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Chapter 24

Chapter 24 is a by the English band , serving as the ninth track on their debut studio album, The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, which was released on 5 August 1967 in the United Kingdom. Written and sung by founding member and primary songwriter , the track runs for 3 minutes and 41 seconds and features , bass, and subtle percussion arranged in a folk-influenced style typical of the album's experimental sound. The lyrics of "Chapter 24" draw directly from the 24th , known as Fu (meaning "" or "The Turning Point"), in the ancient Chinese divination manual (also called the Book of Changes), an influential text dating back over 3,000 years that uses 64 hexagrams to interpret natural cycles and human affairs. Barrett adapted passages describing cyclical renewal—such as the return of light after darkness and the seven-stage movement of change—to evoke themes of rebirth and cosmic harmony, reflecting the psychedelic and mystical influences prevalent in the band's early work. Recorded primarily at EMI's between February and July 1967 under producer Norman Smith, the song exemplifies Barrett's creative peak before his mental health decline led to his departure from the band in 1968. As a cornerstone of 's formative , "Chapter 24" highlights the group's transition from scene performers to international recording artists, with the album peaking at number 6 on the charts upon release and later influencing generations of and musicians. Its integration of into Western underscores Barrett's eclectic inspirations, blending , , and hallucinogenic experimentation to create a hauntingly poetic on renewal.

Politics and Elections

United States Presidential Election

The , held on November 5, pitted nominee against Democratic nominee , marking a highly contentious rematch influenced by legal battles, an attempt, and shifts in party leadership. Trump, seeking a non-consecutive second term, leveraged his incumbency from 2017–2021 and strong primary performance to secure victory, while Harris emerged as the Democratic after President Joe Biden's late withdrawal. The race highlighted deep partisan divides on issues like , the , and democratic norms, with third-party candidates adding marginal but notable disruptions to voter alignments. The primaries began decisively with 's landslide victory in the on January 15, 2024, where he captured over 51% of the vote, more than double his nearest rival, effectively consolidating the field early and paving the way for his uncontested nomination by March. On the Democratic side, Biden's June 27 debate performance against was widely criticized for its faltering delivery, sparking concerns about his age and viability that culminated in his on July 21; he promptly endorsed Harris, who secured the nomination at the in August without a . Third-party efforts, notably 's independent campaign, drew support from disaffected voters across the spectrum before he suspended his bid on August 23 and endorsed , potentially siphoning votes in key battlegrounds though his overall impact remained limited to under 1% nationally. Two pivotal events shaped the campaign's trajectory: Trump's conviction on May 30 in a hush-money trial, where a found him guilty on all 34 counts of falsifying business records related to payments to adult film actress ahead of the 2016 election, marking the first criminal of a former U.S. . Just weeks later, on July 13, an assassination attempt at a Trump rally in , saw 20-year-old Thomas Matthew Crooks fire shots that grazed Trump's ear, killed one attendee, Corey Comperatore, and critically injured two others; the incident, investigated by the FBI as potential , amplified Trump's narrative of resilience and intensified security concerns for the remainder of the race. Trump defeated Harris decisively, winning 312 electoral votes to her 226 by flipping all seven battleground states, including (19 votes) and (16 votes), where margins were under 2% in both. He also secured the popular vote with 49.9% (77.3 million votes) to Harris's 48.3% (75.0 million), the first popular victory since 2004, driven by gains among and working-class voters in and regions. In the post-election transition, began announcing cabinet picks, including loyalists like as chief of staff and for Treasury secretary, while reiterating promises for aggressive immigration enforcement—such as mass deportations of over 10 million undocumented individuals and border wall expansions—and economic policies like universal tariffs on imports up to 20% and tax cuts extended from his first term to boost and reduce .

