Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

DoggoLingo

DoggoLingo, alternatively termed Doggo-Speak, constitutes an emergent dialect employed to anthropomorphize s through playful neologisms, deliberate misspellings, , and syntactic distortions that simulate a viewpoint or amplify endearing traits in memes and captions. This vernacular proliferated in the mid-2010s amid online communities dedicated to dog imagery, such as those on and , where users crafted humorous narratives attributing human-like thoughts and expressions to s. Core encompasses terms like doggo denoting a reclining or generic , pupper signifying a , bork or boof mimicking barks, mlem for tongue-licking gestures, and intensifiers such as heckin' derived from phonetic approximations of English substitutes. Linguistically, DoggoLingo operates as a , featuring morphological innovations—including suffixation with -go for largeness or stillness and -per for diminutives—alongside phonetic reduplications and lexical that parody structures to evoke affection and humor. Its defining characteristics include consistent orthographic alterations, such as insertions or softening (e.g., nom for eating), which facilitate virality by prioritizing phonetic expressiveness over conventional spelling. While lacking formal institutionalization, empirical analyses of corpora reveal patterned syntactic preferences, like imperative constructions or exclamatory affirmations, underscoring its role in fostering communal bonding among pet enthusiasts via shared interpretive play. No significant controversies attend its usage, though its niche appeal highlights broader trends in digital vernacular evolution driven by visual media and ironic detachment.

Linguistic Features

Vocabulary and Word Formation

DoggoLingo vocabulary derives primarily from English through playful morphological adaptations, including affixation, , and deliberate misspellings, to express endearment toward dogs and anthropomorphize their actions. These processes emphasize cuteness and humor, often via suffixes like "-o" or phonetic shifts that evoke childlike speech. A key feature is affixation, particularly the addition of the suffix "-o" to dog-related terms for affectionate reference, as in "doggo" denoting a of any size. Similarly, "pupperino" extends "pupper" (a for ) with an Italianate for added whimsy. Diminutives and reduplications, such as "floof" for fluffy , further soften standard descriptors like "fluff." Onomatopoeia forms words mimicking sounds and behaviors, including "bork" and "boof" for barking, with "bork" gaining prominence through viral videos of specific dogs around 2015. Terms like "mlem" (licking or extended action) and "blep" ( protruding slightly) derive from imitative sounds, distinguishing nuanced facial expressions. "Sploot" describes a dog sprawling with legs extended, evoking the motion's sound or shape. Intentional misspellings and substitutions create euphemistic or emphatic variants, such as "heckin'" for "heck of a" or intensifying adjectives, and "stronk" from "strong" via shift ("-ng" to "-nk"). The "do" construction rephrases verbs agentively, e.g., "doing me a frighten" for "frightening me," altering to imply deliberate action by the . descriptors like "chonky" adapt "chunky" through shortening and "-y" for pudgy dogs.
TermMeaningFormation Process
DoggoAdult dogNoun + "-o"
PupperPuppy or small dog of "puppy"
Bork
Boof or head shake
Mlem licking
Blep out
Heckin' (e.g., very)Euphemistic misspelling
FloofFluffy fur/
ChonkyPudgy or overweightAdaptation of "chunky"

Grammar and Syntax

DoggoLingo grammar deviates from through deliberate simplifications and errors that evoke childlike or rudimentary speech, often to simulate cognition or ventriloquize perspectives. Sentences tend to be short and telegraphic, with minimal subordination or complex clauses, prioritizing brevity and playfulness over precision. This "scattershot adherence to grammatical conventions" mirrors earlier memes like lolcats, where syntactic looseness enhances humor and relatability. A prominent syntactic pattern is the "do rule," which restructures transitive verbs by inserting "do" as the main verb, followed by a direct object (often a pronoun), the determiner "a," and a form of the original verb. For instance, "He is frightening me" becomes "He is doing me a frighten." This construction appears in meme captions to comically attribute actions to dogs, analyzed in over 200 examples from 2017-2018, where it reliably signals DoggoLingo. Pronoun usage frequently mismatches standard forms for expressive effect. pronouns substitute for subjects, as in "him didn’t get" instead of "he didn’t get"; "his" shifts to "he," yielding "he bed" for "his bed"; and singular subjects pair with verbs, like "he wish" for "he wishes." forms such as "hims" replace "him" in object positions, e.g., "Hims fart or no," further eroding rules. These features, drawn from fan page , underscore a purposeful grammatical . Verbs and adverbs integrate slang intensifiers like "heckin'," derived from "heck of a," to adverbialize adjectives, as in "heckin’ excite" for "very excited." and questions often omit auxiliaries or follow nonstandard orders, contributing to fragmented syntax reminiscent of early . Overall, these elements prioritize phonetic whimsy and visual alignment over syntactic rigor, with empirical validation via classifiers achieving 91% accuracy on annotated corpora.

