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ASLAV

The Australian Light Armoured Vehicle (ASLAV) is an eight-wheeled (8x8), amphibious armoured reconnaissance vehicle designed for surveillance and combat support missions, adapted specifically for Australia's harsh environmental conditions with features like enhanced air conditioning and wide tires for improved mobility. Developed under the Australian Army's LAND 112 program and manufactured by General Dynamics Land Systems Australia, the ASLAV is derived from the LAV-25 platform and was procured in three phases starting in 1990, with a total of 257 vehicles acquired between 1990 and 2007, including a Phase 3 acquisition in the early 2000s for enhanced protection and electronics. Key variants include the reconnaissance ASLAV-25 equipped with a 25mm Bushmaster chain gun, the ASLAV-PC personnel carrier for troop transport, the ASLAV-C command vehicle, the ASLAV-S surveillance variant with a mast-mounted sensor suite, the ASLAV-A ambulance, and specialized fitter and recovery models, providing versatile roles within mechanized infantry battalions. The vehicle features a 6V53T engine producing 275 horsepower, paired with an , enabling a top road speed of 100 km/h, a swimming speed of 10 km/h via propellers, and an operational range of approximately 600-660 km, while its armor offers protection against 14.5mm rounds all-around and 30mm threats frontally, supplemented by liners and run-flat tires. Armament typically includes the M242 25mm , a coaxial 7.62mm MAG 58 , a pintle-mounted 7.62mm MAG58, and launchers, with advanced like imagers for day/night operations. Operationally, ASLAVs have been deployed in , , and , demonstrating reliability in diverse terrains, though the fleet is now undergoing progressive replacement by the more advanced Boxer 8x8 Combat Reconnaissance Vehicle as part of the LAND 400 Phase 2 project, with deliveries commencing in 2021 and full transition expected by the late 2020s. Despite this, the ASLAV remains a cornerstone of Australian armored mobility, valued for its low maintenance requirements and adaptability through mission-specific kits.

Design and Capabilities

Chassis and Mobility

The ASLAV features an eight-wheeled (8x8) chassis derived from the family, specifically adapted from the platform, providing enhanced stability and versatility across varied terrains. It incorporates a selectable four- or eight-wheel drive system, for improved ride quality, and run-flat tires mounted on the widest available wheels to maintain mobility even after punctures. These elements contribute to its high off-road performance, with a ground clearance of approximately 0.41 meters enabling traversal of rough landscapes. Propulsion is provided by a 6V-53T turbocharged delivering 275 horsepower, paired with an offering five forward gears and one reverse. This setup enables a top road speed of 100 km/h and an operational range of up to 660 km on a full of approximately 269 liters of . The vehicle's weight is around 13.45 tonnes, balancing and agility without compromising core mobility. Originally designed with full amphibious capability via twin propellers and rudders, achieving 10 km/h in , the ASLAV supports rapid water crossings with minimal preparation. Adaptations for Australia's arid and dusty environments include reinforced components for durability and an air-conditioning system capable of maintaining interior temperatures below 55°C during extreme heat. It can climb gradients up to 60% and side slopes of 30%, with a of about 15.5 meters, ensuring effective maneuverability in confined or uneven operational areas.

Armament and Sensors

The primary armament of the ASLAV is the 25 mm , mounted in a two-person and capable of engaging both ground and low-flying aerial targets. This features a dual-feed system that allows for rapid switching between ammunition types and has a selectable of up to 200 rounds per minute in high-rate mode. It is typically supplied with 210 rounds ready to fire, comprising NATO-standard 25×137 mm cartridges such as armor-piercing discarding sabot-tracer (APDS-T) for anti-armor roles and high-explosive incendiary-tracer (HEI-T) for soft targets. A coaxial 7.62 mm FN MAG 58 machine gun provides support, with up to 1,000 rounds stored for sustained engagements. The sensor suite enhances the vehicle's reconnaissance capabilities, particularly for day and night operations. Key components include an integrated thermal imaging sight for target detection in low-visibility conditions and a for precise distance measurement, enabling effective engagement beyond visual range. In surveillance variants like the ASLAV-S, a hydraulically raised mounts additional sensors, including a thermal imager and day television camera, to extend observation over terrain obstacles. Fire control systems integrate these elements for accurate firing, including a digital ballistic computer that accounts for environmental factors and target motion, along with turret stabilization for on-the-move accuracy. The electric turret drive facilitates smooth traverse and elevation, while the overall electronics suite links sensors, weapons, and vehicle systems for real-time data sharing among the crew.