Global Political Shifts

In 2024, the experienced a seismic shift in its political landscape with the general election held on July 4, resulting in a for the under , which ended 14 years of Conservative governance. secured 412 seats in the 650-seat , achieving a majority of 174 and marking the party's largest parliamentary win since 1997. The Conservatives suffered their worst defeat in history, retaining only 121 seats, while the Liberal Democrats gained 72 and emerged with 5. This outcome reflected widespread voter dissatisfaction with economic stagnation, public service cuts, and post-Brexit challenges under the prior administration. Starmer's government promptly outlined policy priorities, including increased funding for the (NHS) to address waiting lists and staffing shortages, as well as efforts to renegotiate aspects of the UK's post-Brexit trade relationship with the to ease border frictions in . Bangladesh witnessed a dramatic popular uprising in July and August 2024, driven by student-led protests against job quotas perceived as favoring loyalists, which escalated into broader demands for Hasina's amid allegations of and . The protests, initially sparked by a June court ruling reinstating the quotas, grew violent with clashes resulting in over 300 deaths, forcing Hasina to resign on and flee to . An interim government was swiftly formed under Nobel laureate as chief adviser, tasked with restoring order, reforming electoral institutions, and preparing for free elections initially targeted for early 2025 but delayed to late 2025 or early 2026 as of November 2025, marking a pivotal transition from Hasina's 15-year rule. The reached a climactic turning point in late 2024 with the rapid advance of (HTS), culminating in the capture of on November 30 and on December 8, which precipitated the collapse of Bashar al-Assad's regime. Assad, who had ruled since 2000, fled to on December 8, where he was granted asylum, ending over five decades of dominance and ushering in an interim administration led by HTS figures. This upheaval, building on years of stalemate, highlighted the regime's vulnerabilities amid and shifting international support, with HTS declaring a transitional government focused on stabilizing governance and pursuing national reconciliation. By March 2025, the transitional government was formalized under Ahmed al-Sharaa with an interim constitution, emphasizing inclusive governance, humanitarian access, and counter-terrorism efforts as of November 2025. Several other nations grappled with contentious elections that reshaped their political dynamics. In , snap legislative elections on and July 7 produced a , with the left-wing New Popular Front alliance securing 182 seats, Emmanuel Macron's centrist bloc 168, and Marine Le Pen's far-right 143 in the 577-seat , preventing any group from gaining an absolute majority and leading to prolonged negotiations. Venezuela's on July 28 saw incumbent declare victory with 51% of the vote according to official tallies, but the opposition, led by Edmundo González, contested the results as fraudulent, citing withheld voting records and sparking widespread protests that drew international condemnation from bodies like the . In , following the death of Ebrahim Raisi in a May 19 helicopter crash, reformist Masoud Pezeshkian won the runoff on July 5 with 54% of the vote against hardliner Saeed Jalili, positioning him as a moderate voice within the theocratic system to potentially ease social restrictions and nuclear negotiations. These shifts occurred against the backdrop of the U.S. 's ripple effects on global alliances, influencing diplomatic stances in and the .

International Conflicts

Russia-Ukraine War Developments

In 2024, the Russia-Ukraine war saw intensified military engagements along multiple fronts, with launching a significant cross-border operation into Russia's on August 6, involving approximately 11,000 troops that initially captured up to 1,000 square kilometers of territory and disrupted Russian logistics. Russian forces responded with counteroffensives, deploying additional reserves and North Korean troops by late 2024, which recaptured portions of the incursion area. These efforts continued into 2025, nearly encircling Ukrainian positions in key sectors by March. This operation marked 's boldest incursion into Russian territory since the war's onset, aiming to divert Russian resources from while exposing vulnerabilities in Moscow's border defenses. Russian advances in the region accelerated early in the year, culminating in the capture of on February 17 after four months of grueling urban combat that involved heavy artillery barrages and infantry assaults, resulting in significant Ukrainian withdrawals to avoid encirclement. Building on this momentum, Russian forces made incremental gains in the and oblasts by autumn, seizing several villages and advancing toward key logistical hubs like , though at high cost in manpower and equipment amid Ukraine's defensive use of drones and Western-supplied munitions. Russian offensives continued into 2025, straining Ukrainian lines further, with Russia prioritizing territorial control in and to bolster its claims over annexed regions. Diplomatic initiatives persisted amid the fighting, highlighted by the Summit on Peace in held in Bürgenstock, , on June 15-16, which drew representatives from over 90 countries to discuss a framework for ending the conflict, though declined to attend and dismissed the event as one-sided. Concurrently, the approved a $61 billion aid package for in , including shells, air defense systems, and long-range missiles, which helped sustain Kyiv's defenses against aerial campaigns. These efforts underscored ongoing international support for , even as negotiations remained stalled without direct involvement. Notable incidents exacerbated tensions, including the March 22 attack on Moscow's Crocus City Hall by ISIS-K militants, which killed 145 people in a and , with Russian authorities initially attributing it to before U.S. intelligence confirmed the terrorist group's responsibility. Later in the year, Russia conducted massive and strikes on cities and energy on December 25-26, launching over 170 projectiles that damaged power grids and caused at least several injuries, though air defenses intercepted most threats. Such attacks highlighted Russia's strategy of targeting to pressure during winter months. The humanitarian toll mounted throughout 2024, with the verifying over 12,000 civilian deaths since the war's full-scale escalation in 2022, including hundreds more in the year's intensified frontline clashes and strikes. Internal displacement affected nearly 3.7 million by year's end, while over 6.9 million had fled as refugees to and beyond, straining host countries and aid systems amid ongoing destruction of homes and services. These figures reflected the war's protracted impact on civilian life, with reports of widespread abuses persisting in occupied areas.

