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ARM Cortex-A75

The ARM Cortex-A75 is a high-performance, energy-efficient CPU core developed by Arm Holdings, announced on May 29, 2017, as the first processor based on the company's DynamIQ technology.^[1] It implements the Armv8.2-A architecture with support for AArch64 and AArch32 execution states, TrustZone security, a memory management unit (MMU), and an integrated Data Engine for enhanced processing.^[2] Featuring a superscalar, out-of-order pipeline that executes up to three instructions per clock cycle, the core includes non-blocking L1 instruction and data caches, configurable private L2 caches, and a shared L3 cache managed through the DynamIQ Shared Unit (DSU), enabling scalable heterogeneous configurations of up to eight cores.^[3] Designed for demanding workloads, it delivers over 20% higher integer performance compared to the Cortex-A73 at the same frequency, up to 50% improvement in floating-point and NEON SIMD operations, and 15% greater memory throughput, while maintaining best-in-class power efficiency.^[1] The Cortex-A75 targets a broad range of applications, including mobile devices like smartphones and wearables, automotive systems, network infrastructure, servers, and edge-to-cloud computing for AI and machine learning tasks.^[3] Its advanced prefetching and high-throughput design reduce latency for complex computations, making it ideal for immersive experiences, 5G connectivity, and intelligent edge processing.^[1] In DynamIQ clusters, it pairs effectively with efficiency-focused cores like the Cortex-A55, supporting big.LITTLE configurations that optimize power and performance dynamically.^[3] The core also includes performance monitoring units for runtime statistics and supports cryptographic extensions for secure operations.^[4] Key innovations in the Cortex-A75 include its focus on single-threaded performance boosts and infrastructure enhancements, providing up to 40% more infrastructure performance over the Cortex-A72, which benefits markets from consumer electronics to data centers.^[1] Documentation such as the Arm Cortex-A75 Core Technical Reference Manual details its registers, pipeline stages, and optimization guidelines for developers.^[5]

Development and Announcement

Historical Context

The ARM Cortex-A series evolved progressively to address the escalating performance requirements of mobile and embedded systems, with each generation building on prior innovations in power efficiency and computational throughput. The Cortex-A75 directly succeeds the Cortex-A73, released in 2016 as a high-performance core optimized for sustained workloads in power-constrained environments like smartphones. This progression marked a pivotal shift from traditional big.LITTLE configurations, which paired high-performance "big" cores with efficiency-focused "little" ones, to ARM's DynamIQ technology—introduced in March 2017—for enabling heterogeneous clustering of diverse core types in a single cluster of up to eight processors, thereby enhancing flexibility, scalability, and overall system performance.^[3]^[1]^[6] In 2017, ARM intensified its strategic emphasis on artificial intelligence and machine learning, anticipating their proliferation across edge devices from wearables to autonomous systems, as outlined in its annual strategic review. This focus profoundly shaped the Cortex-A75's design, prioritizing enhanced single-threaded performance and efficiency for AI workloads such as image recognition, natural language processing, and real-time inference, while supporting the transition to more intelligent, connected ecosystems. The core's architecture was thus aligned with ARM's broader goal of democratizing AI by optimizing for lightweight algorithms that could run efficiently on resource-limited hardware without relying on cloud dependency.^[7]^[8]^[9] The development of the Cortex-A75 was led by ARM's design center in Sophia Antipolis, France, which had previously spearheaded the Cortex-A73 and established a "Sophia family" of cores focused on high-performance ARMv8-A implementations. This facility's expertise in out-of-order execution and energy-efficient designs was instrumental in integrating DynamIQ's clustering capabilities, positioning the A75 as a cornerstone for future heterogeneous computing within the ARM ecosystem.^[10]^[11]^[12]

Key Milestones and Release Timeline

The ARM Cortex-A75 was publicly announced on May 29, 2017, during Computex in Taipei, marking it as the flagship component of ARM's new DynamIQ technology alongside the efficiency-focused Cortex-A55 CPU and the Mali-G72 graphics processing unit.^[13] This debut emphasized the core's role in enabling heterogeneous multi-core designs for mobile, automotive, and infrastructure applications.^[1] Licensing for the Cortex-A75 IP became available to partners in 2017, with early adopters achieving tape-outs by mid-2017, and the first production silicon integrating the core appearing in commercial chips in early 2018 (e.g., Qualcomm Snapdragon 845).^[14]^[15] Concurrently, the core's integration with the DynamIQ Shared Unit (DSU)—which facilitates shared L3 cache and interconnects for scalable multi-core clusters—was first demonstrated in engineering prototypes showcased by ARM in 2017, paving the way for flexible big.LITTLE successor configurations.^[14] Post-release, the Cortex-A75 received ongoing firmware and microcode updates to address emerging security concerns, including mitigations for CVE-2024-10929, a branch target injection vulnerability that could allow speculative execution attacks on affected implementations; these patches were issued by ARM and device vendors throughout 2024 and into 2025.^[16]