Protection Features

The ASLAV is equipped with an all-welded steel that provides baseline against 14.5 mm rounds all-around and shell splinters from . This design offers ballistic and fragmentation resistance, with internal spall liners added during upgrades to mitigate secondary effects from impacts. Roof armor elements further defend against overhead fragmentation threats, such as shards. Post-2003 operational enhancements included add-on bar armor and slat cages to counter rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) by disrupting shaped-charge warheads before they reach the hull, providing protection against 30 mm projectiles over the frontal arc. Additional upgrades incorporated a counter- suite and re-designed belly plates for improved mine and blast resistance, enhancing overall survivability in threat environments. The vehicle also features an automatic fire suppression system to mitigate internal fires from hits or malfunctions. Defensive countermeasures include two clusters of four 76 mm launchers (eight total), enabling rapid obscuration for evasion or repositioning. The standard three-person crew configuration—comprising a driver, commander, and gunner—accommodates up to six optional passengers, with vision blocks and periscopes providing 360-degree while maintaining protected positioning. Sensor aids for threat detection, such as integrated thermal optics, further support defensive maneuvers by identifying hazards early.

Variants

Type I Configurations

The Type I configurations of the ASLAV represent the core variants, optimized for rapid scouting and in forward areas. These vehicles leverage the base ASLAV to provide high while incorporating a dedicated for enhanced observation and engagement capabilities. The primary focus is on enabling small-unit tactical , allowing crews to gather intelligence without compromising speed or . The ASLAV-25 serves as the standard version within the Type I lineup, featuring a two-person armed with a 25 mm stabilized and a 7.62 mm . This armament supports against light armored threats during missions, while the integrates a thermal imaging system for day-night optics, facilitating and forward at extended ranges. The vehicle accommodates a crew of three—, , and driver—plus up to six dismounted passengers, enabling flexible operations with elements. Under Phase 2 of the acquisition program, a total of 113 ASLAV vehicles were produced across variants, including the ASLAV-25, with the first vehicles delivered to the Australian Army in 1995. These units were built to emphasize agility, with adaptations such as a lighter hull configuration compared to later support-oriented variants, achieving a combat weight around 13 tonnes to prioritize acceleration and amphibious performance over heavy payload capacity. The enhanced optics and reduced mass allow the ASLAV-25 to maintain speeds exceeding 100 km/h on roads, underscoring its role in dynamic reconnaissance patrols.

Type II Configurations

The Type II configurations of the ASLAV represent the support-oriented variants designed to enhance logistical and operational sustainment capabilities within reconnaissance units, distinguishing them from the combat-focused Type I models. These variants utilize a modified without a , prioritizing troop transport, command functions, surveillance, and while maintaining the core wheeled chassis for mobility in diverse terrains. Introduced as part of the ASLAV program's expansion in the mid-1990s, they were integrated to support elements and sustain frontline operations. The ASLAV-PC serves as an armored personnel carrier optimized for transporting dismounted elements during tactical missions. It accommodates a crew of two ( and ) plus seven troops, providing protected mobility for teams with access via a rear ramp and roof hatches for observation or emergency egress. Armament is limited to a pintle-mounted .50-caliber for , emphasizing its role in troop delivery rather than direct engagement. This configuration enhances unit flexibility by allowing rapid deployment of in support of patrols. The ASLAV-C functions as a mobile command post, equipped for coordination in the field. It features an enhanced communications suite with multiple radios, deployable antenna masts, digital map displays, and an auxiliary to power onboard systems during extended operations. The interior includes specialized seating for a of five plus two additional personnel, along with stowage for command materials and an optional annex tent for external briefings. This variant supports real-time by integrating voice and links for liaison with higher echelons. The ASLAV-S is a dedicated surveillance platform, extending the ASLAV's reach for non-contact tasks. It incorporates a hydraulically elevated supporting electro-optical/ (EO/IR) systems, including a imager, , and daylight television camera, enabling detection at ranges beyond line-of-sight. Additional equipment includes the ground radar for monitoring ground movements, operated by a of four plus two troops. The taller design, rising up to 10 meters when deployed, provides elevated vantage points while the vehicle remains in a concealed position. The ASLAV-A operates as a battlefield , configured for rapid under armor. Its interior is fitted with medical stations, including mounts for up to three stretchers in a lying configuration or six seats for patients, plus space for a attendant alongside a of three. Essential equipment encompasses oxygen supplies, defibrillators, and secure fixation to maintain patient stability during high-speed transit. This variant prioritizes swift extraction to forward aid points, bolstering the sustainment of reconnaissance forces in contested environments. Collectively, the Type II variants accounted for approximately 100 units within the broader of 257 vehicles, with deliveries commencing in the mid-1990s under Phase 2 of the acquisition program to equip support elements of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment. These configurations were manufactured by Land Systems-Canada, leveraging modular mission role kits for rapid adaptation from the base chassis. Their introduction marked a shift toward integrated sustainment in mechanized operations. Exact quantities per sub-variant (ASLAV-PC, ASLAV-C, ASLAV-S, ASLAV-A) are not publicly detailed in available sources.