Middle East Escalations

The Israel-Hamas war, which began with Hamas's , 2023, attack on killing over 1,200 people and taking 250 hostages, continued into 2024 with extensive Israeli military operations in aimed at dismantling Hamas infrastructure and securing hostage releases. Israeli forces conducted ground incursions and airstrikes across , including in and Khan Younis, leading to widespread destruction and a . On June 8, 2024, Israeli rescued four hostages—Noa Argamani, Andrey Kozlov, Almog Meir Jan, and Shlomi Ziv—from captivity in the during a daytime raid, though the operation resulted in over 270 Palestinian deaths according to . By December 2024, the Palestinian death toll in exceeded 45,000, with more than 100,000 wounded, as reported by the and verified by agencies. Tensions escalated on Israel's northern border with Hezbollah, an Iran-backed militant group in , through cross-border exchanges that intensified in September 2024 following the assassination of Hezbollah leader on September 27. Israel launched a major air campaign and initiated a ground invasion of on October 1, 2024, to push Hezbollah fighters north of the and degrade their rocket capabilities, displacing over 1 million Lebanese. The invasion marked the first large-scale ground operation in since 2006, resulting in hundreds of Hezbollah and civilian casualties. A took effect on November 27, 2024, mediated by the and , requiring Hezbollah to withdraw north of the and forces to pull back from within 60 days, though violations, including strikes, persisted through 2025. Direct confrontations between and marked a significant in 2024. On April 1, struck the Iranian in , , killing seven Iranian military personnel, including two (IRGC) generals, in what deemed a violation of . In retaliation, launched its first direct attack on on , firing over 300 drones, missiles, and ballistic missiles, most of which were intercepted by Israeli defenses with assistance from the , , , and other allies, causing minimal damage. Tensions reignited in October when fired approximately 200 ballistic missiles at on in response to Israeli strikes on and leaders; retaliated with targeted airstrikes on Iranian military sites, including missile production facilities, on October 26, avoiding or oil infrastructure to limit . Yemen's Houthi rebels, aligned with the "Axis of Resistance" supporting , began disrupting shipping in November 2023 with drone and attacks on commercial vessels, claiming solidarity with and sinking or seizing several ships by early 2024. These actions forced rerouting of global trade, increasing costs and delaying deliveries. In response, a U.S.-led coalition, including the , initiated airstrikes on Houthi targets in starting January 11, 2024, targeting systems, launchers, and command centers to secure maritime lanes; the campaign continued sporadically through late 2024 and intensified in 2025, with over 900 strikes conducted by January 2025. Regional diplomacy faced setbacks amid the conflicts. Expansions of the , which normalized ties between and several Arab states in 2020, stalled in 2024 due to the Gaza war's outbreak, with prospective Saudi Arabian participation halted and no new countries joining despite earlier momentum. and led mediation efforts for a Gaza ceasefire and hostage release, proposing frameworks in August 2024 that included phased Israeli withdrawals and humanitarian aid surges, but talks faltered by November as and diverged on terms. The fall of Syria's Assad regime in December 2024 further eroded Iranian influence in the region, severing a key supply line to and contributing to its weakening in 2025.

