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Emerging Sources Citation Index

The Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) is a multidisciplinary database launched in 2015 by as part of the Core Collection, designed to index high-quality, peer-reviewed journals that demonstrate regional significance or cover emerging fields of research not yet fully represented in established indices. It provides cover-to-cover indexing of articles, along with cited references, author affiliations, and subject categories, enabling users to track and discover innovative scholarship from diverse global sources. ESCI's primary purpose is to broaden the scope of the by incorporating publications from the , niche topics, and journals that meet rigorous editorial standards but may not immediately qualify for inclusion in more selective indices like the (SCIE) or (SSCI). Journals selected for ESCI undergo an independent evaluation process assessing factors such as peer-review quality, editorial rigor, timeliness of publication, and evidence of international influence or potential. As of 2025, ESCI covers 9,054 actively journals across 252 categories, with backfiles extending to 2005 and content accounting for 25-50% of the Core Collection's papers from that period onward. This expansion enhances visibility for regionally important research in areas like social sciences (29% additional coverage) and arts & humanities (24% additional coverage). Key features of ESCI include real-time citation tracking, comprehensive metadata for all authors and institutions, and integration with tools for analyzing trends, collaborations, and impact. It supports early-career researchers, interdisciplinary studies, and institutional evaluations by providing metrics such as the Journal Impact Factor (JIF) for all titles since 2023, while serving as a pathway for journals to advance to higher-tier indices based on sustained performance. By prioritizing trustworthy, innovative content over strict impact thresholds, ESCI fosters a more inclusive global research ecosystem, aiding funders, policymakers, and scholars in identifying emerging trends and underrepresented perspectives.

Background and Context

Citation Indices in Scholarly Publishing

Citation indices are bibliographic databases that systematically track citations between scholarly publications, such as journal articles, books, and , to map the influence and interconnections within academic literature. By indexing both citing and cited works, these tools allow users to trace the flow of ideas, identify influential research, and navigate related studies efficiently. The historical evolution of citation indices began in the mid-20th century with Eugene Garfield's pioneering work at the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), where he proposed and developed the as a tool for scientific literature retrieval. Launched in 1964, the SCI marked the first comprehensive citation index for scientific journals, inspired by legal citation systems like . Over the decades, this foundation expanded into multidisciplinary platforms, incorporating social sciences, humanities, and arts through indices like the (1972) and Arts & Humanities Citation Index (1976), while adapting to digital formats and broader global coverage. At their core, citation indices serve three primary functions in scholarly publishing: enabling forward and backward literature searches to discover relevant works beyond keyword matching, evaluating research impact via metrics like citation counts and , and facilitating bibliometric analyses to uncover trends, collaborations, and productivity patterns across disciplines. These capabilities support evidence-based decision-making in . The benefits of citation indices extend to multiple stakeholders in scholarly ecosystems. Researchers gain enhanced visibility for their work, which can influence career advancement and collaboration opportunities. Institutions leverage them for holistic assessments of faculty performance, , and against peers, often informing . Publishers use these tools to demonstrate journal quality and reach, aiding in marketing and editorial strategies to attract high-impact submissions. Collectively, they contribute to funding decisions by quantifying societal and scientific contributions. Major providers dominate the landscape, including Clarivate's , a leading example that indexes over 271 million records and 3 billion citations across more than 34,000 journals spanning 254 subject categories. Elsevier's offers broad coverage with over 100 million documents from 30,200 active serial titles, including books and preprints. provides open-access indexing of scholarly literature, encompassing articles, theses, and books with citation metrics updated through 2025.

