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CPP

The Communist Party of the Philippines (Filipino: Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas; CPP) is a Marxist-Leninist-Maoist revolutionary organization founded in 1968 by Jose Maria Sison through a split from the moribund, pro-Soviet predecessor party, with the aim of overthrowing the Philippine government via armed struggle to end perceived semi-feudal and semi-colonial conditions.^[1]^[2] The CPP directs the New People's Army (NPA), its Maoist guerrilla force established in 1969, in conducting rural-based protracted people's war, supplemented by political mobilization through the National Democratic Front umbrella group.^[3]^[4] The CPP's defining strategy emphasizes encircling cities from the countryside, building base areas, and accumulating forces over decades, which enabled peak strength in the 1980s with thousands of fighters and influence in remote regions amid martial law-era grievances.^[2] However, internal ideological purges, leadership executions, and sustained Philippine military operations—bolstered by U.S. support—have eroded its ranks and territorial control, leaving it a diminished threat by the 2020s despite sporadic ambushes and revenue from revolutionary taxes on businesses.^[5]^[2] Designated a terrorist organization by the Philippine government under anti-terrorism laws and by the United States as a Foreign Terrorist Organization since 2002, the CPP-NPA faces accusations of bombings, targeted killings of officials and informants, forced recruitment including of minors, and infrastructure sabotage, contributing to thousands of conflict deaths over five decades.^[6]^[7]^[8] Philippine and U.S. assessments highlight the group's responsibility for the majority of domestic terrorist incidents in recent years, underscoring its shift from mass-based appeal to survival tactics amid declining popular support and failed peace talks.^[8]^[3]

Economics and Finance

Public Pension and Investment Funds

The Canada Pension Plan (CPP) forms a mandatory public pension scheme providing retirement, disability, and survivor benefits calculated on career-average earnings, covering approximately 22 million contributors across Canada except Quebec. Enacted through federal-provincial agreement in 1965 with contributions starting January 1, 1966, the CPP functions as an earnings-related social insurance program funded by payroll deductions rather than general taxation. Benefits replace about 25% of average pre-retirement earnings for those starting contributions at age 18 and retiring at 65, with adjustments for earlier or deferred receipt. Contributions finance the plan at a combined rate of 11.9% of pensionable earnings—split equally between employees and employers at 5.95% each—applied to income between a $3,500 basic exemption and the 2025 Year's Maximum Pensionable Earnings (YMPE) of $71,300, resulting in a maximum per-worker contribution of $4,034.10 from each party. An enhancement legislated in 2019 introduces a second tier (CPP2) on earnings from the YMPE to $81,200 at graduated rates up to 4% each, increasing replacement ratios toward 33.3% over time while bolstering reserves. The structure maintains partial funding, with surpluses invested to achieve intergenerational equity and avert pay-as-you-go deficits amid demographic pressures like aging populations. CPP Investments, an arm's-length Crown corporation founded by statute on December 12, 1997, administers the CPP Fund's assets independently of government direction to prioritize long-term value creation. Its strategy deploys a reference portfolio benchmark with targets for active risk-taking, allocating roughly 50% to equities (public and private), 20% to fixed income and credit, and the balance to real assets like infrastructure and real estate, leveraging up to 12% of net assets for enhanced returns while hedging currency exposures. This diversified, global approach—spanning over 60 countries—mitigates volatility through dynamic asset allocation and opportunistic private market investments, guided by actuarial sustainability tests every three years. Performance metrics underscore the efficacy of professional management: as of March 31, 2025, fiscal year-end net assets totaled $714.4 billion, up from $632.3 billion, driven by $59.8 billion in net income and a 9.3% annualized return exceeding the benchmark. The 10-year annualized net return through 2025 stood at 8.3%, compounding to real growth above inflation and wage benchmarks, with the fund's trajectory surpassing 2023 projections by over $200 billion in assets, fortifying payability for 75 years without rate hikes. Quarterly disclosures reveal consistent outperformance in active strategies, though short-term fiscal 2026 first-quarter returns dipped to 1% amid market fluctuations.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Corporate Entities

The Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPP Investments), established on December 31, 1997, by federal legislation as an independent professional investment management organization, is tasked with investing the funds of the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) not immediately required for benefit payments to maximize long-term returns without undue risk of loss.^[13] Operating as a Crown corporation exempt from certain federal accountability requirements, it manages a diversified global portfolio across asset classes including public equities, private equities, credit investments, real assets (such as infrastructure and real estate), and fixed income, with investments spanning Canada and international markets.^[14] ^[15] As of June 30, 2025, the CPP Fund under its management reached net assets of $731.7 billion, reflecting a 1.0% net return for the first quarter of fiscal 2026 and an 8.4% annualized net return over the prior 10 years.^[16] CPP Investments employs a long-term, active investment approach, with significant allocations to private markets; for instance, private equities contributed 15.7% returns in fiscal 2025, driven by value creation in portfolio companies.^[17] The organization, headquartered in Toronto with offices worldwide, is governed by a board of directors appointed by the federal and provincial finance ministers, emphasizing fiduciary responsibility to CPP contributors and beneficiaries rather than short-term political directives.^[13] CPP Group plc, founded in 1989 and listed on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) of the London Stock Exchange since 2006, is a UK-headquartered technology-driven assistance company specializing in embedded and ancillary real-time assistance products and resolution services for financial services clients.^[18] ^[19] It operates primarily in Europe, Asia (including India and Turkey), and other international markets, offering tailored products such as insurance-backed assistance for card protection, travel disruption, and digital resolution services that integrate with partners' offerings to generate ancillary revenue.^[20] The company focuses on reducing customer friction in financial transactions through proprietary platforms, with revenue derived from partnerships with banks, insurers, and retailers rather than direct consumer sales.^[21] As of its latest reporting, CPP Group manages operations across multiple segments, emphasizing scalable digital solutions amid a shift from traditional insurance models to tech-enabled assistance, though it has faced challenges from regulatory changes in consumer protection and competition in the fintech space.^[22]

Professional Certifications

Human Resources and Payroll

The Certified Payroll Professional (CPP) designation, administered by PayrollOrg (formerly the American Payroll Association), certifies payroll professionals demonstrating advanced knowledge in payroll processing, compliance, and management. Established in 1985, three years after the founding of the American Payroll Association in 1982, the CPP serves as an industry benchmark for expertise, emphasizing practical application of U.S. federal tax laws, regulations, and operational procedures.^[23]^[24]^[25] Eligibility for the CPP exam requires meeting one of several criteria set by PayrollOrg's Certification Board, focusing on recent experience and education. Primary pathways include: three years of payroll practice within the preceding five years; or 24 months of payroll practice combined with completion of all courses in one of PayrollOrg's specified educational options (such as compliance or operations tracks) within the last 24 months; or 18 months of payroll practice, possession of the Fundamental Payroll Certification (FPC), and completion of the aforementioned courses within the last 18 months. Applicants must submit an application for approval prior to registering for the exam, which is proctored online through Pearson VUE.^[25]^[26] The CPP examination comprises 190 multiple-choice questions to be completed within four hours, with content drawn from federal laws and regulations effective as of January 1 of the testing year—for instance, laws current through January 1, 2025, apply to exams from September 6, 2025, to September 4, 2026. Topics emphasize higher-level skills such as payroll management, auditing, and regulatory compliance, distinguishing it from entry-level certifications like the FPC. Preparation resources include PayrollOrg's compliance education courses, payroll operations seminars, and conferences, which align with the exam's content outline available in the CPP Candidate Handbook.^[25]^[27]^[28] Certification validity spans five calendar years from the year of passing, after which holders must recertify by earning at least 120 Recertification Credit Hours (RCHs) through approved activities like conferences, seminars, or publications, or by retaking and passing the exam. The CPP enhances professional credibility, often leading to roles in payroll supervision and compliance oversight, as it signals commitment to ongoing education amid evolving tax codes and labor laws.^[27]^[29]

