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High Coast

The High Coast (Swedish: Höga Kusten), located in the Ångermanland province of northeastern Sweden along the Gulf of Bothnia, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site celebrated for its exceptional post-glacial landscapes, which exemplify the world's highest documented isostatic rebound following the last Ice Age.^[1] This region, paired transnationally with the Kvarken Archipelago in Finland, spans a total area of 346,434 hectares, including 100,700 hectares of terrestrial land and approximately 71% marine environment, featuring steep cliffs, deep inlets, high islands, and boulder fields shaped by glacial retreat and ongoing land uplift.^[1] The High Coast itself covers 142,500 hectares, with 80,000 hectares of marine area, characterized by hilly terrain and elevations reaching up to 285 meters above sea level due to isostatic adjustment—the process by which the Earth's crust rebounds after the removal of massive ice sheets.^[1] In contrast, the Kvarken Archipelago encompasses 194,400 hectares across 5,600 islands, shallow bays, and moraine ridges, including unique De Geer moraines formed during the melting of the continental ice sheet between 10,000 and 24,000 years ago.^[1] Geologically, the site illustrates the dynamic aftermath of the Pleistocene glaciation, with the last ice retreat occurring around 9,600 years ago and total land uplift exceeding 800 meters since the process began approximately 18,000 years ago; today, uplift continues at a rate of about 0.9 meters per century, creating observable changes such as emerging islands and transforming bays into lakes or marshes within a human lifetime.^[1] Designated under Criterion (viii) of UNESCO's World Heritage criteria for its outstanding value in demonstrating Earth's post-glacial processes and glacial landforms, the site provides critical insights into isostatic rebound and offers a natural laboratory for studying ongoing geological phenomena.^[1] Approximately 37% of the area is protected as nature reserves or national parks, integrated into the European Natura 2000 network, and managed through a collaborative transnational strategy by regional authorities in Sweden and Finland to preserve its ecological and geological integrity.^[1]

Geography

Location and Extent

The High Coast is situated along the western shore of the Gulf of Bothnia in northeastern Sweden, forming the Swedish component of the transboundary UNESCO World Heritage Site shared with Finland's Kvarken Archipelago across the northern Baltic Sea.^[1] It lies within Västernorrland County and the historical province of Ångermanland, approximately 150 km southwest of the Kvarken Islands.^[2] The site's central coordinates are approximately 63°0′N 18°30′E, with bounding coordinates spanning 62°44′N to 63°13′N and 17°54′E to 19°13′E.^[2] The High Coast encompasses an area of approximately 142,500 hectares, including 62,500 hectares of land and 80,000 hectares of marine environment, highlighting its integrated terrestrial and coastal character.^[2] Its boundaries extend from the High Coast Bridge (Högakustenbron) over the Ångermanälven River in the south to Skagsudde in the north, covering roughly 100 kilometers of coastline characterized by hilly terrain and offshore islands.^[2] This extent includes key conservation zones, reaching inland to capture full uplift zonation and seaward to incorporate marine habitats and islands.^[1] Administratively, the High Coast primarily falls within the municipalities of Kramfors and Örnsköldsvik in Västernorrland County, where regional policies support its protection as a national conservation area.^[2]

Physical Features

The High Coast features a distinctive hilly topography characterized by undulating terrain with steep cliffs and elevations reaching up to 333 meters above the current sea level, interspersed with deep valleys and ravines that carve through the landscape. This rugged relief includes remnants of the ancient Sub-Cambrian peneplain, an extremely flat erosion surface from the Precambrian era that has been uplifted and dissected, forming broad plateaus and elevated benches visible in the region's higher elevations. The terrain's elevation gradient creates a visually striking contrast between forested hilltops and incised lowlands, contributing to the area's overall dramatic profile.^[3]^[4]^[5] The coastline of the High Coast is marked by deep inlets known as fjärdar, which are elongated, glacially scoured bays extending inland from the Gulf of Bothnia, alongside sheltered bays such as that surrounding Ulvön island. These features include elevated shorelines that represent the world's highest post-glacial coastline, with ancient beach ridges and wave-cut platforms preserved at heights up to 286 meters, showcasing a steep and irregular profile with high islands rising abruptly from the sea. Ulvön bay, in particular, exemplifies this with its rocky shores, sandy pockets, and forested slopes that descend to calm waters, providing a sheltered contrast to the open coastal exposure.^[3]^[6]^[7] Hydrologically, the region is shaped by the Gulf of Bothnia, a northern arm of the brackish Baltic Sea where salinity gradients decrease northward from around 7-8 parts per thousand near the entrance to less than 3 parts per thousand in the Bothnian Bay, influencing local water chemistry and sediment transport. The Ångerman River, a major waterway traversing the High Coast, discharges into the gulf and contributes to ongoing erosion patterns by incising valleys and transporting sediments that modify coastal morphology, particularly along its estuary where it widens into broader floodplains. Notable landmarks include Skuleberget, a prominent peak at 296 meters above sea level within Skuleskogen National Park, offering panoramic views of the terrain, and the High Coast Bridge, a suspension structure with a 1,210-meter main span spanning the Ångerman River estuary.^[8]^[4]^[9]