Web of Science Core Collection

The Core Collection serves as Clarivate's flagship citation indexing platform, providing multidisciplinary access to scholarly literature through a curated selection of high-quality sources. Originally developed from products of the , founded in 1960 by , the platform evolved into its current online form known as in 1997, offering comprehensive coverage of cited references to facilitate research discovery and impact analysis. At its core, the collection comprises several key indices: the (SCIE), which indexes approximately 9,450 actively publishing journals across 182 subject categories in the sciences since 1900; the (SSCI), covering 3,541 journals in 47 categories; the Arts & Humanities Citation Index (AHCI), encompassing 1,808 journals in 25 arts and categories; and the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), which includes 9,054 emerging journals spanning 252 subject areas. These indices together provide coverage of over 22,000 peer-reviewed journals, more than 97 million records, and 2.4 billion cited references as of 2025, with a multidisciplinary scope that is particularly strong in science, , , and (STEM) fields due to the dominance of SCIE. Selection for the established indices—SCIE, SSCI, and AHCI—emphasizes rigorous quality thresholds, evaluating journals against 28 criteria focused on rigor, best practices, and evidence of , such as consistent , processes, and international diversity, to ensure only high-impact, established titles are included. This process is managed by independent in-house editors to maintain objectivity and avoid biases. Overall, the Core Collection supports global research across 254 subject areas, with access provided through subscription-based institutional licenses on the platform, complemented by analytical tools like (JCR) for journal performance metrics.

History and Development

Launch and Inception

The Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) was announced and launched on November 8, 2015, by as the eighth edition of the Core Collection. This introduction occurred prior to the 2016 of ' Intellectual Property & Science business, which became Clarivate Analytics. At launch, ESCI included approximately 1,500 high-quality, peer-reviewed journals, with content coverage beginning from publications dated 2015 and additional titles added weekly thereafter. The primary motivations for ESCI's creation stemmed from the need to broaden the Web of Science's representation of global scholarly output, particularly by incorporating journals in emerging scientific fields, regional publications of local significance, and niche areas that did not yet meet the stringent impact-based thresholds of established indices like the (SCIE) and (SSCI). aimed to address coverage gaps that limited visibility for diverse scholarship, including contributions from non-Western regions and underrepresented disciplines, while maintaining rigorous editorial standards to support research assessment, funding evaluations, and . This initiative responded to user demands for expanded yet selective content, enhancing the platform's ability to reflect broader international and interdisciplinary research activity without compromising overall quality. ESCI was established as a multidisciplinary index focused exclusively on peer-reviewed journals that passed an initial editorial triage for ethical compliance, technical accessibility, and scholarly relevance, serving as a potential pathway for future elevation to SCIE, SSCI, or Arts & Humanities Citation Index (AHCI). facilitated its inception through partnerships with publishers, inviting nominations and submissions via the Master Journal List (MJL) portal to encourage participation from global entities, including providers. Early objectives emphasized increasing inclusivity for innovative and regionally focused publications—such as those from developing countries or specialized outlets—while ensuring discoverability and citability within the ecosystem, thereby promoting equitable access to emerging scholarship.

Key Milestones and Updates

Following its launch in 2015, the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) underwent a significant transition in 2016 when Clarivate Analytics was formed through the acquisition of ' Intellectual Property and Science business, which encompassed the platform and its indices, including ESCI; this integration solidified ESCI's position within the Core Collection under Clarivate's management. The index experienced substantial growth in the ensuing years, expanding from its initial approximately 1,500 journals to over 9,000 actively publishing titles by August 2025, reflecting increased inclusion of emerging and regional scholarly content. In May 2021, announced that journals indexed in ESCI, along with those in the Arts & Humanities Citation Index (AHCI), would be included in the (JCR) starting with the 2021 edition, providing descriptive data and a Journal Citation Indicator (JCI) metric without assigning Journal Impact Factors (JIFs) at that stage. A pivotal policy shift occurred in July 2022 when declared that all journals in the Core Collection, including those in ESCI, would receive JIFs beginning with the 2023 JCR release (based on 2022 data), marking the end of a selective impact factor assignment process and enabling broader evaluation of emerging journals. The 2023 JCR edition, released in June, assigned JIFs to nearly 9,000 journals in ESCI and AHCI for the first time, enhancing their visibility and benchmarking capabilities within the scholarly ecosystem. In 2025, conducted multiple refreshes of the Master Journal List (MJL), adding titles such as new journals while removing others— for instance, 84 additions and 7 removals in August, and 67 additions and 5 removals in October— with a heightened focus on ethical standards, including stricter adherence to COPE guidelines and exclusion of predatory practices amid ongoing scandals in scholarly . Over time, ESCI's policies evolved to prioritize , such as maintaining a publicly accessible MJL for real-time journal status updates and implementing annual reviews to monitor compliance with quality criteria, ensuring sustained integrity in index coverage.