Security and Risk Management

The Certified Protection Professional (CPP) designation, administered by ASIS International, certifies professionals in comprehensive security management, with a core emphasis on risk assessment and mitigation strategies. This credential targets mid- to senior-level practitioners capable of leading security programs that integrate threat identification, vulnerability analysis, and protective measures across organizational assets. CPP holders are validated in applying systematic approaches to evaluate risks quantitatively and qualitatively, including threat modeling, consequence estimation, and countermeasure prioritization, as outlined in the certification's body of knowledge.^[30]^[31] Eligibility for the CPP requires seven to nine years of progressively responsible security experience, including at least three years in a role with supervisory or managerial oversight of security functions; alternatives include a bachelor's degree reducing the total experience to three to five years, or an advanced degree further shortening it to two to four years. Candidates must pass a multiple-choice examination comprising 225 questions, administered over four hours, covering tasks such as developing and conducting security risk assessments, managing investigations, and implementing physical and personnel security protocols. The exam draws from eight domains, with Domain I: Security Principles and Practices dedicating significant weight—approximately 23%—to risk management processes, including vulnerability assessments, threat forecasting, and integration of risk data into business continuity planning.^[32]^[31]^[30] In risk management specifically, the CPP curriculum mandates proficiency in conducting site-specific risk analyses, evaluating insider and external threats, and designing layered security solutions that balance cost-effectiveness with resilience. Professionals demonstrate competency in tools like probability-impact matrices and scenario-based simulations to inform decision-making, ensuring alignment with organizational objectives such as regulatory compliance and asset protection. Recertification every three years requires 60 continuing professional education points, reinforcing ongoing expertise in evolving threats like cyber-physical convergence and supply chain vulnerabilities. This focus positions CPP as a benchmark for roles in corporate security, government protection, and critical infrastructure safeguarding, where empirical risk data drives proactive rather than reactive strategies.^[31]^[30]

Science and Technology

Medical and Biological Concepts

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short amino acid sequences, typically comprising 5 to 30 residues, that enable the translocation of diverse molecular cargos across plasma membranes into the cytosol or nucleus of eukaryotic cells. These peptides are characterized by their amphipathic or cationic nature, often enriched with positively charged residues such as arginine and lysine, which interact electrostatically with negatively charged phospholipids in cell membranes. CPPs were first identified in the late 1980s through studies on the HIV-1 Tat protein's transduction domain, which demonstrated non-endocytic uptake in cell culture experiments.^[33] The primary mechanisms of CPP-mediated uptake remain a subject of ongoing research, with evidence supporting both energy-dependent endocytosis—via pathways like clathrin- or caveolin-mediated processes—and energy-independent direct translocation, particularly at higher peptide concentrations or under certain chemical modifications. For instance, confocal microscopy and flow cytometry studies have shown that arginine-rich CPPs like TAT (sequence GRKKRRQRRRPQ) exhibit rapid internalization in mammalian cells, though the extent of direct membrane penetration versus vesicular entrapment varies by cell type, peptide sequence, and cargo attachment. Endosomal entrapment poses a challenge, as only a fraction of internalized cargo escapes lysosomes for functional delivery, prompting investigations into pH-sensitive or fusogenic modifications to enhance cytosolic release.^[33]^[34]^[35] CPPs are classified into categories based on physicochemical properties: cationic (e.g., polyarginine R8), amphipathic (e.g., derived from antimicrobial peptides like magainin), and hydrophobic (e.g., transportan). Synthetic variants, such as cyclic or stapled peptides, have been engineered to improve stability and specificity, with arginine-rich sequences showing superior uptake efficiency in primary cells and tissues compared to lysine analogs due to guanidinium group interactions with sulfate moieties on cell surfaces. In biological applications, CPPs facilitate the delivery of nucleic acids (e.g., siRNA, plasmids), proteins, nanoparticles, and small-molecule drugs, bypassing traditional barriers like poor membrane permeability.^[36]^[37]^[35] Medically, CPP conjugates have advanced intracellular targeting for therapeutics, including anticancer agents where TAT-linked doxorubicin demonstrated enhanced tumor cell penetration in preclinical models, reducing systemic toxicity compared to free drug. In gene therapy, CPPs like MPG and CADY promote non-viral plasmid delivery, achieving transfection efficiencies rivaling viral vectors in vitro while minimizing immunogenicity. Diagnostic uses include CPP-fused imaging probes for real-time monitoring of cellular uptake in live tissues via fluorescence or radiolabeling. However, clinical translation faces hurdles such as off-target effects, proteolytic degradation in vivo, and variable pharmacokinetics; phase I trials of CPP-drug conjugates, such as those for melanoma, reported tolerable safety profiles but limited efficacy due to suboptimal endosomal escape. Ongoing research emphasizes tumor-homing CPPs and combination with nanocarriers to address these limitations.^[38]^[39]^[35]