Geology

Isostatic Rebound Process

Isostatic rebound, also known as glacial isostatic adjustment, refers to the ongoing rise of the Earth's crust in response to the removal of the immense weight of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet, which reached thicknesses of up to 3 kilometers in the region.^[10] This process occurs because the ice sheet depressed the viscoelastic mantle beneath the lithosphere during the Last Glacial Maximum around 18,000 years ago, and as the ice melted, the crust began to slowly rebound toward its pre-glacial equilibrium position.^[1] The High Coast area was covered by this ice sheet until approximately 9,600 years ago, marking the onset of significant deglaciation in the region.^[1] Since the retreat of the ice, the High Coast has experienced a total land uplift of 285 to 290 meters, representing the highest known post-glacial rebound globally.^[1] This uplift began immediately following deglaciation around 9,600 years ago and has proceeded at varying rates, with initial rapid adjustment giving way to more gradual movement over the subsequent 9,000 years.^[1] The process continues today at a rate of 8 to 9 millimeters per year, the fastest observed worldwide, as measured through a combination of continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) stations for absolute vertical motion and tide gauges for relative sea-level changes over the past century.^[11]^[12] This phenomenon exemplifies post-glacial isostatic adjustment on a Fennoscandian scale and provides critical insights into broader geophysical dynamics, including interactions between crustal deformation, global sea-level variations due to ice melt, and the implications for plate tectonics models.^[1] Studies in the High Coast have been foundational in quantifying these adjustments, aiding predictions of future land-sea interactions amid ongoing climate change.^[12]

Key Geological Formations

The bedrock of the High Coast primarily consists of Precambrian granite and gneiss, forming a resistant foundation that has been exposed and shaped by prolonged tectonic and erosional processes.^[13] These ancient rocks, dating back over 1.8 billion years, underlie the region's hilly terrain and steep coastal cliffs, providing structural integrity amid ongoing uplift.^[14] Remnants of the Sub-Cambrian peneplain, an extensive ancient erosion surface developed during the late Precambrian to early Cambrian, are prominently exposed in the High Coast due to differential uplift, revealing low-relief bedrock platforms dissected by later tectonic activity. Glacial features dominate the surface geology, with large-scale joint valleys carved by ice sheet abrasion along pre-existing fractures in the bedrock, creating a distinctive rectilinear pattern of deep incisions and intervening ridges.^[14] Depositional landforms include eskers—sinuous ridges of sand and gravel formed by subglacial meltwater streams—and drumlins, streamlined hills of till that indicate former ice flow directions toward the southeast.^[13] Post-glacial modifications are evident in the raised beaches and strandlines, which mark former shorelines elevated by isostatic rebound to heights of up to 286 meters above current sea level, with well-preserved wave-washed boulders at around 260 meters illustrating ancient coastal dynamics.^[14] While the adjacent Kvarken Archipelago features prominent De Geer moraines—short, transverse ridges from rapid ice retreat—the Swedish High Coast emphasizes erosional and uplift-driven formations, such as exposed striations and roche moutonnées on the granite-gneiss bedrock.^[10]

Biodiversity and Ecology

Flora and Vegetation

The flora of the High Coast is predominantly southern boreal, characterized by coniferous forests dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), with the latter prevailing on nutrient-poor, rocky soils derived from glacial till.^[2]^[15] Mixed deciduous woodlands occur in sheltered ravines and lower slopes, featuring species such as oak (Quercus robur), small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata), Norway maple (Acer platanoides), and hazel (Corylus avellana), reflecting a blend of boreal and more southerly elements.^[2] In higher elevations and exposed cliffs, unique subalpine flora persists, including purple saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositifolia), tufted saxifrage (Saxifraga caespitosa), and mountain rock-cress (Cardaminopsis petraea), which thrive in the harsh, wind-swept conditions shaped by post-glacial uplift.^[2] Vegetation succession in the region is an ongoing process driven by isostatic rebound, where emerging land from former bays undergoes recolonization starting with pioneer species on newly exposed shores, progressing to grasslands, scrub, and eventually climax forests.^[1]^[2] Lowlands feature wetlands and bogs formed from isolated lakes and marshes, dominated by sedge communities such as bottle sedge (Carex rostrata), along with Sphagnum mosses, marsh cinquefoil (Potentilla palustris), and cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus), which have recolonized since the retreat of the Weichselian glaciation around 9,600 years ago.^[2] In sheltered valleys, these transition to deciduous woods, supporting spring ephemerals like liverleaf (Hepatica nobilis), wall lettuce (Lactuca muralis), and herb-Robert (Geranium robertianum), some of which reach their northern distributional limits here.^[16] Coastal influences from the brackish Baltic Sea (salinity 3-6‰) foster salt-tolerant meadows along the shores, with reed beds of common reed (Phragmites australis) and aquatic communities including pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.) and stoneworts (Chara spp.).^[2] The region harbors glacial relict and endemic species adapted to these conditions, such as the Baltic endemic hairgrass (Deschampsia bottnica) and eyebright (Euphrasia bottnica), contributing to a total of 16 relict vascular plants unique to the Baltic Sea drainage basin.^[2] Orchids and other herbs like twinflower (Linnaea borealis) and starflower (Lysimachia borealis) add to the diversity in forest understories and open areas.^[17]

