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Doom

'''Doom''' is a meaning inevitable destruction, , or a tragic fate; it can also be used as a to condemn someone or something to misfortune or failure. In modern usage, it most commonly refers to the Doom franchise. Doom may also refer to other people, places, and works in arts and entertainment, as detailed in the following sections.

General meaning

Etymology and definition

The word "doom" originates from Old English dōm, which denoted judgment, law, statute, decree, or equity. This term derives from Proto-Germanic dōmaz, meaning judgment or decree, ultimately tracing back to the Proto-Indo-European root dhe-, signifying "to set, place, or put." Influences from Old Norse dómr, referring to a verdict or judgment, contributed to its development during the Anglo-Saxon period. In contemporary English, "doom" primarily signifies an inevitable fate, often adverse, such as destruction, , or ; a judicial decision or condemnation; or a final . The defines it as "fate or irrevocable destiny" or "final fate, destruction, or ," emphasizing its ties to statutes or decrees. Similarly, describes it as "a or ordinance especially in Anglo-Saxon ," ", decision especially: a judicial condemnation or sentence," or "destiny, especially an unhappy one." Historically, "doom" appeared in early medieval texts to convey divine or royal decrees and fate. In the epic (c. 1000 CE), dōm is used, for instance, in line 687 to refer to God's in assigning glory, and in line 979 to denote the Measurer's decree of repayment, illustrating its neutral sense of authoritative decision before evolving toward inevitable ruin.

Religious and literary uses

In , "doom" serves as a synonym for and the final , often termed the Day of Doom or , emphasizing and eternal consequences for . This eschatological concept is central to the , particularly in the , where chapter 20 depicts the great white throne : the dead are raised and judged according to their deeds recorded in heavenly books, with death, hell, and the unrighteous cast into the as the second death. Similar references appear in the Gospels, such as Matthew 10:15, which warns of a more tolerable for than for unrepentant cities on the day of . Medieval Christian sermons and didactic literature frequently invoked "doom" to evoke the terror of , urging moral reform amid fears of . Preachers drew on biblical imagery to describe the separation of the saved from the damned, as seen in the tradition of "doom paintings" in English churches, which visually represented the to reinforce sermons on . This usage paralleled eschatological themes in other Abrahamic faiths; in Islamic theology, the equivalent is qiyamah (the Day of ), a cataclysmic event of judgment and reckoning, though English translations rarely employ "doom" directly for it. In literature, "doom" evolved to signify fateful or punitive judgment, reflecting its theological roots. Geoffrey Chaucer's (c. 1387–1400) employs it for inevitable moral reckoning, as in the Parson's Tale, which warns of "the shame that is to come at the day of doom" for the unpenitent, tying earthly sins to eternal consequences. John Milton's epic (1667) uses "doom" to denote eternal punishment, such as in Book I, where Satan's fall reserves him "to more wrath" as his divinely ordained doom, underscoring themes of rebellion and infernal torment. William Shakespeare's Macbeth (1606) adapts "doom" to tragic fate, evoking inexorable downfall; Macbeth laments the witches' vision of Banquo's lineage extending "to th’ crack of doom," alluding to as an endless horizon of his thwarted ambition. Earlier in the play, Macduff calls Duncan's murder "the great doom’s image," framing as a harbinger of apocalyptic judgment. Over time, the term shifted from dōm—implying neutral or glorious judgment—to a predominantly negative of destruction by the , influenced by its frequent association with biblical condemnation.