Computing and Software Development

C++ is a general-purpose, compiled programming language designed for systems programming, high-performance applications, and resource-constrained environments, extending the C language with support for object-oriented, generic, and functional paradigms.^[40] Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Laboratories starting in 1979 as "C with Classes" to add abstraction mechanisms without sacrificing efficiency, it was renamed C++ in 1983 to signify an increment over C.^[40] The language emphasizes zero-overhead abstractions, allowing direct memory manipulation akin to C while providing higher-level constructs like classes, templates, and exceptions.^[41] The first commercial release occurred in 1985, with the initial ISO standardization as C++98 in 1998, establishing a portable definition that included the Standard Template Library (STL) for generic containers and algorithms.^[42] Subsequent revisions have expanded capabilities: C++11 introduced auto type deduction, lambda expressions, and move semantics to enhance expressiveness and performance; C++14 refined these with generic lambdas; C++17 added structured bindings and filesystem library; C++20 incorporated modules for better compilation modularity, coroutines for asynchronous programming, and concepts for template constraints; and C++23 further improved ranges and executors, with C++26 development underway focusing on pattern matching and reflection.^[43] These evolutions, driven by the ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21 committee, balance backward compatibility with modern needs like concurrency and metaprogramming, though the language's complexity has drawn criticism for steep learning curves in large codebases.^[44] In software development, C++ dominates domains requiring fine-grained control over hardware, such as operating systems (e.g., Windows kernel components, Linux user-space tools), game engines (e.g., Unreal Engine), embedded systems, and financial trading platforms, where runtime efficiency is paramount.^[45] Its multi-paradigm nature enables procedural code for simplicity, object-oriented designs for modularity, and template metaprogramming for compile-time computation, reducing runtime overhead compared to interpreted languages.^[46] Popularity metrics indicate sustained relevance: in the TIOBE Index for 2025, C++ holds approximately 8.8% share, ranking second behind Python for its role in performance-critical infrastructure.^[47] Stack Overflow's 2025 Developer Survey reports C++ among the most admired languages for professional use, particularly in backend and systems programming, with adoption in AI accelerators and high-frequency trading underscoring its causal advantages in low-latency scenarios over garbage-collected alternatives.^[48] Development practices emphasize tools like compilers from GCC, Clang, and MSVC, integrated development environments (IDEs) such as Visual Studio and CLion, and build systems like CMake for cross-platform portability.^[49] Best practices include applying the Rule of Zero (preferring standard library types to reduce manual resource management) and leveraging smart pointers to mitigate memory leaks, though undefined behavior in areas like iterator invalidation remains a common pitfall requiring rigorous testing.^[44] Despite perceptions of verbosity, modern C++ reduces boilerplate via features like range-based for loops and std::optional, facilitating safer, more maintainable code in large-scale projects.^[45]

Engineering and Technical Applications

In process engineering, particularly within pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical manufacturing, a critical process parameter (CPP) refers to any process variable—such as temperature, pH, agitation speed, or feed rate—whose variability directly influences a critical quality attribute (CQA) of the product, such as purity, potency, or sterility.^[50] CPPs are identified through risk assessments and process characterization studies, enabling control strategies that ensure consistent product quality under frameworks like Quality by Design (QbD).^[51] Their monitoring is mandated in regulatory guidelines, including ICH Q8, Q9, and Q10, where variability in a CPP must be managed to minimize impact on CQAs, often via process analytical technology (PAT) tools for real-time adjustments.^[52] For instance, in bioprocessing, dissolved oxygen levels as a CPP can affect cell viability and yield, requiring precise control within defined acceptable ranges.^[53] In construction engineering, a Construction Phase Plan (CPP) is a mandatory health and safety document required under the UK's Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015) for projects involving more than one contractor or lasting over 30 working days with significant resources.^[54] Prepared by the principal contractor, it details site-specific risks, welfare facilities, emergency procedures, and management arrangements to prevent accidents, such as falls or structural collapses, based on pre-construction information from the client.^[55] The CPP must be developed before construction begins and updated as needed, with enforcement by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE); non-compliance can result in fines up to £1 million or imprisonment for serious breaches, as seen in HSE prosecutions averaging 20-30 annually for CDM violations.^[56] It typically includes sections on hazard identification, subcontractor coordination, and monitoring, ensuring alignment with the overall construction phase plan for projects like high-rise developments or infrastructure works. In chemical and petroleum engineering, a Central Processing Plant (CPP), also termed Central Processing Platform in offshore applications, is an industrial facility designed to receive and separate multiphase well fluids into oil, natural gas, and water streams for further treatment or transport.^[57] Equipped with separators, compressors, dehydrators, and treaters, CPPs handle high-volume flows—often exceeding 100,000 barrels per day in major fields—and incorporate safety systems like pressure relief valves to mitigate risks such as hydrocarbon leaks.^[58] In projects like Indonesia's Java Gas Development, CPPs include gas separation units and CO2 removal systems, constructed via engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contracts costing hundreds of millions, with operations optimized for efficiency using heat exchangers and scrubbers.^[59] These plants are critical in upstream oil and gas operations, reducing transportation costs by preprocessing at the field level.^[60]