Fauna and Habitats

The High Coast encompasses a diverse mosaic of habitats, including coastal archipelagos with steep shores and deep inlets, inland coniferous forests, deciduous valleys, rocky slopes, and mires that transition from former bays into peat fens due to ongoing land uplift. This landscape, comprising approximately 71% marine and 29% terrestrial areas, forms part of the Baltic Sea ecoregion, where a pronounced salinity gradient—from near-freshwater in the northern Gulf of Bothnia to brackish conditions further south—strongly influences species distribution and community composition, favoring euryhaline organisms adapted to low-salinity environments. Shallow, sheltered embayments and deeper open waters create varied niches for marine, brackish, and freshwater biota, while upland forests and wetlands enhance ecological connectivity.^[18]^[13]^[19] Terrestrial mammals thrive in the forested uplands and rocky terrains, with key species including the brown bear (Ursus arctos), which forages across old-growth coniferous areas; the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), favoring rocky habitats for hunting; and the moose (Alces alces), commonly observed via tracks in winter. In coastal waters, gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) are prevalent, utilizing archipelagos for haul-outs and feeding on fish stocks, contributing to the region's marine mammal dynamics as part of a recovering Baltic population exceeding 60,000 individuals as of 2021.^[13]^[20]^[21] These mammals play critical ecological roles, such as predation and herbivory, maintaining balance in forest and coastal food webs. Avian diversity is notable, with a rich assemblage of over 250 species recorded across habitats, including raptors like the white-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), which nests near coastal cliffs and preys on fish; the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), utilizing steep rock faces for breeding; and migratory waterfowl such as ducks and waders that congregate in bays and wetlands during seasonal passages. Additional residents in forests include woodpeckers (e.g., black woodpecker Dryocopus martius and three-toed woodpecker Picoides tridactylus), grouse (e.g., capercaillie Tetrao urogallus), and passerines like crested tits (Lophophanes cristatus) and northern wrens (Troglodytes troglodytes). These birds exploit the altitudinal and topographic variety for nesting and foraging, supporting pollination and pest control.^[13]^[22]^[20] Aquatic and invertebrate communities reflect the brackish conditions, with fish like the fourhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus quadricornis) inhabiting coastal shallows and estuaries, where it forages on benthic prey as a resilient cold-water species tolerant of salinity fluctuations. Invertebrates, particularly diverse insects such as the flat-headed pine borer (Chalcophora mariana) in sun-exposed pine stands and wood-boring beetles in spruces, form foundational food webs in ravines and forests, sustaining higher trophic levels. The underlying vegetation, including boreal forests and wetlands, provides essential cover and resources that bolster these faunal populations.^[23]^[13]^[20]

Human History

Prehistoric and Early Settlement

The High Coast region exhibits evidence of human occupation from the Mesolithic period, with hunter-gatherer camps established along ancient shorelines dating to approximately 6000 BCE, now elevated over 100 meters above sea level due to post-glacial isostatic rebound. These early settlements, identified through lithic artifacts and structural remains, reflect adaptations to a rapidly changing coastal environment where shorelines receded as land rose at rates of 8–9 mm per year. Archaeological surveys indicate that initial colonization followed deglaciation around 9600 years ago, with camps focused on exploiting marine and riverine resources like fish and seals in the then-submerged Gulf of Bothnia.^[24]^[25] Rock art sites such as Nämforsen, located along the Ångermanälven River, provide key insights into late Stone Age and early Bronze Age life, featuring over 2,600 petroglyphs of boats, elk, and human figures carved between 5000 and 1800 BCE. These carvings, among northern Europe's largest collections, illustrate ritual and subsistence activities tied to waterways that shifted with land uplift, underscoring the cultural significance of the evolving landscape. During the Bronze Age (c. 1800–500 BCE), scattered cairns and burial sites appear in coastal areas, signaling a transition to more permanent resource use amid emerging dry land.^[26]^[27] In the Iron Age (c. 500 BCE–1050 CE), settlements concentrated in fertile valleys, leveraging elevated plateaus for agriculture and animal husbandry. The Gene Fornby site near Örnsköldsvik exemplifies this phase, with excavations uncovering Roman Iron Age (c. 1–400 CE) longhouses, grain storage pits, and tools indicating mixed farming of cereals and livestock alongside fishing, adapted to the stabilizing but still uplifting terrain. Sami influences emerged in the northern fringes during this era, incorporating reindeer herding and seasonal mobility that complemented local farming communities.^[28]^[29] By the medieval period after 1000 CE, the High Coast, as part of Ångermanland, developed fishing villages, where communities built seasonal structures for herring and salmon processing, responding to shallower bays formed by ongoing uplift. These villages contributed to Hanseatic League trade routes across the Gulf of Bothnia, exporting dried fish and timber from Lübeck merchants, integrating the region into broader northern European networks. Examples include sites like Bönhamn, established in the 17th century. Archaeological sites collectively highlight human resilience to geological changes, with elevated prehistoric shorelines preserving evidence of adaptive strategies over millennia.^[4]^[30]

