Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Groundstroke

A groundstroke in tennis is a forehand or backhand stroke executed after the ball has bounced once on the court surface.^[1] These shots form the foundation of baseline play, allowing players to rally from the back of the court and control the pace and direction of the game.^[2] Groundstrokes are categorized into two primary types: the forehand, struck on the dominant side of the player's body (the right side for a right-handed player and the left side for a left-handed player) using a typically one-handed grip, and the backhand, hit on the opposite side, which may be executed one-handed or two-handed for added power and stability.^[1] The forehand is often the most powerful and natural shot, enabling aggressive topspin production to keep the ball deep in the opponent's court, while the backhand requires precise footwork and rotation to generate effective spin and depth.^[3] Both types demand early preparation, with the player turning the shoulders and hips to coil the body, followed by an explosive uncoiling during the swing.^[2] Effective groundstroke technique emphasizes balance, timing, and spin control, with modern players prioritizing heavy topspin to create high-bouncing trajectories that limit opponents' attacking options.^[4] Key biomechanical elements include a low-to-high swing path for topspin, pronation of the forearm for racket head speed, and a balanced follow-through to maintain court position. In professional play, groundstrokes account for the majority of shots exchanged during rallies, underscoring their role in point construction and defensive recovery.^[5] The evolution of groundstrokes reflects changes in equipment and strategy, shifting from flat or sliced shots in earlier eras to the high-spin, baseline-dominant style prevalent since the 1970s, driven by strung racquets and clay court influences.^[4] This adaptation has elevated the importance of physical conditioning, particularly core stability and lower-body explosiveness, to sustain prolonged baseline exchanges in contemporary matches.^[6]

Fundamentals

Definition and Characteristics

A groundstroke in tennis is defined as a forehand or backhand shot executed after the ball has bounced once on the court surface.^[1]^[7] This distinguishes it from volleys, which are struck before the bounce, and serves, which initiate the point without a prior bounce.^[7] Groundstrokes are primarily employed to maintain rallies, allowing players to control the pace and direction of play from various court positions, though most commonly from the baseline.^[7] Key characteristics of groundstrokes include their role in sustaining extended exchanges and generating power through interaction with the court. Unlike overhead shots, power in groundstrokes derives from ground reaction forces, where the legs push against the surface to initiate momentum that transfers upward through the body.^[8] Players can impart varying spin—such as topspin for higher bounce and control or flat trajectories for speed—or backspin in slices to produce lower, skidding bounces that alter the ball's path and force opponents into defensive positions.^[9] Biomechanically, groundstrokes rely on the kinetic chain, a sequential transfer of energy from the lower body to the upper extremities and racquet. This process begins with leg drive and hip rotation, followed by trunk (core) rotation to create shoulder-hip separation, which amplifies racquet speed and force at impact.^[10]^[8] Efficient core involvement ensures optimal energy summation, reducing injury risk while maximizing shot effectiveness.^[11]

Role in Modern Tennis

Since the 1970s, tennis has undergone a profound shift toward baseline dominance, largely driven by advancements in racquet technology. The transition from wooden to graphite and composite racquets allowed players to generate greater power and spin without sacrificing control, enabling aggressive groundstroke play from deeper positions on the court. This evolution, exemplified by players like Björn Borg who popularized consistent baseline rallying, diminished the prevalence of serve-and-volley tactics in favor of prolonged exchanges.^[12]^[13] Court surfaces have further reinforced this baseline-centric approach. Slower surfaces like clay promote extended rallies by reducing ball speed and increasing bounce, rewarding players who construct points methodically with groundstrokes. In contrast, faster grass courts, though historically favoring net play, now accommodate baseline strategies due to modern equipment, though with adjustments for lower bounces. Hard courts, the most common in professional tournaments, strike a balance that amplifies groundstroke reliability across diverse conditions.^[14]^[15] In ATP and WTA matches, groundstrokes dominate point outcomes, with a majority of points in Grand Slam tournaments ending via shots from the baseline or mid-court zones, highlighting their role in deciding contests. The emphasis on groundstrokes has accelerated match tempo through extended defensive play, contributing to longer rallies—averaging around 3.9 shots per point in recent major tournaments—and overall match durations that test endurance. This dynamic fosters tactical depth, where players leverage groundstroke consistency to counter aggressive serves and maintain pressure over multiple exchanges.^[16]

Types of Groundstrokes

Forehand Groundstroke

The forehand groundstroke is executed with the dominant hand, where a right-handed player rotates the hips and upper body to position the right side facing the net, allowing the racket to swing across the body in a natural motion.^[17] This positioning facilitates the kinetic chain, beginning with lower limb drive and progressing through pelvic and trunk rotation to generate racket speed.^[11] In professional play, elite players often adopt an open stance, aligning the hips at approximately 90 degrees and shoulders at 110 degrees during the backswing to optimize this rotation.^[18] Key variations include the topspin forehand, which imparts forward rotation on the ball via a low-to-high racket trajectory of about 40 degrees above horizontal, resulting in a high bounce for enhanced control and consistency on various court surfaces.^[18] In contrast, the flat forehand features a more level swing path around 20 degrees above horizontal, prioritizing ball penetration and speed over spin, though it demands precise timing to avoid errors.^[18] These variations allow players to adapt to defensive or offensive situations, with topspin dominating modern professional tennis for its margin of safety. The forehand's primary strength lies in its natural power generation from hip rotation, where axial pelvic movement contributes significantly to trunk rotation and overall racket velocity, making it a staple offensive weapon.^[11] Shoulder internal rotation further amplifies this power, accounting for roughly 35% of the racket speed in advanced players.^[18] In professional matches, average topspin forehand speeds reach 75 mph among the ATP Top 10, with elite players like Grigor Dimitrov exceeding 80 mph on hard courts, while maximum speeds can approach 100 mph in aggressive rallies.^[19]