Onomatopoeia and Expressive Elements

DoggoLingo features a distinctive reliance on to phonetically replicate dog vocalizations and subtle actions, fostering an expressive style that anthropomorphizes animals through sound imitation. The term bork, representing a standard , originated from interpretations of the meme dog Gabe's vocalizations in videos like " Bork," which amassed millions of views by 2015. Similarly, boof denotes a deeper, huffier —often a pre-bark or muffled growl—commonly attributed to larger breeds hesitant to fully vocalize. These elements extend to visual-gestural , where words evoke the implied sounds of physical behaviors: blep for a dog's idly protruding without retraction, mlem for rhythmic or extension during , and blop for a floppy collapse or partial lapse from exhaustion. Linguist Gretchen McCulloch notes this onomatopoeic density as a hallmark, stating it renders DoggoLingo "cutesier" and more sensorially vivid than comparable slangs, enabling concise textual conveyance of sensory experiences. Expressive enhancements arise from phonetic modifications, such as elongation or softening in these terms (e.g., shifting harder barks to playful borks with repetitive flair), which amplify emotional tone—conveying excitement, fatigue, or affection—while prioritizing simplicity akin to actual dog-produced noises over precision. This approach, evident in captions since the mid-2010s, supports immersive of dog viewpoints, distinguishing DoggoLingo's auditory evocativeness in visual like images and GIFs.

Origins and Historical Development

Precursors in Slang and Memes

The term "doggo" predates modern internet usage, originating as late 19th-century for lying low or in hiding, often phrased as "lie doggo," possibly evoking a 's when concealed or feigning to avoid detection. This usage appeared in print as early as 1882 in publications, deriving potentially from the noun "dog" combined with or emphatic suffixes common in colloquial English. While not directly canine-affectionate, this etymological root provided a phonetic foundation later repurposed in playful online contexts. In internet memes, the 2010 doge phenomenon served as a key precursor by popularizing anthropomorphic, grammatically unconventional language centered on dogs. Featuring a named , the arose from a originally posted online in 2010, captioned with intentionally phrases like "such " or "very ," which mimicked a dog's purported inner thoughts and spread virally on platforms including and . By 2013, had amassed millions of instances, fostering a template for humorous, suffix-heavy descriptors of canine traits and influencing subsequent dog-focused through its emphasis on cute, exaggerated expressiveness. Early online communities further bridged traditional slang to meme-driven evolution. The Dogspotting Society group, established around 2008, encouraged users to photograph unfamiliar dogs in public and apply whimsical, affectionate labels, gaining traction in and promoting informal terms that echoed "doggo" for hidden or spotted hounds. These practices, predating DoggoLingo's broader codification, drew on pre-existing humor patterns like those in lolcats (peaking 2006–2007), where animals received cutesy, phonetic voiceovers, but shifted focus to dogs and laid groundwork for suffixation (e.g., adding "-o" for endearment). Such elements collectively primed the playful lexicon by normalizing dog-centric, meme-amplified online.

Emergence in the 2010s

DoggoLingo emerged in the early 2010s amid the proliferation of internet memes featuring dogs, particularly building on the Doge meme that gained popularity around 2010 through Reddit communities with Shiba Inu images accompanied by intentionally erroneous captions. This foundation of playful, broken-English dog representation laid groundwork for more systematic affectionate slang. The lexicon drew from established online linguistic styles like lolspeak, incorporating diminutives and onomatopoeia to anthropomorphize canine behaviors in endearing ways. A pivotal platform for early adoption was the Dogspotting group, established in 2006 but experiencing rapid growth in summer 2014, where users popularized "doggo" as a cutesy for , reflecting local tendencies to append "-o" suffixes for familiarity. Group members shared photos of encountered dogs, often captioning them with emerging terms like "pupper" for puppies, fostering a community-driven evolution of the dialect. Linguist Gretchen McCulloch observed that such innovations added extra cutesy suffixes to heighten adorability, distinguishing DoggoLingo from prior memes. The slang's visibility surged mid-decade with the Twitter account We Rate Dogs, launched in 2015 by Matt Nelson, which rated dogs on a 10-point scale and routinely employed DoggoLingo phrases such as "heckin' good doggo" alongside photos, amassing millions of followers by 2017. This account's influence, combined with cross-platform sharing on and , propelled terms like "blep" (tongue protrusion) and "bork" (bark imitation) into wider use, marking DoggoLingo's transition from niche communities to broader online vernacular by the late .