Modern Cultural Development

The modern cultural development of the High Coast began to take shape in the 19th century with the rise of industrialization, particularly in forestry and sawmilling along the Ångermanälven and Faxälven rivers. Steam-powered sawmills proliferated in the mid-1800s, transforming rural landscapes into bustling industrial hubs that attracted laborers and spurred population growth in coastal communities. Timber was felled in inland forests and floated downstream to these mills for processing and export, establishing the region as a key contributor to Sweden's burgeoning wood industry.^[31] By the 20th century, however, the industrial base began to decline as many sawmills converted to pulp and paper production or closed entirely due to economic shifts and resource depletion, leading to significant rural depopulation. This transition marked a pivotal socio-economic change, with communities once sustained by forestry facing outmigration and economic stagnation. The region's identity evolved in response, culminating in the 1974 High Coast Enquiry, a comprehensive report commissioned by a regional committee that coined the name "High Coast" (Höga kusten) to replace the generic "Ångermanland Coast." This renaming aimed to emphasize the area's unique geological features and promote cultural and economic revitalization through heritage preservation and tourism potential.^[31]^[24] Cultural heritage in the High Coast reflects this industrial legacy intertwined with longstanding traditions, including resilient fishing communities along the Gulf of Bothnia, where practices like herring processing have persisted for centuries. Villages such as Ullånger showcase preserved wooden architecture, including 19th-century timber buildings and structures that embody vernacular building techniques adapted to the coastal environment. Annual events, such as midsummer festivals featuring traditional dances, music, and communal feasts around maypoles, continue to foster local identity and community bonds, drawing on both historical customs and contemporary expressions.^[31] Socio-economic trends since the late 20th century have seen a shift from resource extraction to a service-oriented economy, with tourism and cultural activities emerging as primary drivers of employment and growth. The surrounding municipalities, including Kramfors and parts of Örnsköldsvik, support approximately 30,000 residents who benefit from this diversification, though challenges like aging populations persist. This evolution underscores the High Coast's adaptation of its industrial past into a sustainable cultural framework.^[24]

Tourism and Recreation

Major Attractions

The High Coast offers a variety of natural sites that draw visitors seeking immersive outdoor experiences. The Höga Kusten Trail, a 135-kilometer hiking path designated as one of Sweden's 12 National Signature Trails, winds through the UNESCO World Heritage area from Hornöberget in the south to Örnsköldsvik in the north, showcasing dramatic coastlines, ancient forests, and elevated viewpoints.^[32]^[33] Skuleskogen National Park, located at the heart of the region, features rugged slot canyons such as Slåtterdalsskrevan, dense woodlands, and pristine wilderness ideal for exploration on foot or by kayak, highlighting the area's unique post-glacial landscape.^[4] Birdwatching enthusiasts find rich opportunities in the Trysunda Archipelago, a nature reserve with diverse habitats supporting various seabird species, accessible via trails and boat tours from nearby villages.^[34] Cultural attractions provide insights into the region's maritime heritage and engineering feats. The High Coast Bridge, Sweden's longest suspension bridge spanning the Ångerman River near Veda, serves as an iconic viewpoint offering panoramic vistas of the surrounding fjords and uplifted terrain, especially at sunset.^[35]^[4] Historical fishing villages like Norrfällsviken, established over 350 years ago, and Ulvön, a car-free island community, preserve traditional red wooden boathouses and offer glimpses into centuries-old coastal livelihoods through preserved architecture and local museums.^[36]^[37] A range of activities enhance visitor engagement with the landscape. Kayaking in the fjärdar—narrow inlets formed by glacial rebound—allows paddlers to navigate calm waters amid islands and cliffs, with guided tours available for all skill levels starting from points like Näskeviken.^[38]^[39] Berry picking in the region's abundant forests is a seasonal pursuit, where visitors can forage for wild blueberries and lingonberries along trails, adhering to Sweden's allemansrätten right of public access.^[40] Stargazing thrives in the area's low-light pollution zones, particularly on clear nights away from coastal settlements, revealing vivid night skies visible from elevated spots like Skuleberget.^[41] Seasonal highlights extend the appeal year-round. In summer, extended daylight hours—approaching midnight sun conditions at 63 degrees north latitude—enable prolonged hikes and archipelago explorations until late evening.^[4] Winter transforms elevated trails into snowshoeing routes, with events like the High Coast Winter Hike offering guided treks through snow-covered forests and viewpoints, typically from February onward when conditions stabilize.^[42]^[43]

