Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Capstone

A capstone is a coping stone: the final stone placed horizontally on top of a wall or building to complete its structure.^[1] The term originates from architecture and construction, where it symbolizes culmination and stability (see Architecture and Construction).^[2] Metaphorically, "capstone" denotes a crowning achievement or culminating experience in various domains. In education, a capstone project or course is a final-year assignment integrating learned knowledge to address real-world problems, often through reports, prototypes, or presentations, preparing students for professional life (see Education).^[3]^[4] "Capstone" also names numerous businesses and brands, especially in energy, technology, publishing, and media sectors (see Businesses and Brands).^[5] In military and government contexts, CAPSTONE refers to senior leadership development programs for general and flag officers (see Other Uses).^[6] Other applications include geological formations and broader figurative meanings (see Other Uses).^[7] As of 2025, the metaphorical use in higher education remains widespread worldwide, with increasing focus on experiential learning to meet evolving workforce needs.^[8]

Architecture and Construction

Definition and Role

In architecture, a capstone refers to the uppermost stone or finishing element placed at the top of a wall, arch, column, or pyramid, completing the structure and providing a crowning feature.^[9] In walls, it typically takes the form of a flat coping stone that caps the vertical masonry, while in arches, it may be wedge-shaped, akin to a keystone that locks the surrounding stones in place.^[10] This element serves as both a practical and aesthetic termination point in construction. Functionally, the capstone plays a critical role in ensuring structural integrity by distributing weight and pressure evenly across the underlying masonry, acting as a compressive endpoint that enhances overall stability.^[10] It also protects the structure from environmental damage, such as water infiltration and erosion, by shedding moisture away from the walls and preventing weathering of the top layers.^[9]^[11] Symbolically, the capstone embodies completion and culmination in ancient and classical architecture, marking the achievement of the builder's vision and often signifying divine or royal attainment. In Egyptian pyramids, for instance, capstones known as pyramidions represented the benben stone from creation mythology and were frequently gilded to evoke the rays of the sun god Ra, underscoring the pharaoh's eternal ascent to the heavens.^[12]^[13] Capstones are commonly crafted from durable natural stones such as limestone, sandstone, granite, or marble, selected for their resistance to weathering and ability to enhance visual appeal through texture and color.^[10]^[14] The concept of the capstone evolved from early topping elements in ancient Mesopotamian ziggurats, dating to around 2100 BCE, where flat or temple-capped summits provided closure to stepped pyramidal forms, to the refined keystone capstones in Roman arches that enabled expansive, load-bearing spans.^[15]^[16]

Historical and Modern Examples

One of the earliest and most iconic examples of a capstone in ancient architecture is the pyramidion atop the Great Pyramid of Giza, built around 2560 BCE during the reign of Pharaoh Khufu. This small, pyramid-shaped capstone, now missing, completed the structure's apex and was likely made of polished granite or limestone to symbolize the benben stone of creation mythology. While direct archaeological evidence is absent, historical accounts suggest it may have been gilded with gold or electrum to reflect sunlight, enhancing its role as a beacon visible for miles.^[17] In ancient Greek architecture, crowning pediments featured carved elements within the triangular gables of temple facades. Dating to the Archaic period (circa 580 BCE), the Temple of Artemis on Corfu featured one of the earliest pediments filled with sculptures, where the uppermost stones framed mythological scenes in limestone or marble. These carved elements not only capped the entablature but also integrated narrative reliefs, such as battles between gods and giants, to convey religious and civic ideals. Similar designs evolved in Classical temples like the Parthenon (447–432 BCE), where pediment elements supported acroteria—ornamental finials—enhancing structural and aesthetic unity. During the Medieval period, Gothic cathedrals exemplified capstones in structural innovations like flying buttresses. Notre-Dame de Paris, constructed from the 12th to 14th centuries, incorporated capstones atop its flying buttresses, which supported the vaulted nave while distributing weight from the high ceilings. These limestone capstones, often adorned with pinnacles, stabilized the arches against outward thrust and added vertical emphasis to the facade. The buttresses' capstones were essential for weathering and load transfer, allowing expansive stained-glass windows that defined Gothic light-filled interiors. In the Renaissance era, capstones blended classical revival with engineering prowess, as seen in St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City. Completed in 1590 under Giacomo della Porta, the basilica's massive dome culminated in a lantern topped by a gilded bronze sphere and cross, functioning as a capstone to the 136-meter structure. Crafted by Sebastiano Torrigiani in 1593, this bronze element weighed several tons and symbolized papal authority while providing a focal point for the skyline. The capstone's installation marked the dome's structural completion, integrating Michelangelo's double-shell design with Renaissance symbolism.^[18] Modern architecture introduced innovative materials and scales for capstones, exemplified by the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C., finished in 1884. Its pyramidion featured a marble capstone surmounted by a 9-inch aluminum pyramid, the largest single piece of cast aluminum at the time, weighing 100 ounces. This capstone, designed by Thomas Casey, served as a lightning rod and weatherproof seal, highlighting aluminum's emerging role in large-scale applications due to its lightweight corrosion resistance.^[19]^[20] A contemporary pinnacle is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, completed in 2010 as the world's tallest structure at 828 meters. The spire's capstone-like apex consists of a structural steel framework clad in textured stainless steel fins, engineered for aerodynamic performance to mitigate wind loads up to 240 km/h. This design, by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, uses the fins to disrupt vortex shedding, reducing sway by up to 40% compared to a cylindrical form, while the stainless steel ensures durability against desert corrosion.^[21]^[22] Capstone designs vary significantly by form and function: pyramidal capstones, as in Egyptian obelisks, taper to a pointed apex symbolizing solar rays and divine ascent, often in granite for permanence. In contrast, linear coping serves as capstones on parapets, providing a sloped or flat protective layer to shed water, typically in stone or metal to prevent erosion.^[23]^[24] In 20th-century Brutalist architecture, capstones integrated modern materials like reinforced concrete and steel for raw, expressive forms. Structures such as Le Corbusier's Unité d'Habitation (1952) employed concrete coping on parapets to emphasize monolithic massing, with steel reinforcements ensuring structural integrity against thermal expansion. These capstones prioritized functional exposure over ornament, aligning with Brutalism's béton brut ethos.^[25] Restoring weathered capstones poses ongoing challenges, as demonstrated in Notre-Dame de Paris's 1990s campaign. Techniques involved selective stone replacement using matching Lutetian limestone, combined with desalinization via clay poultices and consolidation with lime-based mortars to mimic original 12th-century methods. This approach addressed acid rain damage to buttress capstones, preserving structural stability without altering the silhouette.^[26]^[27]