Purpose and Scope

Objectives and Role

The Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) primarily aims to expand the scope of the Core Collection by including high-quality, peer-reviewed journals that are newly launched, niche, or focused on emerging scientific fields, thereby spotlighting publications with demonstrated potential but insufficient publication history for inclusion in established indices like the (SCIE) or (SSCI). This objective addresses gaps in scholarly coverage by providing visibility to regionally significant research that holds global relevance, enabling researchers to uncover innovative content before it achieves widespread international . In its role within , ESCI promotes diversity by supporting underrepresented disciplines, geographic regions, and publication formats such as , which fosters greater equity in research visibility and encourages international collaboration across a broad spectrum of subject areas. By indexing journals from diverse global sources, it helps bridge disparities in access to networks, particularly for content from emerging economies and interdisciplinary studies, aligning with broader goals of inclusive . ESCI offers key benefits to various stakeholders: journals gain enhanced credibility through Web of Science indexing, which boosts their discoverability and potential; authors benefit from integration into a comprehensive database that connects their work to global scholarly conversations; and institutions can better track emerging trends and institutional outputs in underrepresented areas. This multifaceted support facilitates real-time insights into performance and aids in identifying potential collaborators. Distinguishing itself from other citation indices, ESCI functions as a rigorous entry point or "pathway" to the full Core Collection, where journals undergo initial editorial evaluation and remain eligible for promotion to SCIE, SSCI, or Arts & Humanities Citation Index based on ongoing performance. Strategically, it underscores the importance of monitoring evolving research landscapes, with over 5.9 million records added since , thereby enhancing the overall trustworthiness and comprehensiveness of global scholarly discovery.

Journal Characteristics

The Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) primarily indexes newly launched journals as well as niche and specialized publications that have not yet established widespread recognition in the scholarly community. These journals are characterized by their focus on innovative and emerging research areas, ensuring high-quality, peer-reviewed content that adheres to ethical publishing standards. Many incorporate models to enhance accessibility, reflecting a commitment to broadening the dissemination of research in underrepresented or developing fields. Typical ESCI journals exhibit regional emphases, such as those dedicated to , or address nascent disciplines like AI ethics, providing targeted coverage that fills gaps in global scholarship. While primary content may appear in various languages, English is required for bibliographic and abstracts to facilitate discoverability. As of , ESCI covers approximately 9,000 actively publishing titles across 252 subject categories. Due to their novelty and specialized scopes, ESCI journals often experience lower initial citation rates compared to more established indexes, though this positions them for potential rapid growth as their content gains traction in the research ecosystem. This characteristic underscores ESCI's role in nurturing emerging publications with relevance and regional significance.

Selection and Evaluation Process

Inclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria for the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) emphasize quality and editorial rigor without requiring demonstrated , distinguishing it from other indices. Journals must demonstrate an active peer-review process for primary research articles, involving external reviewers to ensure scholarly validity. Adherence to ethical standards is mandatory, including transparent policies aligned with guidelines from organizations such as the (COPE) or the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME), with no tolerance for predatory practices like excessive publication fees without corresponding value or deceptive editorial processes. English-language bibliographic information is required, encompassing titles, abstracts, author names, affiliations, and references in Roman script to facilitate global accessibility. Technical publishing standards must also be met, such as possession of a registered , a distinct title, clear publication frequency, and accessible , including DOIs for articles and comprehensive for indexing. Journals are recommended and submitted for evaluation through the Master Journal List (MJL), where nominations can originate from users, journal editors, or publishers, all requiring a free account to initiate the process. Submissions proceed via the dedicated Publisher for formal application by publishers. Quality thresholds are assessed against 24 specific criteria, evaluating scholarly relevance through original, graduate-level content; editorial board expertise with diverse geographic representation; and alignment with community standards, such as accurate websites and proper funding disclosures. Unlike the (SCIE), ESCI imposes no minimum citation thresholds, publication history of two or more years, or evidence of influence, allowing emerging or regionally focused journals to qualify based solely on these quality benchmarks. The application process is free and involves an initial desk review for basic compliance, followed by expert editorial evaluation using the full set of criteria; while exact timelines vary based on Clarivate's priorities for database expansion, re-submissions after initial failures may face embargoes of one to two years.