Backhand Groundstroke

The backhand groundstroke in tennis is executed from the non-dominant side of the body, requiring precise hand positioning for effective contact. In the prevalent two-handed variation, the dominant hand adopts a continental or Eastern backhand grip at the bottom of the racquet handle, while the non-dominant hand is placed above it in a hammer-like grip, aligning both hands in the same plane to enhance stability and leverage body rotation. This configuration allows players to generate force using both arms, particularly beneficial for those seeking consistency on defensive shots or when returning high-bouncing balls.^[20]^[21] Key variations of the backhand include the one-handed slice and the two-handed drive, each suited to distinct tactical needs. The one-handed slice, typically struck with a Continental grip, imparts heavy underspin by brushing under the ball, resulting in a low, skidding bounce that stays close to the court surface and forces opponents into awkward, defensive positions—ideal for retrieving wide or low balls during extended rallies. In contrast, the two-handed drive has emerged as the modern standard, employing topspin for greater power and depth; it leverages the non-dominant hand for added torque, enabling aggressive baseline exchanges with enhanced control and speed.^[22]^[23]^[24] Despite these advancements, the backhand presents inherent challenges compared to its more powerful forehand counterpart. Advanced players generate approximately 70 mph (31 m/s) ball speed on backhands versus 75-80 mph (33-36 m/s) on forehands, reflecting about 10% less velocity and thus reduced natural power due to biomechanical limitations in shoulder and arm extension from the non-dominant side. Additionally, backhands exhibit higher error rates, underscoring the stroke's technical demands and propensity for inconsistency under pressure.^[19] The backhand has evolved significantly since the 1980s, with the two-handed version shifting from a niche technique—popularized by players like Bjorn Borg in the 1970s—to the dominant choice in professional tennis, offering superior power and adaptability to faster courts and string technology. As of 2025, approximately 91% of the ATP top 100 players employ the two-handed backhand, reflecting its widespread adoption for modern baseline play and reduced reliance on the one-handed style.^[23]^[25]

Technique and Execution

Grips and Preparation

In tennis groundstrokes, the choice of grip significantly influences spin generation, control, and overall shot versatility. The primary grips include the Continental, Eastern, and Western, with the Semi-Western serving as a common intermediate variation. The Continental grip offers versatility for serves and volleys but provides limited topspin and control for forehand groundstrokes due to a slightly open racket face.^[26] In contrast, the Eastern grip delivers a balanced compromise of power, control, and moderate spin suitable for various ball heights and stances.^[26] The Semi-Western grip enhances topspin production while maintaining good power, though it reduces control on low-bouncing balls.^[26] The Western grip maximizes topspin—ideal for modern baseline play from open stances—but sacrifices control and struggles with low shots due to the racket face's extreme closure.^[26] These grips are primarily used for forehand groundstrokes; backhand groundstrokes typically employ different grips, such as the Eastern backhand or Continental for added stability in one-handed shots, or specific two-handed variations. Effective preparation begins with the unit turn, where the shoulders rotate as the initial response after identifying the ball's trajectory, coiling the upper body while keeping the racket close to the hitting side.^[26] This rotation, typically involving the outside leg stepping out for balance, sets up the racquet take-back position, where the arm extends backward only after approximately 50% of shoulder turn to maintain compactness and preload energy.^[26] The take-back can follow a straight path or a looped motion depending on player style, but it always emphasizes wrist relaxation to facilitate fluid acceleration.^[26] Racquet selection, particularly string type and tension, directly impacts groundstroke spin and control. Polyester strings, favored for their durability and bite on the ball, are typically strung at lower tensions of 44-54 pounds to enhance spin through increased string movement and snapback, with 44-49 pounds optimizing topspin on groundstrokes for aggressive baseliners.^[27] Higher tensions within this range, around 50-54 pounds, prioritize control but reduce spin potential compared to looser setups.^[27] This configuration allows the strings to grip the ball more effectively during low-to-high swings, though it may feel stiffer on the arm without proper technique.^[28] Maintaining balance and readiness is crucial, achieved through the split-step, a small hop that lowers the center of mass and positions the feet shoulder-width apart just as the opponent contacts the ball—anticipating the bounce on your side for optimal reaction time.^[26] This timing ensures explosive lateral or forward movement integrates seamlessly with the unit turn, enhancing overall groundstroke efficiency.^[26]

Swing Path and Follow-Through

The swing path in groundstrokes refers to the trajectory of the racquet head during the forward motion, which varies based on the intended ball trajectory and spin. For shots emphasizing topspin, the path is typically low-to-high, where the racquet brushes upward under the ball to impart forward rotation, enhancing control and depth by causing the ball to dip after clearing the net.^[29] In contrast, flat shots employ a more linear or horizontal path, minimizing vertical motion to produce a penetrating trajectory with less spin, suitable for aggressive baseline play. The ideal contact point occurs at approximately waist to shoulder height, positioned slightly in front of the body to allow for extension and optimal transfer of body momentum into the ball.^[30] This positioning, influenced by the player's grip and footwork setup, ensures the racquet meets the ball on the rise or at the peak of its bounce, maximizing power while maintaining balance.^[3] Following contact, the follow-through involves forearm pronation and internal shoulder rotation, causing the racquet to wrap across the body and over the opposite shoulder in an elongated motion. This natural deceleration, where the racquet retains about 80% of its pre-impact speed, promotes accuracy, reduces injury risk by dissipating forces through larger muscle groups, and completes the stroke's kinetic efficiency.^[26] Power in groundstrokes is generated through a sequential kinetic chain, beginning from the ground and propagating upward: legs push off for initial force, hips rotate to build torque, the torso uncoils to accelerate the upper body, and finally the arm and wrist deliver the racquet speed. This proximal-to-distal sequence optimizes energy transfer, with the lower body contributing a significant portion of the total stroke power.^[11]

