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Florida pompano

The Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) is a marine fish species belonging to the jack family (Carangidae), characterized by its deep, compressed body, silvery sides with a bluish-green back and yellowish belly, and small terminal mouth.^[1]^[2] It typically reaches a maximum length of 64 cm (25 inches) and weight of 3.8 kg (8.4 lbs), though common sizes are around 40 cm, making it a moderately sized coastal species prized for its firm, white flesh.^[1]^[3] Native to the western Atlantic Ocean, the Florida pompano ranges from Massachusetts in the north to Brazil in the south, including the Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies, but is absent from the clear waters of the Bahamas.^[1] Adults inhabit coastal and nearshore waters at depths of 1–70 m, often in saline environments with temperatures between 23–28°C (73–82°F), while juveniles frequent sandy beaches exposed to wave action, bays, and estuaries.^[1]^[2] These fish are oceanodromous, migrating northward along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts in spring and returning south in fall to avoid colder waters below 10–12°C (50–54°F), where they experience stress or mortality.^[3] Biologically, Florida pompano form schools ranging from small groups to large aggregations and are benthopelagic, feeding primarily on mollusks, crustaceans (such as sand fleas), polychaetes, and small fish during daylight hours.^[1]^[2] They reach sexual maturity at about 25–36 cm (10–14 inches) in length, typically by 1–2 years of age, with a maximum lifespan of up to 7 years.^[1]^[3] Spawning occurs offshore from March to September (or as late as October), with females producing 133,000–800,000 eggs per season in batch spawning events; juveniles settle in nearshore areas during summer months.^[2]^[3] As a highly esteemed food fish, the Florida pompano supports significant recreational and commercial fisheries, particularly in the southeastern United States, where as of 2022 it commanded dockside prices up to $5.27 per pound.^[3]^[4] It is targeted using hook-and-line, cast nets, and beach seines in inshore and nearshore waters, with market preferences for individuals weighing 0.45–0.68 kg (1–1.5 lbs).^[2] Efforts in aquaculture have advanced since the 1960s, including designation as commercially ready for U.S. marine aquaculture in 2021 and ongoing research, focusing on controlled spawning and rearing to meet demand, though wild capture remains dominant.^[1]^[3]^[5]

Taxonomy

Classification

The Florida pompano is classified under the binomial name Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766).^[1] This species belongs to the class Actinopterygii, encompassing the vast majority of ray-finned fishes.^[6] It is placed in the order Carangiformes, a diverse group of percomorph fishes characterized by their streamlined bodies and often schooling behavior.^[7] Within the order, T. carolinus is part of the family Carangidae, commonly known as jacks and trevallies, which includes around 147 species across 39 genera, many of which are important in commercial fisheries.^[7] The species resides in the genus Trachinotus, a circumtropical group comprising approximately 20 species of pompanos distinguished by their deep, compressed bodies and lack of scutes on the lateral line.^[8] These species are primarily marine and inhabit coastal waters, with T. carolinus notable for its occurrence along the western Atlantic margins. Historical synonyms for T. carolinus include Gasterosteus carolinus Linnaeus, 1766, and Trachinotus pampanus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1832, both now considered invalid.^[6] Phylogenetically, T. carolinus is assigned to the subfamily Trachinotinae within Carangidae. Molecular studies utilizing complete mitochondrial genomes from 37 carangid species have demonstrated that Trachinotinae forms a monophyletic clade, diverging from the combined Naucratinae and Caranginae lineages around 74 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous.^[9] More recent phylogenomic analyses, employing 958 ultraconserved elements across 154 taxa, have revealed that Carangidae is paraphyletic; the Trachinotinae, along with related groups like Lichia and Scomberoidinae, are elevated to the family Trachinotidae, which is sister to a clade including remoras (Echeneidae), cobia (Rachycentron canadum), and dolphinfishes (Coryphaenidae) within the superfamily Carangoidei.^[10] These findings, calibrated to approximately 54 million years ago for the Carangoidei origin, underscore the evolutionary divergence driven by marine habitat adaptations.

Etymology

The scientific name of the Florida pompano is Trachinotus carolinus. The genus name Trachinotus derives from the Ancient Greek words trachys (τραχύς), meaning "rough," and notos (νῶτος), meaning "back," alluding to the rough texture of the dorsal fin spines in species of this genus.^[11] The specific epithet carolinus honors the Carolina region of North America, from which the original specimens described by Carl Linnaeus were collected, reflecting the species' presence along the Atlantic coast.^[12] Linnaeus formally described the fish in the 12th edition of Systema Naturae in 1766, initially classifying it under the genus Gasterosteus as Gasterosteus carolinus, before its later reassignment to Trachinotus.^[12] The common name "pompano" traces its origins to the Spanish term pámpano, which entered English usage in the late 18th century to denote prized edible fish of the West Indies and Gulf of Mexico, possibly evoking the Latin pampinus (vine tendril) due to the fish's slender, leaf-like body shape or its high culinary value.^[13] In regional contexts, particularly along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, it is also known as "Carolina pompano" or "common pompano," emphasizing its geographic associations and popularity as a food fish.