Technical Architecture

Microarchitecture Overview

The ARM Cortex-A75 employs an out-of-order, superscalar microarchitecture designed to deliver high performance in mobile and embedded applications. It features a 3-wide decode and dispatch unit that sustains a maximum throughput of three instructions per cycle, with support for 3-wide issue to execution pipelines for improved instruction-level parallelism. This design enables dynamic reordering of instructions to minimize stalls and maximize utilization of execution resources.^[17]^[18] The core adopts the ARMv8.2-A instruction set architecture as its baseline, incorporating extensions such as Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability (RAS) for enhanced system robustness. As the first high-performance implementation of ARM's DynamIQ technology, the Cortex-A75 supports heterogeneous cluster configurations, allowing integration with efficiency-oriented cores like the Cortex-A55 within the same DynamIQ Shared Unit (DSU). This compatibility facilitates scalable big.LITTLE arrangements, optimizing for both performance and power efficiency in diverse workloads.^[17]^[3] Key front-end enhancements in the Cortex-A75 include a wider instruction fetch capability of up to 4 instructions per cycle and an improved branch predictor employing a TAGE-style algorithm, which boosts prediction accuracy by leveraging long global histories to reduce misprediction penalties. These improvements contribute to higher instruction throughput compared to narrower designs in prior generations, such as the 2-wide out-of-order Cortex-A73.^[1]^[19]^[20] In terms of scalability, the Cortex-A75 supports configurations from 1 to 4 cores per DynamIQ cluster, interconnected via the DSU, which also provides shared L3 cache and system-level interfaces for efficient multi-core operation. This modular structure allows system designers to tailor core counts and mixing ratios to specific power and performance targets.^[3]^[21]

Instruction Set Support

The ARM Cortex-A75 core primarily implements the ARMv8.2-A 64-bit instruction set architecture (ISA), supporting the AArch64 execution state for 64-bit operations across all exception levels.^[2] It also provides optional compatibility with the AArch32 execution state, enabling A32 and T32 (Thumb) 32-bit instruction sets for legacy software support.^[2] This baseline ARMv8-A foundation includes essential features such as advanced SIMD (NEON) and floating-point processing, forming the core for general-purpose computing tasks.^[2] Key extensions enhance the Cortex-A75's capabilities for specific workloads. It includes support for ARMv8.1-A Large System Extensions (LSE), providing atomic memory access instructions like load-acquire and store-release operations to improve scalability in multi-processor environments.^[22] For machine learning applications, the core features the Dot Product extensions as a partial implementation of ARMv8.4-A, specifically the UDOT (unsigned dot product) and SDOT (signed dot product) instructions, which accelerate SIMD-based vector multiplications and accumulations.^[2] Additionally, the optional Cryptographic Extension implements AES encryption/decryption, SHA-1/SHA-2 hashing, and PMULL (polynomial multiplication for Galois field arithmetic), bolstering security in software implementations.^[23] Virtualization is supported through the standard ARMv8-A exception levels, including EL2 for hypervisor operations and EL3 for secure monitor functionality, enabling efficient virtual machine hosting.^[22] The core also incorporates limited extensions from later versions: ARMv8.3-A (only LDAPR load-acquire exclusive instructions) and ARMv8.4-A (restricted to the aforementioned Dot Product instructions), but excludes features like the full Statistical Profiling Extension from ARMv8.2-A.^[2] It lacks native support for ARMv9-A features or increments beyond ARMv8.4-A, such as v8.6-A enhancements, positioning it firmly within the ARMv8 ecosystem.^[2] This ISA configuration benefits from DynamIQ technology's flexibility, allowing configurable extension inclusion in system-on-chip designs.^[3]