Type III Configurations

The Type III configurations of the ASLAV are specialized variants focused on engineering support, providing essential and capabilities to sustain armored operations in . These models utilize a modified design optimized for installation, such as cranes and winches, while maintaining the vehicle's core wheeled mobility and amphibious features adapted for conditions. With reduced armament limited to a single 7.62mm 58 , often mounted on a Protector remote weapon station, the Type III variants prioritize logistical roles over direct engagement. They share the base ASLAV's protection standards against and fragments. The ASLAV-F (Fitter) serves as a protected mobile workshop, enabling field repair personnel to conduct on-site on other ASLAV and . It is equipped with a HIAB 650 hydraulic crane for lifting components up to 3.5 tonnes at short outreach, along with integrated tool sets, workbenches, and dedicated storage for spare parts and consumables. Hydraulic systems support precise lifting and positioning during repairs, allowing a crew of three to address mechanical issues efficiently without exposing personnel to unprotected environments. This configuration enhances fleet readiness by minimizing evacuation needs for minor to moderate damage. The ASLAV-R (Recovery) is an armored recovery vehicle designed to extract and transport disabled assets from contested areas. It features a Rotzler Treibmatic with an 8.3-tonne capacity for pulling immobilized , complemented by a tow bar and hydraulic support stands for stabilization during operations. The carries additional recovery tools and space for a small team, facilitating immediate assessments and to repair facilities. An enhanced provides approximately 3.3 tonnes more pulling power than standard ASLAV self- systems, ensuring effective obstacle clearance and retrieval under operational stress. A total of 25 Type III units, comprising both ASLAV-F and ASLAV-R models, were produced and delivered between 2002 and 2004 as part of the Phase 3 acquisition program to bolster maintenance support across Australian Army armored regiments. Exact breakdown between ASLAV-F and ASLAV-R is not detailed in available sources.

Development and Production

Acquisition Process

The LAND 112 Phase 1 project was initiated in the late 1980s to develop a modern wheeled armoured fighting vehicle (WAFV) capability for the Australian Army, aimed at enhancing armoured reconnaissance and surveillance in northern Australia's challenging terrain. This effort addressed the need to replace aging scout cars like the Ferret, providing a more mobile solution suited to the country's vast distances, where rapid deployment over long ranges was essential. The selection of a LAV-25 variant occurred in 1990 following initial evaluations, as it met requirements for a lightweight, amphibious design capable of air transport via C-130 aircraft. In June 1989, Phase 1 received approval for A$28.4 million to acquire 15 ex-US Marine Corps vehicles for operational trials, which were conducted from 1990 to 1991 to validate the WAFV concept. These trials confirmed the vehicle's suitability for roles, emphasizing its wheeled mobility, amphibious operations, and low logistical footprint in expansive Australian environments. Successful outcomes led to Phase 2 approval in August 1991, expanding the program to equip units with a total fleet. The primary production contract was awarded in December 1992 to the Diesel Division of of (later Land Systems-Canada) through the Canadian Commercial Corporation, valued at A$316.5 million (1995 prices) for 113 vehicles under Phase 2, with the program ultimately procuring 257 ASLAVs across phases, some Phase 1 trials vehicles integrated into the operational fleet under Phase 2. Additional trials in 1993 refined configurations for Australian conditions, and deliveries began in 1995, achieving initial operating capability in 1997. This acquisition process prioritized with allied forces and strategic deployability, aligning with Australia's emphasis on versatile, expeditionary forces.