Visitor Infrastructure

The High Coast region benefits from well-developed transportation networks that facilitate access for tourists from across Sweden and Europe. The European route E4 highway serves as the primary arterial road, running north-south through the area and connecting it to Stockholm, about 500 kilometers south, with a drive time of approximately five hours.^[4] This route crosses the landmark High Coast Bridge, a 1,867-meter suspension bridge over the Ångerman River completed in 1997, which not only eases regional travel but also provides panoramic views of the surrounding landscape.^[4] For island explorations, local ferries such as M/F Ulvön and M/S Kusttrafik operate seasonal services to destinations like Ulvön and Högbonden, enhancing connectivity within the archipelago.^[44] Air access is supported by Örnsköldsvik Airport (OER), situated approximately 45 kilometers from central High Coast sites such as Skuleskogen National Park, offering daily flights to Stockholm via Scandinavian Airlines. Additional air access is available via Kramfors/Sollefteå Airport (KRF), approximately 20 kilometers from Kramfors, with seasonal flights to Stockholm.^[45] Additional options include regional trains stopping at Kramfors and buses like Y-buss linking to major cities, making the area reachable without a personal vehicle.^[46] A diverse array of accommodations caters to varying preferences and budgets, supporting the region's growing visitor base. In urban centers like Kramfors, visitors find hotels and guesthouses providing modern amenities and proximity to services. Eco-lodges and glamping sites, often aligned with sustainable tourism standards as evidenced by the area's membership in the Global Sustainable Tourism Council, are situated within or near national parks like Skuleskogen, emphasizing low-impact stays amid natural surroundings.^[47] Campsites dot the hiking trails and coastal paths, offering tent pitches, cabins, and facilities for self-catering, with options like Kramforsviken providing modern service buildings just 900 meters from town.^[48] This mix of approximately 15 hotels, each typically offering over 50 beds, in key areas, alongside numerous campsites and cabins, ensures sufficient infrastructure to handle seasonal peaks without overwhelming local resources.^[49] Visitor services enhance the experience through educational and logistical support focused on the area's unique features. Key facilities include Naturum Höga Kusten, a visitor center with interactive exhibits detailing the geological processes of isostatic rebound, and the Skuleskogen National Park center, which provides maps, refreshments, and information on trails.^[50]^[51] Guided tours, including nature walks and workshops on local geology and ecology, are available through these centers and operators like High Coast Experience, catering to individuals and groups.^[52] Sustainable transport initiatives complement these services, with local buses via DinTur and coordinated ferry schedules promoting reduced emissions, though electric boat options remain more prominent in broader Swedish coastal efforts rather than specific High Coast routes.^[46] Tourism infrastructure has expanded notably since the High Coast's designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000, driving increased investment in accessibility and services. Annual visitor numbers reached hundreds of thousands by the mid-2000s, with overnight stays surging 58% over the subsequent decade to position the area as one of Sweden's fastest-growing destinations by 2023.^[53]^[54] This growth, projected at up to 18% annually through goals like those of the High Coast International Hub, underscores the infrastructure's role in balancing economic benefits with environmental preservation.^[55]

Conservation and Protection

Protected Areas

The High Coast features an extensive network of protected areas designed to preserve its unique geological and ecological features resulting from post-glacial land uplift. This includes one national park and numerous nature reserves, which together safeguard approximately 37% of the terrestrial portion of the World Heritage property, covering around 37,000 hectares focused on biodiversity hotspots and key uplift zones.^[1]^[56] Skuleskogen National Park, established in 1984, spans 3,062 hectares and protects a dramatic rift valley landscape characterized by ancient forests, deep ravines, and coastal cliffs. The park encompasses untouched spruce and pine woodlands, alpine meadows, and unique geological formations that exemplify the region's isostatic rebound, providing habitat for diverse flora and fauna while allowing for recreational access through marked trails.^[16]^[57] Complementing the national park are 18 nature reserves that cover significant portions of the High Coast's coastline and inland areas, emphasizing the preservation of varied habitats such as coastal meadows, forests, and geological sites. Established progressively since the late 1960s, these reserves protect representative examples of the area's natural and cultural heritage. For instance, Norrfällsviken Nature Reserve, designated in 1969, safeguards expansive cobble fields, raised beaches, and coastal meadows that illustrate ongoing land uplift processes, including rare geological features like rapakivi granite erratics. Similarly, Storsand Nature Reserve preserves dynamic sand dunes, sparse pine woodlands, and shallow coastal waters, supporting specialized flora and serving as a key site for understanding sediment dynamics in the uplift zone.^[2]^[58]^[59] The protected areas are integrated into broader European and national frameworks, including the Natura 2000 network, which designates sites within the High Coast for the conservation of threatened habitats and species, encompassing both terrestrial and marine components. Additionally, eight Landscape Protection Areas were established in 1968 to highlight and conserve the region's distinctive geological features, such as eskers and strandflats, ensuring the long-term integrity of the uplift landscape. These protections collectively maintain the ecological value of the reserves, supporting habitats detailed in broader biodiversity assessments.^[1]^[2]

Management and Challenges

The management of the High Coast/Kvarken Archipelago World Heritage site is overseen by the County Administrative Board of Västernorrland in Sweden and Metsähallitus Parks & Wildlife Finland, supported by a transnational consultative body involving regional authorities and municipalities from both countries to ensure coordinated preservation and sustainable development.^[1]^[60] Local management includes the High Coast Management Board in Sweden and the World Heritage Delegation in Finland, which facilitate stakeholder engagement across sectors.^[60] A joint management plan, finalized in 2023 and valid until 2030, adopts an ecosystem-based approach that integrates conservation of protected areas with activities in tourism and forestry to balance economic use and heritage protection.^[1]^[61] Key threats to the site include increasing visitor pressure, which leads to trail erosion and habitat disturbance in sensitive coastal areas.^[1] Potential oil or chemical spills in the Gulf of Bothnia pose risks to marine biological and cultural values due to heavy maritime traffic.^[1]^[61] Climate change further endangers the site by unbalancing sea salinity, impacting saline-dependent species, and altering biological values, though it does not directly threaten the core geological uplift processes.^[61]^[1] As of 2025, nearby wind farm developments, such as the High Coast Wind project involving 80 turbines, present low-level threats through potential visual intrusions and biodiversity impacts outside the core site boundaries.^[62] Conservation strategies emphasize sustainable practices, such as the region's membership in the Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) since 2023 through Höga Kusten Destinationsutveckling, which promotes certified eco-friendly tourism to mitigate visitor impacts.^[47] Ongoing monitoring by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assesses site condition and informs adaptive measures.^[61] Development restrictions, including prohibitions on new wind farm construction within the site to prevent visual and ecological disruptions, help maintain landscape integrity, though projects are approved in surrounding areas.^[61] Transnational efforts between Sweden and Finland focus on joint planning for the full High Coast/Kvarken Archipelago, including shared monitoring protocols and cooperative projects to address cross-border threats like pollution and climate impacts, ensuring the site's integrity as a unified heritage property.^[1]^[61]