Core Design Features

Pipeline and Execution Units

The ARM Cortex-A75 employs a 13-stage out-of-order superscalar pipeline that enables efficient instruction processing while balancing performance and power efficiency in high-end mobile and embedded applications. This pipeline structure supports a 3-wide decode and issue mechanism, allowing up to three instructions to be dispatched per cycle to the execution units, with out-of-order completion to maximize throughput. The design incorporates advanced speculation techniques to minimize stalls, drawing from the DynamIQ shared-memory architecture for scalable core clustering.^[24] At the heart of the execution units are dedicated hardware for integer and floating-point operations, including two arithmetic logic units (ALUs) for general-purpose computations, two multiply-accumulate (MAC) units optimized for fused multiply-add instructions with a latency of three cycles and throughput of one per cycle, and load/store units capable of handling up to two loads or stores per cycle. These units are complemented by two floating-point and advanced SIMD (ASIMD) pipelines for scalar and vector processing. The integer pipelines (I0 and I1) handle single-cycle ALU operations alongside shifts and divides, while the load/store units (LS0 and LS1) manage address generation separately from data movement to sustain high memory bandwidth without bottlenecking the pipeline.^[25]^[24] Branch handling is facilitated by a dedicated branch execution unit that supports dual-issue of branches per cycle, reducing the overall impact of control flow changes through enhanced prediction accuracy. In cases of misprediction, the penalty is limited to 13 cycles, achieved via improved speculative execution and tighter integration with the front-end fetch stage, which can retrieve up to four instructions per cycle. This configuration helps maintain pipeline momentum in branch-intensive workloads such as conditional code in applications and operating systems.^[24]^[19] For vector processing, the Cortex-A75 integrates NEON extensions with emulation support for Scalable Vector Extension 1 (SVE1), utilizing 128-bit wide SIMD units across the two ASIMD pipelines to accelerate media encoding, decoding, and AI inference tasks. These units deliver throughputs of up to two 128-bit operations per cycle for additions and a latency of three cycles for multiplications, enabling efficient parallel processing of vector data without native wider SVE hardware. Power efficiency within the pipeline is enhanced by fine-grained clock gating on idle execution units and power gating domains that allow selective shutdown of non-active sections, facilitating dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) to adapt to varying workloads while minimizing leakage and dynamic power draw.^[25]^[26]

Cache Hierarchy and Memory System

The ARM Cortex-A75 features a multi-level cache hierarchy designed to minimize memory access latencies and support high-performance workloads in mobile and embedded systems. The Level 1 (L1) caches consist of a separate 64 KB instruction cache organized as 4-way set-associative and a 64 KB data cache organized as 8-way set-associative, both exhibiting a 4-cycle access latency to enable rapid instruction fetch and data retrieval close to the execution units.^[27]^[28] The Level 2 (L2) cache is a private, unified per-core structure configurable from 512 KB to 1 MB in size, inclusive of L1 contents to simplify coherence management and reduce snoop traffic. This L2 cache provides an 11-cycle access latency, representing a significant reduction from prior shared L2 designs and contributing to overall system efficiency by keeping frequently accessed data proximate to the core.^[27]^[3]^[28]^[29] At the system level, the Cortex-A75 interfaces with the DynamIQ Shared Unit (DSU), which supports coherent interconnects via AMBA CHI or ACE protocols to enable multi-core scalability. The DSU can incorporate an optional shared Level 3 (L3) cache of up to 4 MB per cluster, facilitating data sharing among heterogeneous cores such as combinations of Cortex-A75 and Cortex-A55 processors while maintaining cache coherency across the cluster.^[27]^[3] Memory management in the Cortex-A75 is handled by an integrated Memory Management Unit (MMU) compliant with the ARMv8.2-A architecture, supporting 48-bit virtual addressing to accommodate large address spaces and standard 4 KB page sizes for efficient translation and protection mechanisms. This MMU integrates seamlessly with the cache hierarchy, performing virtual-to-physical address translations during cache misses and enabling features like Large Physical Address Extensions (LPAE) for up to 40-bit physical addressing.^[27]