Natural Disasters and Climate Events

Major Earthquakes

In 2024, several significant earthquakes struck regions along the , a seismically active zone encircling the where tectonic plates converge, leading to frequent seismic activity. This area accounted for the majority of the year's major events, with magnitudes measured on the (commonly referred to in public discourse as the for historical context). The earthquakes highlighted ongoing vulnerabilities in coastal and urban areas, triggering immediate responses focused on , infrastructure assessment, and . The most devastating event occurred on January 1, 2024, when a struck the in , , at a shallow depth of approximately 10 km. The quake, resulting from shallow reverse faulting on a northeast-southwest trending fault within the upper plate of the zone, caused widespread structural damage, including the collapse of buildings and fires in cities like Wajima and . It resulted in 489 deaths (including 261 disaster-related), with 2 missing, primarily from building collapses and secondary effects like landslides, and over 1,300 injuries reported. warnings were issued immediately after the event, with waves up to 5 meters observed along parts of the coast, and runup heights reaching 11.3 meters in isolated areas, prompting the evacuation of more than 100,000 residents in the initial hours. Aftershocks persisted into , complicating recovery efforts and causing additional disruptions such as power outages affecting tens of thousands of households. Another major hit on April 3, 2024 (April 2 UTC), with a of 7.4 centered 15 km south of at a depth of 34.8 km. This thrust fault event along the Ryukyu Trench triggered landslides and partial building collapses, particularly in , where older structures were most affected. The disaster claimed 18 lives and injured over 1,100 people, with two individuals initially reported missing. While alerts were issued across the region, no significant waves materialized, limiting coastal impacts. The quake's epicenter proximity to populated areas underscored Taiwan's seismic risks, but robust building codes and early warning systems mitigated higher casualties. International aid swiftly followed, including a U.S. offer of assistance from the and a $1 million emergency grant from to support relief operations. Other notable earthquakes in 2024 included a 6.1 event on August 28 off the coast of near the border, at a depth of 33.9 km, which caused moderate shaking but no confirmed fatalities or major structural damage. Similarly, seismic activity in remained elevated, with a 4.0 on October 14 near the border, though no significant casualties were reported; this followed patterns of ongoing tectonic stress from the Himalayan collision zone. These events, while less severe, contributed to the year's overall seismic trends, with the hosting 90% of global earthquakes, emphasizing the need for continued monitoring and preparedness in subduction-prone areas.

Atlantic Hurricane Season

The 2024 Atlantic hurricane season was above average in activity, producing 18 named storms, 11 of which strengthened into hurricanes and 5 reached major hurricane status (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale). The season's (ACE) index totaled 162 units, placing it among the more active years since comprehensive records began in 1950, largely due to the emergence of La Niña conditions in the tropical Pacific, which reduced and favored storm development. Overall, the season ran from June 1 to November 30, with most activity concentrated in the western and , leading to significant impacts across the Caribbean islands, , and the . Hurricane Beryl, the season's first named storm, formed on June 28 and rapidly intensified to become the earliest Category 5 hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin by July 1, with maximum sustained winds of 165 mph. It made multiple landfalls, including as a Category 4 on in on July 1, a Category 4 near on July 3, a Category 2 on Mexico's on July 5, and a Category 1 near Matagorda, on July 8, causing widespread devastation from high winds, , and heavy rainfall. Beryl resulted in 73 total fatalities and over $8.83 billion in damages (as of November 2024), primarily in the and , with severe infrastructure destruction on smaller islands like . Hurricane Helene, forming on September 24, peaked as a Category 4 storm before making landfall near on September 26 with 140 mph winds, bringing catastrophic , winds, and unprecedented inland flooding as far as the . The storm's slow movement and interaction with mountainous terrain amplified rainfall totals exceeding 30 inches in parts of and , leading to riverine flooding that destroyed communities and infrastructure. Helene caused 248 deaths, mostly from flooding in the U.S. Southeast, and $78.7 billion in damages, marking it as the costliest U.S. hurricane since in 2017 and the deadliest since in 2005. Hurricane Milton, which formed on October 5, underwent explosive to reach Category 5 status with 180 mph winds by October 9 before weakening slightly to Category 3 at landfall near later that evening. The storm generated a 10-15 foot along Florida's Gulf Coast, combined with tornadoes and heavy rains, exacerbating recovery challenges from Helene just weeks prior. Milton resulted in 42 deaths and $34.3 billion in damages, highlighting vulnerabilities in densely populated coastal areas. The season's intensity was amplified by record-high in , which provided abundant energy for rapid strengthening and sustained major hurricane development, as measured by sea surface temperatures 1-2°C above the 1991-2020 average. This warming, linked to ongoing , contributed to earlier formation and higher peak intensities across multiple storms, underscoring the Saffir-Simpson scale's role in categorizing risks from wind speeds (Category 1: 74-95 mph; Category 5: 157 mph or higher).