Evolution and Popularization Post-2015

Following the slang's early appearances, DoggoLingo underwent significant evolution and popularization after 2015, driven primarily by amplification and proliferation. The account , founded by Matt Nelson in November 2015, accelerated its spread by first employing "doggo" on April 1, 2016, in posts rating dogs' cuteness on a whimsical scale, quickly gaining millions of followers and embedding the lexicon in viral content. Usage surged in 2016 and 2017, as evidenced by data showing sharp increases in searches for "doggo" and "pupper," coinciding with ' expansion and a broader turn toward wholesome online content amid political tensions. This period marked the slang's transition from niche communities to wider vernacular, with terms like "bork" popularized through remixes of Gabe the Dog videos, such as "Jurassic Bork," which garnered substantial views. The lexicon evolved with added onomatopoeias (e.g., "blep" for protrusion, "mlem" for ) and suffixes, fostering dedicated online spaces like the group Dogspotting, which contributed Australian-influenced diminutives and grew to over 500,000 members by 2017. Media recognition, including an feature in April 2017 describing it as a rising of cutesy expressions, further cemented its cultural footprint, prompting linguistic analysis of its playful . By mid-, DoggoLingo influenced ancillary content like educational series on its grammar, amassing millions of views, though core proponents like noted a decline in heavy usage by late to avoid overuse. This maturation reflected adaptation to mainstream adoption, with persistent presence in -related posts across platforms into the late .

Usage and Spread

Primary Online Platforms

DoggoLingo predominantly developed on visual platforms where users share photographs and videos of dogs accompanied by descriptive captions. The Facebook group Dogspotting Society, established in , served as an early hub, with the term "doggo" gaining notable usage among its membership starting around summer 2014. By April 2017, the group exceeded 500,000 members and continued expanding at approximately 10,000 new members weekly, fostering a focused on spotting and posting about dogs in public settings. Twitter emerged as another key platform through accounts like , which popularized DoggoLingo terms by rating dogs on a 13/10 scale and incorporating such as "doggo" in its inaugural use on April 1, 2016. The account, boasting 1.77 million followers by 2017, accelerated the slang's virality via concise, humorous posts that blended ratings with expressive descriptors like "h*ckin." Reddit subreddits dedicated to dog-related memes and images, including r/Blep for tongue-out poses, further disseminated elements of DoggoLingo through user-generated content and discussions. Instagram complemented these by enabling photo-centric sharing, where captions employing pupper, floof, and similar terms proliferated alongside high-engagement dog visuals. These platforms' emphasis on brevity, visuals, and community interaction facilitated DoggoLingo's organic evolution from niche slang to widespread internet parlance.

Adoption in Everyday Language

DoggoLingo elements have increasingly appeared in spoken English, particularly in pet owners' casual interactions with dogs and among enthusiasts in offline settings. By 2017, terms such as "doggo" for dog and "pupper" for puppy were reported in everyday conversations at locations like streets, coffee shops, and homes, often substituting standard vocabulary to convey affection. Linguist Gretchen McCulloch noted that the language's cutesy suffixes (e.g., "-ino" in "pupperino") and onomatopoeic forms (e.g., "bork" for ) align with pre-existing patterns in and pet-directed speech, facilitating verbal uptake; examples include calling fluffy breeds "fluffers," describing protruding tongues as "mlems," or praising dogs as "h*ckin’ good boys." This mirrors how online trends from platforms like the Dogspotting group, with over 500,000 members by 2017, influence real-world expression. The shift is evidenced by its integration into dog training and ownership discussions, where terms like "doggo" and "bork" describe behaviors during sessions, reflecting broader infiltration of into practical pet care by the mid-2020s. McCulloch predicted potential longevity, suggesting such playful lexicon could persist in spoken form for decades due to its role in enhancing emotional bonding with pets.