Education

Capstone Courses

Capstone courses serve as senior-level seminars or culminating academic experiences in higher education, designed to integrate and synthesize knowledge acquired throughout a student's program of study. Typically worth 3-6 credits, these courses are required in many bachelor's and master's programs, with participation rates reaching 36% among seniors at U.S. institutions by the late 2000s.^[28] They emphasize the application of disciplinary and interdisciplinary concepts to real-world scenarios, distinguishing them from earlier coursework by focusing on holistic reflection and skill consolidation.^[29] The primary purpose of capstone courses is to foster critical thinking, encourage synthesis of prior learning, and prepare students for professional or postgraduate transitions through structured seminars, discussions, and reflective activities. As high-impact practices, they promote deeper engagement and equitable outcomes, particularly for underserved students, by bridging academic theory with practical application.^[30] These courses often incorporate elements like capstone projects as components to demonstrate mastery, though the emphasis remains on guided classroom instruction rather than independent initiatives.^[31] Common formats include interdisciplinary seminars in liberal arts programs, where students explore cross-disciplinary themes; discipline-specific courses, such as engineering ethics seminars that address professional responsibilities; and portfolio-based reviews that compile and analyze prior work. Assessment methods prioritize application over memorization, utilizing group presentations, written reflections on personal growth, and peer evaluations to gauge proficiency in problem-solving and communication. Rubrics often evaluate elements like originality, integration of knowledge, and professional presentation skills.^[32]^[29] Historically, capstone courses originated in U.S. colleges in the early 20th century, evolving from 19th-century seminar models taught by institutional leaders to instill core values and reinforce learning. By the 1970s, their prevalence began to increase, though only a small fraction of institutions required them at the time; they gained widespread adoption in the 2000s through promotion by accreditation bodies like the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U) as essential high-impact practices.^[31]^[28]^[30] Variations across fields adapt the core structure to disciplinary needs: in business programs, capstones frequently center on case studies to simulate strategic decision-making; in the sciences, they integrate laboratory work to connect theoretical principles with experimental design and data analysis. These adaptations ensure relevance while maintaining the focus on synthesis and reflection.^[33]^[34]