Review and Monitoring Procedures

Journals included in the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) undergo proactive monitoring to ensure ongoing compliance with Clarivate's quality and ethical standards, utilizing AI tools, community feedback, and periodic re-evaluations. This process focuses on maintaining high editorial standards, editorial integrity, and adherence to principles outlined in resources like the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) recommendations and the (COPE). Underperforming journals may be flagged during these reviews, potentially leading to an "On Hold" status on the Master Journal List while further assessment occurs. Monitoring encompasses several key metrics, including citation performance to gauge emerging impact, publication regularity to verify consistent output, and user feedback from the scholarly community to identify potential issues. While specific thresholds are not publicly detailed, these indicators help assess whether journals continue to contribute valuable, peer-reviewed content without ethical lapses. Journals that demonstrate sustained activity meeting impact criteria are re-evaluated for promotion to more established indices like the (SCIE) or (SSCI). The removal process applies when journals fail to uphold these standards, resulting in deselection at the discretion of Web of Science editors, often due to cessation of publication, declines in quality, or indicators of predatory practices such as excessive self-citation or ethical violations. Upon removal, affected titles receive an "Editorial De-listing" notation in the Master Journal List's Monthly Changes Archive, with a typical two-year embargo preventing reapplication, though exceptions may apply for minor issues. Transparency is maintained through regular updates to the Master Journal List, which is refreshed at least monthly and serves as the authoritative source for coverage changes, with detailed archives available for downloads. Publishers can appeal deselection decisions by submitting evidence-based rebuttals via a dedicated form to [email protected], though outcomes remain at the editors' discretion and do not consider post-decision corrective actions. These measures ensure accountability while protecting the integrity of the ESCI within the ecosystem.

Coverage and Integration

Disciplinary and Geographic Reach

The Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) provides multidisciplinary coverage across 252 subject categories, encompassing science, social sciences, arts, , and emerging fields such as and . It offers expanded representation in social sciences (29% more coverage than core indices) and arts and (24% more), while providing relatively less emphasis on established core disciplines compared to the (SCIE). This distribution supports the discovery of niche and evolving research areas, with 9,054 active journals contributing to over 5.9 million as of 2025. Geographically, ESCI promotes diversity by indexing journals from over 100 countries and authors from more than 200 countries or regions, with 25-50% of its papers since 2005 originating from non-Western areas including , , , and the . Examples include contributions from nations like , , , and , enhancing visibility for regionally significant research and fostering global collaboration. A significant portion of ESCI journals are , facilitating wider dissemination. ESCI indexes peer-reviewed journals and tracks citations linked to its content within the broader ecosystem. Growth has been rapid, particularly in titles from developing regions since 2020. Despite its inclusivity, ESCI remains English-centric in metadata and abstracting, though primary publication languages vary, including , , and others in non-English journals. This linguistic focus can limit discoverability of fully non-English content, even as the index incorporates multilingual sources to reflect global research diversity.