People

MF Doom

Daniel Dumile (July 13, 1971 – October 31, 2020), known professionally as , was a British-American rapper, songwriter, and renowned for his intricate , enigmatic , and innovative techniques that blended obscure samples with dense, . Emerging from the scene, he cultivated a "supervillain" aesthetic, often performing in a signature metal face mask inspired by the character . Born in Hounslow, London, to a Trinidadian mother and Zimbabwean father, Dumile moved with his family to Long Island, New York, during his early childhood, where he was immersed in the burgeoning hip-hop culture of the 1980s. He began his career in the late 1980s as Zev Love X, a member of the hip-hop group KMD, which released two albums before disbanding amid personal tragedy—the death of his brother—and label issues in the mid-1990s, leading to a period of seclusion. Reemerging in 1999 under the MF Doom moniker, he adopted his masked persona and released his debut solo album, Operation: Doomsday, marking a shift toward abstract, comic-book-infused narratives and lo-fi production. Dumile passed away on October 31, 2020, at age 49, due to angioedema, a severe allergic reaction to a prescribed blood pressure medication that caused swelling and respiratory failure during a hospital stay in Leeds, England. MF Doom's career peaked in the early 2000s with a series of critically acclaimed projects that solidified his status in . His 2004 collaboration with producer , Madvillainy, featured raw, jazz-sampling beats and Doom's signature cryptic lyrics, becoming a landmark album for its unconventional structure and thematic depth, recorded in a marathon session of freestyled verses over eclectic samples. Later that year, he released MM..FOOD under his own production, a revolving around culinary metaphors and puns, with tracks like "Beef Rapp" showcasing his ability to layer food-related atop obscure loops from 1970s and records. His production style often drew from vinyl digging, incorporating rare snippets from cartoons, commercials, and international media to create disorienting, immersive soundscapes that complemented his rapid-fire, allusion-heavy rhymes. Notable collaborations included the 2005 project with producer Danger Mouse, yielding The Mouse and the Mask, a sampling cartoons and featuring guest spots from artists like . MF Doom's legacy endures as a foundational influence on underground and , inspiring a generation of rappers with his emphasis on lyrical complexity, persona-driven storytelling, and sample-based innovation over commercial accessibility. Artists such as , , and have cited his technical prowess and masked mystique as pivotal, while his work helped elevate "backpack rap" subgenres through reissues and compilations that maintain cult appeal. Posthumous releases, including the 2021 collaborative album Super What? with , the 2023 track "Belize" with Danger Mouse and on Cheat Codes, the remix single Super-Villain Team-Up with , the 2024 MM..FOOD 20th Anniversary Edition, and the 2025 Madvillainy Demos vinyl release, continue to extend his catalog, drawing from unreleased material and underscoring his lasting impact on experimental production.

Lorna Doom

Lorna Doom, born Teresa Marie Ryan on January 4, 1958, in , , was an American musician best known as the and a founding member of the influential band the Germs. Growing up in , she befriended future Go-Go's singer in high school and, along with Carlisle (initially on drums as Dottie Danger), , and , co-founded the Germs in April 1976, adopting the stage name . Despite lacking any prior musical training, Doom took up after joining, quickly adapting to the band's frenetic style and embodying the raw, self-taught spirit of early . Doom served as the Germs' bassist from 1976 until the band's initial disbandment in 1980, contributing to their notoriously chaotic live shows that helped ignite the L.A. punk explosion. The group released their sole studio album, (GI), in 1979 on Slash Records, capturing their aggressive sound and influencing the development of hardcore punk. She appeared in the 1981 documentary The Decline of Western Civilization, which chronicled the era's punk scene and featured performances from the Germs. The band's end came tragically with Crash's suicide in December 1980, after which Doom largely withdrew from music, relocating to New York, marrying, and focusing on personal life. In the mid-2000s, Doom reunited with Smear and drummer for a series of performances linked to the 2007 Germs biopic What We Do Is Secret, in which she made a cameo as herself; the reformed lineup toured, including on the 2008 , before parting ways in 2009. That same year, she was inducted into the Hollywood RockWalk alongside her bandmates Smear and Bolles, honoring the Germs' enduring impact on rock history. Doom died on January 16, 2019, in , at age 61, following a year-long battle with . Doom's contributions to positioned her as a trailblazer, particularly as one of the few women in the aggressive L.A. scene, where she symbolized the DIY ethos through her unpolished entry into music and fearless performances. Her work with the Germs inspired subsequent generations of musicians, including female artists, with describing her as "a visionary and a trail blazer" who "never compromised." The band's raw intensity, driven in part by Doom's steady bass lines amid the chaos, helped define the movement and its transition to .