Capstone Projects

Capstone projects serve as multifaceted culminating assignments in higher education programs, typically spanning one or two semesters^[35] and requiring students to engage in research, design, or implementation activities aimed at addressing real-world problems. These projects integrate knowledge and skills acquired throughout a degree program, allowing students to demonstrate mastery in their field through practical application. Unlike routine coursework, they emphasize independent work under faculty supervision to produce tangible outcomes, such as prototypes, reports, or policy recommendations.^[30] Common types of capstone projects include research theses, which involve comprehensive literature reviews supplemented by original data collection and analysis; applied design projects, such as engineering prototypes that solve technical challenges; and community-engaged initiatives, often partnering with non-profits to tackle social issues like environmental sustainability or public health. For instance, in computer science programs, students might develop software applications to address cybersecurity vulnerabilities, while public administration capstones could entail policy analyses for local government efficiency. These variations adapt to disciplinary needs, with some programs favoring individual efforts and others incorporating team-based collaboration.^[31] The process of completing a capstone project generally unfolds in structured stages: an initial proposal outlining objectives and methodology, followed by in-depth research or design phases, execution of the project through iteration and testing, and a final defense or presentation to faculty and peers. Faculty advisors provide guidance throughout, helping students refine scope, access resources, and ensure alignment with program learning outcomes. This supervised yet student-driven approach fosters accountability and iterative problem-solving.^[2] Capstone projects offer significant benefits, including resume enhancement through portfolio-worthy outputs, development of interdisciplinary skills like teamwork and communication, and a critical bridge between academic theory and professional careers by simulating workplace demands. Participants often report increased confidence in applying knowledge to complex scenarios, preparing them for employment in diverse sectors. For example, engineering graduates with prototype-based capstones frequently secure industry roles due to demonstrated innovation.^[4] Despite these advantages, capstone projects present challenges such as intensive time management demands over extended periods, limited access to specialized resources like funding or equipment, and ethical considerations including institutional review board (IRB) approvals for projects involving human subjects. Coordinating interdisciplinary teams can also complicate collaboration, requiring clear communication to mitigate conflicts.^[36] Globally, capstone projects exhibit variations in nomenclature and structure; in Europe, they are commonly termed "final year projects" and align with the Bologna Process to ensure quality assurance in undergraduate outcomes, often extending over a full academic year.^[37] In Asia, since the 2010s, many institutions have integrated capstones with internships to emphasize practical industry exposure, particularly in engineering and business programs across countries like Hong Kong and Singapore.^[38] As of 2025, recent trends in capstone projects include greater integration of artificial intelligence and virtual collaboration tools to enhance innovation and accessibility, as well as the continued adoption of hybrid and online formats post-COVID-19, with approximately 5-15% of U.S. STEM seniors completing fully remote capstones.^[39]^[40]^[41]

Businesses and Brands

Energy and Technology Companies

Capstone Turbine Corporation, founded in 1988, specializes in developing and manufacturing microturbine systems for distributed power generation, offering scalable solutions from 30 kW to multi-megawatt configurations that support applications in combined heat and power (CHP) and cogeneration.^[42] The company's core technology leverages air-bearing microturbines, which eliminate the need for lubricants and enable low-maintenance operation, while achieving electrical efficiencies up to 33% on a lower heating value (LHV) basis.^[43] A flagship product, the C200 microturbine, delivers 200 kW of electrical output and is designed for fuel flexibility, including natural gas, biogas, and diesel, making it suitable for remote or grid-independent sites.^[44] In 2021, the company rebranded to Capstone Green Energy to reflect its expanded emphasis on sustainable solutions, including hydrogen-blended fuels up to 100% hydrogen in select models, positioning it as a key player in the transition to low-carbon energy.^[45] These microturbines integrate with distributed energy resources (DER) for resilient power, capturing waste heat for CHP systems that boost overall efficiency to over 80% and reduce emissions, with NOx levels below 9 ppm without aftertreatment.^[46] By 2025, Capstone Green Energy advanced its renewable integrations through territorial expansions, such as acquiring Cal Microturbine to enhance direct operations in the U.S. West, and reported quarterly revenues reaching $28.4 million, driven by demand in clean technology sectors.^[47]^[48] Beyond hardware, Capstone Technology Canada, established in 2002, provides software solutions for energy management and process optimization, helping utilities and industrial clients monitor and control distributed assets like microturbines in real-time.^[49] Similarly, Capstone Connected Home, a division of Capstone Companies active since the 2010s, develops IoT-enabled devices such as smart mirrors that integrate with home energy systems to promote efficient consumption through voice-activated controls and connectivity.^[50] These innovations have impacted sectors including oil and gas for remote power and healthcare for reliable backup generation, contributing to Capstone Green Energy's revenue growth from $17.4 million in fiscal 2020 to over $20 million in subsequent quarters amid rising adoption of DER.^[51]^[52]