Organizations and Politics

Political Parties and Ideological Groups

The Convention People's Party (CPP) of Ghana is a socialist political party established on June 12, 1949, by Kwame Nkrumah during the campaign for independence from British colonial rule.^[61] It advocated mass mobilization and self-government, leading Ghana to independence in 1957, after which it formed the government under Nkrumah's presidency until a military coup ousted it on February 24, 1966.^[62] The party emphasized pan-Africanism and state-led economic development, drawing from Nkrumah's vision of African socialism, though it faced internal challenges and external pressures during its rule.^[63] The Cambodian People's Party (CPP), originally formed in 1951 as the Khmer People's Revolutionary Party, has dominated Cambodian politics since overthrowing the Khmer Rouge regime in 1979 with Vietnamese backing.^[64] It transitioned to a nominally non-communist platform in 1991 while retaining authoritarian control, with former leader Hun Sen serving as prime minister from 1985 to 2023 and influencing policy through family ties thereafter. The party claims over 7 million members and maintains power via electoral victories, often amid allegations of opposition suppression and media control, as documented in conflict monitoring reports. The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), reestablished in 1968 under Jose Maria Sison, functions as a Marxist-Leninist-Maoist ideological group directing an armed insurgency through its New People's Army (NPA) wing, founded in 1969, to overthrow the Philippine government via protracted people's war.^[3] The CPP espouses anti-imperialist, anti-feudal, and anti-bureaucratic capitalist doctrines, sustaining rural guerrilla operations that have caused thousands of casualties since the 1970s, with peak strength estimated at 25,000 fighters in the 1980s before declining due to government counterinsurgency efforts.^[65] Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the U.S. government since 2002, it rejects parliamentary participation in favor of revolutionary violence, though peace talks have repeatedly stalled over demands for socio-economic reforms.^[3]^[5]

Non-Political Organizations

The Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPP Investments) is a professional investment management organization that administers the assets of the Canada Pension Plan on behalf of over 22 million Canadian contributors and beneficiaries.^[66] Established by federal legislation on December 31, 1997, it functions independently from government direction, with a statutory mandate to achieve maximum long-term returns net of fees and costs while minimizing risk.^[13] CPP Investments employs a diversified global portfolio strategy across public equities, private equity, real assets, infrastructure, credit, and fixed income, with significant allocations to alternative investments; for instance, it committed over US$28 billion to private equity between 2010 and 2014.^[67] CPP Group plc is a United Kingdom-based assistance and insurance services provider focused on consumer protection products that mitigate everyday disruptions, such as mobile device insurance, identity theft resolution, and emergency assistance.^[21] Founded in 1980 and headquartered in Leeds, the company operates internationally, partnering with financial institutions and retailers to deliver embedded assistance solutions to millions of customers, emphasizing technology-driven claims processing and rapid response services.^[68] As a publicly listed entity on the London Stock Exchange, CPP Group reported serving clients across Europe, Asia, and the Americas as of its latest filings, with a business model centered on ancillary products rather than primary insurance underwriting.^[19] The Centre for Public Participation (CPP) is a South African non-profit organization committed to fostering citizen engagement in governance and policy-making to strengthen democratic accountability.^[69] Based in Durban and active since the mid-1990s, it conducts research, training programs, and advocacy initiatives aimed at enhancing public involvement in local and national decision processes, including tools for community mobilization and evaluation of participation mechanisms.^[70] CPP's work draws on empirical assessments of participation efficacy, often critiquing gaps in institutional responsiveness while promoting evidence-based models for inclusive dialogue.^[69]