Description

Physical characteristics

The Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) exhibits a deep, laterally compressed oval body shape, which facilitates rapid maneuvers in nearshore environments. This compression is evident in the similar upper and lower body profiles, culminating in a deeply forked caudal fin that aids in propulsion. The head is characterized by a short, blunt snout and a small mouth that extends to below the mid-eye level.^[14]^[15]^[16] The dorsal fin comprises a first dorsal with 6-8 short spines (the first often resorbed in adults) and a second dorsal with 1 spine and 22-27 soft rays (typically 23-25). The anal fin features 2 detached spines anteriorly followed by 1 spine and 20-24 soft rays (usually 21-22). The body is covered in small, partly embedded cycloid scales, with 35-42 scales along the lateral line, which arches slightly anteriorly before becoming straight posteriorly. The jaws bear small, conical teeth arranged in bands, while the eyes are small in size.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18] Coloration varies with habitat and life stage, featuring a blue-green to dark greenish-gray dorsum that fades to silvery sides and a yellowish ventral surface. A subtle yellow tint often appears on the pelvic and anal fins, as well as the belly, particularly in individuals from darker waters or juveniles, where this pigmentation is more pronounced.^[14]^[19]^[17]

Size and growth

The Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) attains a maximum total length of 64 cm, although individuals commonly reach 40 cm.^[1] Market-sized specimens typically measure 25–36 cm in total length and weigh 0.5–1 kg.^[3] The species record weight is 3.8 kg for a 64 cm individual.^[1] The International Game Fish Association recognizes an all-tackle world record of 3.77 kg (8 lb 4 oz).^[2] Growth in the wild is rapid, with juveniles increasing 2–3 cm per month, allowing fish to reach approximately 30 cm at age 1 based on otolith analysis.^[3] Fish attain 1 kg in 12–18 months under natural conditions.^[3] In aquaculture systems, growth is accelerated; for example, juveniles reach 700 g in 240–270 days at water temperatures of 27–29°C.^[20] Sexual dimorphism is evident in size at maturity, with females growing slightly larger than males; mature females average 31 cm fork length and 0.77 kg, compared to 31 cm and 0.68 kg for males.^[3] This difference becomes more pronounced in older individuals, as indicated by age-length data from otolith readings showing faster growth trajectories for females.^[21]

Lifespan

The Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) typically exhibits an average lifespan of 3 to 4 years in the wild under normal conditions.^[22] However, individuals can survive up to a maximum of 7 years, with this longevity determined through aging of sagitta otoliths.^[23] Predation on juveniles and intense fishing pressure often limit the realized lifespan of many individuals to 2 to 3 years, as a substantial portion of the population is harvested before reaching older ages.^[24] This shorter effective lifespan reflects elevated fishing mortality rates that have historically exceeded levels producing maximum sustainable yield. The lifespan of the Florida pompano is notably shorter than that of some congeneric relatives in the family Carangidae, such as the permit (Trachinotus falcatus), which can attain ages of up to 23 years.^[25] Age determination for the Florida pompano relies primarily on counting annuli in the sagitta otoliths, which have been validated as the most reliable hard structure due to strong correlations between otolith radii, annuli counts, and fish length.^[26]

Distribution and habitat

Geographic range

The Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) is native to the western Atlantic Ocean, with a geographic range extending from Massachusetts in the United States southward to Brazil.^[1] This distribution includes the entire Gulf of Mexico and scattered localities throughout the West Indies.^[1] The species is absent from the clear waters of the Bahamas and similar coralline insular areas.^[1] Within this broad range, the species is most concentrated in subtropical and tropical coastal waters, particularly those adjacent to Florida and other Gulf of Mexico states.^[27]^[19] Florida pompano exhibit distinct seasonal migration patterns driven primarily by water temperature changes. Juveniles typically appear along southern beaches, such as those in Florida, during April or May following offshore spawning.^[22] After a growth period of approximately six weeks, they migrate northward along the Atlantic coast, reaching New England waters by July and remaining there through October.^[22]^[28] In response to cooling temperatures, adults and juveniles then migrate southward during winter, often returning to more southerly latitudes like the Gulf of Mexico.^[28]^[29] Areas of highest abundance include the sandy beaches and nearshore waters of Florida's Atlantic and Gulf coasts, where migratory schools are common during spring and fall runs.^[2] In the western Gulf, Texas bays and surf zones represent key hotspots, especially during winter months when pompano congregate to feed.^[30]^[19]

Habitat preferences

The Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) inhabits temperate to subtropical coastal waters, favoring environments with specific temperature and salinity conditions that support its physiological needs. Optimal water temperatures range from 25 to 30°C for growth, though the species tolerates a broader spectrum of 23 to 28°C based on occurrence data. Salinity preferences center on 25 to 36 ppt in marine settings, but the fish demonstrates notable euryhalinity, with juveniles and adults acclimating to levels as low as 5 ppt in recirculating systems without significant growth impairment.^[20] This species preferentially occupies dynamic nearshore microhabitats, including surf zones along sandy beaches, estuarine bays, and areas overlying seagrass beds or oyster bars, where wave action and turbidity provide suitable conditions. Juveniles particularly favor shallow inshore waters, such as wave-exposed sandy beaches, which serve as nursery grounds during early development. The typical depth range spans 1 to 30 m, with occurrences rarely exceeding this in deeper coastal zones up to 70 m.^[2] Substrate composition plays a key role in habitat selection, with sandy or muddy bottoms predominating in foraging areas within bays, estuaries, and beach zones. These soft sediments align with the species' ecological niche in coastal systems. As an adaptation to open-water dynamics, Florida pompano forms schools of varying sizes, enhancing mobility across these habitats while minimizing predation risk.^[2]

