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE during his campaign against the Achaemenid Empire, marking its integration into the Hellenistic world. Under the Parthian Empire (3rd century BCE–3rd century CE), Ray functioned as one of the empire's capital cities, facilitating commerce and administration. Following the Arab conquest in 641 CE, it flourished under the Abbasid Caliphate, particularly during the reign of al-Mahdi in the 8th century, when it rivaled Baghdad as a hub of learning and trade. In the medieval Islamic era, Ray emerged as a renowned center for pottery production, with its ceramics featuring intricate designs influenced by local Iranian traditions and broader Islamic aesthetics, such as slip-painted wares from the 12th–13th centuries that linked it to a shared cultural network across the region. The city was a birthplace for influential scholars, including the physician and philosopher Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes, c. 865–925 CE), whose works on medicine and alchemy profoundly shaped Islamic and European intellectual traditions. However, Ray suffered devastation during the Mongol invasion in 1220 CE, leading to the migration of many residents to nearby Tehran and the decline of its urban core.^[84]^[85]^[86] Today, Ray is a suburban district of Tehran, integrated into the greater metropolitan area, with the broader Ray County encompassing an area of about 2,205 km² and a population of approximately 350,000 as of recent estimates. The county, administratively part of Tehran Province, preserves numerous archaeological ruins, including the Cheshmeh-Ali hill and remnants of medieval structures, which attract researchers and visitors interested in Iran's layered history. Despite its absorption into urban sprawl, these sites underscore Ray's enduring legacy as one of the oldest continuously inhabited areas in the region, though it is not designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.^[87]^[88]

Russia

In Russia, "Ray" (Russian: Рай) primarily designates several small rural settlements located in the European part of the country, including in Smolensk Oblast, Belgorod Oblast, Yaroslavl Oblast, Kostroma Oblast, Kirov Oblast, and the Komi Republic. These villages are characteristically modest in size, often with populations under 200 residents, and function as agricultural outposts amid rolling plains and woodlands. For instance, the settlement of Ray in Smolensk Oblast lies approximately 1.5 km south of the A141 highway, integrated into the Prigorsky rural administrative unit, while the one in Belgorod Oblast, in Volokonovsky District, consists of a single street and exemplifies the sparse, community-focused lifestyle typical of such locales.^[89]^[90] The toponym "Ray" stems from the Russian word for "paradise," inherited from Proto-Slavic *rajь and borrowed from Old Iranian *rāji, denoting an idyllic or heavenly place; this etymology likely reflects early settlers' perceptions of the serene, fertile surroundings rather than any Turkic influence on striped landscapes. Historically, these names may trace to 19th-century farmsteads, such as the one in Smolensk Oblast founded by Alexander Vasilievich Vonlyarlyarsky, who explicitly named it "Ray" to evoke heavenly tranquility, though broader adoption in toponymy underscores a cultural affinity for aspirational naming in rural Russia.^[91] Geographically, these Rays are concentrated in western and central Russia, though extending northward into the Komi Republic, where they experience a cold continental climate marked by harsh winters averaging -10°C to -15°C and brief, mild summers. Ecologically, many are embedded in transitional zones between mixed forests and boreal taiga, supporting diverse flora like birch, pine, and spruce, alongside wildlife such as elk and foxes; the northern examples in Komi highlight the vast, coniferous-dominated landscapes of the Russian taiga biome.^[92] In recent years, these remote settlements have seen limited modern development, with potential emerging for eco-tourism in natural reserves near Ray in Smolensk Oblast, where facilities like Hotel Ray cater to visitors seeking rural escapes and proximity to historical sites along the upper Dnieper River basin post-2020 infrastructure improvements.^[93]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, place names incorporating "Ray" often derive from Old English elements such as rǣg meaning "roe deer" or ea (pronounced "ay"), denoting a stream or river, reflecting topographic features like watercourses or animal habitats.^[71]^[94] Rayne is a rural village and civil parish in the Braintree district of Essex, England, situated approximately 2 miles west of Braintree along the A120 road. Recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as part of the Norman conquest's survey of land holdings, the parish has a history tied to medieval agriculture and local manors. The etymology of Rayne remains uncertain but may stem from Old English hrægene, meaning "shelter" or "hut," possibly referring to a protected settlement or boundary site.^[95] All Saints' Church, the village's central historical landmark, originated in the Norman period around the 12th century, with its current structure incorporating a 1510 Tudor tower and later 19th-century restorations; it served as a community hub and was linked to a local shrine visited by pregnant women in medieval times. The parish's population is approximately 2,170 as of the 2021 census, concentrated in a low-density rural setting that characterizes much of Essex's countryside.^[96]^[97] Nearby, Ray Island (also known simply as the Ray) is an uninhabited 40.5-hectare sandy mound and nature reserve rising from the saltmarshes of the Blackwater Estuary, west of Mersea Island in Essex. It forms part of the Blackwater Estuary (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 2) SSSI, notified on 10 October 1995, and is included in the Blackwater Estuary (Mid-Essex Coast) Ramsar site, Special Protection Area, and Special Area of Conservation, supporting diverse coastal ecosystems including saltmarsh, grassland, and scrub transitions.^[98] The island, acquired by the National Trust in 1970 and leased to the Essex Wildlife Trust for management, is a key habitat for overwintering birds such as brent geese (flocks exceeding 2,000 individuals), short-eared owls, hen harriers, merlins, and barn owls, alongside waders like dunlin and redshank; conservation efforts emphasize habitat restoration to counter sea-level rise and erosion, with restricted public access to protect wildlife.^[99] Its name likely echoes the Old English root for "stream" or "flow," evoking the tidal channels surrounding it, a pattern shared with some Russian hydronyms derived from Indo-European terms for water movement.^[94] These Essex locations exemplify broader UK trends in "Ray"-named sites, often in rural, low-density areas where economies blend agriculture with tourism; for instance, Essex's rural tourism generated significant economic impact in 2020, supporting visitor experiences in historic parishes and coastal reserves like Ray Island.^[100] The name occasionally appears in 19th-century literature, such as references to Ray Street (formerly Liquorpond Street) in London, a site of 18th-century entertainment near areas Dickens frequented, though not explicitly featured in his novels.^[101]