Footwork Integration

Footwork integration is essential for effective groundstroke execution, as it ensures players reach optimal positioning to generate power, maintain balance, and transition smoothly between shots. Basic movement patterns include shuffle steps for short lateral adjustments, where the player slides sideways while keeping the body oriented toward the net, and crossover runs for wider balls, involving crossing the outside foot over the inside leg to cover greater distances efficiently without losing court awareness. These patterns allow players to adjust to the ball's trajectory while preserving the kinetic chain from lower body to upper extremities.^[26]^[31] The unit turn incorporates foot positioning to initiate the stroke, with the outside foot stepping laterally or backward to facilitate torso rotation. For forehands, particularly inside-out shots, players often adopt a closed or semi-closed stance, where the front foot points toward the target to load weight onto the back leg and drive forward rotation. In contrast, backhands typically use a closed stance, with both feet aligned perpendicular to the net, enabling the back foot to push off for linear momentum and hip-shoulder separation. This coordinated foot placement enhances trunk counter-rotation, typically 90-100 degrees relative to the hips, transferring energy upward for racket speed.^[31]^[26] Following the shot, recovery steps prioritize returning to the ready position at the court's center, using a combination of shuffle and crossover motions to decelerate and reorient quickly. Effective recovery involves immediate push-off from the contact foot, followed by 2-3 adjustment steps to realign the body facing the net, minimizing vulnerability to the opponent's next shot. This process relies on eccentric muscle control in the legs to absorb impact forces and prepare for explosive first steps.^[31]^[26] Agility training emphasizes the split-step, a small anticipatory hop performed as the opponent contacts the ball, which lowers the center of gravity and activates the stretch-shortening cycle in the legs for faster initial reactions. Studies show that incorporating the split-step reduces movement time by approximately 13% over short distances, with force production onset 44% quicker compared to no-split conditions, enabling responses within 0.2-0.4 seconds of visual cues. This technique not only supports groundstroke positioning but also aids overall swing mechanics by ensuring balanced weight transfer.^[32]^[26]

Training and Development

Essential Drills

Essential drills form the foundation for developing groundstroke proficiency in tennis, emphasizing repetition, control, and gradual complexity to build consistency and confidence across skill levels. These exercises focus on isolated elements of technique before integrating them into dynamic play, allowing players to internalize proper form and timing without the immediate pressure of competition. According to USTA coaching curricula, drills should progress from self-paced solo work to partner interactions, ensuring foundational skills like ball contact and recovery are mastered before advancing.^[33] For beginners, wall rallies promote consistency by simulating repetitive groundstroke exchanges against a stationary surface. Players stand 10-15 feet from a solid wall, such as a garage door, and hit forehand or backhand groundstrokes using a foam or regular tennis ball, aiming to maintain a steady rhythm without letting the ball drop. The USTA Red Ball curriculum recommends starting with overhand serves to the wall followed by alternating groundstrokes, gradually increasing the number of consecutive hits to build endurance and control.^[33] This drill isolates the swing mechanics, helping novices develop a feel for the ball's trajectory and racquet preparation without needing a partner.^[34] Shadow swings complement wall work by refining form through air swings without a ball, ideal for ingraining muscle memory and footwork patterns. Beginners perform 10-20 repetitions of forehand and backhand swings in front of a mirror, focusing on unit turn, low-to-high path, and balanced follow-through, as outlined in USTA adaptive and youth programs.^[35]^[36] This no-equipment exercise allows for self-correction of posture and timing, preventing bad habits from forming during early practice sessions.^[37] At the intermediate level, cross-court feeding drills enhance directional control and rally sustainability by introducing partner dynamics. One player acts as the feeder from the opposite baseline or service line, tossing or hitting balls deep cross-court to the hitter's preferred side, who responds with groundstrokes aimed diagonally back. The USTA Orange Ball progression specifies feeders positioning on the same sideline as the hitter to ensure deep, consistent feeds past the service line, with players starting in the court center to practice recovery steps.^[38] Sessions typically last 5-10 minutes per side, rotating roles to build bilateral proficiency and simulate baseline exchanges.^[39] Targeting zones drills build on feeding by sharpening accuracy through defined court areas, using cones, chalk lines, or tape to mark sections like deep cross-court or mid-court alleys. Intermediate players receive feeds and aim groundstrokes to land within these zones, tracking hits to measure precision, as recommended in USTA high school coaching templates for consistency building.^[39] For example, divide the opponent's court into three depth zones and assign point values (e.g., 3 for deep, 1 for short), encouraging players to prioritize placement over power during 20-30 ball sequences. This fosters strategic shot selection while reinforcing footwork integration from preparation phases.^[40] Advanced drills incorporate pressure simulations to mimic match intensity, such as down-the-line shots under time constraints, where players must execute directional changes rapidly. In a typical setup, partners rally cross-court for 4-6 shots before the hitter promptly transitions to a down-the-line groundstroke after the feed, using a coach's timer or verbal cue to enforce urgency. USTA Yellow Ball curricula adapt this for baseline play, emphasizing patterns like cross-court to down-the-line to develop offensive transitions.^[41] These simulations build decision-making under fatigue, with variations including random feeds to either side to test adaptability.^[21] Progression in these drills is tracked via rally length goals, starting with short exchanges and scaling up to sustain 20+ shots without error. USTA guidelines suggest beginners aim for 5-10 consecutive wall hits, intermediates target 15 cross-court rallies, and advanced players pursue 20-30 shot sequences under pressure, incrementing by two shots upon mastery to gauge improvement.^[41] Metrics like average rally length and error rate provide objective benchmarks, ensuring steady advancement while monitoring for faults like inconsistent depth.^[42]