Publishing and Media Enterprises

Capstone Publishers, a U.S.-based publisher specializing in children's educational materials, was established in 1991 with an initial list of 48 titles focused on nonfiction for young readers.^[53] The company has grown into a leading provider of print and digital content for grades K-12, emphasizing accessible materials that support literacy development in school and library settings.^[54] Owned by the Coughlan family since its acquisition in 1990, Capstone operates from Mankato, Minnesota, and prioritizes innovative formats to engage diverse learners.^[55] Key imprints under Capstone include Pebble Books, which offers nonfiction titles for grades K-3 featuring simple facts, realistic photographs, and inquiry-based content to build early literacy skills.^[56] Graphic Library produces comic-style books on history, science, and other topics, blending engaging visuals with educational narratives to appeal to visual learners.^[57] Stone Arch Books specializes in graphic novels and series fiction for grades 3-6, including high-interest stories like the Jake Maddox sports series, which has sold over two million copies and targets reluctant readers with short chapters and controlled vocabulary.^[56] These imprints collectively produce over 700 titles annually across print, digital, and audio formats, focusing on high-interest, low-reading-level content designed for struggling and reluctant readers while incorporating diverse perspectives and STEM topics such as environmental science and technology.^[58]^[56]^[59] In the digital realm, Capstone launched platforms in the 2010s to complement its print offerings, including Capstone Interactive eBooks and databases like PebbleGo, an award-winning research tool for elementary students that provides read-aloud nonfiction articles, videos, and quizzes aligned with curriculum standards.^[60] PebbleGo supports independent learning for K-5 users, with features like dual-language options in English and Spanish, and recent expansions in 2024 added tools such as PebbleGo Create for student-driven digital projects. In September 2025, further updates enhanced search functionality, simplified navigation, and introduced a refreshed design to better support diverse learners.^[61]^[62] This shift reflects Capstone's adaptation to edtech trends, integrating interactive elements to enhance engagement amid growing demand for hybrid learning resources in 2025.^[63] Capstone has expanded internationally through acquisitions and distribution partnerships, including the 2008 purchase of Heinemann-Raintree, which brought offices in Chicago and Oxford, UK, and established the Raintree imprint for global markets.^[64] By the 2020s, the company strengthened its presence in the UK and Australia via agreements with distributors like Hardie Grant Egmont, enabling wider access to its titles in English-speaking regions.^[65]^[66] In the industry, Capstone contributes significantly through content that promotes inclusivity and educational equity, with many titles selected for American Library Association (ALA) awards, including the Youth Media Awards for excellence in children's literature.^[67] The publisher also sponsors initiatives like the AASL Innovative Reading Grant to support creative literacy programs in schools, reinforcing its role as a top choice among librarians for high-quality, diverse educational media.^[68]

Other Uses

Military and Government Applications

In military contexts, the term "capstone" refers to advanced, culminating training programs designed to prepare senior leaders for strategic responsibilities. The CAPSTONE General and Flag Officer Course, administered by the National Defense University since 1982, serves as a primary example for U.S. Armed Forces personnel.^[69] This program was piloted in 1983, approved as a permanent eight-week course in 1984, shortened to six weeks in 1986, and further reduced to five weeks in 2012 to align with evolving professional military education needs.^[69] Conducted four times annually at Fort Lesley J. McNair in Washington, D.C., it accommodates approximately 25 to 30 participants per session, totaling around 100 generals and flag officers each year.^[69] Attendance is mandatory for all officers selected for promotion to brigadier general or rear admiral (lower half), as required by Title 10 U.S. Code § 2153 under the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986.^[70]^[71] As of 2025, the course remains active and continues to fulfill this requirement.^[6] The course emphasizes strategic leadership, joint and combined operations, and national security policy to support U.S. policy objectives.^[69] Its core purpose is to bridge participants' operational expertise with high-level national strategy, fostering an understanding of how military forces integrate with other elements of national power.^[72] Instruction includes seminars on joint doctrine, military strategy, and interoperability; engagements with interagency stakeholders such as ambassadors, combatant commanders, and senior executive service civilians; and practical components like the four-day Joint Operations Module, a simulation-based exercise at the Joint Staff J-7 campus in Suffolk, Virginia.^[69] These elements enable participants to explore complex scenarios involving multinational and interagency collaborations, enhancing decision-making in joint environments.^[72] Beyond the U.S. Army, similar capstone approaches appear in other military training frameworks. In the U.S. Air Force, senior leaders engage in the joint CAPSTONE program, which incorporates cyber warfare topics within its examination of emerging national security threats, including digital domain strategies and interoperability challenges.^[73] In government applications, "capstone" can denote an integrative domain in project management, such as in federal financial and cost estimating frameworks that span the project lifecycle.^[74] Over time, military capstone programs have evolved to address contemporary threats, maintaining the programs' relevance for strategic leadership development.^[72]