Science and Technology

Artificial Intelligence Milestones

In 2024, continued its rapid evolution, marked by significant advancements in and reasoning capabilities from leading organizations, alongside pivotal regulatory frameworks aimed at ensuring safe deployment. These developments underscored AI's growing integration into diverse applications, from scientific research to everyday interactions, while highlighting the need for ethical oversight amid rising concerns over misuse. architectures, which form the foundational backbone of most large language models through their self-attention mechanisms enabling efficient processing of sequential , powered many of these innovations. OpenAI's release of the GPT-4o model on May 13 introduced advanced functionalities, allowing seamless integration of voice, vision, and text inputs for more natural human-AI interactions. This was followed by the September 12 launch of the o1 model series, which enhanced complex problem-solving through techniques that simulate extended reasoning processes before generating responses. These models demonstrated superior performance in tasks requiring nuanced understanding, such as coding and scientific analysis, building on transformer-based designs to achieve higher accuracy in chained logical steps. Google DeepMind contributed key breakthroughs, including the May rollout of Gemini 1.5 Pro, which featured a 1 million token context window to handle extensive inputs like long documents or videos without losing coherence. On May 8, the team unveiled AlphaFold 3, an upgraded AI system for predicting protein structures and interactions with molecules like DNA and ligands, achieving up to 50% higher accuracy in binding predictions compared to prior versions and accelerating drug discovery efforts. These advances relied on refined transformer architectures to model intricate biomolecular relationships. Regulatory progress shaped AI's trajectory, with the EU AI Act entering into force on , establishing a risk-based classification system that imposes strict requirements on high-risk applications like biometric identification to mitigate potential harms. In the United States, the October 2023 Executive Order on AI safety saw implementation through 2024 guidelines from agencies like NIST, including updated risk management frameworks and testing standards for dual-use foundation models to promote transparency and equity. The drove substantial industry impacts, exemplified by NVIDIA's surpassing $3 trillion on June 5, fueled by surging demand for its GPUs essential to training large-scale models. However, ethical challenges emerged prominently, with deepfakes proliferating in global elections—such as AI-generated audio of candidates in the U.S. primaries—prompting calls for detection tools and platform accountability to safeguard democratic processes. xAI advanced with the April 12 preview of Grok-1.5 , enabling the model to process and reason over visual data alongside text for tasks like diagram interpretation and real-world scene analysis. These milestones not only expanded 's practical utility but also briefly supported ancillary fields, such as for mission .