United States

Ray, Arizona, is a ghost town in Pinal County, established in 1912 as a company town for the Ray Consolidated Copper Company to support copper mining operations in the Ray mining district.^[102] The town reached a peak population of around 3,000 during its mining heyday in the early 20th century, but operations declined after World War II due to flooding issues and the construction of a new town, Kearny, nearby.^[102] By 1958, Ray was officially designated a ghost town as most residents relocated, leaving fewer than 100 people in the area today.^[102] A notable historical event was the 1923 miners' strike in Ray, where Mexican workers, led by figures like W. Jesús Chávez, sought support from Mexican President Álvaro Obregón amid mine closures that affected 275 miners and over 1,000 dependents, highlighting labor tensions in Arizona's copper industry.^[103] Ray City, Georgia, is a small town primarily in Berrien County with a portion in Lanier County, incorporated in 1909 from the earlier settlement known as Ray's Mill or Rays Pond, dating back to 1863.^[104] The community developed around agriculture, particularly tobacco, cotton, and peanuts, reflecting the rural economy of south-central Georgia.^[104] As of the 2020 U.S. Census, the population was 956, up slightly from previous decades, maintaining its character as a modest agricultural hub. Ray, North Dakota, is a city in Williams County, experiencing growth as an oil boom town following the state's first major petroleum discovery in 1951 near Tioga, also in Williams County, which initiated development in the Williston Basin.^[105] The town's economy has been tied to oil extraction, with the Bakken Formation's shale resources driving expansion through hydraulic fracturing techniques since the 2000s.^[106] In the 2020s, Williams County remains a top oil-producing area in North Dakota, contributing significantly to the state's output of over 1.1 million barrels per day in 2023, sustaining Ray's population at around 740 as of 2020 Census estimates.^[107]^[108] Other places named Ray in the United States include Ray Township in Macomb County, Michigan, a rural civil township with a 2020 population of 3,780, known for its agricultural and residential communities. Additionally, Ray County Community Lake in Ray County, Missouri, is a 25-acre public lake managed for fishing and recreation, supporting local outdoor activities in the area.^[109]

Elsewhere

In India, Rey is a rural village in the Fatehpur district of Uttar Pradesh, characterized by its agricultural economy focused on crops such as wheat and pulses, with a population of 2,436 residents as of the 2011 census, where 66.4% literacy rate reflects typical rural development patterns in the region.^[110] The village, located 35 km from the district headquarters, supports a community of 471 households, predominantly engaged in farming and small-scale livestock rearing.^[111] Further south, Rayagada serves as both a district and its administrative headquarters in Odisha, a mineral-rich area with significant deposits of bauxite and graphite, home to diverse tribal communities comprising over 50% of the district's 967,911 inhabitants according to 2011 data.^[112] The name derives from Odia terms "Raya" (king) and "Gada" (fort), originating from a mud fort constructed around the 16th century by the Suryavansha dynasty ruler Vishwanath Dev Gajapati, marking its historical role as a fortified settlement in the ancient Kalinga empire.^[113] This etymology highlights the region's royal heritage, distinct from Sanskrit roots implying "line" in other contexts, and reflects post-medieval naming conventions tied to local governance rather than colonial influences.^[114] In Europe, Ray-sur-Saône is a small commune in the Haute-Saône department of eastern France, with a population of 213 as of 2021, nestled in the Saône Valley and known for its preserved historical architecture dating back to the Bronze Age.^[115] The locality, covering 8 km² with a density of 27 inhabitants per km², maintains a quiet residential character centered on agriculture and local tourism, without notable military history like World War I sites in nearby Ardennes.^[116] Elsewhere globally, places named Ray exhibit varied etymologies unrelated to major regional patterns, such as the minor barangay-like localities in the Philippines—exemplified by Ragay municipality in Camarines Sur, with 55,269 residents per 2020 census, subdivided into 38 administrative units and focused on fishing and rice farming—or remote Pacific features like manta ray habitats around Palmyra Atoll, though no exact "Ray Atoll" exists, underscoring incidental rather than intentional naming. These instances often stem from phonetic adaptations or natural descriptors, contrasting with the structured origins in India and France.^[117]

Technology

Imaging and optics

X-ray technology, which utilizes high-energy electromagnetic rays for imaging, was pioneered by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895 when he observed these rays during experiments with cathode ray tubes, specifically a Crookes tube that generated electrons striking a metal target to produce X-rays.^[118] These early devices, known as X-ray tubes, consist of a cathode emitting electrons accelerated toward an anode, where they interact with matter to emit X-rays penetrating soft tissues but absorbed by denser structures like bones, enabling radiography.^[119] This non-invasive method revolutionized medical diagnostics by allowing visualization of internal structures without surgery.^[120] Computed tomography (CT) scans build on X-ray principles by acquiring multiple projections from various angles and reconstructing cross-sectional images through computational processing, a technique developed in the early 1970s by Godfrey Hounsfield at EMI Laboratories.^[121] Hounsfield's prototype, first used clinically in 1971, employed a rotating X-ray source and detectors to generate detailed tomographic slices, earning him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1979 shared with Allan Cormack.^[122] Modern CT systems enhance resolution and speed, supporting applications from brain imaging to full-body scans.^[123] In optical imaging, ray tracing applies geometric principles to model light propagation through lenses and mirrors in cameras, predicting image formation by following straight-line paths of rays refracted or reflected according to Snell's law and reflection rules.^[124] Camera lenses, typically convex, converge rays to focus on sensors or film, while mirrors in systems like periscopes or reflex cameras redirect rays to optimize viewing angles.^[125] This approach underpins lens design in photography and microscopy, ensuring aberration-free images.^[126] X-ray technologies find widespread use in airport security scanners, which employ transmission or backscatter X-rays to detect concealed objects in luggage or on passengers, and in dental imaging for identifying cavities or bone issues with targeted low-energy beams.^[127] To mitigate risks from ionizing radiation, the ALARA principle—As Low As Reasonably Achievable—guides practices by minimizing exposure through reduced time, increased distance, and shielding, as mandated by regulatory bodies like the FDA.^[128]^[33] Advancements in the 2000s shifted X-ray imaging from analog film to digital radiography, using flat-panel detectors to capture and process images electronically, improving efficiency and reducing chemical waste.^[129] By 2025, low-dose technologies, including photon-counting detectors and AI-optimized protocols, have further lowered radiation exposure in CT and dental systems while maintaining diagnostic quality, exemplified by emerging materials enabling sub-millisievert scans.^[130]