Manufacturing Details

The ASLAV production occurred across three phases under the LAND 112 program, culminating in a total of 257 vehicles delivered between 1995 and 2007. Phase 1 acquired 15 ex-US Marine Corps vehicles in 1989 for A$28.4 million to support initial trials and evaluation. Phase 2, approved in 1992, involved the manufacture of 113 vehicles for A$316.5 million (1995 prices), including variants such as the ASLAV-25 reconnaissance, personnel carrier, command, surveillance, ambulance, fitter, and recovery models. Phase 3 added 144 vehicles under a A$491 million program approved in December 1997 (with contract amendment signed in September 2000), focusing on enhanced support configurations to equip additional regiments. Primary assembly took place at Canada's facility in , where the base wheeled chassis and major systems were constructed under subcontract from the as the prime contractor. modifications, including , mission role installation kits, final assembly, and testing, were performed domestically by (ADI, subsequently acquired by ) in facilities established in and . These local efforts supported , job creation (approximately 70 positions at peak), and into global supply chains. The fleet incorporated three distinct hull designs to accommodate varied roles: Type I for turreted (derived from the standard), Type II for non-turreted variants with expanded internal volume (personnel carrier, command, surveillance, ambulance), and Type III for specialized support roles with reinforced structures (fitter, recovery). industry involvement emphasized local sourcing, achieving 14% content in Phase 2 (exceeding the 11% target, valued at A$48.6 million in 1997 prices) and 23% in Phase 3 (above the 19% goal, at A$81.7 million), incorporating domestically produced items such as resupply components, tyres, hydraulic systems, and filters. This offset some reliance on imported high-value parts while fostering repair and overhaul capabilities in . Unit costs varied by phase due to inflation and scope, averaging approximately A$2.85 million for Phase 2 vehicles in 1995 dollars.

Upgrade Programs

In the 2000s, the initiated upgrades to the ASLAV fleet to address operational lessons from deployments, including the removal or non-installation of amphibious kits to reduce and accommodate additional protective measures, thereby prioritizing over water-crossing capabilities. These modifications were part of broader efforts under the LAND 112 Phase 4 upgrade program (approved in 2010), which focused on enhancing survivability of the existing fleet without exceeding transport limits for air and sea deployment; Phase 3 vehicles were acquired to an improved standard from the outset. Following experiences in from 2004 to 2006, where improvised explosive devices (IEDs) posed significant threats, ASLAV vehicles received bar armor and anti-IED kits to deflect blasts and RPGs, alongside internal liners to mitigate fragmentation effects. Concurrently, thermal imaging systems were upgraded to second-generation models with integrated rangefinders, improving night and low-visibility by providing clearer target identification and ranging up to several kilometers. These enhancements extended the vehicle's effective engagement range and in contested environments. In the , the fleet integrated the Protector M151 remote weapon station, allowing crew to operate the 12.7mm from inside the , reducing exposure to during or operations. This addition, overhauled under a 2013 contract, supported safer roles and was fitted across variants. Digital upgrades included integration with the Battlefield Command Support System (BCS), enabling real-time data sharing for network-centric warfare through secure tactical networks and displays for shared situational awareness. This allowed ASLAV crews to receive and transmit battlefield updates, coordinates, and threat intelligence, aligning with broader Army command reforms under LAND 200. The cumulative upgrades through 2015, encompassing armor, sensors, weapons, and digital systems, cost over A$300 million for the fleet-wide modifications, with the primary survivability package budgeted at A$302.8 million to up-armor 113 vehicles and improve mine resistance via redesigned belly plates. These investments extended the ASLAV's service life into the 2020s while adapting it to evolving threats.