Correcting Common Faults

One prevalent fault in groundstroke execution is "arming the ball," where players rely excessively on arm strength without incorporating proper body rotation, leading to reduced power and control.^[43] This error often manifests as inconsistent shot depth and frequent net clearances that are too low, compromising the ball's trajectory over the net.^[44] Another common issue is overhitting, stemming from poor contact timing where the ball is struck too forcefully or at the wrong point in the swing path, causing it to sail long or lack spin.^[43] Diagnostic signs include erratic depth control and a high incidence of long balls, with research indicating that increasing ball speed by just 10 mph can shrink the acceptable vertical impact window by up to 43%, amplifying these errors.^[43] In professional play, unforced errors account for approximately 27% of points in men's matches and 34% in women's, with groundstrokes being a major contributor due to mishits like overhitting.^[45] To correct arming the ball, players should focus on drills emphasizing torso rotation to transfer weight from the legs through the core, ensuring the shoulders turn fully before the arm extends.^[44] For overhitting and timing issues, video analysis tools allow coaches to review swing paths frame-by-frame, identifying deviations in racket angle or contact point for targeted adjustments.^[46] Footwork-related faults, such as imbalance during groundstrokes, can exacerbate these problems by disrupting timing and rotation; balance drills like single-leg stances followed by shadow swings help stabilize the base and improve recovery positioning.^[47] Additionally, equipment tweaks like adjusting racket grip size—ensuring it fits the hand without excessive wrist strain—can reduce tension and enhance control, preventing compensatory arm-dominant swings.^[48] A grip too small may cause over-gripping and fatigue, while one too large limits fluidity, so measuring from the middle finger to the palm's base (aiming for a 4-1/8 to 4-5/8 inch span for most adults) is recommended.^[48] In recent years, as of 2025, modern training incorporates wearable tech and analytics for real-time feedback on groundstroke metrics like swing speed and spin rate, aiding in fault correction beyond traditional video analysis.^[49]

Historical and Strategic Context

Evolution of Groundstroke Play

In the early 20th century, groundstroke play in tennis emphasized flat, low-bounce shots adapted to the fast, low-sliding conditions of grass courts, which dominated major tournaments. Players relied on wooden racquets with small head sizes, limiting power and spin potential, and typically employed a continental grip to produce skidding, penetrating strokes that favored serve-and-volley tactics over prolonged rallies.^[12]^[50] This style prioritized precision and net approaches, as the equipment and surfaces discouraged heavy topspin, resulting in shorter points and less emphasis on baseline grinding.^[12] The 1970s marked a pivotal shift toward topspin-dominated groundstrokes, driven by the introduction of metal racquets that provided greater power, stability, and larger sweet spots compared to wooden frames. These innovations enabled players to generate more spin and control from the baseline, transitioning the game from serve-and-volley dominance to extended rallies on slower surfaces like clay. Chris Evert exemplified this evolution through her consistent, topspin-infused groundstrokes and pioneering use of the two-handed backhand, which influenced a generation toward reliable baseline play and helped popularize the technique across the professional tour.^[51]^[52] By the 1990s and 2000s, the adoption of polyester strings further revolutionized groundstroke techniques, offering superior durability and spin potential that allowed for aggressive, high-risk swings without excessive breakage. These strings, emerging prominently in the mid-1990s, facilitated extreme topspin rates—reaching up to 4,000 revolutions per minute (RPM) in elite play—enabling players to produce steeper bounces and safer margins on faster courts. This advancement amplified baseline aggression, with modern grips like the semi-Western enhancing the low-to-high swing paths needed for such spin.^[53]^[50]^[54] A key tactical innovation during this period was the popularization of the open stance in the 1980s, particularly among baseline-oriented players who leveraged it for quicker recovery and power generation on the run. Pioneered by figures like Jimmy Arias and employed by Ivan Lendl and Mats Wilander, the open stance allowed for direct, linear swings without full unit turns, suiting the rising emphasis on from-the-back play amid racquet and string advancements. This footwork adjustment complemented the topspin era, enabling sustained pressure from deep positions and solidifying the baseline as the strategic core of professional tennis.^[55]^[56]