Computing

Ray is an open-source unified framework for scaling AI and Python applications across distributed systems, providing libraries for machine learning training, data processing, and model serving. Developed at UC Berkeley's RISELab and open-sourced in 2017, it enables seamless transitions from single-machine to cluster-scale deployments and is widely used in production AI workflows.^[131] In computer graphics, ray tracing is a rendering technique that simulates the physical behavior of light by tracing rays from the camera through each pixel in an image, computing intersections with scene objects to determine color, shading, and reflections for realistic visuals.^[132] Pioneered by Turner Whitted in his 1980 paper "An Improved Illumination Model for Shaded Display," this method extends basic ray casting by recursively tracing reflected, refracted, and shadowed rays, enabling effects like specular highlights and global illumination.^[133] A fundamental computation in ray tracing involves finding intersections between rays and primitive shapes, such as spheres; for a ray defined by origin \mathbf{O} and direction \mathbf{D}, intersecting a sphere of center \mathbf{C} and radius r requires solving the quadratic equation t^2 (\mathbf{D} \cdot \mathbf{D}) + 2t (\mathbf{D} \cdot (\mathbf{O} - \mathbf{C})) + ((\mathbf{O} - \mathbf{C}) \cdot (\mathbf{O} - \mathbf{C}) - r^2) = 0, where t parameterizes points along the ray, and real positive roots indicate valid hits.^[132] Path tracing builds on ray tracing as an unbiased Monte Carlo integration method to solve the rendering equation, stochastically sampling light paths to approximate global illumination, including indirect lighting and caustics, while reducing bias through multiple random samples per pixel that converge to noise-free results with increased computation. Introduced by James Kajiya in 1986, it treats all rays equally—primary, reflected, or transmitted—using Russian roulette to terminate paths probabilistically, which helps manage the infinite bounces of light but introduces variance mitigated by denoising techniques.^[134] Ray tracing has wide applications in computer-generated imagery (CGI) for films, where Pixar's RenderMan software integrates it for production rendering, as seen in the 2006 movie Cars, which used ray tracing for complex shadows and reflections across millions of polygons.^[135] Hardware advancements enabled real-time ray tracing in graphics processing units (GPUs), with NVIDIA's RTX platform, announced in 2018, accelerating ray-triangle intersections and bounding volume hierarchies via dedicated tensor cores and RT cores for interactive applications like video games.^[136] In gaming, ray casting—a simpler precursor—projects rays from the viewer to render 3D environments efficiently in 2.5D style, powering id Software's Wolfenstein 3D in 1992 by casting rays per screen column to detect wall distances and scale textures without full polygon rasterization.^[137] Beyond graphics algorithms, cosmic rays—high-energy particles from space—impact computing hardware by inducing soft errors, such as single-event upsets that flip bits in memory or logic circuits, leading to transient faults in processors and RAM; studies show error rates of about four upsets per gigabyte of DRAM per month at sea level, rising with altitude.^[138] By 2025, AI-accelerated ray tracing has advanced neural rendering, with NVIDIA's RTX Kit integrating machine learning for denoising and upscaling ray-traced scenes in real time, as demonstrated at GDC 2025 for faster convergence in games and simulations.^[139]

Transportation

Vehicles

The Yamaha Ray ZR is a popular scooter model primarily targeted at the Indian and Southeast Asian markets, featuring a lightweight design optimized for urban commuting. Introduced in 2016 by Yamaha Motor India, it is equipped with a 125cc air-cooled engine delivering smooth acceleration suitable for city traffic, achieving a top speed of around 90 km/h. The scooter's hybrid variant, launched in 2021, incorporates a Smart Motor Generator for improved fuel efficiency, yielding up to 71 kmpl in real-world conditions, making it an environmentally adapted choice for dense urban environments.^[140]^[141] The Kia Ray, a compact city car exclusive to the South Korean market since 2011, exemplifies efficient micro-mobility for metropolitan areas. Built on the same platform as the Kia Picanto, it features a 1.0-liter three-cylinder engine producing 67 horsepower, with a focus on low emissions and nimble handling for narrow streets. The electric version, the Ray EV introduced in 2021 and updated in 2024, offers a 139 km range on a single charge from its 16.4 kWh battery, supporting Kia's push toward sustainable urban transport with features like regenerative braking. Priced accessibly at around 15 million KRW for the EV model, it has become one of Korea's best-selling kei cars, emphasizing affordability and zero-tailpipe emissions in high-density settings.^[142]^[143] In the realm of electric bicycles, the Rayvolt series represents customizable e-mobility solutions for recreational and daily use. Developed by the Spanish company Rayvolt, founded in 2015, these fat-tire e-bikes feature modular mid-drive motors up to 750W and removable lithium-ion batteries providing ranges of 50-100 km, tailored for off-road and urban adventures with adjustable pedal-assist levels. The design prioritizes durability with aluminum frames and puncture-resistant tires, catering to eco-conscious riders in European markets seeking versatile, low-maintenance alternatives to traditional bikes.^[144] A notable recent innovation is the RAY solar-powered car, developed in India by engineer Bilal Ahmed Mir under Bilal's Innovative Solar Solutions. Unveiled in February 2025, this prototype integrates 1 kW of photovoltaic panels on its roof to supplement a lithium battery pack, enabling solar supplementation for driving in sunny conditions. Designed for affordability and environmental adaptation in regions like Kashmir, it includes autonomous parking sensors and a battery management system to optimize energy use, positioning it as a niche solution for sustainable personal transport in developing markets. As of November 2025, the production status remains pending confirmation following the planned launch in June 2025.^[145] The Chevrolet Corvette E-Ray, introduced in 2024 as the first hybrid variant of the iconic sports car lineup, combines performance with electrification for all-season capability. Powered by a 6.2-liter V8 engine and front electric motor delivering 655 combined horsepower, it achieves 0-60 mph in 2.5 seconds while providing all-wheel drive for enhanced traction on varied road surfaces. This model underscores a shift toward hybrid supercars, offering up to 3 miles of electric-only range for short urban drives, appealing to enthusiasts prioritizing power and efficiency.^[146]

Other uses in transportation

In transportation infrastructure, several railway lines incorporate "Ray" in their naming or operations. The Copper Basin Railway, a short-line railroad in Arizona, United States, includes a 7-mile branch line connecting Ray Junction to the town of Ray, facilitating freight transport for mining activities in the region.^[147] Airports and related routes also feature "Ray" designations. U-Tapao Rayong-Pattaya International Airport (UTP) in Rayong Province, Thailand, serves as a dual-use civil-military facility, handling domestic and international flights while supporting logistics for the Eastern Economic Corridor.^[148] In aviation navigation, the term "ray" refers to the radials emitted by VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR) stations, which provide directional guidance for aircraft. These radials are magnetic bearing lines extending outward from the VOR transmitter, allowing pilots to determine position and follow airways with accuracy up to 130 nautical miles, depending on signal strength.^[149] Historically, electric and steam-powered rail systems bore the "Ray" name in urban transport. The Del Ray and Potomac Railroad, operational from 1895 to 1906 in Alexandria, Virginia, United States, was a 3.5-mile electric streetcar line connecting the Del Ray neighborhood to broader Washington, D.C., commuter networks, serving passengers and freight along the Potomac River waterfront.^[150] In modern logistics, the Ray distributed computing framework has been applied to route optimization challenges. Developed by Anyscale, Ray enables scalable reinforcement learning and algorithmic workflows for dynamic vehicle routing, as demonstrated in Uber's ridesharing operations where it processes vast datasets to minimize travel times and fuel use across global fleets.^[151]