Position Within Web of Science

The Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) occupies a foundational position within the Core Collection as an entry-level multidisciplinary index, designed to incorporate high-quality journals that may not yet meet the stringent impact thresholds of the premium indices— (SCIE), (SSCI), and Arts & Humanities Citation Index (AHCI)—while serving as a bridge for their potential elevation based on growing citation activity and editorial merit. This hierarchical role allows emerging publications to gain visibility and undergo continuous evaluation, fostering broader representation of global scholarly output without compromising the Core Collection's overall rigor. Since its integration in , ESCI content has been fully searchable alongside other Collection indices, supporting seamless full-text indexing, cited reference searching, and metadata analysis across the platform to enable comprehensive of in evolving disciplines. With coverage encompassing approximately 9,054 actively publishing journals and over 5.9 million records spanning 252 subject categories since 2005, ESCI annually bolsters the with substantial new content, proving essential for thorough literature reviews in underrepresented or rapidly developing fields. ESCI enhances the complementary value of the by expanding its effective scope beyond the roughly 12,000 titles in the premium indices to a total of over 22,000 journals in the Core Collection, thereby deepening subject coverage—such as adding 29% more sciences and 24% more arts & humanities content—and aiding in global institutional rankings and cross-border research assessments. Technically, it leverages the unified interface, including advanced filters to isolate ESCI-specific results, citation alerts, and classification tools like Web of Science Categories, ensuring users can navigate and analyze emerging research with the same efficiency as established content.

Metrics and Impact

Citation Tracking Features

The Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) indexes references from its included journals, enabling users to track citations through forward and backward searching within the broader Core Collection. This process links citations from ESCI publications to citing works across all Web of Science indexes, providing comprehensive visibility into how emerging research influences established literature. Key tools for in ESCI include the Cited Reference Search, which allows users to explore who has cited a specific work or author, and the Analyze Results feature, which generates visualizations of citation trends such as publication patterns and subject distributions. Additionally, results can be exported directly to bibliometric software like VOSviewer or CiteSpace for advanced network analysis and mapping. A distinctive feature of ESCI's citation tracking is its support for early-career and niche journals, where citation volumes may be low but influence is significant in specialized or regional contexts, helping to highlight overlooked contributions before they gain broader recognition. As of 2025, ESCI encompasses over 5.9 million records from 9,054 actively publishing journals across 252 subject categories, demonstrating steady expansion in coverage since its 2015 launch. These features enable researchers to identify interdisciplinary connections by tracing citations across diverse fields and to assess the emerging impact of publications in underrepresented areas, such as regional studies or innovative open-access outlets.

Impact Factor Assignment

In 2022, Clarivate announced a significant expansion of Journal Impact Factor (JIF) eligibility to include all fully indexed journals in the Web of Science Core Collection, encompassing those in the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), provided they meet the necessary data thresholds for calculation. This shift, effective with the 2023 Journal Citation Reports (JCR) release, marked the first time ESCI journals became eligible for JIF assignment, previously limited to journals in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE), Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), and Arts & Humanities Citation Index (AHCI). To qualify, an ESCI journal must have at least two complete years of citable publication data (articles and reviews) prior to the citation year, enabling the computation of citations received in the current year to those prior publications; journals lacking this data appear in JCR with profile information but no JIF. The JIF is calculated annually by as the average number of citations received in the JCR year to citable items published in the two preceding years, divided by the total number of citable items from those years. For instance, the 2025 JCR, released in June 2025, assigns 2024 JIFs using citations from 2024 to items published in 2023 and 2022, drawing from all Core Collection sources in the numerator while restricting the denominator to articles and reviews only. The initial JIF assignments for ESCI journals occurred in the June 2023 JCR release for the 2022 data year, resulting in over 9,000 journals—predominantly from ESCI and AHCI—receiving a JIF for the first time, thereby providing these emerging publications with a standardized measure of scholarly impact. Subsequent releases have continued this inclusion, with the 2025 JCR assigning JIFs to 618 additional journals for the first time. ESCI journals with elevated JIFs, particularly those demonstrating sustained citation growth, undergo re-evaluation for potential to SCIE, SSCI, or AHCI, as high signals fulfillment of the four additional impact criteria beyond the initial 24 quality standards. For example, journals achieving JIFs competitive with or exceeding established indexes in their categories—often above 3.0 in relevant fields—may advance, enhancing their and prestige within the scholarly ecosystem. However, JIFs are not displayed in the interface until the annual JCR release, and calculations exclude non-citable items like editorials or corrections to maintain focus on output. This approach ensures while emphasizing the metric's role in tracking emerging without immediate .