Geology and Figurative Meanings

In geology, a caprock refers to a relatively hard and impermeable layer of rock that overlies softer, more erodible sediments, protecting the underlying materials from rapid erosion and contributing to distinctive landforms such as mesas, buttes, and escarpments.^[75] These layers are typically composed of materials like sandstone, limestone, shale, or evaporites, which resist weathering and form protective caps over weaker strata.^[76] For instance, in the American Southwest, many mesas are crowned by such caprocks, including Permian-age sandstones and limestones that date back approximately 250 million years, shaping features like those visible in the Grand Canyon where resistant layers create prominent ledges amid softer slopes.^[77] Caprocks form through various depositional processes, primarily sedimentation in ancient marine or terrestrial environments, where fine-grained particles accumulate into impermeable barriers, though some originate from volcanic activity or diagenetic alteration. In petroleum geology, caprocks play a crucial role as seals in hydrocarbon traps, preventing the upward migration of oil and gas from porous reservoir rocks below; for example, low-permeability shales or salt domes act as effective barriers, enabling the accumulation of vast reserves in structures like anticlines.^[78] This sealing function is essential for the integrity of reservoirs, as demonstrated in experimental models where impermeable caps successfully retained fluids against buoyant forces.^[78] Beyond its literal geological sense, "capstone" has evolved into a figurative term denoting a crowning achievement or culminating element, often symbolizing the final, most significant part of an endeavor. This metaphorical usage derives from its architectural origins, where a capstone is the uppermost stone completing a structure, such as the top of a wall or arch, with the word entering English as a compound of "cap" and "stone" by the early 19th century.^[79] In literature and biographies, it commonly describes career pinnacles, as in phrases like "the capstone of a distinguished career," evoking completion and excellence without tying to specific fields.^[80] This usage distinguishes it from related geological terms like monadnock, which refers to an isolated residual hill formed by erosion resistance rather than a specific protective rock layer.^[81]