Other uses

Military

In military contexts, the term "ray" often evokes science fiction concepts of ray guns, which are depicted as handheld directed-energy weapons emitting destructive beams of light or particles. These fictional devices, popularized in early 20th-century literature and media, inspired real-world research into directed-energy weapons (DEWs). A prominent example is the U.S. Navy's Laser Weapon System (LaWS), a 30-kilowatt solid-state laser deployed aboard the USS Ponce in 2014 for countering drones, small boats, and other threats in the Persian Gulf.^[152]^[153] LaWS combines multiple laser beams into a single high-energy output, demonstrating the transition from speculative "death rays" to operational systems capable of precise, speed-of-light engagements at low cost per shot—under $1.^[153] Raytheon, a major defense contractor now integrated into RTX Corporation, has been central to military advancements involving ray-like technologies since its founding in 1922 as the American Appliance Company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, by Laurence Marshall, Vannevar Bush, and Charles Smith. Initially focused on vacuum tubes and radio equipment, the company—renamed Raytheon in 1925—pivoted to defense during World War II, producing magnetrons for radar systems. Today, as part of RTX, Raytheon develops precision-guided munitions, including the Tomahawk cruise missile, a subsonic, long-range weapon first deployed in 1983 and upgraded to Block V configuration for anti-ship and land-attack roles, with over 2,300 fired in combat as of 2024.^[154]^[155] In 2025, RTX secured contracts worth over $30 million for Tomahawk modernization, underscoring its role in sustaining U.S. naval strike capabilities.^[156] Early military radar systems, which detect objects using radio wave "rays" or beams, relied on cathode ray tubes (CRTs) for display during World War II. British Chain Home stations, operational by 1939, used CRTs to visualize echoes from transmitted pulses, enabling the detection of Luftwaffe aircraft up to 100 miles away and playing a pivotal role in the Battle of Britain.^[157] U.S. forces adopted similar technology, with the SCR-584 radar—developed at MIT's Radiation Laboratory—employing CRT screens for anti-aircraft fire control, achieving over 90% accuracy against V-1 buzz bombs in 1944.^[158] These systems marked the foundational use of ray-based detection in modern warfare. Millimeter wave rays, operating in the 30–300 GHz frequency range, have been adapted for military security and non-lethal applications. The U.S. Department of Defense's Active Denial System (ADS), a vehicle-mounted DEW, emits a focused millimeter wave beam to heat the skin's surface, creating an intolerable burning sensation without permanent injury, for crowd control and perimeter defense.^[159] Deployed for testing since 2010 and demonstrated in 2025 exercises, ADS penetrates clothing to a depth of 0.4 mm, affecting multiple targets over 1 km.^[160] Additionally, millimeter wave imaging supports concealed threat detection in military checkpoints, enhancing surveillance by distinguishing weapons from benign objects through material-specific reflections.^[161] Emerging hypersonic munitions incorporate advanced ray-guided elements, such as laser or beam-riding for terminal precision. The U.S. Army's Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon (LRHW), slated for initial fielding by late 2025, achieves speeds exceeding Mach 5 and integrates inertial and GPS guidance to enable precision strikes, with capabilities to counter electronic warfare, representing a leap in rapid, maneuverable strike capabilities.^[162]

Religion and mythology

In Christian iconography, rays of light emanating from halos symbolize divine grace and the presence of God, often depicted as radiant beams surrounding holy figures to denote sanctity and enlightenment. This tradition, rooted in biblical references to God as the source of light, became prominent in Renaissance art, where artists like Fra Angelico used such rays to illustrate spiritual illumination in works portraying Christ and saints. The nimbus or halo, frequently rayed, represents holiness and divine protection, adapting earlier pagan motifs but infused with Christian theology of redemption and glory.^[163]^[164] In Greek mythology, the god Apollo's arrows are symbolically linked to sun rays, embodying his role as a deity of light, prophecy, and healing, with the bow representing the sun's penetrating and life-giving power. Epithets like "Phoibos" (the shining one) underscore this connection, portraying his archery as an extension of solar radiance that could bring plague or purification, as seen in Homeric epics where arrows unleash sudden affliction or insight. This association highlights Apollo's dual nature as both destroyer and protector through luminous force.^[165] Egyptian mythology reveres Ra, the sun god, often depicted with a falcon head and a headdress featuring a solar disk encircled by a cobra, symbolizing the sun's rays as sources of creation, life, and kingship. The disk, representing the sun's orb, emits conceptual rays that embody Ra's daily journey across the sky, sustaining order (ma'at) and renewal, as pharaohs were seen as his earthly embodiments. This iconography underscores rays as emblems of eternal cycles and divine authority in ancient Egyptian cosmology.^[166]^[167] In Buddhism, rays of light emanating from the Buddha's body, particularly the white curl (uṇākeśa) between his eyebrows—one of the 32 major marks of a great man—symbolize enlightenment and boundless wisdom. This mark, curling clockwise and capable of extending outward, along with the golden luminescence of his skin and an surrounding aura, signifies the diffusion of dharma to all beings, as detailed in Mahayana texts describing his physical attributes as fruits of virtuous karma. Statues often depict these rays to evoke the Buddha's role in dispelling ignorance through compassionate illumination.^[168] Hinduism portrays Surya's rays as vital forces sustaining life, creation, and spiritual purity, with the sun god depicted in Vedic hymns and Puranas as radiating energy that nourishes the earth and elevates the soul toward divine knowledge. These rays symbolize the dual physical and metaphysical aspects of existence, metaphorically influencing deities like Krishna to foster universal harmony and growth, as invoked in rituals for health and enlightenment.^[169] The phrase "ray of hope" in literature serves as a metaphor for optimism amid adversity, often depicted as a beam of light piercing darkness to signify potential renewal or revelation. This symbolism appears in poetic analysis where rays evoke intellectual or emotional awakening, contrasting despair with the promise of clarity and progress.^[170] In modern Theosophy and New Age spirituality, the seven rays represent divine energies emanating from cosmic consciousness, each governed by ascended masters who guide human evolution through qualities like will, love, and harmony. Originating in H.P. Blavatsky's teachings, these rays—such as the first ray of power or the second of wisdom—shape individual souls and collective progress, influencing esoteric practices for spiritual alignment and healing.^[171]