Extensions to Other Animals and Concepts

While primarily centered on canine terminology, DoggoLingo's characteristic phonetic distortions, diminutive suffixes like "-o" or "-er," and whimsical kennings have extended to slang for other animals, often in overlapping online pet enthusiast communities. For birds, "birb" serves as a cutesy, childlike variant of "bird," typically applied to small, fluffy, or comically behaving avians, gaining traction in meme culture around the mid-2010s as a parallel to "doggo." Fat or rounded birds may be further stylized as "borbs," emphasizing plumpness in a manner akin to "chonk" for overweight dogs. ![Morelia spilota head][float-right] Snakes, frequently portrayed as objects of curiosity or aversion in memes, acquire descriptors such as "snek" (a lisped "snake"), "nope rope" (evoking avoidance of entanglement), or "danger " (highlighting slender form and potential hazard, especially for venomous species). These terms proliferated in the late on platforms like Reddit's r/Sneks, where users apply them humorously to videos of dogs encountering serpents. , rivals to dogs in household settings, are rebranded as "catto" via the same "-o" suffix, appearing in cat-focused lingo guides that borrow DoggoLingo's affectionate . Beyond animals, the parlance adapts to concepts involving -pet interactions, with people termed "hoomans" to phonetically echo a dog's purported of "," underscoring anthropomorphic projection in DoggoLingo narratives. This extension fosters broader ecosystems, where non-canine elements like ("snacco") or actions ("boop") generalize the style, though retention of dog-centric roots limits full abstraction.

Reception and Cultural Impact

Positive Contributions to Online Expression

DoggoLingo enhances expression through playful neologisms and onomatopoeic forms that convey and whimsy in descriptions of , such as "pupper" for a small dog or and "bork" for barking. These elements allow users to anthropomorphize pets with endearing precision, adding layers of humor and emotional nuance to digital interactions that lacks. By emphasizing relentless positivity, DoggoLingo counters prevailing online cynicism, as seen in communities like , which rated dogs' on a 10/10 scale using terms like "h*ckin’ good boys" and amassed 1.77 million followers by April 2017. This fosters wholesome and social bonding among enthusiasts, bridging diverse groups through shared, uplifting memes that prioritize joy over , unlike cat-focused LOLspeak. Linguistically, its innovations—including grammatical quirks like the "do rule" (e.g., "doing me a frighten") and versatile euphemisms like "heckin’"—demonstrate internet-driven creativity, with terms entering mainstream recognition via . Distinct from other meme languages where animals ostensibly speak, DoggoLingo's human-voiced nature promotes its spillover into spoken pet interactions, enriching everyday expression with sustained playfulness.

Criticisms of Overuse and Cringe Factor

The frequent deployment of DoggoLingo terms like "doggo" and "pupper" in and memes has drawn complaints of saturation, with detractors claiming the slang's novelty eroded by the mid-2010s, leading to widespread irritation among online users. Reddit threads from 2021 onward document users labeling "doggo" as "stupid and ," associating it with juvenile antics akin to a child's exclamations, and expressing relief at its perceived decline post-2020. A 2021 Mashable analysis described DoggoLingo as inherently "cringey," observing that its reliance on exaggerated cuteness fails to convey the "timeless adoration" typical of historical dog depictions, prompting some influencers to cease usage around 2017 to avoid alienating audiences. The article attributes persistence to algorithmic incentives on platforms favoring content, yet notes a backlash where the language's performative whimsy evokes secondhand , particularly when applied universally to dogs regardless of context. Communities such as r/doggohate, active since at least , amplify these views by curating examples of overuse, arguing that the slang's onomatopoeic flourishes and Italianate suffixes (e.g., "pupperino") infantilize both animals and speakers, fostering perceptions of intellectual diminishment in casual discourse. Forum discussions on in 2024 similarly decry the shift from "" and "" to "doggo" and "pupper" as an unnecessary affectation that grates on non-enthusiasts, though some defend milder variants like "doggo" alone as benign. This critique extends to broader cultural fatigue, where repeated exposure in memes and captions—peaking around 2016-2018 per anecdotal reports—transforms endearing exaggeration into rote , prompting calls for restraint in favor of precise, unadorned to preserve in animal representation.