References

[1]
What is a Capstone Course? - Southern New Hampshire University
A capstone project in college is a culmination of knowledge and experience that occurs at the end of a student's an academic program.
[2]
What Is a Capstone Project? | National University
Jun 16, 2023 · A capstone project is a multifaceted academic experience typically required for students during the final year of an academic program.
[3]
What Is a Capstone Project? | GCU Blog
Mar 13, 2025 · A capstone is an actual stone that is placed on top of a built structure, indicating that the building is complete.Importance Of Capstone... · Typical Structure For A... · Settings
[4]
[PDF] Capstone Experiences Best Practices and Resources
Definition and Overview. According to the Association of American Colleges ... This article discusses means by which to encourage active learning within capstone ...
[5]
Develop a Capstone | Assessment and Curriculum Support Center
Definition. The capstone experience is a culminating set of experiences that “captivate, encapsulate, synthesize, and demonstrate learning.” ...Definition · Using A Capstone Experience... · Assessment Process...
[6]
What Is a Capstone Project? - Boston University Questrom
A capstone project is a culminating academic assignment that typically takes place at the end of a course or degree program.
[7]
What is a Capstone Project? - Effective U
No matter what you call it, a capstone project: Is something you complete as an undergrad, usually in your senior year; Will allow you to deeply engage with ...
[8]
Capstone Projects | Harvard Extension School
The Capstone is a culminating academic project experience that is completed within the confines of a semester-length course.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[9]
The Capstone Experience - Hawaii Pacific University
Capstone experience integrates coursework, knowledge, skills and experiential learning to enable the student to demonstrate a broad mastery of learning.<|control11|><|separator|>
[10]
What Is A Capstone Project? Definition, Examples & Tips
Dec 15, 2024 · A capstone project involves practical application of knowledge through a tangible outcome, like a report, presentation, or prototype.
[11]
How to Use Capstone, keystone or cornerstone Correctly - Grammarist
A capstone is a finishing stone atop an exterior wall or roof or other exterior architectural feature. The capstone protects the masonry.<|control11|><|separator|>
[12]
Unlocking the Mystery: What is a Capstone in Building? - IMMOBEL
The capstone as the final stone placed atop an arch or structure, symbolizing structural completion and integrity. In architectural education, the capstone ...
[13]
The Little-Known Purpose of the Cornerstone | Blog - Bill Whittaker
Jul 24, 2019 · Capstones are designed to throw water off the masonry wall to help prevent damage to the wall. Besides this, capstones are used to create a ...
[14]
What's in a capstone?
The capstone, traditionally, was a stone placed at the top of a pyramid or building, both signifying its completion and as protection for the walls below.
[15]
The Missing Crowns of the Egyptian Pyramids - Earthly Mission
The pyramidion was also believed to represent the benben stone, a sacred stone associated with the creation myth. In this myth, the benben stone emerged from ...
[16]
Different Types of Wall Coping Stones and Their Benefits
Rating 5.0 (2) Mar 6, 2025 · Materials like limestone, sandstone, and granite are commonly used. Benefits: Luxurious and timeless appearance; Natural durability against ...
[17]
Mesopotamian Ziggurat | Definition, Uses & Examples - Study.com
Learn what defines a Mesopotamian Ziggurat. See why ziggurats were built, what these Mesopotamian temples were used for, and the parts of ziggurats...
[18]
Keystone Architecture | ArticHaeology / Articles on History
The keystone is the most important building element of the keystone arch and that is why it is located in the center of the dome.
[19]
Debunking the Slander against the 4 th Dynasty Princess Nefertiabet
Herodotus noted that the Great Pyramid had a gold-plated capstone, which could be seen for miles around. ... Ancient Egypt First Great Pyramid at Giza, by Pharaoh ...Missing: missing | Show results with:missing
[20]
East and West Pediments from the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina
Explore the evolution of ancient Greek sculpture with two groups from the same temple, but that seem ages apart.Missing: capstones | Show results with:capstones
[21]
Finial Touch - Life In A Word
May 15, 2025 · There are more capstones on Notre-Dame de Paris than any other decorative element (68!) Here's a look at the cathedral's famous flying ...
[22]
The Dome - St. Peter's Basilica
On 18 November 1593, the large gilded bronze sphere surmounted by the cross, the work of Sebastiano Torrigiani, was placed on the spire of the lantern. Pope ...
[23]
The Point of the Matter (U.S. National Park Service)
Oct 5, 2021 · The 36-year construction of the Washington Monument was completed with the placing of an 8.9 inch tall, 100-ounce pyramid of solid aluminum atop the capstone.
[24]
A History of the Aluminum Cap of the Washington Monument
The small but very expensive aluminum pyramid that was set atop the Washington Monument on its completion in 1884 to serve the functional purpose of a ...INTRODUCTION · MAKING THE CAP · THE FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE
[25]
Lead Structural Engineer Shares Insights on the Burj Khalifa, the ...
Aug 8, 2023 · The Burj Khalifa is 828 meters tall, has a "Y" shape to reduce wind forces, a "buttressed" core, and a multi-use design with a view over 60 ...Missing: capstone | Show results with:capstone
[26]
Burj Khalifa | The Skyscraper Museum
The exposed portion of the spire's exterior is equipped with stainless steel fins, which maintain the tower's spiral geometry and optimize the wind flow across ...Missing: capstone | Show results with:capstone
[27]
Near ancient obelisk, AAP's 'Pyramidion' towers at Met
Dec 4, 2024 · The installation titled “Pyramidion” explores obelisks' role as geographical and political markers in Western urban centers.
[28]