Space Exploration Achievements

In 2024, advanced significantly through a series of ambitious missions and technological milestones, highlighting collaboration and in lunar and orbital endeavors. Key achievements included sample returns from the Moon's far side, record-breaking rocket launches, and groundbreaking observations of distant worlds, all contributing to humanity's expanding presence beyond Earth. These efforts underscored the growing reliability of reusable launch systems and the pursuit of sustainable infrastructure. NASA's progressed amid ongoing preparations for future crewed lunar missions, with significant focus on the uncrewed test flight aspects of Artemis II. On March 14, 2024, preparations for the Artemis II mission included evaluations of the spacecraft's systems following Artemis I's success, though the crewed flight was officially delayed to no earlier than September 2025 due to concerns identified during post-flight analysis; this delay, announced in December 2024, pushed the subsequent landing mission to mid-2027, allowing time for enhanced safety measures and integration with SpaceX's . Subsequent updates in 2025 further delayed Artemis II to no earlier than February 2026. These steps emphasized NASA's commitment to risk mitigation in deep-space human exploration. SpaceX achieved multiple milestones with its program and operations, demonstrating rapid iteration in fully reusable rocket technology. The third integrated flight test of on March 14, 2024, marked the vehicle's first successful ascent to space, reaching an altitude of approximately 234 kilometers before the upper stage experienced a rapid unscheduled disassembly during reentry attempts; this test validated key propulsion and staging elements despite not achieving a full orbital insertion. Later in the year, conducted over 130 launches, surpassing 100 missions by mid-year and including the Crew-8 mission to the on March 4, 2024, which delivered four astronauts for a six-month expedition focused on microgravity research. These launches highlighted 's operational tempo, with 98% success rate and booster reuse exceeding 20 flights per vehicle on average. The private sector expanded suborbital and lunar capabilities, with resuming operations after a setback. Following an uncrewed anomaly in May 2024, successfully restarted crewed suborbital flights in August with the NS-26 mission on August 29, carrying six passengers to an altitude of 107 kilometers and providing several minutes of ; this was followed by additional flights, including NS-28 in November, totaling four missions for the year and advancing and microgravity experimentation. Meanwhile, prepared its IM-2 lunar lander mission for late 2024 deployment under NASA's program, aiming to deliver scientific instruments to the Moon's for water ice detection, though the launch ultimately slipped into early 2025 due to integration delays; the mission launched in February 2025 but resulted in a tipped lander upon landing in March, limiting some operations. These efforts illustrated the role of commercial entities in democratizing access to space. International collaborations yielded historic lunar achievements, particularly from and . 's Chang'e-6 mission launched on May 3, 2024, and achieved the world's first sample return from the Moon's , landing in the South Pole-Aitken Basin on June 2; the probe collected about 2 kilograms of and rocks using a and drill before ascending and returning the capsule to on June 25 in , providing unprecedented materials for studying the Moon's geological history. In parallel, 's Gaganyaan program advanced preparations for its first , completing key tests including crew module parachute deployments and environmental simulations in 2024, with the inaugural uncrewed mission targeted for late December 2024 to validate orbital insertion and reentry but ultimately delayed to December 2025; the crewed flight was delayed to early 2027 to ensure system maturity. These missions reinforced global momentum toward lunar exploration. Scientific discoveries in 2024 were bolstered by the (JWST), which captured detailed spectra of atmospheres, revealing compositions that inform planetary formation models. Building on 2023 observations of the K2-18 b, located 124 light-years away—which had detected , , and a tentative signal of (DMS) suggesting a possible habitable —2024 JWST follow-ups provided additional data via transit spectroscopy to analyze light filtered through the atmosphere during the planet's orbit, contextualized by Kepler's third law, which relates orbital periods to semi-major axes and enables precise mass-radius estimates for such systems; though later 2025 studies cast doubt on the interpretation, suggesting a non-habitable gas-rich atmosphere. Additional JWST data from mid-2024 on hot Jupiters like WASP-43 b provided insights into atmospheric dynamics, with wind speeds exceeding 5,000 km/h redistributing heat. enhancements briefly aided in processing these vast datasets, improving in spectral lines.

Sports

Summer Olympics in Paris

The , held in from July 26 to August 11, featured approximately 10,500 athletes from over 200 nations competing across 32 sports. The event marked the third time hosted the Summer Games, emphasizing and urban integration, with competitions spread across iconic venues like the and . The , a groundbreaking spectacle along the River, involved artistic performances by thousands of artists, including parades of athletes on boats and a torch relay culminating in the lighting of the cauldron near the . This innovative format, the first outside a , highlighted French culture through music, dance, and historical reenactments, drawing a global audience despite weather challenges. In the final medal standings, the United States led with 126 medals, including 40 golds, securing its eighth consecutive top position. China finished second with 91 medals (40 golds), tying the U.S. for the most golds and showcasing strength in diving and table tennis. Host nation France achieved its best Olympic performance since 1900, earning 64 medals (16 golds) and placing fifth overall, boosted by successes in judo, fencing, and taekwondo. Notable achievements included American gymnast Simone Biles winning three golds—in the team event, all-around, and vault—bringing her Olympic total to seven golds and solidifying her as one of the most decorated gymnasts in history. Sprinter Noah Lyles claimed the men's 100m gold for the U.S. in a dramatic photo finish, edging out Jamaica's Kishane Thompson by 0.005 seconds with a time of 9.784 seconds, affirming his status as the world's fastest man. Breaking made its Olympic debut at Place de la Concorde, introducing hip-hop dance battles; the U.S. secured a bronze in the men's event through Victor Montalvo, while Japan's Ami Yuasa won gold in the women's. The Games were not without controversies, including disputes over gender eligibility in boxing involving Algeria's Imane Khelif, who won gold in the women's 66kg category amid claims of unfair advantages due to prior disqualifications by the ; the defended her participation based on passport gender and cleared her to compete. Doping allegations resurfaced with 23 Chinese swimmers who had tested positive for before the 2020 but were cleared by the due to claims of food contamination; several of these athletes, including gold medalists Zhang Yufei and , competed and medaled in , prompting criticism from U.S. officials and calls for stricter enforcement. The and Paralympics incurred a total cost of €6.6 billion (approximately $7.7 billion) for , , and operations, according to a September 2025 audit by authorities, with the organizing committee reporting a modest surplus after revenues from broadcasting and sponsorships. A key legacy initiative was the $1.5 billion cleanup of the River, which enabled open-water and events for the first time since 1900, involving new wastewater treatment facilities and reduced to improve long-term public access for recreation. Despite occasional high levels delaying training, the effort symbolized environmental commitment, with post-Games plans for public sites.