Biology

Diet and feeding

The Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) is an opportunistic carnivore whose diet consists primarily of small crustaceans such as sand fleas (Emerita talpoida) and postlarval shrimp, bivalve mollusks including coquina clams (Donax variabilis) and Tellina spp., polychaetes, and occasionally small fish or other invertebrates.^[31]^[32] These prey items reflect the species' preference for zoobenthos in coastal environments, with crustaceans often comprising 30-40% of the diet by weight in juveniles and mollusks dominating in adults at up to 70% in some populations.^[31] The fish employs pharyngeal plates in its mouth to crush hard-shelled prey, facilitating consumption of bivalves and crustaceans.^[16] Early life stages exhibit distinct ontogenetic shifts in feeding. Larvae are planktonic and rely on microscopic plankton, including rotifers, copepod nauplii, and other zooplankton, transitioning to larger prey as they develop.^[33]^[34] Small juveniles (10-50 mm total length) consume a diverse array of planktonic and nearshore items such as copepods, mysids, amphipods, and gastropod larvae, often opportunistically based on availability in surf zones.^[32] As they grow into larger juveniles and adults, the diet becomes more benthic-focused, shifting toward sessile or burrowing organisms like bivalves and larger crustaceans, with reduced reliance on planktonic prey.^[31]^[32] This transition aligns with morphological changes, including jaw development that supports handling harder prey.^[31] Foraging occurs mainly during daylight hours in shallow, sandy surf zones, where the fish school and probe the substrate with their snout to uncover buried prey, exhibiting opportunistic behavior influenced by local abundance.^[31]^[3] Juveniles benefit from group foraging, which increases feeding success and reduces unsuccessful attempts compared to solitary individuals, particularly when targeting aggregated clams.^[35] The species occupies a mean trophic level of 3.5 (±0.6 SE), positioning it as a mesopredator in coastal food webs based on diet composition analyses.^[36] Diet composition shows potential seasonal variations tied to prey availability, with studies noting fluctuations in crustacean versus mollusk proportions across months, though specific patterns require further regional investigation.^[31]

Reproduction and life cycle

Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) reach sexual maturity at 1–2 years of age, with females typically maturing at lengths of 28–33 cm fork length and males at slightly smaller sizes around 25 cm.^[3]^[37] Full maturity for females is achieved by 2–3 years at 38–40 cm, while males mature earlier in their first year.^[3] Spawning occurs as batch events from March to October in the Gulf of Mexico, with peaks in April–May and September–October, primarily offshore where pelagic eggs are released.^[3]^[37] Females produce 234,000–302,000 eggs per batch, with seasonal fecundity ranging from 133,000 to 800,000 eggs, and lifetime output estimated at 1–3 million eggs over multiple spawning cycles given an average lifespan of 3–4 years (up to 7 years).^[3]^[37]^[1] Hormonal induction with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) enables year-round spawning in captivity at 26–28°C, achieving fertilization rates up to 91%.^[37] The life cycle progresses from buoyant eggs (1 mm diameter) that hatch in 22–34 hours at 26–27°C, yielding larvae of 2–2.3 mm standard length.^[3] Pelagic larvae develop over 18–25 days post-hatch (dph), with exogenous feeding commencing at 2–3 dph on rotifers and copepod nauplii, transitioning to Artemia by 10 dph; metamorphosis to the juvenile stage occurs around 20–25 dph, after which larvae settle in nearshore surf zones at sizes of 10–20 mm.^[3]^[37] Juveniles then migrate to estuarine or beach habitats, maturing into adults that return offshore for spawning. Early stages exhibit high mortality exceeding 90%, particularly at 8–10 dph due to nutritional and environmental stressors.^[37]

Behavior

The Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) is a highly social species that forms schools ranging from small groups to large aggregations of over 100 individuals, particularly in open coastal waters and surf zones. These schools serve multiple functions, including enhanced predator avoidance through the "safety in numbers" effect and improved foraging success, as group members exhibit reduced latency to initiate feeding and fewer unsuccessful attempts compared to solitary individuals.^[11]^[38] Within these schools, juveniles and adults coordinate movements to navigate dynamic environments like sandy beaches and estuaries.^[3] Migration in the Florida pompano follows a latitudinal pattern along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, with northward movements in spring as water temperatures rise and southward retreats in winter to evade cooler waters below 10–12°C (50–54°F), where the species experiences stress or mortality.^[39]^[3]^[37] The fish are oceanodromous, undertaking these seasonal shifts to track optimal thermal conditions between North Carolina and Texas, with juveniles often migrating inshore during warmer months.^[11] Activity patterns are predominantly diurnal, with peak swimming, schooling, and foraging occurring during daylight to capitalize on visibility in shallow, wave-exposed habitats.^[37] Sensory capabilities support the pompano's active lifestyle, with the lateral line system enabling detection of vibrations and pressure changes in turbulent surf zones for maintaining school cohesion and sensing nearby threats or prey.^[11] Vision is crucial for prey identification, as juveniles respond more effectively to visual cues from live benthic organisms, enhancing intake and growth in group settings.^[40] These senses integrate during anti-predator responses, where schools exhibit rapid, synchronized bursts to escape predators such as sharks (Carcharhinus spp.) and larger jacks (Caranx hippos).^[41]^[42] In feeding territories, Florida pompano display agonistic interactions, with dominant individuals aggressively displacing subordinates to monopolize resources, leading to unequal consumption rates within groups (e.g., some fish acquiring over twice as many prey items).^[38] This territorial aggression underscores the species' competitive dynamics in resource-limited surf environments, balancing facilitation from schooling with individual dominance hierarchies.