https://scholarworks.iu.edu/iuswrrest/api/core/bitstreams/9e1bbca6-ae33-4ac1-a514-ce3cd366878a/content
[29]
modern architecture - Brutalism and Structural Expression - Fiveable
Brutalism emphasizes the use of exposed, raw concrete as the primary building material · Focuses on the honest expression of a building's structure and materials ...
[30]
Notre-Dame Cathedral: Progression Through Time
Jan 21, 2021 · Then, in the 1990s, a stone treatment campaign cleaned the stones of the façade and restored the cathedral's ivory color. Notre Dame ...Missing: techniques | Show results with:techniques
[31]
Stone uses in Reims Cathedral: provenance, physical properties ...
Nov 11, 2013 · The restoration stones used currently are Lutetian limestones from the centre of the Paris Basin (Saint-Pierre-Aigle and Saint-Maximin stones).<|control11|><|separator|>
[32]
Capstone Experiences - KU Core 34 - The University of Kansas
A capstone is meant to be a culminating experience that integrates or synthesizes learning within a student's area(s) of study and provides students an ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[33]
[PDF] Participation and Effects of Capstone Courses - IU ScholarWorks
Jan 24, 2010 · Focus on preparation for work, grad school, life after college. Faculty or career-center professionals instruct. 1 credit. Students develop ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[34]
High-Impact Practices | AAC&U
+ Capstone Courses and Projects Whether they're called “senior capstones” or some other name, these culminating experiences require students nearing the end of ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[35]
Capstone Experiences - Center for Engaged Learning
Beginning in the early 1900s, course-based capstone experiences became a final opportunity to instill university values and reinforce learning (Kinzie 2013).Missing: Harvard | Show results with:Harvard
[36]
[PDF] Capstone Toolkit - University of North Georgia
The most basic goal of a capstone experience is to guide students toward a synthesis of and reflect on what they have learned throughout their program. The ...
[37]
[PDF] Redesigning a Capstone Class Using Simulations, Case Studies ...
A capstone class is the final activity for students as they complete their undergraduate requirements. Faculty in the. Business and Information Technology ...Missing: variations field
[38]
Integrative Capstone in Biological Sciences (B.A.)
The Integrative Capstone in Biological Sciences (BIOL F410, 3 credits) is a course-based project designed to integrate knowledge and skills learned in biology ...
[39]
History - Capstone Green Energy
Founded in 1988, Capstone Green Energy develops, manufactures, sells and services microturbine energy solutions ranging in size from 30 kilowatts (kW) to 10 ...Missing: Corporation | Show results with:Corporation
[40]
Microturbine Technology - Capstone Green Energy Corporation
Capstone microturbines feature low maintenance air bearing technology, the lowest emissions of any non-catalyzed gas combustion engine, and digital power ...Missing: DER CHP
[41]
C200S :: Capstone Green Energy Holdings, Inc. (CGEH)
Rating: 200 kw Electrical ; Electrical Efficiency LHV: 33% ; Combined Heat And Power Efficiency: Up to 90% ; Voltage: 400-480 VAC ; Frequency: 50/60 Hz, Grid ...Missing: output | Show results with:output
[42]
Capstone Turbine rebrands as Capstone Green Energy
Apr 22, 2021 · Capstone Turbine Corp. has changed its name to Capstone Green Energy Corp. as it expands into other business lines including carbon capture. “ ...
[43]
[PDF] CHP Technologies: Microturbines - Better Buildings Solution Center
Microturbines, like larger capacity gas turbines, have inherently low NOx and CO emissions with no aftertreatment. Microturbines can be operated on a wide range ...Missing: innovations DER
[44]
Capstone Green Energy Announces Its Direct Operations in the U.S. ...
Aug 14, 2025 · Effective August 13, 2025, these operations became part of Capstone's West Territory (CWT), operating under the Capstone Green Energy brand. “ ...Missing: hydrogen- | Show results with:hydrogen-
[45]
Capstone Green Energy Holdings, Inc.
Nov 5, 2025 · For nearly four decades, Capstone Green Energy has been a leader in clean technology, pioneering the use of microturbines to revolutionize how ...Missing: rebranding hydrogen-
[46]
About Us - Capstone Technology Canada
Since 2002, Capstone Technology Canada has provided innovative consulting and software solutions that transform our customer's businesses in the energy, ...Missing: management | Show results with:management
[47]
Capstone Connected Smart Mirrors Received Well at CES as ...
Jan 23, 2020 · Our smart mirrors help break the tether to handheld devices when in our homes. Only 20 years ago, we experienced technology by planting ...Missing: IoT energy
[48]
[PDF] CAPSTONE TURBINE - Annual Reports
As part of our long-term growth strategy, in January 2020, Capstone divided its sales and marketing team into two separate organizations. One stand-alone ...
[49]
Capstone Turbine Delivers Highest Quarterly Revenue in More ...
Jan 6, 2021 · Preliminary revenues of $20.6 million, up 38% sequentially from $14.9 million in the second quarter ended September 30, 2020, and up 18%, from $17.4 million in ...Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[50]
Newsroom - Capstone Publishing
We were established in 1991 with a list of 48 titles. Today our publishing list includes more than 10,000 print titles and 9,000 eBooks, with over 6,000 of ...Missing: date | Show results with:date
[51]
Capstone Publishers | ALA - American Library Association
A publishing house that offers everything from nonfiction, fiction and picture books to interactive books, audio books, literacy programs, and digital media.Missing: Pebble Stone acquisition Houghton Mifflin
[52]
About Us - Capstone Publishing
Where we started. Capstone's roots began in 1885 in the stone quarrying business, owned by the Coughlan family for four generations. If you look closely, you' ...Careers · Our Imprints · Meet Our Leadership Team · Community & CultureMissing: establishment date
[53]
Our Imprints | Capstone