Tactical Applications in Matches

In tennis matches, groundstrokes are pivotal for constructing rallies by emphasizing depth and angles to maintain control and pin opponents behind the baseline. Deep groundstrokes push the opponent into a defensive position, limiting their ability to advance or generate offensive angles, while cross-court angles widen the court and force extended retrievals. This tactic increases the likelihood of unforced errors, as opponents struggle with off-balance positioning, and provides the hitter with recovery time to set up subsequent attacks.^[57] Specific shot patterns enhance groundstroke effectiveness in rallies, such as the inside-out forehand for aggressive attacks on the opponent's backhand side. By positioning slightly left of center on the ad court, players can redirect cross-court rallies with varying depth, height, and spin to exploit weaknesses, often transitioning to inside-in down-the-line shots for winners. Conversely, the backhand slice serves a defensive role by slowing the ball's pace and producing a low, skidding bounce that disrupts timing and buys recovery time against aggressive opponents.^[58]^[59] Groundstroke tactics adapt significantly to court surfaces, with clay favoring high-bouncing topspin to exploit the slow pace and high bounce, extending rallies and emphasizing endurance. On hard courts, penetrating flat shots capitalize on the consistent, medium-paced bounce for quicker points and aggressive baseline exchanges. These adaptations allow players to tailor spin and trajectory—such as heavy topspin on clay for defensive depth versus flatter drives on hard courts for penetration—optimizing control across surfaces.^[60] To counter big servers, players employ blocking groundstrokes to absorb incoming pace, shortening the swing for stability and redirecting energy without adding excessive power. This technique, often incorporating underspin or topspin, returns the ball deep and low to neutralize the server's advantage, frustrating follow-up attacks and resetting the rally on the receiver's terms.^[61]

Notable Players and Examples

Pioneers of Powerful Groundstrokes

Bill Tilden, dominant in the 1920s, exemplified all-court mastery through his precise groundstrokes, blending baseline reliability with opportunistic net play. Playing predominantly from the baseline, he delivered steady forehands and backhands to the corners with heavy overspin, enabling both defensive consistency and offensive precision that overwhelmed opponents.^[62] His groundstrokes were described as impeccable in attack or defense, supported by varied spin and tactical depth, which contributed to his seven-year reign as world No. 1 and 10 Grand Slam titles.^[63] Tilden's emphasis on stroke variety and mental acuity revolutionized post-World War I tennis, setting a foundation for balanced play.^[64] In the 1960s, Rod Laver advanced versatile baseline techniques on grass courts, where serve-and-volley dominated, by incorporating powerful groundstrokes that neutralized net rushers. His explosive topspin backhand passing shot, hit hard and accurately on the run, targeted unreachable corners and forced volleyers into defensive positions, as demonstrated in key matches like his 1962 win over Miguel Olvera.^[65] Laver's aggressive baseline play, combined with net adaptability, allowed him to secure four Wimbledon titles and two calendar Grand Slams, showcasing groundstroke potency on fast surfaces.^[66] This versatility highlighted the potential of baseline rallying even on grass, influencing future adaptations.^[67] Björn Borg's 1970s era marked a topspin revolution on clay, transforming groundstrokes into weapons of endurance and consistency that redefined baseline dominance. Utilizing a semi-Western forehand grip with high take-back and a two-handed backhand, Borg generated deep, looping topspin shots that pushed opponents back, enabling prolonged rallies and high-percentage play.^[68] This style propelled him to six French Open titles from 1974 to 1981, including a record streak of four consecutive wins, by emphasizing physical fitness and mental resilience over traditional flat hitting.^[68] Borg's innovations elevated clay-court tennis, making topspin groundstrokes a cornerstone of modern strategy.^[69] These pioneers facilitated the sport's transition from serve-and-volley reliance to baseline eras, as Tilden's precision, Laver's grass-court adaptability, and Borg's topspin endurance demonstrated groundstrokes' viability across surfaces and styles.^[70] By the 1980s, their legacies had shifted professional tennis toward power and consistency from the backcourt, diminishing net dominance.^[70]

Contemporary Specialists

In the ATP Tour, Jannik Sinner has emerged as a leading specialist in groundstrokes, topping quality indices for both forehand and backhand in 2024 data that carried into 2025 analyses. His forehand achieved an average quality score of 8.92 on clay surfaces, with speeds reaching 125 km/h and spin rates of 2700 rpm, enabling consistent winners at a rate of 11.9 per match.^[71] Sinner's backhand scored the highest overall at 8.46, surpassing peers through precision and depth in rallies.^[72] Carlos Alcaraz complements this with an explosive forehand known for higher speeds of 130 km/h and spin exceeding 3000 rpm, often producing more outright winners than Sinner despite occasional errors.^[71] His backhand quality rated at 8.08, supporting aggressive baseline play that defined his 2025 performances.^[72] Novak Djokovic remains a benchmark for versatility, with forehand and backhand scores of 8.20 and 8.12 respectively, allowing sustained dominance into his late career.^[71]^[72] Alexander Zverev's backhand, second at 8.13, excels in flat power, while Daniil Medvedev's at 7.96 emphasizes defensive redirection.^[72] On the WTA Tour, Iga Świątek exemplifies groundstroke mastery through consistent, topspin-heavy forehands that secure prolonged rallies, ranking among the top five overall in expert evaluations for 2025.^[73] Aryna Sabalenka's forehand stands out for raw power, featured in high-speed compilations alongside her robust backhand for baseline aggression.^[74] Amanda Anisimova has gained recognition for her one-handed backhand, averaging 77 mph at the 2025 US Open—faster than Jannik Sinner's 75 mph and Carlos Alcaraz's 73 mph—highlighting exceptional pace and angle control.^[75]^[76] These players' techniques prioritize spin and speed, influencing modern training emphases on rally endurance.