Conservation

Status and population

The Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, with the assessment conducted on 21 August 2012.^[43] No stock assessments have been conducted since 2010, leaving current population status unknown.^[44] Population trends for the species indicate stability along Florida's Gulf coast, where abundance is not considered threatened by current fishing levels.^[45] Historical data suggest slight declines in some overfished areas prior to 2010, followed by recovery supported by management measures including quotas and size limits implemented by state agencies.^[46] Abundance estimates for adult Florida pompano in U.S. waters are not precisely quantified in recent assessments, but total landings have averaged over 2.7 million pounds annually since 2010, with approximately 90% from recreational sources, indicating a harvest level that the stock has supported, though overall stock status remains unassessed.^[4] Genetic diversity in Florida pompano populations is sufficient to support commercial breeding programs without evident inbreeding concerns, as demonstrated by studies on broodstock performance and offspring variability.^[47] The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) conducts annual fisheries-independent monitoring surveys using stratified-random sampling with seines and trawls across estuaries, revealing variability in recruitment patterns; for example, juvenile catches show seasonal peaks in months like May and November in the Indian River Lagoon, with low overall densities (e.g., 0.01–0.15 animals per set or 100 m²) indicating sporadic influxes influenced by environmental factors.^[48]

Threats and management

The Florida pompano faces several primary threats, including overfishing, which has historically reduced biomass levels, particularly on the Atlantic coast where estimates in the early 2000s indicated spawning stock biomass at approximately 49% of the level associated with maximum sustainable yield.^[49] Habitat loss due to coastal development exacerbates this pressure by altering the sandy beach and nearshore environments essential for the species' foraging and juvenile stages, with Florida's critically eroded beaches—spanning over 430 miles (as of 2025)—threatening these habitats through erosion and armoring.^[50] Bycatch in shrimp trawls also poses a risk, as juvenile pompano are incidentally captured in Florida's inshore and nearshore trawl fisheries, contributing to mortality without targeted harvest benefits.^[51] Climate change further compounds these threats, with warming ocean temperatures potentially altering migration patterns and expanding the species' range northward, as observed in broader shifts among warm-water fishes along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts.^[52] Such changes could disrupt seasonal movements tied to water temperatures between 20–32°C, affecting availability in traditional fishing grounds.^[53] Management efforts for the Florida pompano are coordinated by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC), which enforces a daily recreational bag limit of 6 fish per harvester and a minimum size limit of 11 inches fork length in state waters to promote sustainable harvest.^[54] In February 2025, a U.S. federal appeals court upheld these regulations in response to a commercial fisherman's challenge.^[55] These regulations, established through rulemaking processes, apply year-round using allowable gears such as hook-and-line, cast nets, and beach or haul seines.^[54] NOAA Fisheries supports these through periodic stock assessments, with updates conducted in 2002 and 2010 evaluating abundance and fishing mortality to inform management.^[45] Additionally, the species benefits from protections in national marine sanctuaries, such as the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, where zoning restricts fishing in sensitive reef and seagrass habitats that overlap with pompano ranges.^[56] Aquaculture development plays a complementary role in management by reducing pressure on wild stocks, as farmed Florida pompano—produced in recirculating systems—provide a sustainable alternative that lessens demand for captured fish.^[57] Post-2015 regulatory enhancements, including refined size and bag limits, have contributed to management effectiveness by stabilizing landings.^[45]

Human uses

Commercial fishing

Commercial fishing for the Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) has been conducted along the southeastern United States coast, particularly in Florida, since the mid-20th century, with records indicating targeted harvests as early as the 1950s.^[45] Landings peaked historically at 1.6 million pounds in 1968, driven by nearshore abundance, but declined sharply thereafter due to variable recruitment and increasing regulatory pressures; by the 1990s, annual catches had stabilized below 1 million pounds, with a noted high of approximately 0.97 million pounds in 1990.^[4]^[58] Since the 1990s, commercial harvests have remained small and unpredictable, averaging around 240,000 pounds per year from 2010 to 2023, primarily from Florida's east and west coasts, which account for over 90% of U.S. landings.^[4] The primary gear used includes hook-and-line, cast nets, and beach or haul seines, which target schooling fish in shallow nearshore waters; these methods are selective and minimize bycatch compared to more intensive options.^[45] In federal waters, gill or entangling nets are permitted under specific endorsements.^[59] Trawling occurs occasionally in the Gulf of Mexico, but entangling nets have been prohibited within 1-3 miles of Florida's shores since 1995 to protect juvenile populations.^[3] Harvests peak during the winter months (December to April), when pompano migrate southward along Florida's beaches in response to cooler waters, concentrating schools in accessible surf zones and yielding the majority of annual commercial catches.^[60] There are no formal closed seasons, allowing year-round fishing, though effort is minimal outside the migratory period due to reduced availability.^[59] Economically, Florida pompano commands premium dockside prices due to high demand and limited supply, averaging over $1 million in annual value since 2010, with prices reaching a high of $5.27 per pound in 2022 amid low landings and market factors like fuel costs and trade influences.^[4] This fishery contributes modestly to the broader southeastern U.S. seafood sector, supporting localized processing and distribution in coastal communities, though specific job figures are not isolated from overall commercial fishing employment.^[61] Regulations, enforced by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission since the 1980s, include a slot size limit of 11 to 20 inches fork length to protect juveniles and spawning adults, along with trip quotas of 250 fish (or unlimited in designated endorsement zones for net gear).^[59]^[62] These measures, including gear restrictions and landing requirements (e.g., whole condition transit through state waters), aim to prevent overharvest while sustaining the stock, with no evidence of quota exceedance in recent assessments.^[45]