Operational History

Initial Deployments

The ASLAV entered service with the Australian Army's 2nd Cavalry Regiment in 1997, marking the vehicle's initial operational capability within the unit based in , . Following equipping, the regiment conducted training exercises across , focusing on tactics, mobility in varied terrain, and integration with elements to build proficiency in the vehicle's wheeled armored capabilities. The ASLAV's first international deployment came during Operation Stabilise, the Australian-led (INTERFET) from September 1999 to February 2000, where C Squadron of the 2nd Regiment provided critical support to the multinational peacekeeping force. This marked the vehicle's initial combat exposure, with ASLAV crews engaging militia elements in defensive actions near , though no vehicles were lost during the operation. In , ASLAVs fulfilled key roles, including offensive patrolling along border areas, convoy escorts for deliveries, and surveillance tasks to monitor movements and secure population centers. The vehicles demonstrated effective adaptation to the region's tropical conditions, navigating muddy tracks, river crossings, and high-humidity environments while supporting in ready reaction forces and tactical lifts, contributing to the stabilization of the territory without significant mechanical failures.

Coalition Operations

The Australian Light Armoured Vehicle (ASLAV) played a significant role in Australia's coalition operations during the from 2003 to 2009, primarily supporting , security, and patrol missions as part of the Overland Brigade and subsequent task groups. In early 2003, ASLAVs from the 2nd Cavalry Regiment were deployed to under Operation Falconer, where they conducted urban patrols through the city's densely populated areas, including routes near iconic landmarks like the Swords of Qadisiyyah. These patrols involved navigating high-threat environments amid ongoing activities, providing mobile overwatch and for Australian and coalition personnel. ASLAVs encountered improvised explosive devices (IEDs) during these operations, highlighting operational risks in urban and rural settings. In April 2007, an IED attack near An Nasiriyah in Dhi Qar Province targeted a , injuring three soldiers and destroying one ASLAV while damaging two others; the damaged vehicles were subsequently repaired and returned to . These incidents underscored the vehicle's exposure to tactics and roadside threats, informing tactical adaptations such as enhanced route planning and integration with coalition intelligence. Within the Al Muthanna Task Group (AMTG), deployed from 2005 to 2006, ASLAVs performed escort duties for reconstruction teams, including protection of Japanese engineering forces, and conducted reconnaissance patrols across desert terrain, leveraging their mobility and night-fighting capabilities. The AMTG's ASLAV elements operated in coordination with U.S. and other multinational forces, contributing to provincial stabilization efforts in southern . Lessons from Iraq operations revealed vulnerabilities to IEDs and ambushes, prompting armor enhancements like additional spall liners and remote weapon stations, which were later applied to mitigate similar risks in subsequent deployments. In from 2006 to 2013, ASLAVs supported the Mentoring and Reconstruction Task Force (MRTF) and subsequent rotations in , focusing on partnered patrols, route security, and combat support under Operation Slipper. Vehicles from units like the 2nd/14th Light Horse Regiment conducted extensive mounted patrols across rugged terrain, including the Chora Valley and approaches to Tarin Kowt, providing and deterrence against ambushes while mentoring Afghan National Army elements. These operations integrated ASLAVs into teams, often alongside protected mobility vehicles, to secure key supply routes and patrol bases such as Wali and Razak. ASLAVs faced mine and threats during these patrols, with a notable incident on 8 October 2007, when an strike in Uruzgan destroyed a from the MRTF, killing driver David Pearce and injuring another soldier six kilometers from the forward operating base. This event, along with other engagements, emphasized the need for improved underbelly protection against pressure-plate devices, influencing post-mission modifications. Overall, ASLAVs contributed to over 500 combat sorties and patrols in Uruzgan, enhancing force mobility and enabling effective responses to insurgent activity in a high-risk operational .