Criticisms and Challenges

Quality and Predatory Publishing Concerns

The Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) has drawn substantial criticism for its relatively lenient inclusion criteria, which enable the indexing of predatory journals lacking rigorous and ethical standards. Scholarly communication expert highlighted concerns that the index's lower barriers—compared to core collections—could inadvertently incorporate low-quality or predatory publications, thereby diluting the platform's overall integrity. A 2020 study corroborated this by identifying 28 predatory journals within ESCI, many exhibiting hallmarks such as fabricated metrics, spurious editorial boards, and minimal or nonexistent processes. Supporting evidence includes documented instances of ESCI-indexed journals promoting invented factors or participating in citation stacking schemes to inflate . From 2018 to , Clarivate delisted numerous titles from coverage due to violations of quality and ethical guidelines, with patterns indicating persistent infiltration by predatory entities; for example, suppressions for excessive self- rose to 33 journals in alone. These cases illustrate how initial vetting gaps allow problematic content to persist until post-inclusion monitoring detects issues. Such inclusions erode the Web of Science's reputation as a for scholarly evaluation, placing legitimate emerging publishers at a competitive disadvantage and skewing geographic representation—particularly from the Global South—through the over-indexing of substandard outlets. In late 2024, amid intensified scrutiny from advocates like cOAlition S emphasizing ethical publishing, escalated removals, delisting titles like the mega-journal in October 2025 for lapses in editorial oversight and potential papermill involvement, alongside smaller batches in August 2025 totaling seven journals from ESCI for failing ongoing quality assessments. For researchers and institutions, these quality shortfalls pose risks of inadvertently citing unreliable or fraudulent research, complicating literature reviews and inflating error rates in meta-analyses. Consequently, many academic evaluators now approach ESCI-indexed sources with caution, often excluding them from formal assessments like tenure or decisions to avoid endorsing potentially unverified . Citation analyses reveal "contamination" effects, where high-impact journals reference predatory ESCI titles, further propagating low-quality content across the scholarly record.

Responses from Clarivate and Scholarly Community

In response to criticisms regarding and the of potentially predatory journals in the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), has emphasized its rigorous, publisher-independent evaluation process, which applies 24 mandatory quality criteria to all candidate journals, including those for ESCI. These criteria encompass editorial rigor, peer-review processes, ethical publishing standards, and the presence of transparent ethics statements aligned with guidelines from organizations like the (COPE) or the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME). Journals must provide full details on ethical requirements for authors, such as conflict-of-interest declarations and handling of , to be considered for . Clarivate maintains ongoing monitoring of ESCI journals, re-evaluating them for sustained compliance with these criteria and citation performance that may qualify them for promotion to core indexes like SCIE or SSCI. If a journal fails to meet quality standards—due to issues like inadequate or ethical lapses—it is removed from coverage, with updates to the Master Journal List published regularly; for instance, the September 2025 update documented the removal of eight journals alongside new additions. This transparent removal process, detailed in 's Removal from Coverage policy, aims to uphold trust by excluding untrustworthy titles and addressing predatory concerns proactively. Within the scholarly community, responses to ESCI's role in balancing inclusivity with quality have been mixed but increasingly positive regarding its contributions to . A 2025 analysis in The Scholarly Kitchen highlighted ESCI's value in capturing lower-volume, emerging publications that enhance geographic and disciplinary representation in the , though it called for refined metrics to better assess their long-term impact amid market consolidation trends. Ongoing debates in the center on striking the right balance between ESCI's inclusive —covering and emerging —and maintaining rigorous thresholds to prevent predatory inclusions. Proposals for tiered indexing within ESCI have emerged in discussions, suggesting graduated levels of to further incentivize improvements while preserving . Positive outcomes include Clarivate's assertion that these processes have fortified ESCI against untrustworthy titles, with annual updates demonstrating sustained growth in compliant journals and reduced risks through curation.

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