References

[1]
Tennis Terms and Definitions | USTA
Jan 1, 2017 · GROUND STROKE – A stroke made after the ball has bounced; either a forehand or backhand. HALF-VOLLEY – The stroke made by hitting a ball ...
[2]
Tennis 101: The 6 Basic Strokes Explained Step-by-Step - Pat Cash
Mar 1, 2018 · A groundstroke is a forehand or backhand stroke that is hit after the ball has bounced once on the court. It is one of the core fundamental ...basic tennis strokes · The basic mechanics of tennis · The serve
[3]
Tennis Forehand Tips & Techniques | Hitting a Forehand | USTA.com
Jun 29, 2018 · The secret to a successful tennis forehand is to turn your hips and upper body as one unit when you're preparing to hit the ball, rather than just moving your ...
[4]
Biomechanics of the Tennis Groundstrokes: Implications for Strength ...
Feb 25, 2014 · The core of groundstrokes has transferred from flat and slice shots to a heavy topspin, high paced baseline game. Conventional groundstrokes ...
[5]
Ability to control forehand groundstroke of skilled tennis players - PMC
Jun 24, 2025 · In tennis, the ability to hit groundstrokes accurately to a target area on the court is important. It is a common belief in tennis coaching ...
[6]
[PDF] GROUNDSTROKES - Athletic Performance Academy
- Therapists treating tennis players report an increasing number of abdominal muscle strains that they attribute to greater use of the OS forehand technique.
[7]
Tennis Glossary: Terms and Definitions - ITF
Groundstroke: the shot played after the ball has hit the ground. Groundstrokes are often played nearer the baseline, but can happen anywhere on the court.
[8]
Biomechanics of the Tennis Groundstrokes: Implications for Strength ...
The main kinetic chain motions that create racket speed in the forehand are trunk rotation, horizontal shoulder adduction, and internal rotation (4). Modern ...
[9]
Technique: The Five Controls of the Ball - USTA Player Development
All tennis shots are made with some ball spin; even “flat” serves and groundstrokes have some spin. However, it is the greater amounts of spin (1000 to 4000 rpm) ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[10]
Understanding the kinetic chain in tennis performance and injury
Oct 26, 2014 · The kinetic chain is the biomechanical system by which the body meets these inherent demands of tennis. It generates the required forces and helps to regulate ...
[11]
Biomechanics and tennis - PMC - NIH
Groundstrokes: Rotation of the shoulders greater than the hips (creating a separation angle) and the positioning of the upper limb relative to the trunk during ...
[12]
How Tennis Evolved Since the 20th Century
Sep 4, 2024 · However, as racquets improved and players developed more powerful groundstrokes, baseline play became more common.
[13]
How Tennis Techniques Have Evolved - Fork Crafted
Oct 13, 2025 · The 1970s and 1980s marked a shift in tennis techniques with the rise of baseline play. Advances in racquet technology, particularly the ...
[14]
Exploring How Different Court Surfaces Influence the Game of Tennis
Clay courts slow down the game due to high-bouncing balls and reduced ball speed. · Players need to adopt a baseline strategy emphasizing patience and endurance.
[15]
The Impact of Surface Type on Tennis Strategy and Play
Oct 25, 2023 · Clay courts offer more grip, requiring spin for slower ball travel; hardcourts are faster with less spin and higher bounce; grass courts demand speed and ...
[16]
Comparison of the finishing shot and ending zone of points in Grand ...
May 21, 2024 · 56.4 ± 2.3% of the points were finished from the baseline and mid court zone (BMZ), 36.1 ± 2.3% from the net zone (NZ) and 7.5 ± 4.2% from the ...
[17]
2024 US Open Average Rally Length. It Will Blow Your Mind.
Sep 4, 2024 · The average rally length is just 0.04 percentage points apart. The men are at 3.87 shots per point, and the women are almost the same, at 3.87 shots per point.
[18]
Types of Tennis Strokes - JOI Jacksonville Orthopaedic Institute
Forehand Ground Stroke: A forehand ground stroke is the easiest and usually the first stroke learned in tennis. To perform a forehand ground stroke the player ...
[19]
Mechanics and Learning Practices Associated with the Tennis ...
The purposes of this article are therefore to review the research describing the mechanics of the forehand and then to appraise that research alongside the ...
[20]
Grigor Dimitrov's Grip & Rip | ATP Tour | Tennis
Oct 30, 2024 · The Top 10 average for forehand speed is 75 mph. Dimitrov is the only player in the data set to reach the 80 mph threshold on any surface. ...
[21]
physical education tennis curriculum - USTA Georgia
MANIPULATIVE. • Forehand and backhand groundstrokes from all areas of the court. • Overhand serve with a balanced, rhythmical and continuous action.<|control11|><|separator|>
[22]
[PDF] WARRIOR TENNIS CURRICULUM - USTA
Mar 2, 2018 · For a two-handed backhand grip, the dominant and non-dominant hands are placed on opposite sides of the handle so they are in the same plane as ...
[23]
TennisOne — Slicing and Dicing the Backhand
For two-handed players, the slice is usually a shot used to change pace off of lower balls, whereas one-handed backhand players use their slice on higher balls ...<|separator|>
[24]
The Two-Handed Backhand in Modern Tennis: Evolution & Impact
Feb 23, 2024 · Players such as Chris Evert, Bjorn Borg, and Jimmy Connors played pivotal roles in popularising the two-handed backhand, demonstrating its ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[25]