Geographical features

Locations on Earth

The Doom Bar is a prominent sandbar located at the mouth of the Camel Estuary in Cornwall, United Kingdom. Formed through natural processes including tides, storms, and longshore drift, where sand and shingle accumulate from the seabed to create ridges in shallower waters, it has historically posed significant hazards to maritime navigation. By the 12th century, the estuary served as a busy port due to its sheltered inland position, but from the 16th century onward, the Doom Bar earned a notorious reputation for endangering vessels, leading to hundreds of shipwrecks and loss of life as sail-powered boats were driven onto the shifting sands during northwesterly gales. Local folklore attributes its creation to a curse by the Mermaid of Padstow, who, after being shot by a fisherman named Tristram Bird, allegedly summoned a storm that raised the bar as vengeance against the harbor. Efforts to mitigate its dangers included dredging operations from the 1830s to the 1990s, which removed approximately 10 million tons of sediment and altered the bar's position. Doom Island, a small landmass covering about 5 square kilometers in the Islands District of , , is renowned for its pristine white-sand beaches and rich marine biodiversity, including vibrant coral reefs that contribute to the region's status as one of the world's most biodiverse marine areas with over 1,700 fish . Historically, the island has been integral to local activities, serving as the site of the first post-World War II fishing station established near , where initial fishery surveys were conducted to assess marine resources in the surrounding waters. Its strategic location made it an administrative center during the Dutch colonial period in the early and a key economic hub for the area into the mid-20th century, before the mainland city's growth overshadowed it; traditional by indigenous communities, such as the tribe, continues to sustain local livelihoods. Doom Mountain is a 787-meter peak situated on the Brooks Peninsula within the of , . Part of the broader Insular Mountains system along the , the mountain features rugged terrain typical of the region's coastal alpine landscape, with steep slopes and forested approaches that attract adventurous hikers seeking remote backcountry experiences. Named by Richard Hebda of the Royal Museum due to its foreboding, isolated profile, it offers opportunities for multi-day bushwhacking and wildlife viewing, though access requires boating to the peninsula followed by off-trail navigation, making it suitable primarily for experienced outdoor enthusiasts.

Features on other celestial bodies

Doom Mons is a significant geological feature on , Saturn's largest moon, identified through (SAR) imaging acquired by NASA's Cassini during targeted flybys T25 and in February and April 2007, respectively. This feature, located in the Sotra Facula region at approximately 14.7°S, 40.4°W, was officially named by the (IAU) on November 13, 2012, drawing from Mount Doom in J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium as detailed in Robert Foster's The Complete to Middle-earth. Measuring about 70 in diameter and rising to a height of 1.45 ± 0.2 above the surrounding terrain, stands as one of Titan's highest known peaks and is interpreted as a potential , possibly exhibiting or dome based on its topographic profile derived from Cassini stereogrammetry. The mountain's bedrock is primarily composed of water ice, consistent with the icy nature of Titan's elevated terrains observed across multiple Cassini flybys, while its surface is coated with thin layers of hydrocarbons and atmospheric fallout materials, as indicated by visible and mapping spectrometer (VIMS) data showing subtle spectral variations in and hues. Adjacent to Doom Mons lies Sotra Patera, a deep elliptical depression over 1 km in depth and 30 km across, forming part of a broader cryovolcanic complex that includes possible lava flows like Mohini Fluctus; this association supports hypotheses of past cryovolcanic activity involving the extrusion of icy slurries of water-ammonia or methane. Cassini's radar observations, which penetrated Titan's thick hazy atmosphere to map surface elevations up to 1 km, have been crucial for analyzing Doom Mons' formation, ruling out fluvial erosion due to the absence of channels and favoring tectonic or volcanic origins in Titan's nitrogen-rich, low-temperature environment. These findings highlight Doom Mons as a key site for probing Titan's geological evolution, distinct from the moon's equatorial dunes and polar lakes.