UEFA European Championship

The 2024 , commonly known as , was the 17th edition of the quadrennial international men's soccer tournament organized by , featuring 24 national teams competing across 10 stadiums in from June 14 to July 14. The tournament adopted the established 24-team format introduced in , with 6 groups of 4 teams each, where the top two from each group and the four best third-placed teams advanced to the knockout stage starting from the round of 16; this structure, while not newly expanded, drew indirect influence from the evolving global landscape, including the World Cup's planned growth to 48 teams, in its qualification pathways via the . Hosted by for the first time since reunification, the event marked a historic debut for among the participants, with matches emphasizing high-stakes group dynamics and a balanced path to the final. Spain emerged as champions, defeating England 2–1 in the final on July 14 at Berlin's Olympiastadion, securing their record fourth European title with goals from Nico Williams in the 47th minute and Mikel Oyarzabal in the 86th, after Cole Palmer equalized for England in the 73rd. England's journey to the final included a tense quarterfinal against Switzerland on July 6 in Düsseldorf, ending 1–1 after extra time before a 5–3 penalty shootout victory, highlighted by Jordan Pickford's save on Manuel Akanji's attempt. The knockout phase showcased dramatic encounters, such as Spain's semifinal 2–1 win over France, where 16-year-old Lamine Yamal's curling strike in the 21st minute became a defining moment. Standout performers included Yamal, who at 16 years and 362 days old became the youngest goalscorer in Euros history during that semifinal against , surpassing previous records and contributing significantly to Spain's attack with his vision and pace. England's shared the Golden Boot as joint-top scorer with three goals, including strikes against and , despite criticism of his overall form amid high expectations as . These individual brilliance contrasted with team narratives, as Spain's cohesive play under Luis de la Fuente propelled them to victory, while England's resilience under marked their second consecutive Euros final appearance. Notable upsets included host nation Germany's quarterfinal exit on July 5 in , where they fell 2–1 to in extra time after Florian Wirtz's opener was canceled out by , only for to score the winner in the 119th minute, ending Germany's home hopes prematurely. Controversies marred the tournament, including pre-match fan violence in on June 16 before England's 1–0 win over , where clashes between English and Serbian supporters led to eight arrests and injuries, prompting heightened security measures. VAR decisions in the quarterfinals drew scrutiny, particularly in the Germany-Spain match, where a potential by on Jamal Musiala's shot in the 105th minute was not penalized, a call later acknowledged by as erroneous in a post-tournament review. The tournament achieved record engagement, with 2.67 million tickets sold across 51 matches, surpassing the previous Euros attendance high of 2.43 million from , and an average of over 52,000 spectators per game. Globally, it reached a cumulative exceeding 5 billion viewers, reflecting its massive broadcast reach and cultural impact.