Aquaculture

Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) is cultured using a variety of methods, including recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), low-salinity ponds, and floating net cages.^[20]^[63]^[3] RAS facilities maintain controlled environments with water recycling and treatment, minimizing effluent discharge and enabling year-round production in land-based tanks.^[64] Ponds utilize brackish groundwater, while cages are deployed in coastal or offshore waters for grow-out phases. The species exhibits broad salinity tolerance, with juveniles and adults surviving from 5 to 35 parts per thousand (ppt), and larvae viable down to 10 ppt, as demonstrated in controlled trials.^[65]^[66] This euryhaline adaptability, confirmed by 2022 studies at Florida Atlantic University, allows cultivation in diverse water sources, reducing reliance on full seawater.^[67] In the United States, aquaculture production remains limited but growing, with facilities targeting outputs around 1 million pounds annually through expanded RAS operations.^[68] Globally, pompano species (including T. carolinus and related taxa like golden pompano) see higher volumes in Asia, particularly in pond and cage systems across Southeast Asia and China, though Florida pompano-specific farming is nascent there.^[69]^[70] Under optimal conditions (27–29°C), Florida pompano reaches market size of approximately 1 kg in 9–12 months, with consistent growth to 700 g in about 275 days in RAS.^[37] Key challenges in Florida pompano aquaculture include high larval mortality rates, often exceeding 50% in early stages due to environmental stress and pathogens like Vibrio species causing vibriosis.^[71] Recent research has addressed these through probiotic supplementation, such as Bacillus strains, which enhance larval survival, growth, and digestive enzyme activity while reducing disease incidence.^[72]^[73] There are fewer than 10 commercial farms in the US producing Florida pompano, primarily in Florida, including operations like Aquaco Farms and Pompano Farms LLC using RAS for sustainable rearing.^[74]^[75] These systems earn a "Best Choice" (Green) rating from Seafood Watch for low environmental impact, including zero or treated wastewater discharge.^[57] Future expansion is projected to align with broader US aquaculture growth, potentially increasing output by 5% annually through 2030, driven by innovations like hybrid feeds incorporating corn-fermented protein to replace fishmeal and improve sustainability.^[76]^[77] NOAA identifies Florida pompano as commercially ready for marine aquaculture scaling, supporting domestic production to meet demand.^[5]

Culinary aspects

The Florida pompano is renowned for its mild, slightly sweet flavor and firm, white flesh with a buttery texture, attributed to its moderate fat content that makes it particularly suitable for grilling, baking, or pan-searing.^[78]^[79] This high oil content allows the fish to retain moisture during cooking, resulting in flaky yet tender meat that pairs well with simple seasonings to highlight its delicate taste.^[79] Nutritionally, a 100-gram serving of raw Florida pompano provides approximately 164 calories, 18.5 grams of protein, and 9.7 grams of total fat, including about 0.56 grams of omega-3 fatty acids such as EPA and DHA, which support heart health and reduce inflammation.^[78]^[80] It is also a good source of vitamin B12 and vitamin D, contributing to overall metabolic and bone health, while containing low levels of mercury, making it a safe choice for frequent consumption, including by pregnant women and children.^[79] In culinary traditions, Florida pompano features prominently in classic recipes like pompano en papillote, a Creole dish originating from Antoine's Restaurant in New Orleans, where fillets are baked in parchment paper with crabmeat, shrimp, and herbs for a steamed, flavorful presentation.^[81] It is also commonly grilled with citrus accents, such as lime or lemon, to enhance its natural sweetness, and holds a staple role in Southern U.S. and Creole cuisines for its versatility in salads, soups, or stuffed preparations.^[78]^[82] Culturally, the fish is prized in the Southern United States, particularly along the Gulf Coast and Florida, where it symbolizes premium seafood and is celebrated at events like the Pompano Beach Seafood Festival, featuring local catches amid live music and arts.^[83] Fresh pompano is preferred over frozen for optimal flavor, commanding retail prices of $20 to $32 per pound for fillets in 2025, reflecting its high demand and seasonal availability.^[84]^[85]