Broader Sociolinguistic Implications

DoggoLingo exemplifies the rapid evolution of language registers within niche online communities, where orthographic innovations such as elongated vowels (heccin') and diminutive suffixes (-ino, -erino) serve to anthropomorphize animals and convey affection through playful distortion. This phenomenon aligns with sociolinguistic theories of community-specific variation, as observed in subreddit analyses where adherence to "pupper talk" correlates with user engagement and social bonding, reinforcing in-group identity via shared linguistic norms. Such registers demonstrate how digital platforms accelerate lexical creativity, drawing from (bork, boof) and meme-derived lexicon to create semi-autonomous speech varieties that parallel historical formations but at unprecedented speeds due to viral dissemination. In broader terms, DoggoLingo's prevalence highlights the role of in , where users project human-like utterances onto pets to simulate , fostering emotional connection and humor while blurring lines between human and . Linguistic analyses compare this to stylized animal-directed speech, akin to parentese, which exaggerates prosody and simplifies syntax to elicit responses, suggesting DoggoLingo as a written extension that may influence offline pet interactions by normalizing exaggerated expressiveness. Empirical studies of online corpora indicate that exposure to such increases its adoption across platforms, potentially contributing to minor shifts in English by introducing terms like smol into casual usage beyond pet contexts. Critically, while examinations emphasize its creative vitality, DoggoLingo underscores challenges in sociolinguistic diffusion, as its niche origins limit mainstream integration compared to broader slangs, with persistence tied to subcultural loyalty rather than phonetic naturalness or utility. This reflects causal dynamics of driven by affective signaling over efficiency, where community reinforcement sustains variants despite perceptions of novelty fatigue, informing models of how ephemeral test the boundaries of enduring linguistic adaptation.