Arts, entertainment, and media

Video game franchise

The video game franchise, developed by , originated with the release of Doom on December 10, 1993, for , which revolutionized the (FPS) genre through its fast-paced and immersive 3D environments. Unlike its predecessor , Doom introduced advanced rendering with features like arbitrarily shaped floorplans, variable floor and ceiling heights that were horizontally flat, and multi-level structures, enabling more complex level designs that emphasized and tactical combat against demonic hordes. The game's distribution model—releasing the first episode for free—drove massive adoption, with estimates indicating over 10 million installations of the shareware version by 1995, while commercial sales of the full game exceeded 3 million copies. This approach not only popularized but also established id Software's innovative business strategy, shifting from traditional retail to accessible online sharing that influenced the industry's move toward demos and models. Subsequent mainline titles expanded the series' lore of interdimensional invasions by Hell's forces, with players controlling the protagonist known as (later the Doom Slayer) in relentless battles. Doom II: Hell on Earth, released in 1994, built on the original by adding new weapons, enemies like the arch-vile, and expanded multiplayer modes, further solidifying the franchise's emphasis on and competitive play over local area networks (). Doom 64 (1997), an N64 exclusive, featured new levels, weapons, and the enemy variant Double Trouble, bridging classic and modern eras. Expansions like (1996) introduced new episodes such as TNT: Evilution and The Plutonia Experiment. (2004) marked a tonal shift toward , utilizing the engine for advanced lighting and shadows that heightened tension, though it retained core run-and-gun mechanics. The 2016 reboot revitalized the series with the engine, delivering high-speed arena-style combat and seamless level integration, while (2020) amplified this with platforming elements, resource management via glory kills, and the engine's enhanced visuals and destruction effects; it was followed by the two-part The Ancient Gods in October 2020 and March 2021, concluding the storyline arcs. The prequel Doom: The Dark Ages, released in May 2025, serves as an set in a medieval era, introducing id Tech 8, melee-focused combat, and vehicular elements like mechs and dragons, achieving 3 million players in its launch week as of May 2025. The franchise has collectively sold over 10 million units, generating hundreds of millions in revenue, including over $450 million from Eternal alone in its first nine months. Doom's gameplay innovations, such as carrying multiple weapons—including the iconic BFG 9000, a plasma-based superweapon capable of area-denying blasts—prioritized aggressive, momentum-driven demon-slaying over cover-based shooting, setting a template for high-octane FPS titles. The series' modular engine design separated code from assets, fostering a vibrant modding community that produced custom levels, total conversions, and multiplayer enhancements like Skulltag, a source port emphasizing online invasion modes, team deathmatch, and bot support for classic Doom engines. This modularity directly influenced later games, including id's own Quake series with its fully 3D engine and Valve's Half-Life, which adopted Doom's focus on fluid movement and environmental storytelling. By evolving from shareware roots to proprietary id Tech engines licensed for broader use, the franchise not only pioneered technical advancements but also shaped the FPS genre's emphasis on accessibility, community-driven content, and unrelenting action.