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Capitulum, Disk, Disk Floret, Floret, Ligule, Ray Floret
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The Tampa Bay Rays mascots are Raymond, a Seadog; DJ Kitty, a Disc Jockey; and Stinger, a cow-nosed stingray.
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Some of the more memorable names below include Ray Barone from Everybody Loves Raymond, Raymond 'Red' Reddington from The Blacklist, and Ray Donovan from Ray ...
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Rating 7.7/10 (163,229) The story of the life and career of the legendary rhythm and blues musician Ray Charles, from his humble beginnings in the South, where he went blind at age ...Full cast & crew · Jamie Foxx as Ray Charles · Ray · Plot
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Rating 79% (204) Legendary soul musician Ray Charles is portrayed by Jamie Foxx in this Oscar-winning biopic. Young Ray watches his 7-year-old brother drown at age seven.Cast and Crew · Trailers & Videos · 204 Reviews
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Ray (Short 2018) - IMDb
Ray is a 12-minute, 2018 biography documentary short about 79-year-old Raymond J. Barry's life and career, from athlete to actor.
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Ray (Short 2004) - IMDb
Rating 7.9/10 (21) Ray is a 10-minute comedy short about a kid in a town he hates, where the only interesting stuff happens to a guy the town dismisses as a loser.
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Rating 8.3/10 (98,274) Ray Donovan, a professional fixer for the rich and famous in Los Angeles, can make anyone's problems disappear except those created by his own family.Full cast & crew · Parents guide · Ray Donovan · User reviews
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Rating 72% (83) Ray Donovan is a fixer for Hollywood's elite. He is the go-to guy that the city's celebrities, athletes and business moguls call to make their problems ...Season 1 · Season 6 · Season 5 · Season 2
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Nominated for the American Book Award, Ray is the bizarre, hilarious, and consistently adventurous story of a life on the edge. Dr. Ray--a womanizer, small-town ...
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Ray (feminine), Ray (masculine). Year, Rank, Percent Used, Rank, Percent Used. 2024, -, -, #776, 0.017. 2023, -, -, #765, 0.018. 2022, -, -, #760, 0.018.
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[70]
Rae - Baby Name Meaning, Origin and Popularity - TheBump.com
Rae is a gender-neutral name that eludes to one who is favored most tenderly. Derived from the Hebrew Raḥel, Rae means "ewe" and refers to the adored wife of ...
[71]
Ray Name Meaning - Ray Origin, Popularity & History
Ray is a Hindu Boy name with Hindi origin. The name Ray means Regal; Counselor; Abbreviation of Raymond; Advice; Beam of Light; Grace; Well Advised Protector. ...
[72]
First Names RAY National Statistics - MyNameStats.com
... (SSA) Baby Names database, the estimated population of people named RAY is 109,652. The SSA data also shows that RAY is used as a boy's name 98% of the time.
[73]
Ray Name Meaning, Origins & Popularity - Forebears
Ray Forename Distribution ; India. 85%. 22,746 ; Philippines. 96%. 19,934 ; New Zealand, -, 10,545 ; Brazil. 100%. 8,709 ...
[74]
Ray Surname Meaning & Ray Family History at Ancestry.com®
English: nickname from Middle English ræghe (Old English rǣge) 'female roe deer' or in northern England more likely northern Middle English rā raa rae ray (Old ...
[75]
Ray Name Meaning and Ray Family History at FamilySearch
English: from the Middle English personal name Ray or Rey, perhaps a pet form of names beginning in Ray or Rey, especially Raymond .
[76]
50 Popular Bengali Surnames Or Last Names With Meanings
Oct 7, 2024 · Roy. A common surname among Bengali Kayasthas, the surname Roy is derived from “raja,” a Sanskrit word, which means “king” or “sovereign.” 41 ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[77]
Ray Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
The Ray surname means 'king' in Hindi. It is a common title among Hindu (Yadav) community. It is also used by Bhumihar community.
[78]
Ray last name popularity, history, and meaning - Name Census
The surname Ray has maintained its presence throughout various regions, particularly in England, France, and parts of the United States, where it continues to ...Missing: distribution | Show results with:distribution
[79]
Last name RAY: origin and meaning - Geneanet
Etymology · 1: patronymic from the Middle English (and Old French) personal name Ray + -son. · 2: English: post-medieval form of Wray. · 3: English: variant of Ray ...
[80]
To Satyajit Ray, in recognition of his rare mastery of the art of motion ...
Year: 1991 (64th) Academy Awards. Category: Honorary Award. Winner: To Satyajit Ray, in recognition of his rare mastery of the art of motion pictures, ...
[81]
Man Ray
Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky in 1890 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was a renowned representative of avant-garde photography in the 20th century.Man Ray Biography · Prayer, 1930 by Man Ray · The Gift, 1921 by Man Ray
[82]
Gene Anthony Ray | The Independent
Nov 20, 2003 · Gene Anthony Ray, actor and dancer: born New York 24 May 1962; died New York 14 November 2003. Gene Anthony Ray was best known for his all ...
[83]
John Ray
Ray is often referred to as the father of natural history in Britain. John Ray was born on November 29, 1627, in the village of Black Notley, Essex, England.
[84]
McDonald's History
Ray Kroc. A native Chicagoan, Ray Kroc left high school after his sophomore year to join the World War One Red Cross Ambulance Corps. The war ended before ...
[85]
Archaeologists uncover ancient skeleton at 7,000-year-old ...
Nov 14, 2024 · Archaeologists have uncovered a burial containing a skeleton that likely dates to the Sialk III period, around 4300 BCE, at the Cheshmeh-Ali ...Missing: hill | Show results with:hill
[86]
Climate & Weather Averages in Rey, Iran - Time and Date
Tehran-Mehrabad is 23 miles from Rey, so the actual climate in Rey can vary a bit. Based on weather reports collected during 1992–2021. Jan. 48.
[87]
Ray, Ray, Tehran, Iran - City, Town and Village of the world - DB-City
Ray Geographical coordinates, Latitude: 35.5931, Longitude: 51.4489 35° 35′ 35″ North, 51° 26′ 56″ East. Ray Area, 300 hectares 3.00 km² (1.16 sq mi).