References

  1. [1]
    [PDF] Describing Doggo-Speak: Features of Doggo Meme Language
    This paper will explore linguistic features of Doggo-speak through analysis of social media posts by Doggo fan pages. It will use the discussed features as ...
  2. [2]
    Doggo memes, language games and the internal structure of English
    This paper provides a sketch of an analysis of an Internet-based language-game known as Doggo. We show that the properties of the Doggo language game ...
  3. [3]
    Dogs Are Doggos: An Internet Language Built Around Love For The ...
    Apr 23, 2017 · DoggoLingo is a rising language on the Internet that's full of cutesy suffixes and onomatopoeias. It might even change the way you talk to ...
  4. [4]
    [PDF] A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Ventriloquism on Social Media - IS MUNI
    Dec 19, 2021 · This thesis defines Doggo-Speak as a specific English language internet slang used mainly online by internet users who are ventriloquizing dogs.
  5. [5]
    Describing Doggo-Speak: Features of Doggo Meme Language
    Doggo-speak is a specialized way of writing most commonly associated with captions on Doggo memes, humorous images of dogs shared in online communities.
  6. [6]
    https://zippypaws.com/2021/09/10/doggolingo-101-internet-language-of-the-dogs/
  7. [7]
    Meme's Best Friend: The Rise of 'Doggo' - WIRED
    Jan 10, 2018 · “DoggoSpeak,” a specialized vernacular used primarily in memes extolling the cuteness of dogs. (DoggoSpeak includes fun-to-say made-up words like doggo, pupper ...<|separator|>
  8. [8]
    Cute canines on the web inspire DoggoLingo
    May 14, 2020 · DoggoLingo has its own specialized vocabulary. Other words include the onomatopoeic mlem, a large blep; boop, a bop on the nose; and sploot, a ...Missing: formation | Show results with:formation
  9. [9]
    On the Internet, 'doggos' come barking forth - The Boston Globe
    May 20, 2017 · Doggo-speak consists mainly of words for dogs (“floofs,” “fluffers ... grammar (recalling lolcats and doge) is joined by Australian ...Missing: analysis | Show results with:analysis
  10. [10]
    DoggoLingo / Doggo-Speak | Know Your Meme
    Feb 12, 2020 · It is used to describe the thoughts, feelings and actions of dogs in a cutesy way. Doggo-speak is heavy on onomatopoeias like bork, blep, mlem ...
  11. [11]
    Words We're Watching: 'Doggo' - Merriam-Webster
    Doggo has its origins not with good puppers, but with late 19th-century slang: "Sharks abroad. Breakers ahead. Benjamins on the war-path. Lie doggo. Joe ...
  12. [12]
    2018 is the year of the doggo and the demise of the doge - Quartz
    Here's what you need to know about doggo. It's late 19th century slang, used mostly in the phrase “to lie doggo,” indicating lying low or flying under the radar ...
  13. [13]
    DOGE Slang Meaning | Merriam-Webster
    An intentional misspelling of dog, doge refers to an Internet meme involving a picture of a Shiba Inu dog captioned with humorously ungrammatical phrases.
  14. [14]
    The 'Doge' dog meme that Elon Musk loves, explained in 1 minute
    Nov 13, 2024 · The meme later inspired the cryptocurrency Dogecoin, which began in 2013 as a mere joke by two software engineers, Billy Markus and Jackson ...Missing: influence | Show results with:influence
  15. [15]
    doggo Meaning & Origin | Slang by Dictionary.com
    May 8, 2018 · What does doggo and pupper mean? Doggo and pupper are affectionate terms for dog and puppy used in the internet slang called DoggoLingo.<|separator|>
  16. [16]
    How We Rate Dogs raised over $1 million for dogs in need - CNBC
    Jan 21, 2021 · So Nelson launched We Rate Dogs on Twitter in November 2015, when he was a college freshman at Campbell University in North Carolina. He made ...<|separator|>
  17. [17]
    Watchwords: Doggo-speak leaps off the Internet and into conversation
    May 5, 2017 · “Doggo” was or still is a British expression that means “in hiding” or “lying low.” The term was also familiar in the American South. In 1991 a ...
  18. [18]
    https://devildogpetco.com/blogs/the-devil-dog-blog/doggo
  19. [19]
    When Is a Bird a 'Birb'? An Extremely Important Guide | Audubon
    Dec 12, 2019 · It is roughly akin to “doggo,” or “snek,” yet all dogs and snakes are contained within those words; birb remains amorphous. Sit outside an ...
  20. [20]
    Cat Lingo: Guide to Internet Cat Talk | Hepper Pet Resources
    Apr 22, 2025 · Catto, Another way to say “cat” ; Chicken, Naked cat (e.g., Sphynx) ; Chonk/Chonker, A particularly chunky cat ; Derp, A foolish or clumsy cat; can ...
  21. [21]
    The word "doggo" is stupid and cringey : r/unpopularopinion - Reddit
    May 6, 2021 · I'm sick and tired of seeing dogs referred to as "doggo." It reminds me of my 5 year old brother throwing things followed by "yeet."DAE cringe when people call dogs "Doggos"? : r/DoesAnybodyElseSome absolute cringe “dog talk” I have found on social media - RedditMore results from www.reddit.com
  22. [22]
    People who still use the word "doggo" : r/PetPeeves - Reddit
    Oct 8, 2023 · it's kinda pathetic how much they hate doggo speak, posting screenshots of themselves correcting people who use words like doggo and birb.Missing: tumblr | Show results with:tumblr
  23. [23]
    Doggos, puppers, oh h*ck: Dog speak is cringey, but no one cares
    Aug 25, 2021 · Dogs are, famously, man's best friend. But the language we use to speak about them online doesn't hold the same timeless adoration.
  24. [24]
    'doggo'speak :: Off Topic - Steam Community
    Nov 30, 2019 · Instead of just saying dog and puppy it's now 'doggo' and 'pupper' and there are many other made up words.Missing: spoken | Show results with:spoken
  25. [25]
    [PDF] “Mission impawssible?” - Universität Freiburg
    ... doggo" in your post title. […] Most people use the "pupper/doggo" words in a "memey", goofy kind of way that isn't meant to be taken too seriously. Then ...
  26. [26]
    "Mission impawssible?" An analysis of community-specific ...
    ... slang. An example are pet-themed subreddits, which use a register called “doggo lingo” or “pupper talk”. The study focuses on the orthographic, grammatical ...
  27. [27]
    Do me a syntax: Doggo memes, language games and the internal ...
    Aug 8, 2025 · PDF | This paper provides a sketch of an analysis of an Internet-based language-game known as Doggo. We show that the properties of the ...