UNESCO World Heritage Status

Inscription History

The pursuit of UNESCO World Heritage status for the High Coast originated from long-standing geological investigations into post-glacial isostatic uplift in the Gulf of Bothnia region, with key developments occurring in the 1970s. During this period, the designation "High Coast" was formalized through initiatives like the 1972 High Coast Committee meeting, which highlighted the area's dramatic elevation and unique physiography. The 1974 High Coast Enquiry further underscored the site's scientific value, documenting the uplift's role in shaping the landscape and recommending integrated conservation and tourism strategies based on emerging geological data.^[24] Formal pre-inscription efforts gained momentum in the mid-1990s under the leadership of the County Administrative Board of Västernorrland, culminating in Sweden's official nomination of the High Coast in June 1998. This nomination emphasized the site's exemplary representation of isostatic rebound processes, supported by historical and contemporary geological evidence of land elevation exceeding 280 meters since the last Ice Age. The nomination dossier was evaluated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1999, which noted concerns regarding management and integrity, particularly for marine areas, but recommended inscription as an outstanding example of isostatic rebound.^[63]^[64] At its 24th session in Cairns, Australia, in November 2000, the UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribed the High Coast on the World Heritage List under natural criterion (viii), recognizing it as an outstanding example of ongoing geological processes in their type locality. The decision specifically praised the site for illustrating isostatic rebound with exceptional clarity, noting a total uplift of 285 meters—the highest recorded globally—and its value for understanding Quaternary landscape evolution. This initial listing covered approximately 142,500 hectares in Sweden, focusing on the terrestrial and marine features that demonstrate the uplift's dynamic effects.^[65]^[1] The site's scope expanded in 2006 when the World Heritage Committee, at its 30th session in Vilnius, Lithuania, approved the addition of the Kvarken Archipelago in Finland as an extension, forming the transnational High Coast/Kvarken Archipelago property. This decision integrated complementary uplift features across the Gulf of Bothnia, increasing the total area to 346,434 hectares (including about 100,700 hectares of land and extensive marine zones) while maintaining criterion (viii). The extension highlighted the shared geological narrative of post-glacial rebound between the two nations.^[1]^[2] A significant milestone in ongoing stewardship occurred in 2023 with the adoption of a unified management plan for 2023–2030, developed jointly by Swedish and Finnish authorities. This update enhanced sustainable practices, including monitoring of uplift processes and biodiversity, to ensure the site's long-term preservation amid environmental changes. In the 2024 Periodic Report, the site's state of conservation was assessed positively, with an overall outlook rated as "good" as of 2025, emphasizing effective transnational management.^[66]

Criteria and Significance

The High Coast/Kvarken Archipelago was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List under criterion (viii) for its outstanding universal value as an exceptional example of ongoing geological processes in the evolution and development of the Earth's landforms, particularly post-glacial isostatic rebound. This site illustrates the dramatic effects of glacial loading and unloading following the Weichselian glaciation, with the land having risen approximately 285 meters since around 9,600 years ago, representing the highest documented isostatic uplift globally. The High Coast specifically demonstrates a maximum uplift of 285 meters since around 9,600 years ago, making it a type locality for studying crustal responses to deglaciation.^[1] The site's scientific significance extends beyond its geological features, serving as a global reference for research in glaciology, sea-level changes, and climate modeling. Observations from the area have been instrumental in developing models that predict future land emergence and relative sea-level variations in the Baltic Sea region, where ongoing uplift at rates of about 9 mm per year interacts with global sea-level rise scenarios. For instance, geophysical models calibrated using High Coast/Kvarken data forecast that by 2100, sea levels in the Gulf of Bothnia could rise by 30-60 cm under moderate emission pathways, offset partially by rebound but leading to complex coastal transformations. This research framework aids in understanding similar dynamics in other post-glacial environments worldwide.^[1]^[12]^[67] As a transnational serial property spanning Sweden and Finland, the High Coast and Kvarken Archipelago together provide a comprehensive spectrum of isostatic rebound effects, from the elevated, hilly mainland coasts to the low-relief, dynamic archipelago with over 5,600 islands formed by emerging land. The Kvarken's unique De Geer moraines—transverse ridges deposited during glacial retreat—complement the High Coast's raised shorelines, offering a full stratigraphic and morphological record of the rebound process that no single-country site could achieve.^[1] The long-term significance of the site lies in its demonstration of active geological processes with implications for other formerly glaciated regions, such as the Hudson Bay area in Canada, where comparable rebound rates up to 10 mm per year continue to shape coastlines and influence sea-level projections. By providing empirical data on uplift exceeding 285 meters in total—higher than at Hudson Bay—the High Coast/Kvarken serves as a benchmark for modeling ongoing Earth crust adjustments in response to past and potential future ice mass changes.^[65]^[68]