Tennis Techniques & Shots: 10+ Powerful Tips to Win More Matches
Oct 14, 2025 · One-handed backhands offer reach and slice options, while two-handed versions give stability and power. For two-handed shots, let your ...
[26]
https://www.playerdevelopment.usta.com/Improve-Your-Game/Sport-Science/114384_Technique_Stroke_Fundamentals/
[27]
The last one-handed backhands of ATP ranking - Tennis World USA
Dec 14, 2024 · Of the top 100 players in the world, 92 play it with two hands and only 8 are the interpreters of the one-handed shot.
[28]
Technique: Stroke Fundamentals | Player Development
### Tennis Grips Summary
[29]
What String Tension Should I Use in My Tennis Racket? - Wilson
The general rule is to string elastic materials like nylon or natural gut around 50 - 60lbs, which we'll use as our base recommended tension.
[30]
three questions to help find your optimal string tension - Tennis.com
Jun 21, 2021 · When it comes to the actual tension, most manufacturers recommend stringing elastic materials like nylon or natural gut around 50-60 lbs. If ...
[31]
How Ideal Contact Point Makes Your Technique Work | Feel Tennis
May 28, 2025 · You'll hit the ball in your ideal contact point where your body's kinetic chain and weight transfer will produce the most power with the least amount of effort.
[32]
(PDF) Biomechanics of the Tennis Groundstrokes: Implications for ...
Aug 6, 2025 · The purpose of this article was to summarize recent research related to the biomechanics of tennis technique in groundstrokes and then to recommend specific ...
[33]
Effects of neuromuscular function and split step on reaction speed in ...
With split step the participants were 13.1% faster (P <0.05) than without split step from the start to the distal end of the so called close range movement ...
[34]
[PDF] COACH'S CURRICULUM PRE-RALLY / RED BALL 03 ... - USTA
Net Generation starts with all of us, and we're here to usher in a new era of tennis in the United States. ... groundstroke to net player, who volleys back.
[35]
[PDF] Learn to Rally and Play - QuickStart Tennis of Central Virginia
forehand ground strokes off a garage door or wall is ideal practice. Have the player use a foam ball and see how many he can hit in a row off the wall. A1.
[36]
[PDF] Level 1: Introduction to Adaptive Tennis - USTA
These lesson plans will introduce the player to fundamental tennis strokes including volleys, overheads, groundstrokes and serves. Lesson 1 introduces forehand ...
[37]
[PDF] WHEELCHAIR TENNIS COACH'S CURRICULUM GREEN BALL 02 ...
Toss two balls, continuing to toss with right hand, catch in left, and pass ball from left hand to right. Do in a stationary position, then add movement. 2.
[38]
The AD-Inbox: Answering your tennis questions - USTA
... groundstroke to one of the corners in order to start building the point. An ... defined by the lines, is the shot legal? - Glen Mayberry (Portland ...
[39]
[PDF] COACH'S CURRICULUM ORANGE BALL 03 / ORANGE ... - USTA
This keeps the grip from slipping over to an Eastern forehand. ... Lobber continues rally using continental grip and chip lobs; net player continues hitting high ...
[40]
[PDF] High School Coach Tennis Lesson Template - USTA
Stroke/Strategy of the Day: 1. Singles Positioning-at baseline-work recovery position after hitting a crosscourt ground stroke vs a down the line ground stroke.
[41]
[PDF] High School Coach Tennis Lesson Template - Amazon S3
crosscourt ground stroke vs a down the line ground stroke. Example 1)-Feed the ball to a baseline player and call X court. The player executes a X court ground.Missing: intermediate | Show results with:intermediate
[42]
[PDF] COMMUNITY AND COACH'S CURRICULUM YELLOW BALL 2
Baseliner alternates groundstrokes and lobs, beginning with drop-hit groundstroke. Net player volleys back to baseliner, who traps. • Baseliner drop-hits ...
[43]
Groundstroke Consistency Drills: Repetition to Rally
May 20, 2025 · Objective: Build rally tolerance and improve lateral footwork. ... Average rally length. Depth accuracy percentage. Forced errors vs ...
[44]
Unforced errors and error reduction in tennis - PMC - NIH
This article shows how players can improve their game by understanding and applying the laws of physics to reduce the number of unforced errors.
[45]
IMPROVE YOUR GAME: CONSISTENT GROUNDSTROKES - USTA
Jun 28, 2018 · Hitting cross-court balls from the baseline will help improve your groundstrokes. The net is lower in the center of the court, ...
[46]
A Closer Look at the Winner-Unforced Error Ratio - Tennis Abstract
Sep 4, 2015 · Taken alone, a winner rate of about 22% will get you a 70% chance of winning. An unforced error percentage of 15% will achieve the same goal.
[47]
How to Boost Training with Tennis Video Analysis Software
Why is video analysis important in tennis? Because it gives you clear, visual feedback. It helps you correct mistakes faster, understand your technique, and ...
[48]
Tennis Footwork | Drills, Techniques & Common Mistakes
May 19, 2025 · Fix bad footwork for good. Learn 6 key movement patterns, drills, and mistakes that sabotage your timing, balance, and consistency on court.
[49]
Four Steps to Determine Your Tennis Racket Grip Size - Wilson
1. Check your current racket's grip size. The bottom of your handle will list a number, typically 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 or 5. This number designates your grip size.
[50]
The Evolution of Tennis in Four Grips - The New York Times