Post-2013 Service

Following the withdrawal of Australian combat forces from in December 2013, the Australian Defence Force (ADF) transitioned the ASLAV fleet to peacetime roles emphasizing regional stability and national readiness. This shift aligned with the 2013 Defence White Paper, which highlighted the strategic pivot toward the amid the ADF's drawdown from operations. The ASLAVs, previously central to counter-insurgency patrols, were redeployed for multinational exercises to enhance with allies in the region. In the , ASLAVs supported key bilateral and multilateral training activities, including , the ADF's largest recurring exercise with the , conducted biennially since 2005 to simulate joint operations across land, sea, and air domains. More specifically, in 2025, ASLAVs operated by troops from the 8th/9th Battalion, participated in Exercise Alon in the , part of the Indo-Pacific Endeavour program, where a troop of five vehicles conducted tactical maneuvers alongside Philippine forces to demonstrate capabilities in amphibious and ground operations. These exercises focused on , force projection, and rapid response in archipelagic environments, integrating ASLAVs with artillery and uncrewed systems for enhanced . Domestically, ASLAVs contributed to efforts during the 2019–2020 bushfires. In January 2020, vehicles from the 1st Armoured Regiment were deployed to , , under Operation Bushfire Assist, providing mobility for teams, evacuation support, and logistics in rugged terrain affected by uncontrolled blazes that scorched over 200,000 hectares. The ASLAVs' eight-wheeled configuration proved effective for traversing fire-damaged roads and delivering supplies to isolated communities, marking a rare non-combat application of the platform in national emergency aid. Ongoing training and readiness exercises maintained ASLAV operational proficiency, with annual fleet activities emphasizing gunnery, maintenance, and integration with allied forces. In May 2025, 2nd Cavalry Regiment ASLAVs conducted live-fire drills at the Field Training Area, firing 25mm rounds to simulate engagements, while mechanics performed routine overhauls to ensure high availability rates. These efforts included breaching simulations and live fires, such as a September 2025 demonstration where ASLAVs neutralized mock enemy positions at 1.5 km using integrated fire support. Post-2013, the ASLAV fleet experienced minor accidents during training, primarily low-speed collisions or mechanical issues, but no major losses or combat casualties were reported, reflecting improved safety protocols and vehicle upgrades implemented prior to the withdrawal.

Future and Replacement

Current Status

As of November 2025, the Australian Army's ASLAV fleet has been reduced from the original production total of 257 vehicles through operational attrition over decades of service. These vehicles continue to provide critical and light armored capabilities while the transition to the Boxer Combat Reconnaissance Vehicle progresses. The ASLAVs are primarily assigned to the 2nd/14th Light Horse Regiment ( Mounted Infantry), the 2nd Cavalry Regiment in , and the 1st Armoured Regiment in , where they equip armored squadrons for training and limited operational roles. Sustainment of the fleet is handled by General Dynamics Land Systems Australia under ongoing contracts for protected mobility vehicles. In 2025, ASLAVs participated in joint exercises demonstrating interoperability during the Boxer transition, including breaching operations, though no new overseas deployments have occurred as the focus shifts to domestic training and fleet drawdown.

Boxer CRV Transition

The LAND 400 Phase 2 program facilitates the replacement of the Australian Army's ASLAV fleet with the 8x8 Combat (CRV). In August 2018, the of Defence awarded Defence Australia a valued at approximately AUD 5.2 billion to acquire and produce 211 CRVs, comprising various reconnaissance and support variants. The initial 25 Block I vehicles, manufactured in , were delivered in June 2021, enabling the achievement of Initial Materiel Release and marking the start of into units. By June 2024, 26 vehicles (25 Block I and one Block II) had been formally accepted, with local production at the Military Vehicle Centre of Excellence in , accelerating subsequent deliveries. As of late 2025, deliveries continue with production accelerating, supporting the timeline toward final operational capability in 2027. The transition timeline projects final operational capability by 2027, involving interim operations with a mixed ASLAV and fleet to maintain capacity during the phased rollout. This staggered approach allows for progressive training and deployment, with Block II vehicles incorporating refined designs based on soldier feedback to enhance . and supports this schedule, though the project carries high risk for meeting exit criteria as early as December 2025. Compared to the ASLAV, the 38-tonne CRV provides markedly superior protection via layered passive , options for active protection systems, and mine-resistant underbody design, addressing survivability shortfalls observed in ASLAV service. Its modular architecture enables rapid reconfiguration of mission modules for , command, or roles without major structural changes, while advanced integration—featuring 360-degree sensors, battle management systems, and secure data links—boosts networked decision-making and lethality. These enhancements position the as a more versatile platform for modern contested environments. Upon full fleet introduction, ASLAV vehicles will enter staged retirement, with options for sale to allies or retention in reserve forces potentially involving limited upgrades to extend utility in lower-threat scenarios.

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