References

[1]
Trachinotus carolinus, Florida pompano - FishBase
Adults occur in coastal waters, commonly entering bays and estuaries. Juveniles found in sandy beaches exposed to wave action (Ref. 5217). Adults are absent ...
[2]
Florida Pompano - FWC
Up to 24 inches (8 pounds). Habitat: Inshore and nearshore waters, especially along sandy beaches, oyster bars and over seagrass beds, often in turbid water.
[3]
[PDF] Species Profile—Florida Pompano | RWFM Extension
Florida pompano,Trachinotus carolinus, is a member of the jack family. (Carangidae) and highly prized by recreational and commercial fishers.
[4]
WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766)
### Taxonomic Hierarchy for Trachinotus carolinus
[5]
https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/news/noaa-identifies-florida-pompano-as-commercially-ready-for-u-s-marine-aquaculture/
[6]
Trachinotus - Shorefishes - The Fishes - Taxa
Genus: Trachinotus, Pompano Jack, Pompanos A circumtropical genus with 20 species; there are 4 West Atlantic species in our region.
[7]
Comparative mitogenomics and phylogenetics of the family ... - Nature
Apr 4, 2022 · Comparative mitogenomics and phylogenetics of the family Carangidae with special emphasis on the mitogenome of the Indian Scad Decapterus ...Protein Coding Genes (pcgs) · Features Of Trnas · Wobble Base Pairs In The...
[8]
Widespread sympatry in a species-rich clade of marine fishes ...
Nov 1, 2023 · We used sequence capture of 1314 ultraconserved elements (UCEs) from 154 taxa to generate a time-calibrated phylogeny of Carangoidei and its ...
[9]
Trachinotus carolinus, Florida pompano - FishBase
They generally form small to large schools. They feed on mollusks, crustaceans and other invertebrates and small fish. Excellent food fish.Missing: Gasterosteus | Show results with:Gasterosteus
[10]
Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766) - WoRMS
May 30, 2005 · Classification. Biota; Animalia (Kingdom); Chordata (Phylum); Vertebrata (Subphylum); Gnathostomata (Infraphylum); Osteichthyes (Parvphylum) ...
[11]
Pompano - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating from American Spanish pampano, from Latin pampinus meaning "vine tendril," pampano refers to prized carangoid fish in the West Indies, ...
[12]
Florida Pompano | NC DEQ
AKA: pompano Description: A Florida pompano has a deep, laterally compressed body with a short, blunt snout. It has six small spines in front of the dorsal ...
[13]
Species: Trachinotus carolinus, Florida Pompano
Plain silvery, bluish green above; white below; no distinctive markings. Reaches 64 cm, 3.8 kg. On shallow sandy bottoms of beaches, bays and estuaries.
[14]
[PDF] FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Trachinotus spp (T. carolinus, T. blochii)
The genus Trachinotus consists of about 20 species, most of which are recognized as food fish and recorded in commercial fisheries. Most are schooling fishes ...
[15]
Trachinotus carolinus (Florida pompano) | CABI Compendium
Trachinotus carolinus occurs in coastal waters, commonly entering bays and estuaries. Juveniles are found along sandy beaches exposed to wave action (Cervigón ...
[16]
Florida Pompano | Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Eye small (diameter contained 3.2 to 5.1 times in head length). Upper jaw very narrow at end and extending to below mideye; lower jaw included. Teeth in jaws ...Missing: mouth | Show results with:mouth
[17]
Florida Pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) - Texas Parks and Wildlife
Other Names: Pompano, Cobblerfish; Description: Pompano are deep-bodied fish, grayish, blue on the back shading to silver on the side with yellow beneath.
[18]
Production Characteristics and Body Composition of Florida ...
Jan 9, 2011 · The effect of culture density on production characteristics and body composition of Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus reared to market ...
[19]
Ages and lengths of pompano by sex. The age of males has been ...
Females fish grew faster and reached larger sizes than did males (Figure 1). The oldest female was four years old and the largest female was 17.6 inches FL (446 ...Missing: dimorphism | Show results with:dimorphism
[20]
[PDF] FOOD FISH FACTS
Life span is estimated to be 3 to 4 years under normal conditions. Pompano feed mainly on bottom organisms such as crabs, shrimp, and mussels. Fishing.
[21]
[PDF] THE 2002 UPDATE OF THE STOCK ASSESSMENT OF FLORIDA ...
Feb 23, 2002 · Von Bertalanffy growth curves, weighted for ... Spawning, oocyte development and larvae rearing of the Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus).
[22]
[PDF] SUMMARY OF THE POMPANO FISHERY
Apr 17, 2024 · Maturity has been observed as low as. 10 inches in size. •. Maximum lifespan is approximately 7 years, but live 3 to 4 on average. •. Can grow ...
[23]
[PDF] Age, growth, and reproduction of permit (Trachinotus falcatus) in ...
Jul 19, 2001 · Age, growth, mortality, and reproduction of the Florida pompano,. Trachinotus carolinus, from Florida waters. Unpubl. manu script ...
[24]
An evaluation of hard parts for age determination of pompano ...
Otoliths were selected as the most suitable age-determination structure. Otolith radii and marks had high positive correlations with fork lengths for pompano, ...Missing: wild | Show results with:wild
[25]
Florida pompano - Facts, Diet, Habitat & Pictures on Animalia.bio
The first dorsal fins are low, with about six separate spines. The first spine may be reabsorbed in a larger fish. The second lobes on the dorsal and anal fins ...Missing: meristics scales lateral
[26]
Florida Pompano - Florida State Parks
The Florida pompano, part of the jack family, is a species of marine fish with a compressed body, short snout and deeply forked tail.
[27]
A Guide to Pompano Season - Stuart Magazine
Feb 19, 2025 · From January to April, Florida's east coast beaches are teeming with migratory pompano traveling north and south with the changing weather.
[28]