Aug 30, 2019 · The evolution of the forehand grip, with the palm shifting farther and farther under the handle, has been largely incremental.
[51]
The History of Tennis Racquets - Tennisnerd.net
Jan 7, 2023 · ... metal racquets became the most common tennis tool. When Yannick Noah and Chris Evert won the men's and women's French Open singles titles in ...
[52]
The Evolution of Tennis - TennisOne
Rod Laver, Chris Evert, Tracy Austin - three backhands that impacted the evolution of tennis. Certainly, tennis has changed over the generations of play ...
[53]
History of tennis strings: 1875 - 2024
Jun 23, 2024 · Polyester Revolution. In the 1990s, polyester strings emerged as a game-changer. Known for their durability and ability to generate spin, ...
[54]
https://thetennisgarage.com/blogs/news/how-polyester-strings-revolutionized-tennis
[55]
My Dad and the Origins of the Modern Forehand - TennisPlayer.net
Great forward extension. When Jimmy Arias exploded on the tennis scene in the early 1980s that forehand was a sensation. Nick Bollettieri adopted it as a model.
[56]
On the Origin of Contemporary Tennis – Part 2: The Inside-Out ...
Sep 28, 2016 · Ivan Lendl could hit an inside-out forehand, and Mats Wilander's open stance forehand allowed for him to employ this shot as well. Wilander ...
[57]
Why Depth is More Important Than Power: Controlling the Court with Deep Groundstrokes - TopspinPro
### Summary: Depth in Groundstrokes and Tactical Importance
[58]
Pro Patterns: The Inside Out Diagonal - TennisPlayer.net
When opponent's hit to her backhand, she would bide her time slicing back crosscourt hitting wide and/or short until she could go around the ball and attack ...
[59]
An In-Depth Guide on Tennis Slice | Tips, Techniques & Drills
Sep 13, 2025 · A slice shot (or simply “slice”) is a tennis stroke featuring underspin that causes the ball to travel at a lower trajectory than a typical flat ...
[60]
Breaking Down the Different Tennis Court Surfaces
Slower Pace: After impact, the ball slows down because the clay surface absorbs its energy. Longer rallies and a stronger focus on endurance result from this.
[61]
Absorbing and Redirecting Pace - New York Tennis Magazine
Feb 20, 2020 · Absorbing pace occurs when an opponent's shot is too fast to control with a player's normal stroke. One way to try to deal with pace is to back up.
[62]
History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter 3: Tilden's Year of Triumph ...
Mar 3, 2002 · Playing mostly from the baseline, Tilden delivered a steady diet of forehands and backhands to the corners, often with heavy overspin or ...
[63]
The Forgotten Era of Tennis: Bill Tilden - TennisPlayer.net
Tilden's serve was magnificent, with three variations: the cannonball, slice and twist. His ground strokes were impeccable in attack or defense, and various ...
[64]
The Tennis 128: No. 7, Bill Tilden
Dec 7, 2022 · “My idea of intensive practice,” Tilden wrote in Match Play, “is to pick out one stroke and hammer away at that shot until it is completely ...
[65]
Playing the Greats The Rocket: Rodney Laver - TennisPlayer.net
First, most major championships were played on grass, a surface that greatly favors the player who gets to the net first. Second, (and most important) most of ...
[66]
AI names and ranks the greatest men's grass court players in tennis ...
Jul 11, 2025 · Laver was explosive and versatile, adapting his aggressive baseline and net play to excel on quick grass surfaces. His ability to control ...
[67]
Welcome to Grass Court season - Tennis on the Brain
Jun 18, 2024 · ... grass court players of all time. 5. Rod Laver: The Versatile Champion. Rod Laver's versatility and powerful groundstrokes, along with his ...
[68]
Bjorn Borg: 1974 Roland Garros Title, 50 Years On | ATP Tour | Tennis
Jun 7, 2024 · The depth of his groundstrokes was striking; his court speed and ability to play big points so well, was on another level, ...Missing: revolution | Show results with:revolution
[69]
Learning from the Past: Björn Borg's Forehand - Tennis.com
The semi-Western grip can give you the topspin you need and still allow you to hit the ball flat. Borg's consistency and ability to hit high over the net gave ...Missing: groundstrokes impact
[70]
How Men's Tennis Has Changed -
The 1980s began the transition from serve and volley play to baseline play, from the one-handed backhand to the two-handed backhand, from flat shots to topspin ...
[71]
Who has the best forehand in the entire ATP circuit?
Apr 8, 2025 · Again, we see Jannik Sinner leading this ranking, followed closely by Novak, only 0.24 average points behind. Alcaraz completes the podium, ...
[72]
Stats - Who are the best backhanders on the circuit? - Tennis Temple
Dec 6, 2024 · In 2024, Jannik Sinner offered the highest backhand quality (8.46), followed by Zverev (8.13), Djokovic (8.12), Alcaraz (8.08) and Medvedev (7.96).
[73]
https://acethemoon.com/blogs/news/top-5-best-forehands-on-atp-and-wta-tours-by-orun-altintas
[74]
Top WTA Forehands Slow Motion Compilation (2025) - YouTube
Apr 6, 2025 · #Tennis #Forehand #slowmotion.
[75]
Fun facts about Amanda Anisimova ahead of the 2025 US Open final
Sep 5, 2025 · Anisimova holds the fastest average backhand speed at the US Open, clocking in at 77 miles per hour. See more. Before the 2025 US Open kicked ...
[76]
Naomi Osaka's former coach explains how Amanda Anisimova hits ...
Sep 13, 2025 · Average backhand speed at the US Open · Amanda Anisimova – 77 mph · Jannik Sinner – 75 mph · Carlos Alcaraz – 73 mph.