Films

The Doom video game franchise has inspired two live-action films, both produced as adaptations of the original 1993 id Software title, which depicts soldiers battling demonic mutants on Mars. These movies emphasize horror-action narratives over the games' interactive gameplay, focusing on survival amid outbreaks in remote facilities. Doom, released in 2005 and directed by , follows a of Rapid Response Tactical Squad marines, led by Sarge () and including John "Reaper" Grimm (), who investigate a breach at the Union Aerospace Corporation's research base on Mars. There, a failed experiment with mutates scientists into aggressive monsters, forcing the team into a desperate fight for survival. The film, produced by with a of $60 million, grossed approximately $58 million worldwide but was considered a disappointment. It received mixed-to-negative reviews, earning an 18% approval rating on from 133 critics, who praised its action sequences but criticized the script's deviations from the source material, including a lack of depth and overreliance on clichés. A notable production element was a 15-minute perspective sequence, filmed using to mimic the game's viewpoint, which highlighted by Stan Winston Studio for the creature designs. In 2019, Universal 1440 Entertainment released Doom: Annihilation, a direct-to-video prequel directed by Tony Giglio, shifting focus to Lieutenant Joan Dark (Amy Manson) as a stand-in for the Doom Slayer. The story centers on a UAC marine unit responding to a distress signal from a base on Phobos, Mars' moon, where they confront an demonic invasion unleashed by a cultist ritual involving the unholy Argent Energy. Produced on a lower budget as part of Universal's straight-to-streaming slate, the film emphasizes gore and jump scares but omits much of the franchise's lore. It garnered a 43% Tomatometer score on Rotten Tomatoes based on seven reviews, with critics decrying the poor CGI, wooden acting, and generic plotting, while the audience score stood at 15%, reflecting fan frustration over its disconnection from the games' canon. As of , no additional Doom films have been released, though the franchise's enduring popularity continues to fuel speculation about future adaptations.

Music

is a subgenre of characterized by slow tempos, low-tuned guitars, and a thick, heavy sound that evokes bleak atmospheres and themes of despair, dread, and existential angst. Emerging in the and in the UK and , it draws heavily from the blues-based riffing and down-tuned heaviness of , whose 1971 album Master of Reality is widely regarded as a foundational influence for its sludgy, ominous tone that inspired subsequent developments in the style. The genre was more formally defined in the by Swedish band Candlemass with their 1986 debut Epicus Doomicus Metallicus, which combined epic song structures with operatic vocals and apocalyptic lyrics to solidify doom metal's epic, mournful identity. Key bands have shaped doom metal's evolution, including American pioneers , whose 1986 album Born Too Late captured a raw, Sabbath-esque gloom with extended riffs and psychedelic edges, helping establish the doom scene. In the UK, My Dying Bride's 1993 release Turn Loose the Swans blended doom with gothic and elements, introducing and mournful melodies to explore themes of loss and romance amid darkness. Bands like Electric Wizard have pushed boundaries with fuzzy, psychedelic doom, as seen in their dense, horror-infused soundscapes that amplify the genre's and psychedelic undercurrents. Influences from horror films and imagery are prevalent, with lyrics and aesthetics often drawing on dread, satanic motifs, and psychological terror to create an immersive sense of foreboding. The , held annually in , since 1999, has become a cornerstone for , curating immersive lineups that highlight experimental and traditional acts, fostering community and innovation within the niche. Beyond the core genre, musical works titled with "doom" include ' 2012 single "Doom and Gloom," a gritty rock track reflecting economic despair and released as part of their 50th anniversary compilation GRRR!. has seen steady niche growth into 2025, with heavy rock and metal concerts increasing by 14% in 2025, with metal acts accounting for 13% of arena and stadium shows, though it remains underground compared to mainstream metal.