[88]
RAY i. ARCHEOLOGY - Encyclopaedia Iranica
RAY. i. ARCHEOLOGY. The first Western accounts of Ray (Rayy) were produced by British travelers such as Sir James Morier (pp. 231, 403) and Sir William ...
[89]
The Epic of the kings: Persia's national saga, the 'Shah-nama'
... ancient Greek lore as wind spirits or sirens. This imposing ceramic dates from the Middle Islamic period of Iranian ceramics, when the city of Ray was ...
[90]
[PDF] DAILY LIFE ORNAMENTED - Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures
Rayy's ceramics are a part of local traditions of northern Iran, but many of their designs and decorations also link Rayy to a shared Islamic cul- ture that ...
[91]
Category:Ray County, Iran - Wikimedia Commons
Aug 26, 2020 · Category:Ray County, Iran ; Tehran Province, Iran · Ray · 349,700 (2016) · 2,205.1 km² · Ray County.
[92]
6,000-year-old skeleton unearthed in ancient hill in Rey - Iran Daily
Nov 13, 2024 · Archaeologists announced the discovery of a burial site and skeleton in the 7,000-year-old Cheshmeh Ali hill in Rey, southern Tehran. Based ...Missing: Ray | Show results with:Ray
[93]
How many places are named Ray? - Geotargit
There are 12 places named Ray in America. There are 6 places named Ray in Russian Federation. There is one place named Ray in Ukraine. There is one place named ...
[94]
Ray, Russia: All You Must Know Before You Go (2025) - Tripadvisor
Ray Tourism: Tripadvisor has 15 reviews of Ray Hotels, Attractions, and Restaurants making it your best Ray resource.
[95]
20 surprising words in Russian that have Persian origins - aspirantum
Feb 7, 2024 · An alternative etymology is to derive the word from the compound ... рай [raj] “paradise” < Old Iranian *rāji 'paradise' (OCSl. rajĭ) ...
[96]
Smolensk Region, Historical Sites, Battle of Smolensk | Britannica
Smolensk is one of the oldest and most historic of Russian cities, dating back to the 9th century, but the ravages of war (particularly World War II) have left ...Missing: Ray | Show results with:Ray
[97]
HOTEL RAY - Reviews (Russia) - Tripadvisor
Rating 2.7 (13) Hotel Ray, Ray: See 13 traveler reviews, 34 candid photos, and great deals for Hotel Ray, ranked #1 of 1 B&B / inn in Ray and rated 2 of 5 at Tripadvisor.
[98]
Ray Surname Meaning, History & Origin
Ray and Rea are English names, perhaps derived from the Old English word ea, pronounced “ay,” and meaning stream. It might in this case be topographical ...
[99]
Rayne, Essex - Key to English Place-names - University of Nottingham
Uncertain. Perhaps, 'shelter' or 'eminence'. Alternatively, it may be a lost river-name. Elements and their meanings. river-name (Unknown) River ...
[100]
Rayne Heritage Trail
Rayne has a rich heritage, with All Saints Parish Church as a centre for its community for over 1,000 years. It has a current population of around 2,300. The ...
[101]
Ray Island - Wikishire
Nov 15, 2022 · Ray Island, also known as the Ray, is an uninhabited island of 100 acres lying to the west of Mersea Island off the coast of Essex.<|separator|>
[102]
Ray Island - Wikipedia
Ray Island, also known as the Ray, is a 40.5-hectare (100-acre) nature reserve west of Mersea Island in Essex. The site is a sandy hill rising out of an ...
[103]
[PDF] RAYNE Ward Profile 2023 - Braintree District Council
Rayne Ward is a predominantly rural ward with a population of 2,900, low density, 1.9% of Braintree's population, with 51% female and 49% male residents.Missing: tourism | Show results with:tourism
[104]
[PDF] A Twist In The Tale: Charles Dickens And Islington
Hole, renamed Ray Street, was once an. 18th-century place of entertainment. Today ... Charles Dickens's place in the Borough's literary heritage is assured.
[105]
Pinal County Ghost Towns - Arizona AZGenWeb
By 1958 a new town, Kearny, was constructed a few miles away and soon residents began moving there when Ray was named officially as a ghost town.
[106]
“6. Mexican Policies and Attitudes in the 1920s: New Urgency” in ...
On April 2, W. Jesús Chávez and other mine workers in Ray, Arizona, cabled Obregón and pleaded for help from him. Mines in the area had closed down indefinitely ...
[107]
Berrien County - New Georgia Encyclopedia
Feb 25, 2005 · Ray City was incorporated in 1909 as Ray's Mill. The white settlement dates to 1863, when locals knew it as Rays Pond. The current name was ...
[108]
History of Petroleum and Natural Gas in North Dakota
The first major discovery of petroleum in North Dakota was in 1951, in a wheat field on the Clarence Iverson farm near Tioga, in Williams County.
[109]
North Dakota Drilling and Production Statistics
Available statistics include monthly and annual oil and gas production, production by county, historical data, and cumulative totals. Drilling statistics are ...
[110]
[XLS] SUB-IP-EST2023-POP-38 - Census.gov
Ray city, North Dakota, 740, 748, 704, 697, 723. 276, Reeder city, North ... Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in North Dakota ...
[111]
[PDF] ND Historical Barrels of Oil Produced by County
Golden Valley Hettinger McHenry McKenzie McLean Mercer Mountrail Renville Slope Stark Ward Williams ... 1-2023. 0 267545. 110765 262194 273584 599960. 8108039.
[112]
Ray County Community Lake | Missouri Department of Conservation
This department area is open for public use from 4:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. daily; however, hunting fishing, trapping, dog training, camping, launching and landing ...
[113]
Rey Village , Asothar Block , Fatehpur District - OneFiveNine
Rey is a Village in Asothar Block in Fatehpur District of Uttar Pradesh State, India. It belongs to Allahabad Division . It is located 31 KM towards west ...
[114]
Rey - Fatehpur - Indian Village Directory
The village has 471 households and is identified by village code 157021. Rey is located in the 212621 postal area, contributing significantly to the rural ...
[115]
Rayagada - Government Of Odisha
Rayagada district is known as the most famous region of the state because of its longest human history. Although the district came into existence on the 2nd ...
[116]
[PDF] RAYAGADA DISTRICT - e-Magazine Odisha
According to local people, the name Rayagada has been derived from 'Raya' means rock, 'gadda' means deep holes, which signifies deep holes in the rocks. The ...<|separator|>
[117]
About Us | Rayagada - Government Of Odisha
Rayagada district is known as the most famous region of the state because of its longest human history. Although the district came into existence on the 2nd ...