References

[1]
High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
The High Coast in Sweden and the Kvarken Archipelago in Finland are situated on opposite sides of the Gulf of Bothnia, in the northern part of the Baltic Sea.
[2]
HIGH COAST / KVARKEN ARCHIPELAGO - World Heritage Datasheet
The High Coast in Sweden lies about 150 km southwest of the Kvarken Islands in the province of Västernorrland. Its northern boundary lies about 10 km south of ...
[3]
UNESCO World Heritage Centre - World Heritage List
**Summary of High Coast Physical Features (UNESCO World Heritage List #898)**
[4]
The High Coast is situated in the north-eastern part of Sweden
Dec 6, 2023 · Set in the northeast province of Ångermanland on the Gulf of Bothnia, the High Coast in Sweden is a UNESCO World Heritage site.Missing: extent | Show results with:extent
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Full article: The major landforms of the bedrock of Sweden
The relief differences in the basement are connected to the different sedimentary covers with a flat and inclined sub-Cambrian surface and a hilly and inclined ...
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Skuleberget - Höga Kusten
Skuleberget has the world's highest coastline with its 286 meters above sea level. With its uniquely elevated moraine cap, this is a common place to visit in ...
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[PDF] Pearls of the Baltic Sea | HELCOM
The High Coast is character- ised by hilly mainland, elevated islands, deep bays and straits. A highly diversified forested landscape continues all the way ...<|separator|>
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https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:608766/FULLTEXT01.pdf
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The High Coast Bridge - Höga Kusten
Was at the opening in 1997 the world's ninth longest suspension bridge, with its 1800 meters. ... Length between the pillars: 1210 meters. Width: 17,8 m
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The traces of the Ice Age - High Coast/Kvarken Archipelago
The World Heritage area was covered by a 3000 meter thick ice. Today's landscape in the High Coast and Kvarken Archipelago has largely been formed by the Ice ...Missing: Fennoscandian | Show results with:Fennoscandian
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[PDF] Land Uplift at Kvarken Archipelago / High Coast UNESCO World ...
Jun 5, 2015 · rapid elastic rebound of the crust. The uplift rate at the High Coast was even 8 (Berg- lund, 2004) to 12 (Lidén, 1911) cm/year, and the ...Missing: timeline | Show results with:timeline
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[PDF] iucn technical evaluation the kvarken archipelago (finland) - id n
Landforms in the KA were created mostly by glacial action over a pre-Cambrian peneplain ... natural WH properties (the High Coast of Sweden, the. Virgin Komi ...<|separator|>
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[PDF] IUCN TECHNICAL EVALUATION THE HIGH COAST (SWEDEN ...
Jun 11, 1999 · But their legacy is seen in characteristic erosional and depositional landforms (e.g. till plains, drumlins and eskers), and in raised.
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World Heritage Site: the High Coast area
The highest situated field of wave-washed boulders reaches c. 260 metres above sea level, whereas the highest shoreline in the area is recorded at 286 metres.Missing: key granite gneiss eskers drumlins raised beaches
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Rocky pine forests in the High Coast Region in Sweden: structure ...
Mar 27, 2020 · Some of these forests occur on nutrient-poor, rocky areas on hilltops, where Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is the major tree species. Because ...
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[PDF] Folder for the national park of Skuleskogen
Nov 25, 2024 · In May you find Liverleaf flowers beside the trail to Kälsviken. Wall Lettuce, Herb-. Robert, and Wood Fescue are other southerly plants that.
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Skuleskogen National Park - High Coast Guide
May 28, 2024 · During spring and summer, a variety of plants bloom, including orchids, twinflower, and starflower. The unique combination of forest and coastal ...
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High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago
### Summary of Fauna, Animals, Birds, Mammals, Fish, and Habitats in High Coast UNESCO Site
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Biodiversity - HELCOM
Compared to most other seas, the number of species is relatively low in the Baltic Sea because of its low salinity. However, due to its unique salinity gradient ...
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https://www.lansstyrelsen.se/download/18.8cd5a1b19362fb4fc22ca4/1732538211980/Skuleskogen%20National%20Park%20(english).pdf
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Grey seal abundance - HELCOM indicators
The grey seal population abundance is estimated around 60 000 animals, considerably exceeding the LRL of 10 000, however the population trend is not showing ...
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Sweden Factsheet | BirdLife DataZone
White-tailed Sea-eagle. Haliaeetus albicilla. Hawks, Eagles. Least Concern. No ... Peregrine Falcon. Falco peregrinus. Falcons, Caracaras. Least Concern. No.
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[PDF] SPECIES INFORMATION SHEET Triglopsis quadricornis - HELCOM
The fourhorn sculpin occurs in cold brackish and moderately saline coastal waters or as landlocked subpopulations in lakes. The species is benthic and ...
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[PDF] Nordlund, Christer. "How the Coast Became High
The High Coast, landscape, World Heritage, history of geology, land elevation, environmental values. INTRODUCTION. The province Ångermanland in north-eastern ...
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[PDF] PIONEER SETTLEMENT IN THE MESOLITHIC OF NORTHERN ...
This thesis aims to study the earliest settlement of northern Sweden using lithic artifacts, focusing on early postglacial colonization and cultural ...
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English - Nämforsens Hällristningsmuseum
Nämforsen in Näsåker is a site of one of the largest collections of rock-carvings in Europe. About 2600 different figures and lines have been chipped out on the ...
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[PDF] New 3D documentation reveals carved Stone Age and Bronze Age ...
Map of the rock carving area at Nämforsen in Ångermanland, Sweden. After Hallström 1960. Page 3. 74. Adoranten 2018 armed human ...
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Gene Fornby - the Ancient Village of Gene | The EXARC Journal