Our Pebble imprint focuses on up-to-date, informative nonfiction with simple facts and realistic photos and reference images for K-3 elementary learners.Missing: establishment acquisition Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
[54]
Graphic Novels - Capstone Publishing
Need graphic novels for your school library? Take a look at Capstone's large selection of graphic novels for your readers today.
[55]
Leadership - Capstone Publishing
Capstone rapidly expanded from its inaugural year of publishing 48 books to an industry leader, annually publishing over 700 titles in a variety of formats ...Missing: output | Show results with:output
[56]
Blog | Capstone
Diversity is a Gift: A Conversation with Author Rachel Werner. January 19, 2023. As an acquisitions editor, I have the privilege of reading incredible stories ...
[57]
https://www.capstonepub.com/librarians/books/graphic-novels
[58]
Capstone Expands PebbleGo Suite With New Digital Tools to ...
Jun 19, 2024 · A new Create tool in the PebbleGo suite provides a digital workspace for students to demonstrate their learning and share their knowledge. When ...
[59]
PebbleGo from Capstone - EdTech Digest
Jul 25, 2024 · A curriculum-connected learning tool that builds fundamental reading and research skills for independent learning.
[60]
Our Timeline - Capstone Publishing
Capstone acquired professional development publisher Maupin House and continued to publish professional development titles for classroom teachers and ...Missing: ownership | Show results with:ownership
[61]
Distribution: HGE Signs Capstone, Curious Fox - Publishers Weekly
Feb 26, 2014 · Hardie Grant Egmont will sell books from U.S- based Capstone Young Readers and Curious Fox in the U.K. to readers in Australia.Missing: expansion | Show results with:expansion
[62]
International Territories - Capstone Publishing
Looking to connect with our distributors in international territories? Find all of Capstone's contact information for international book distributors today!Missing: expansion | Show results with:expansion
[63]
American Library Association announces 2022 Youth Media Award ...
Jan 24, 2022 · This year's winner is Jane Yolen. Recognized worldwide for the high quality they represent, ALA awards guide parents, educators, librarians and ...
[64]
Innovative Reading Grant | American Association of School Librarians
The AASL Innovative Reading Grant, sponsored by Capstone, supports the planning and implementation of a unique and innovative program for children which ...Missing: Publishers | Show results with:Publishers
[65]
CAPSTONE > Home > Course Overview - National Defense University
May 26, 1982 · The course focuses on the employment of US forces in joint and combined operations to support national policy objectives.
[66]
Capstone course: newly selected general and flag officers | U.S. Code
Each officer selected for promotion to the grade of brigadier general or, in the case of the Navy or the commissioned officer corps of the National Oceanic ...Missing: mandatory | Show results with:mandatory
[67]
Page 1670 TITLE 10—ARMED FORCES § 2153 - GovInfo
Capstone course: newly selected general and flag officers. (a) REQUIREMENT.—Each officer selected for promotion to the grade of brigadier general or, in the ...
[68]
National Defense University > Academics > Programs and Courses
The CAPSTONE curriculum examines major issues affecting national security decision making, military strategy, joint/combined doctrine, interoperability, and key ...
[69]
[PDF] REFERENCE CURRICULUM - NATO
Oct 13, 2015 · Officership in action: battle command capstone exercises. learning methodology/Assessment. • Lectures; discussions; in-class exercises, small ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[70]
CAPSTONE General and Flag Officer Course - DCPAS
The CAPSTONE course is for General and Flag Officers, managed by National Defense University, to improve planning of U.S. forces in joint operations. SES ...
[71]
[PDF] Project Manager's Guidebook - Acquisition.GOV
Nov 24, 2015 · Support Plan.” The product support plan may be included in the project management plan or it may be a separate document. The product support ...
[72]
Project Management in the Public Buildings Service (PBS) - GSA
This Order establishes policy governing the use of project management principles, as well as the assignment of project managers to Public Buildings Service ( ...Missing: capstone | Show results with:capstone
[73]
CAPSTONE > All you need to know > Course Pre-Req - Readings
Required readings include: 2025 CJCS Vision, Civ Mil Relations Prep, Global Military Integration, Command Senior Enlisted Leader, Developing Todays Joint ...
[74]
About - Arches, Buttes & Rock Formations (U.S. National Park Service)
Feb 18, 2020 · They are typically topped by a hard cap rock that is resistant to erosion protects the softer lower layers beneath.
[75]
2.3: Basic Petroleum Geology | PNG 301 - Dutton Institute
A cap rock is simply an overlying rock layer that is impermeable to flow. Permeability is a property of the rock that is a measure of the ease in which fluids ...
[76]
Grand Canyon's Three Sets of Rocks (U.S. National Park Service)
Mar 1, 2024 · The layers record many changing environments from shallow oceans to large sand dunefields, and the history of life on Earth about 530 to 270 ...Missing: caprock | Show results with:caprock
[77]
Rôle of Cap Rock in Oil Accumulation1 | AAPG Bulletin
Sep 13, 2019 · A porous cap rock was used in the second group of experiments to secure the accumulation of oil. These experiments were successful. It was found ...
[78]
Capstone - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
The Late Latin word apparently originally meant "a woman's head-covering," but the sense was transferred to "hood of a cloak," then to "cloak" itself, though ...
[79]
capstone - American Heritage Dictionary Entry
1. The top stone of a structure or wall. 2. The crowning achievement or final stroke; the culmination or acme. The American Heritage® ...
[80]
Monadnocks! - Til the Last Hemlock Dies
Sep 9, 2012 · In a nutshell, a monadnock is an isolated mountain, usually standing as an area of relatively high relief and surrounded by a large area of ...