[118]
Ray-sur-Saône - City Population
Ray-sur-Saône (Vesoul, Haute-Saône, France) with population statistics ... Since 2006, France estimates the population by using census results of different years.
[119]
Ray-sur-Saône - Tourism, Holidays & Weekends - France-Voyage.com
Ray-sur-Saône ; Population, 218 inhabitants ; Density, 27 inhabitants/km² ; Prefecture, Vesoul (35 km, 41 min) ; Insee code, 70438 ; Intercommunality, CC des Quatre ...
[120]
Ragay - Wikipedia
... Ragay), is a municipality in the province of Camarines Sur, Philippines. ... Ragay is politically subdivided into 38 barangay's. Each barangay consists of ...
[121]
Reef manta ray at Palmyra Atoll | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov
Reef manta rays were one of 10 pelagic species tagged in a new effort to understand marine habitat use and the functionality of the large "blue water" ...
[122]
Claims of priority – The scientific path to the discovery of X-rays - PMC
On Friday, November 8, 1895 late in the afternoon Röntgen set up some experiments on cathode rays in his laboratory at the University of Würzburg (Fig. 16). He ...
[123]
X-Ray Tube | National Museum of American History
After learning of Roentgen's 1895 discovery of x-rays, Green made an x-ray tube—probably the first such in the United States. John L. Bauer (d. 1906) was an ...
[124]
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: Finding X - PMC - NIH
Once upon a time there lived a man, in Würzburg, who discovered the magical rays that would go on to change the face of medicine!
[125]
How CT happened: the early development of medical computed ...
The proposal, portions of which are shown in Fig. 2, demonstrates that in 1968 Hounsfield had a clear mental model of CT without yet having seen a CT image or ...
[126]
Milestones in CT: Past, Present, and Future - PMC - NIH
In 1971, the first patient CT exam by Ambrose and Hounsfield paved the way for not only volumetric imaging of the brain but of the entire body.
[127]
[PDF] Lecture 3: X-ray Computed Tomography
Computed Tomography (CT) was developed in the early 1970s at EMI by Godfrey Hounsfield to generate cross-sectional. (tomographic) images of a patient. At ...
[128]
Lenses, Ray Tracing, and Simple Optical Devices - UCSB Physics
Three Principles of Ray Diagrams Like mirrors, we use ray tracing methods to predict the behavior of a lens. We begin with convex lenses though the same ...
[129]
[PDF] Ray Optics - Physics - UMD
Light through the center of the lens pass through without changing angle. These rays are known as principal rays.
[130]
25.6 Image Formation by Lenses – College Physics - UCF Pressbooks
Here we use ray tracing to help us understand the action of lenses in situations ranging from forming images on film to magnifying small print to correcting ...
[131]
Radiation and Medical X-rays | US EPA
Mar 28, 2025 · Medical x-rays are used to help doctors see what is happening inside the body. X-rays pass through objects, including internal organs, body tissue and clothing.
[132]
Guidelines for ALARA – As Low As Reasonably Achievable - CDC
Feb 26, 2024 · ALARA is the guidance for radiation safety. The three basic protective measures are time, distance, and shielding. If there is a radiation ...
[133]
Recent Development in X-Ray Imaging Technology - PubMed Central
X-ray imaging is a low-cost, powerful technology that has been extensively used in medical diagnosis and industrial nondestructive inspection.
[134]
Characterizing emerging detector materials for low-dose X-ray ...
Oct 1, 2025 · Modern clinical diagnostics significantly rely on X-ray medical imaging detectors, which play a key role in obtaining high-quality images ...Missing: replacing | Show results with:replacing
[135]
An improved illumination model for shaded display
In a simplified form, this information is stored in a tree of “rays” extending from the viewer to the first surface encountered and from there to other surfaces ...
[136]
[PDF] An Improved Illumination Model for Shaded Display
Unlike previous ray tracing algorithms, the visibility calculations do not end when the nearest intersection of a ray with objects in the scene is found.
[137]
[PDF] Monte Carlo Path Tracing - Stanford Computer Graphics Laboratory
Monte Carlo Path Tracing is a method to solve the rendering equation, which couples radiance at receiving surfaces to other surfaces.
[138]
[PDF] Ray Tracing for the Movie 'Cars' - Pixar Graphics Technologies
This paper describes how we extended Pixar's RenderMan renderer with ray tracing abilities. In order to ray trace highly complex.
[139]
GDC 2018: NVIDIA Announces 'RTX', Real-Time Ray Tracing ...
Mar 19, 2018 · NVIDIA today announced RTX, a GPU accelerated technology capable of producing photo-realistic imagery through realtime ray-tracing, ...
[140]
Ray Casting / Game Development Tutorial - Page 1 - permadi.com
Ray-casting sensation began with the release of a game, Wolfenstein 3D (iD Software), in 1992 (see Figure 3 on the next page). In Wolfenstein 3D, the player ...
[141]
Effect of cosmic rays on computer memories - PubMed
Error rates increase rapidly with altitude, which may be used for testing to make electronic devices less sensitive to cosmic rays.
[142]
NVIDIA Reveals Neural Rendering, AI Advancements at GDC 2025
Mar 13, 2025 · New neural rendering tools, rapid NVIDIA DLSS 4 adoption, 'Half-Life 2 RTX' demo and digital human technology enhancements are among NVIDIA's announcements.
[143]
Yamaha Ray ZR Hybrid 125cc - Yamaha Motor India
The price of Yamaha Ray ZR 125 Fi Hybrid starts at ₹ 73 430 for Drum Variant (Ex-Showroom Price in Delhi) and ₹ 79 958 for Disc Variant (Ex-Showroom Price in ...
[144]
Yamaha Ray ZR 125 Price - Mileage, Images, Colours | BikeWale
Rating 4.4 (529) The Yamaha Ray ZR 125 is a scooter available at a price range of Rs. 75326 - Rs. 87450 in India. It comes in 4 variants and 12 colours.Yamaha Ray ZR 125 Mileage · Reviews of Yamaha Ray ZR 125 · Images · Colours
[145]
The Kia Ray EV: Your Lightweight Urban Companion
Feb 20, 2024 · Kia's iconic city car, the 'The Kia Ray EV', is back with a fresh look, ready to conquer the bustling streets of Seoul.
[146]
[PDF] Ray - Kia
Alerts the driver when the turn signal is activated to make a lane change and there is a risk of colliding with a vehicle in the back in an adjacent lane. Helps.
[147]
Rayvolt Bike - Official Online Store - Join the Rayvolution !