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and it continues to deliver real value for millions of Canadians. All investment departments contributed to the ...
[11]
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[26]
PayrollOrg (formerly American Payroll Association APA)
You'll be redirected to your testing program's website to begin PayrollOrg (PAYO). Take your CPP or FPC exam from home.
[27]
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[28]
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Oct 6, 2015 · ➢ Critical Process Parameter (CPP). – A process parameter whose variability has an impact on a CQA and therefore should be monitored or ...
[51]
[PDF] What to control? CQAs and CPPs - European Medicines Agency
Nov 27, 2010 · Critical Process Parameter (CPP). Parameter of the process that must ... ▫ Process parameter criticality is linked to the defined acceptable range.
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Q8, Q9, & Q10 Questions and Answers -- Appendix - FDA
Process parameter criticality is linked to the parameter's effect on any critical quality attribute. It is based on the probability of occurrence and ...
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Determining Criticality-Process Parameters and Quality Attributes ...
The definition for CPP states that a parameter is considered critical when its variability has an impact on a CQA. The amount of impact is not defined, which ...
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Construction Phase Plan (CDM 2015) - CIS80 ( PDF ) - HSE
No information is available for this page. · Learn why
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Construction phase plan (fully explained) - Go Construct
A construction phase plan (CPP) is a key document, outlining the health and safety concerns associated with a specific construction project.
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What Is a Construction Phase Plan? - CHAS
Jun 17, 2024 · Every construction project, regardless of its size or duration, must have a Construction Phase Plan (CPP) in place before work begins on ...
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What is Central Processing Platforms (CPP)?‎ - Drilling Formulas
Oct 9, 2017 · The main function of central processing platforms is to separate oil, water, and gas from the combined well fluid.
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CPP - PetroBasics
Central Processing Plant - CPP - oilfield abbreviation and dictionary, oil ... engineering, production technology, unit converter, Acronym , PetroBasics,Petroleum ...
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Construction of Central Processing Plant (CPP) Java Gas ...
Oct 26, 2014 · EPC of Central Processing Plant facility which consist of : 8 flow lines, Gas Separation Unit, Condensate Handling Unit, CO2, H2S & RSH Removal ...
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CPP Engineering Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
CPP in Engineering commonly refers to Central Processing Plant, a facility where operations such as processing and refining occur, particularly in the oil and ...
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CPP - Convention People's Party - Ghana Web
The Convention Peoples' Party (CPP) was formed in 1949 during the struggle for independence. Its founding father was Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah Ghana's first ...
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The Convention People's Party (CPP) in Ghana, Late 1950s to the ...
This political party was to rule Ghana without interruption for 15 years, until its removal by a military coup d'état in February 1966.
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The Convention People's Party is Formed - African American Registry
The C.P.P. is a socialist political party in Ghana based on the ideas of Ghana's first President, Kwame Nkrumah. The Convention People's Party is descended from ...
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The Cambodian People's Party - Linking With The World
Dec 18, 2024 · The Cambodian People's Party (CPP) is a Cambodian political party which has ruled the country since 1979. Founded in 1951.
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https://acleddata.com/report/communist-insurgency-philippines-protracted-peoples-war-continues/
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CPP Investments - The World Economic Forum
CPP Investments is a professional investment management organization managing the fund of the more than 22 million contributors and beneficiaries of the Canada ...
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Investment Programs
As a global investment organization, we invest in public and private equities, bonds, private debt, real estate, infrastructure and more.Private Equity · Real Assets · Active Equities · Capital Markets & Factor...
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CPP Group - Overview, News & Similar companies | ZoomInfo.com
CPP Group was founded in 1980 and headquartered in Leeds, United Kingdom, a global product and services company. Providing financial services and software ...
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[PDF] NGO Influence on Government Policy on Citizen Participation
The Centre for Public Participation (CPP) is a non-profit organisation based in Durban, South Africa, which has a mission to strengthen public participation in ...
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Public Participation Process at Local Government Administration
Nov 25, 2015 · The purpose of this paper is to showcase the level of public participation in local government program.