Arts and Entertainment

Music Highlights

In 2024, the music industry saw significant achievements in awards ceremonies, beginning with the held on February 4 in , where made history by winning for her 2022 release , marking her fourth victory in the category and surpassing previous records held by artists like and . The event, broadcast live on , highlighted a diverse range of winners across genres, including for Rock Album and for Best Global Music Album, underscoring the Grammys' role in recognizing global influences. Later in the year, the took place on September 11 at in , where led nominations with seven nods, including for Video of the Year and , though she ultimately won Best R&B for her track "Snooze," reflecting her continued dominance in . Album releases dominated headlines, with Taylor Swift's The Tortured Poets Department launching on April 19 via and immediately debuting at No. 1 on the chart, amassing 2.6 million equivalent album units in its first week—a figure that included 1.914 million in pure sales and made it the largest debut of 2024. The , expanded shortly after release to include The Anthology, explored themes of heartbreak and introspection, cementing Swift's commercial prowess. Similarly, Beyoncé's Cowboy Carter, released on March 29 through and , blended country elements with R&B, opera, and , sparking discussions on the genre's Black origins and influencing a broader reclamation of by diverse artists following backlash to her 2016 performance. The album's tracks, such as "Texas Hold 'Em"—which became the first song by a Black woman to top the Hot chart—challenged industry gatekeeping and boosted visibility for underrepresented voices in Nashville. Live performances and tours underscored the year's economic impact, as Taylor Swift's concluded on December 8 in after 149 shows across 21 countries, grossing over $2 billion in sales and shattering records as the highest-earning tour in history. The production, which revisited Swift's musical eras with elaborate staging, not only generated an estimated $440.8 million in merchandise but also stimulated local economies through fan travel and spending. Buzz around reunions added excitement, with announcing their first tour in 15 years on August 27, set for summer 2025 in the UK and —including multiple dates at and Heaton Park—following years of speculation about brothers and reconciling, which ignited massive fan anticipation and demand throughout late 2024. Genre trends evolved notably, with gaining further traction through its glitchy, high-energy soundscapes and distorted production, as seen in releases from artists like and , appealing to Gen Z audiences via platforms like and influencing mainstream pop's experimental edge. Concurrently, AI-generated music surged, with tools like Mubert producing over 100 million tracks in the first half of the year alone, outpacing human output and raising debates on creativity while expanding access for independent creators; the global AI music market reached $2.9 billion, driven by cloud-based solutions for composition and trend prediction. The year also mourned influential figures, including country star , who died on February 5 at age 62 after a battle with , prompting tributes for his patriotic anthems like "Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue" and his induction into the Hall of Fame shortly after his passing. Chart performance highlighted streaming's dominance, exemplified by Sabrina Carpenter's "," released in April as the lead single from her album Short n' Sweet, which peaked at No. 3 on the and spent 28 weeks in the top 10 while breaking records as the No. 1 Global Song of the Summer 2024, amassing billions of streams and underscoring the viral power of in pop success.

Film and Television Releases

In 2024, the film industry saw a robust recovery with several blockbuster releases dominating the global . Pixar's , released on June 14, became the highest-grossing animated film of all time, earning $1.698 billion worldwide and surpassing its predecessors in emotional depth and commercial success. Similarly, Dune: Part Two, directed by and released on March 1, grossed $714 million globally, praised for its epic scale and while expanding the franchise's narrative. Marvel's , premiering on July 26, achieved $1.338 billion in worldwide earnings, marking the highest-grossing R-rated film ever and revitalizing the superhero genre with its meta-humor and action sequences. Television programming in 2024 highlighted the ongoing impact of the 2023 Writers Guild of America and SAG-AFTRA strikes, which delayed numerous productions and resulted in a more selective release slate. FX's The Bear returned for its third season on June 26, exploring intensified kitchen drama and earning critical acclaim for its raw portrayal of culinary ambition. HBO's House of the Dragon aired its second season starting June 16, delving deeper into Targaryen intrigue with heightened political tensions and dragon battles, drawing over 7.8 million viewers for its premiere. Netflix's Stranger Things began filming its fifth and final season in January, with production wrapping by December amid anticipation for its supernatural conclusion. Major awards ceremonies underscored 2024's creative achievements, often honoring 2023 productions due to strike-related delays. The , held on March 10, awarded Best Picture to Oppenheimer, Christopher Nolan's biographical thriller that grossed over $900 million and won seven Oscars total. The 76th , broadcast on September 15, saw The Bear dominate categories with 11 wins, including Outstanding Comedy Series and acting honors for and Liza Colón-Zayas, setting a record for a comedy in a single year. Streaming platforms navigated post-strike challenges while capitalizing on new revenue models. Netflix's ad-supported tier experienced significant growth, reaching 70 million monthly active users by November 2024. The 2023 strikes contributed to a leaner content pipeline early in 2024, delaying shows like and films such as , but ultimately fostered a rebound with focused high-profile releases. Overall, the global totaled approximately $30 billion, a 7% decline from 2023 but a clear post-pandemic recovery milestone driven by family animations and franchises.

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