Make your Rayvolt bike a true extension of yourself. Choose your motor, battery, and style options to create a bike that matches your preferences and riding ...Shop · About · Dealers · Support
[148]
Srinagar mathematician claims to have built India's first hi-tech solar ...
Feb 26, 2025 · Srinagar mathematician and engineer Bilal Ahmed Mir claims to have developed a solar-powered car named 'Ray' under his company, Bilal's Innovative Solar ...
[149]
2026 Corvette E-Ray: Hybrid Sports Car - Chevrolet
Explore the 2026 Corvette E-Ray electrified sports car with 655 combined horsepower, eAWD for all-season performance, and five new premium interior ...
[150]
Copper Basin Railway - Asarco
The railroad also has a 7-mile (11 km) branch line that runs from Ray Junction to Ray, Arizona. There is an interchange point with the San Manuel Arizona ...
[151]
U-Tapao Rayong-Pattaya International Airport
เข้าสู่เว็บไซต์ Enter Site.Passenger Quicklink · Domestic Schedule · Corporate · Departing (Pre-flight Check)
[152]
Navigation Aids - Federal Aviation Administration
VORs operate within the 108.0 to 117.95 MHz frequency band and have a power output necessary to provide coverage within their assigned operational service ...
[153]
[PDF] Del Ray History: Electric Railway - AlexandriaVA.Gov
Station stops were at five locations: Lloyd. (now Windsor), Del Ray, Mt. Ida and Hume Avenues and St. Elmo. (where it passed under the W&OD tracks). Trains ...
[154]
How Uber Uses Ray® to Optimize the Rides Business | Uber Blog
Jan 9, 2025 · Ray is a general compute engine for Python that's designed for ML, AI, and other algorithmic workloads. We describe how Uber has adopted Ray to enable mission- ...Missing: route | Show results with:route
[155]
U.S. Navy Allowed to Use Persian Gulf Laser for Defense - USNI News
Dec 10, 2014 · The 30 kilowatt Laser Weapon System (LaWS) was installed aboard USS Ponce this summer as part of a $40 million research and development effort ...Missing: ray | Show results with:ray
[156]
NSWCDD Blog - LaWS - Naval Sea Systems Command
Dec 11, 2017 · “The AN/SEQ-3 (XN-1) Laser Weapon System or LaWS is a directed energy weapon developed by the United States Navy. The weapon was installed ...
[157]
100 years of era-defining innovation - RTX
Jul 6, 2022 · Raytheon Company, originally known as the American Appliance Company, was founded on July 7, 1922, near the Massachusetts Institute of ...
[158]
Tomahawk® Cruise Missile | Raytheon - RTX
Its most recent use came in 2024, when the U.S. and U.K. Navies launched Tomahawk missiles at Houthi rebel sites in Yemen.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[159]
RTX's Unit Secures Contract for Tomahawk Missile Modernization
Jan 2, 2025 · RTX Corporation's RTX unit, Raytheon, recently secured a $31.2 million modification contract for the recertification and modernization of 257 ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[160]
How Radar Changed The Second World War
WAAF radar operator Denise Miley plotting aircraft on the CRT (cathode ray tube) of an RF7 Receiver in the Receiver Room at Bawdsey Chain Home. See object ...
[161]
Commemorating the SCR-584 radar, a historical pioneer
The pioneering WWII-era SCR-584 radar developed at the MIT Radiation Laboratory in the 1940s was put to use in Lincoln Laboratory's mid-1950s tests of the ...<|separator|>
[162]
Active Denial Technology - Non-Lethal Weapons Program
Traveling at the speed of light, an invisible DE beam of radio frequency millimeter waves engages the subject, penetrating skin to a depth of only about 1 ...
[163]
DoD Shows Off Non-lethal Energy Weapon - DVIDS
Apr 7, 2025 · The Active Denial System works by emitting a directed beam of millimeter wave energy, which creates an intolerable heating sensation on an ...
[164]
The Millimeter-Wave Spectrum: A Critical Asset for Defense
Sep 3, 2024 · For example, millimeter-wave imaging systems detect concealed weapons or explosives and can differentiate between materials based on their ...Missing: rays | Show results with:rays
[165]
Army will field its long-range hypersonic weapon by end of fiscal year
Feb 26, 2025 · The Army will field its long-range hypersonic weapon to the first unit by the end of fiscal 2025, a defense official confirmed Wednesday in a statement to ...Missing: ray- guided munitions
[166]
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Nimbus - New Advent
In the course of centuries the Christian idea that God, according to Holy Scripture the Source of Light and Divine things, must always be given a halo.Missing: iconography | Show results with:iconography
[167]
Why do saints have halos?--Aleteia
Jul 14, 2017 · Rays of light ... halo was used in Christian art to identify heavenly persons. God, being the source of light, was naturally depicted with a halo ...Missing: iconography | Show results with:iconography
[168]
APOLLO (Apollon) - Greek God of Music, Prophecy & Healing
Apollo was the ancient Greek god of prophecy and oracles, music, song and poetry, archery, healing, plague and disease, and the protection of the young.
[169]
Egyptian Sun God Ra | Story, Symbols & Powers - Lesson - Study.com
He was worshipped as the creator of other gods in addition to his sun powers. He is usually depicted as a man with a hawk's head who is carrying a scepter and ...Ra God: Overview · Egyptian Sun God Ra: Story · Ra Symbols and Powers
[170]
Ancient Egyptian gods and goddesses | British Museum
Often depicted with the head of a hawk or falcon and the body of a human wearing a solar disc on his head – often exactly like the god Ra. A long hymn to Ra- ...<|separator|>
[171]
The 32 Major Marks of a Buddha's Physical Body - Study Buddhism
They are complete with 112 physical faculties, namely the 32 excellent signs (mtshan bzang-po gsum-cu rtsa-gnyis, 32 major marks) and 80 exemplary features.
[172]
Surya's ray: Significance and symbolism
Sep 24, 2024 · Surya's rays in Hinduism symbolize vitality and life-sustaining power associated with the sun, divine influence of Krishna and Balarama, and the ...<|separator|>
[173]
Poetry: Examples and Definitions of Literary Elements Mentioned in ...
Oct 3, 2025 · " The ray of light may symbolize hope or even an intellectual awakening. The darkness may represent depression or even ignorance. Such a ...
[174]
[PDF] THE SEVEN RAYS - Theosophical Society
It is they who send the seven principal Forces, called. Rays, which, at the beginning of Pralaya, will centre into seven new Suns for the next ... ray five and ...