The Florida Pompano of Texas - Texas Saltwater Fishing Magazine
Feb 1, 2019 · Personal experience shows that pompano will be most active when the water temperatures run in the 62°-70° range. I call this the “pomp zone.” Of ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[29]
Florida pompano - US Atlantic - FishSource
Florida pompano comprise a single stock around Florida but the Stock assessment for pompano, Trachinotus carolinus, in Florida waters through 2005 ...Missing: 2020-2024 | Show results with:2020-2024
[30]
Marine fish distribution shifts inferred from a recreational fishing ...
Jun 2, 2025 · Results indicated a higher-than-expected number of significant shifts to the north for 80 of the most frequently intercepted fish species.
[31]
[PDF] The Diet Of The Florida Pompano (Trachinotus Carolinus) Along ...
Indian River counties, and of juveniles inhabiting nearshore waters in this region during their initial summer growth period. available in support of the ...
[32]
Food Habits of Juvenile Pompano, Trachinotus carolinus, in Louisiana
Jul 1, 1971 · Abstract. Food habits of juvenile pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) in Louisiana were determined during the summer of 1968.
[33]
[PDF] Supplementing Broodstock and Larval Diets for Florida Pompano ...
Dec 16, 2017 · Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus, are a highly-favored fish for anglers, aquaculturists, and chefs all along the Americas and Caribbean.
[34]
Larval performance of aquacultured Florida pompano (Trachinotus ...
Jul 1, 2009 · As a result, zooplankton from the phylum Rotifera are predominantly used in larviculture as a source of live prey organism for first feeding.
[35]
Foraging Behavior of Florida Pompano, Trachinotus carolinus
Sandy beach environments, where Florida Pompano are regularly observed, could be considered one such complex foraging habitat. At the interface of sea, land, ...Missing: sift jaw
[36]
Family - FishBase
Life History Data on Trachinotus carolinus. Florida pompano. Family: Carangidae Jacks and pompanos. Max. length (Lmax):, = cm. SL, FL, TL, WD, NG, OT. L ...
[37]
The status of Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus, as a ...
May 27, 2021 · Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus, are members of the jack (family Carangidae) and are highly prized by both commercial and recreational ...
[38]
Foraging Behavior of Florida Pompano, Trachinotus carolinus - PMC
Jun 11, 2015 · Sandy beach environments, where Florida Pompano are regularly observed, could be considered one such complex foraging habitat. At the interface ...
[39]
Culture Manual for the Florida Pompano, Trachinotus carolinus ...
Mar 28, 2024 · Culture Manual for the Florida Pompano, Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766) · conditioned to spawn by strip and volitional spawning methods ...
[40]
Visual and chemical stimuli from live prey affect feed intake, weight ...
Jul 17, 2024 · This study investigated the influence of visual and chemical stimuli from live prey on juvenile Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) growth.Missing: predators | Show results with:predators
[41]
Pompano Fish Facts - A-Z Animals
Types of Pompano Fish: The 21 Different Species. The 21 species of pompano within the genus Trachinotus include: African or southern pompano (Trachinotus ...
[42]
Pompano - Texas Saltwater Fishing Magazine
Nov 1, 2018 · Fish found in darker waters have yellow on their pelvic fins and anal fin, which can even be lemon yellow in young specimens. Young fish also ...Missing: coloration | Show results with:coloration
[43]
Trachinotus carolinus, Florida pompano - FishBase
They generally form small to large schools. They feed on mollusks, crustaceans and other invertebrates and small fish. Excellent food fish.Missing: Carolina | Show results with:Carolina
[44]
[PDF] Florida pompano | Seafood Watch
Apr 17, 2014 · This report focuses on the Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) commercial fishery using hook and line, cast nets, and beach seines in ...
[45]
Rule History: O-R | FWC
FLORIDA POMPANO: Establishes a recreational minimum size limit of 11" fork length; Establishes a recreational bag limit of 6 pompano per harvester per day ...
[46]
[PDF] MARKET POTENTIAL FOR FLORIDA POMPANO AQUACULTURE
Florida pompano caught in the U.S. Atlantic with cast nets is a Good Alternative. The stock status and fishing impacts are unknown. • Moderately effective ...
[47]
Evaluating spawning performance among captive Florida pompano ...
Evaluating spawning performance among captive Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus broodstock using microsatellite-based parentage assignment. Public Domain.
[48]
[PDF] Fisheries-Independent Monitoring Program 2022 Annual Data ...
The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) Fish and ... recruitment. Shifts in juvenile abundance can also be used to forecast changes ...
[49]
[PDF] Efficiency of bycatch reduction devices in small otter trawls used in ...
The issue of bycatch in the Florida shrimp trawl fishery has exacerbated conflicts between conservationists and rec- reational and commercial fishermen over the ...
[50]
Fish are responding to climate change - Blogs
Oct 11, 2017 · The warmer our waters get, the more common tropical species like this African pompano will become here. Florida Sea Grant photo.
[51]
[PDF] An Unfavorable Tide: Global Warming, Coastal Habitats, and ...
Rising sea levels, higher sea surface temperatures and shifts in precipitation patterns affecting freshwater runoff would put Florida's coastal and marine ...<|separator|>
[52]
Permit, Florida pompano and African pompano - FWC
Minimum Size Limit: 11" fork length. Daily Bag Limit: 6 per harvester. Season: Open year-round. Allowable Gear: Hook and line, cast net and beach or haul ...
[53]
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary is home to a diverse community of underwater habitats, ranging from the only coral barrier reef in the continental United ...Plan Your Visit · Contact · Marine Zones · Marine Conditions