Performance Characteristics

Benchmark Results

The ARM Cortex-A75 core demonstrated significant improvements in standardized integer benchmarks compared to its predecessor, the Cortex-A73. In SPECint2006 evaluations under controlled power envelopes, the A75 achieved approximately 25% higher performance than the A73 at 1W per core.^[6] At 2W per core, this uplift increased to around 30%, reflecting enhanced instruction throughput and branch prediction efficiency.^[6] Peak efficiency metrics for the core reached about 6.1 DMIPS/MHz, enabling sustained high-performance operation in mobile and edge computing scenarios. Early commercial implementations of the Cortex-A75, such as in the Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 SoC clocked at up to 2.8 GHz, recorded single-core scores of 2500–3000 points in Geekbench 4 and comparable results in Geekbench 5, highlighting strong per-core execution for consumer workloads. These scores positioned the A75 as a competitive option against contemporary x86 mobile processors in single-threaded tasks like application launching and browsing. In multi-threaded configurations, the DynamIQ technology enabling flexible cluster designs allowed improved overall performance in 4-core setups compared to traditional big.LITTLE arrangements, benefiting from shared L3 cache and reduced latency in homogeneous big-core clusters.^[1] For AI workloads, the included Armv8.2-A Dot Product instructions in the Cortex-A75 provided significant speedups in ML inference tasks involving neural network convolutions, accelerating vector multiplications common in edge inference models (e.g., up to 5x in optimized kernels).^[30] These gains were observed under typical power envelopes, assuming optimized software utilization of the instructions. Performance figures are based on Arm's pre-silicon models and early implementations; actual results vary by foundry process (e.g., 10nm) and configuration.^[31]

Efficiency and Power Scaling

The ARM Cortex-A75 targets a power envelope of 0.5–2 W per core at clock speeds of 2.5–3.0 GHz, enabling sustained high-performance operation in mobile and edge devices while maintaining competitive energy efficiency.^[6] This design balances compute demands with thermal constraints, allowing implementations to scale power dynamically based on workload intensity. Compared to its predecessor, the Cortex-A73, the A75 delivers 20–30% improved energy efficiency in sustained workloads, achieved through architectural enhancements like wider execution units and optimized branch prediction that boost performance at iso-power or iso-frequency conditions.^[1] For example, at 1 W per core, the A75 provides approximately 25% higher performance, rising to 30% at 2 W per core in integer benchmarks.^[6] Integration with ARM's DynamIQ technology facilitates advanced Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS), where individual cores or clusters can operate on independent power rails, enabling significant power savings in low-utilization or bursty scenarios typical of mobile applications.^[32] This is particularly effective for intermittent tasks like web browsing or UI rendering, where the A75 exhibits high performance-per-watt ratios due to its efficient handling of short, variable loads.^[6] However, for continuous, always-on server environments, the A75 is less optimized than subsequent cores like the A76, which offer further refinements in sustained efficiency. The core's thermal management employs adaptive clocking to mitigate throttling, ensuring reliability in thermally constrained systems.

Implementations and Usage

Commercial SoC Integrations

The Cortex-A75 core saw its first commercial integration in the Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 SoC, announced in December 2017 and released in devices in early 2018. Fabricated on a 10 nm Samsung process, this flagship chip employed a DynamIQ configuration with four Cortex-A75 performance cores clocked at up to 2.8 GHz alongside four Cortex-A55 efficiency cores at 1.8 GHz, enabling high-end performance for premium mobile devices.^[15]^[33] The Cortex-A75 core saw further integration in the Qualcomm Snapdragon 710 SoC, announced in May 2018 and fabricated on a 10 nm Samsung process. This mid-range chip employed a DynamIQ configuration with two Cortex-A75 performance cores clocked at up to 2.2 GHz alongside six Cortex-A55 efficiency cores at 1.7 GHz, enabling balanced performance for AI-enhanced tasks and general computing in mobile devices.^[34]^[35] Qualcomm extended Cortex-A75 usage to the Snapdragon 670 SoC, introduced in August 2018 on a 10 nm process for mid-tier applications. The design included two Cortex-A75 cores at 2.0 GHz and six Cortex-A55 cores at 1.7 GHz, complemented by an Adreno 615 GPU to support improved graphics rendering and power efficiency in budget-oriented premium features.^[36]^[37] MediaTek followed with the Helio P90 SoC in December 2018, targeting mid-range smartphones with a focus on AI processing. Built on TSMC's 12 nm FinFET process, it featured two Cortex-A75 cores at 2.2 GHz paired with six Cortex-A55 cores at 2.0 GHz, integrated with MediaTek's APU 2.0 for enhanced on-device machine learning capabilities.^[38]^[39] By 2020, other licensees adopted the Cortex-A75 in specialized implementations, such as Unisoc's A7862 series for automotive smart cockpits. This 12 nm SoC incorporated two Cortex-A75 cores and six Cortex-A55 cores, delivering up to 54K DMIPS of computing power optimized for in-vehicle infotainment and AI-driven interfaces.^[40]