Fictional characters

One of the most iconic fictional characters named Doom is , also known as Victor von Doom, a from created by writer and artist in Fantastic Four #5 in July 1962. As the monarch of the fictional Eastern European nation of , combines genius-level intellect in science and sorcery to pursue world domination, often clashing with the as their primary . He has appeared in over 500 comic book issues, multiple animated series such as the 1994 Fantastic Four cartoon where he serves as a recurring antagonist, and by 2025, he receives teases in the , including a in The Fantastic Four: First Steps and a major role in Avengers: Doomsday. Mount Doom, or Orodruin in the Sindarin language, is a fictional central to J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, first published in 1954, where it serves as the foreboding heart of the dark land of . Created by the dark entity Melkor in the First Age and later exploited by to forge in its fiery depths during the Second Age, Mount Doom becomes the destined site for the Ring's destruction in the Third Age, symbolizing the quest's climactic apocalyptic confrontation. In Peter Jackson's film adaptations (2001–2003), in stands in for in several exterior shots, with and models enhancing its portrayal due to the volcano's cultural significance to the . Other notable fictional characters bearing the name Doom include Judge Doom from the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit, portrayed by Christopher Lloyd as the sadistic, power-hungry judge of Toontown and leader of the corrupt Toon Patrol weasels, who seeks to eradicate the city's animated inhabitants using a lethal substance called "dip." In the Sonic the Hedgehog video game series, Black Doom debuts as the alien overlord and primary antagonist in Shadow the Hedgehog (2005), commanding the invasive Black Arms race with ambitions of planetary conquest and serving as Shadow's manipulative biological progenitor. Thulsa Doom originates in Robert E. Howard's pulp fiction, first appearing as a necromantic cult leader and sorcerer in the 1928-written Kull story "Delcardes' Cat" (published posthumously in 1967), later adapted into the Conan the Barbarian mythos as a tyrannical snake-worshipping high priest in tales like "The Tower of the Elephant" (1933). Finally, Doomguy, the silent protagonist of the Doom video game franchise developed by id Software, is an unnamed U.S. space marine who battles hordes of demons invading from Hell, known as Doomguy or the Doom Marine in the games, and named Flynn Taggart in the non-canon 1990s novel series adapting the games. Across these portrayals, characters named Doom often embody themes of tyrannical rule and apocalyptic destruction, from Doctor Doom's dictatorial empire-building to Mount Doom's role in an end-times cataclysm, reflecting a shared archetype of inevitable doom and authoritarian menace.

Other works

In literature, the Doom novels form a series of four science fiction books officially licensed from the Doom video game franchise, written by Dafydd ab Hugh and Brad Linaweaver and published by Pocket Books (an imprint of Simon & Schuster) between 1995 and 1996. The first novel, Knee-Deep in the Dead (1995), follows a marine battling demonic forces on Mars, expanding the game's lore into a narrative focused on survival and interdimensional invasion. Subsequent volumes, including Hell on Earth (1995), Infernal Sky (1996), and Endgame (1996), continue the story across Earth, alien worlds, and hellish realms, emphasizing themes of heroism amid apocalyptic chaos. Additionally, "doom" recurs as a motif in H.P. Lovecraft's cosmic horror tales, symbolizing inescapable fate and existential dread; for instance, in At the Mountains of Madness (1936), the narrator describes the "ultimate doom" of an ancient, alien civilization unearthed in Antarctica, underscoring humanity's insignificance against elder gods. In television, (2019–2023) is an American superhero series developed by for and HBO Max, adapting the DC Comics team into a narrative about misfit heroes confronting bizarre threats and personal traumas. Spanning four seasons with 58 episodes, it explores themes of isolation and redemption through characters like Robotman and Elasti-Woman, who battle entities embodying literal and metaphorical doom. The board game Doom: The Boardgame (2004), designed by Kevin Wilson and published by , adapts the video game's mechanics into a 2–5 player asymmetric experience where one player controls invading demons and others command marines completing objectives on a Mars facility map. Featuring over 60 detailed miniatures and modular boards, it emphasizes tactical combat, resource management, and mission-based gameplay lasting 1–2 hours. In independent comics, Incredible Doom is a series by Matthew Bogart and Jesse Holden, published by Algonquin Young Readers starting in 2021, depicting teenagers entangled in early dangers and influences during the . The three-volume arc, including Incredible Doom: From the Glorious Days of the Early (2021), blends slice-of-life drama with , using "doom" to evoke digital-age perils and youthful vulnerability. Theater productions incorporating "doom" include Anne Imhof's immersive performance Doom (2025), staged at the in as part of an run from March 3–12. This three-hour durational work features around 50 performers reinterpreting Shakespeare's amid 26 parked Escalades, soundscapes, and motifs of youthful despair and , evoking a sense of impending environmental and emotional doom. Virtual reality experiences feature prominently in DOOM VFR (2017), developed by and published by for platforms including , , and . Players embody a cybernetic survivor navigating the UAC facility on Mars and Hell's depths, using and weapon upgrades in fast-paced, immersive against demons; by 2025, it remains a benchmark for VR adaptations of the franchise, with ongoing compatibility updates for modern headsets.

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