[54]
Florida pompano - Monterey - Seafood Watch
Florida pompano farmed worldwide in indoor recirculating tanks with wastewater treatment is rated green. Seafood Watch's analysis concludes that producers ...
[55]
Historical commercial statewide landings of pompano. - ResearchGate
recent years using trip ticket data, pompano landings peaked during 1990 at 0.97 million pounds then declined to 0.27 million pounds in 1996 after ...
[56]
Pompano - FWC
Florida Pompano caught as incidental bycatch in federal waters must be transported through state waters without stopping.
[57]
Pompano is winter's crown jewel - Florida Today
Dec 12, 2015 · With the arrival of mid-December we should begin to see the start of the winter pompano run. It will be the primary season for surf fishing ...
[58]
[PDF] Fisheries Economics of the United States 2021
Economic impacts from the commercial fishing and seafood industry and recreational fishing sectors are from two separate national IMPLAN models of the ...
[59]
https://myfwc.com/fishing/saltwater/commercial/pompano/
[60]
[PDF] Pompano Mariculture in Low Salinity Ponds
The MTI farm has available ground water at 19 ppt salinity and in that water has successfully raised pompano from fry to adults.
[61]
[PDF] Seafood Watch - Pompano - SeaChoice
... Florida pompano reared in tanks and harvested at between 570 and 630 g. In that study, the final FCR for 570 to 630 g Florida pompano was ~4 (Weirich et al.
[62]
Commercial production of Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus ...
Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) is a popular sportfish has been targeted for land-based RAS due to its impressive market value and euryhaline capacity.
[63]
FAU Study Finds Low Salinity Can Work to Culture Florida Pompano ...
Dec 5, 2022 · “We have shown that it is possible to grow this warm water marine species in salinities a low as 10 parts per thousand, which makes it more ...Missing: preferences temperature depth substrate
[64]
(PDF) Effects of low salinities on growth, fatty acid composition, and ...
Aug 6, 2025 · Overall, this study suggests that it is possible to raise Florida pompano larvae for 24 DPH under low salinity conditions as low as 10 ppt.
[65]
Raising Florida pompano on land - RASTECH Magazine
Jan 7, 2020 · Aquaco Farms will eventually be able to sustainably produce one million pounds of fish a year from just 100 fish caught in the wild. The process ...
[66]
Farming Pompano - SEAFDEC/AQD
Pompano is a good candidate for aquaculture because it can easily adapt to captive conditions in ponds and cages.
[67]
Golden Pompano - Products | Sea Port
The name Pompano has long been used broadly to refer to many different species within this large family of fish called jacks (Carangidae). Pompano became ...
[68]
Larval performance of aquacultured Florida pompano (Trachinotus ...
Aug 6, 2025 · Larvae were fed rotifers 4 times daily at a rate of 2.5 rotifers/ml/feeding at 2–9 days post-hatch (DPH). Although larval growth in both trials ...
[69]
Assessing the impacts of in-feed probiotic on the growth ... - NIH
... probiotic may reduce mortality through fast larval ... As a potential probiotic for Florida pompano, common snook and red drum larvae performances and digestive ...
[70]
Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory - Florida Atlantic University
“Final steps towards commercialization of pompano aquaculture.” Funded by NOAA Sea Grant. This project examined the effects of probiotics and feed pellets ...
[71]
FAU Study Finds Low Salinity Can Work to Culture Florida Pompano ...
Dec 8, 2022 · “Larvae reared at the lowest salinity, 10 parts per thousand, seemed healthy and showed normal growth and physiological development overall with ...
[72]
Pompano Farms, LLC.
Our business was established in 1972 for the development of vertically integrated, totally controlled year-round production of Florida Pompano.
[73]
Aquaculture Market Size, Share And Growth Report, 2030
The global aquaculture market size was estimated at USD 310.6 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 417.8 billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 5.1% ...<|separator|>
[74]
Growth Performance, Blood Chemistry, and Intestinal Bacterial ...
Growth Performance, Blood Chemistry, and Intestinal Bacterial Community of Florida Pompano ( Trachinotus carolinus ) Fed Different Levels of Corn Fermented ...Missing: projections | Show results with:projections
[75]
NOAA Identifies Florida Pompano as Commercially Ready for US ...
Sep 6, 2021 · The Florida pompano as a marine finfish species that will contribute to the expansion of US domestic aquaculture in the future.
[76]
Pompano - Seafood Products - Florida Department of Agriculture
Nutrition · Calories: 186 · Calories From Fat: 97 · Total Fat: 11g · Saturated Fat: 4g · Cholesterol: 57mg · Sodium: 74mg · Total Carbohydrates: 0g · Protein: 21g ...
[77]
| SeafoodSource
**Summary of Florida Pompano from SeafoodSource:**
[78]
https://www.fdacs.gov/Consumer-Resources/Buy-Fresh-From-Florida/Seafood-Products/Pompano
[79]
Pompano en Papillote - Suwannee Rose
Mar 31, 2017 · Pompano en Papillote sounds so elegant, but it can be one of the easiest fish recipes. It hails from a fancy place, Antoine's in New Orleans.
[80]
https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173691/nutrients
[81]
Events | City of Pompano Beach
Join us for free, monthly events like Old Town Untapped and Music Under the Stars, as well as annual events, like the Pompano Beach Seafood Festival, Nautical ...Music Under the Stars · Green Market Pompano Beach · Community Movie Nights
[82]
Florida Pompano is just in! Renowned for its mild, buttery flavor and ...
Aug 19, 2025 · ... for its mild, buttery flavor and firm, yet flaky texture, Pompano is one of our favorites! Available whole - $15.99/lb or fillet - $31.99/lb ...Missing: retail price
[83]
https://www.pompanobeachfl.gov/events