Notable Devices and Applications

The ARM Cortex-A75 core gained prominence in the smartphone market through its integration into the Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 SoC, which powered several 2018 flagship devices including the Samsung Galaxy S9 and S9+, OnePlus 6, and OPPO Find X, enabling advanced mobile performance for applications like high-resolution photography and immersive gaming during that period. These implementations marked the core's debut in premium consumer handsets, contributing to efficient handling of demanding workloads in the 2018-2019 timeframe. In tablets and wearables, the Cortex-A75 appeared in mid-range models such as the Lenovo Tab M9 and Samsung Galaxy Tab A8, supporting everyday tasks like media consumption and basic productivity with balanced power efficiency. Its adoption in select fitness trackers and smartwatches facilitated AI-accelerated features, including real-time health monitoring and activity recognition, by providing sufficient computational headroom within battery-constrained designs. For automotive and IoT applications, the core found use in infotainment systems via SoCs like the Unisoc A7862 series, deployed in smart cockpit platforms for vehicles to enable seamless navigation, multimedia playback, and voice-assisted interfaces from 2020 onward.^[40] In edge AI devices, such as industrial IoT gateways and smart home hubs, the Cortex-A75 supported on-device machine learning inferences for tasks like anomaly detection and predictive maintenance through 2025.^[3] Post-2020, the Cortex-A75 continued in budget-oriented devices, including smartphones like the Samsung Galaxy A32 and tablets such as the Tecno Pova 3, where it provided cost-effective performance for emerging markets. Manufacturers issued security updates for these implementations to mitigate vulnerabilities, including the Spectre-Branch Status Eviction (BSE) issue identified as CVE-2024-10929, ensuring ongoing protection against speculative execution exploits in 2024-2025.^[41]

Licensing and Availability

Licensing Terms

The ARM Cortex-A75 is licensed under ARM's standard intellectual property (IP) models, which include both architectural and core licenses tailored to different levels of customization and integration needs. The architectural license permits licensees to fully customize the core design while adhering to the ARMv8.2-A architecture, enabling modifications for specific performance or power requirements; this model involves an upfront fee and royalties typically ranging from 1-2% of the system-on-chip (SoC) cost per shipped unit.^[42]^[43] In contrast, the core license provides pre-configured IP blocks of the Cortex-A75 for quicker integration into SoCs without extensive redesign, which became available to licensees starting in mid-2018.^[3] Licensees under either model gain access to ARM's support services, including validation tools, simulation models for pre-silicon verification, and ongoing errata updates to address hardware issues, with such support extending through at least 2025 via ARM's developer resources.^[44]^[45] Licensing agreements impose key restrictions to protect ARM's IP, prohibiting the resale or redistribution of the Cortex-A75 core itself and requiring integration within the broader ARM ecosystem, such as with compatible peripherals like Mali GPUs, to ensure seamless compatibility and optimization.^[42]^[45]

Market Adoption and Variants

The ARM Cortex-A75 achieved significant market adoption in the mobile sector during its peak period around 2018–2020, primarily through integration into system-on-chips (SoCs) from vendors such as Qualcomm and MediaTek, powering a wide array of smartphones and other devices. Qualcomm's Snapdragon 845 platform, launched in late 2017 and entering commercial devices in 2018, employed semi-custom Kryo 385 Gold cores derived from the Cortex-A75 design, enabling high-performance computing in flagship handsets like those from Samsung and Google. Similarly, MediaTek's Helio P90 SoC, introduced in December 2018, featured two Cortex-A75 performance cores clocked at up to 2.2 GHz paired with six efficiency-oriented Cortex-A55 cores, targeting mid-range smartphones with improved AI processing capabilities. Samsung's Exynos 9810, announced in January 2018, featured four custom M3 performance cores based on the Cortex-A75 clocked at up to 2.9 GHz paired with four Cortex-A55 cores, powering flagship smartphones like the Galaxy S9 series.^[46] These implementations highlighted the core's role in delivering balanced performance and power efficiency for consumer electronics.^[6] Post-2020, adoption of the Cortex-A75 declined as it was superseded by more advanced cores like the Cortex-A76 (announced in 2018) and Cortex-A77 (announced in 2020), which offered further improvements in performance and efficiency. Nevertheless, the core sustained relevance in mid-range mobile devices and embedded systems through 2025, particularly in cost-sensitive markets where newer high-end cores were not yet ubiquitous. In terms of broader ecosystem positioning, ARM-based designs, including those from the Cortex-A75 family, have shown growing penetration in server infrastructure, reaching approximately 25% market share in the data center CPU market as of September 2025, though still trailing dominant x86 architectures—but the core maintained strong uptake in the mobile domain, especially within the Asia-Pacific region where vendors like MediaTek, Qualcomm, and Samsung hold substantial influence.^[47]

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