Feb 15, 2013 · Originating from the Roman Iron Age, the site was uncovered in an extensive excavation in 1977-1988, led by Per H. Ramqvist and Anna-Karin ...
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(PDF) Gene fornby: The Ancient Village of Gene - Academia.edu
The study discusses the archaeological site Gene Fornby in northern Sweden, its historical significance dating back to the Roman Iron Age, ...
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[PDF] The Trading Networks of the High North during the Sixteenth Century
The Network along the Coast. A primary condition for trade along the coast was the establishment of the Hanseatic League in Bergen, with a permanent ...
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None
### Summary of Industrial History and Cultural Heritage in the High Coast Area (Kramfors)
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The High Coast Trail - Hiking - Höga Kusten
Total length. 135 km. Sections. 9. Estimated time. 7-9 days. The 135 km long High Coast Trail stretches through the entire World Heritage Site that shares its ...
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Signature trail Höga Kusten - Swedish Tourist Association
In addition to dark woodland lakes, wide views, rippling streams and deep ravines, there is also the spectacular rock crevice Slåtterdalsskrevan. Ocean view of ...
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Trysunda Loop, Västernorrland, Sweden - 6 Reviews, Map | AllTrails
Rating 4.5 (6) Yes, trailgoers have said that Trysunda Loop is good for birding. Various bird species have been spotted on the trail and in the surrounding area. Is fishing ...Missing: Archipelago | Show results with:Archipelago
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Tour around the bridges of the High Coast - Höga Kusten
A classic tour that can be taken by car or bike if you have a road bike. As the name suggests, the tour passes two of the High Coast's mighty bridges.
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12 Places to Visit on Sweden's High Coast (Höga Kusten)
Jul 6, 2023 · In total, the High Coast trail is 128.6km long and split ... The High Coast trail begins at the High Coast Bridge and ends in Örnsköldsvik.
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Ulvön - Visit the pearl of the High Coast - Ångermanland
Ulvön in the High Coast archipelago is as much Swedish glory as you can get. A shade of idyll and pure summer happiness.
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Kayaking in the High Coast - Höga Kusten
Kayaking in the High Coast offers a magical, silent experience with open waters, islands, and a varied coastline. It's a popular, ultimate outdoor experience.
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Kayak on the High Coast - High Coast Experience
You can kayak on the High Coast with options for easy river kayaking, sea kayaking, guided tours, or combining kayaking with trekking.
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A Practical Guide to the High Coast Trail in Sweden
Aug 11, 2023 · You can freely pick berries and mushrooms wherever you find them, provided they are not protected species. Keep in mind that the above does not ...
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Experiences, activities, sights and attractions in the High Coast
In the High Coast you will find great walks, exceptional views and thrilling activities, as well as calm waters and fishing areas.
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High Coast Winter Hike
Join the world's largest winter hike. Breathtaking nature, courses and seminars, as well as amazing community in the World Heritage High Coast.Missing: elevated | Show results with:elevated
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Winter hiking | Höga Kusten
The High Coast Winter Hike is Europe's most popular winter hike and it attracts both beginners and experienced winter hikers.
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Boat tours and ferries in the High Coastv | Höga Kusten
With the ferries M/F Ulvön and M/S Kusttrafik you can go to the islands Ulvön and Högbonden. The travel through the archipelago is an experience on it's own.Missing: services centers sustainable electric
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Accommodation, Activities and Transportation - Visit High Coast
Visit High Coast offers you valuable flight, bus, train, cruise and car rental information that will help you get to/from the High Coast in Sweden.
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How to get around - Höga Kusten
Arriving by bus or train. You can easily travel by Y-buss to and from the High Coast. Y-buss runs via several stops on the route Örnsköldsvik-Stockholm and ...
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Höga Kusten (The High Coast of Sweden) Joins GSTC
Oct 30, 2023 · Höga Kusten, a UNESCO site with the highest coastline, joined GSTC to lead industry development, aiming for carbon neutrality by 2030, and to ...Missing: renamed 1974 Ångermanland
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Camping grounds & holiday villages in the High Coast | Höga Kusten
Kramforsviken offers both parking spaces for motorhomes and cottages for rent. There is a modern service building. The centre of Kramfors is 900 metres away.Missing: eco- | Show results with:eco-
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Visitor's Center - Naturum Höga Kusten
The aim of our exhibitions is to inspire you to visit the amazing High Coast scenery. School and groups. We're especially keen on school classes. We always ...
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Visitor centre - Skuleskogen National Park - Sveriges nationalparker
The visitor center is at the foot of Skuleberget, offers info, maps, food, water refills, and guided activities. It's 10km from the park entrances.<|separator|>
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Naturum High Coast
May 27, 2024 · These include guided nature walks, workshops on local flora and fauna, and lectures on the geological history of the High Coast. Special events ...
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An Historical Introduction to the High Coast ( Hoega kusten ) World ...
The High Coast in north-eastern Sweden has become a popular tourist site annually attracting hundreds of thousands of visitors from throughout the world.Missing: growth statistics per
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QR codes and park stewards: Nudging tourist behaviour
Mar 31, 2025 · The High Coast region, located in Västernorrland County, includes the municipalities of Härnösand, Kramfors, Sollefteå, and Örnsköldsvik.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Manifesto | High Coast International Hub
5,000 new residents by 2030 · 2,500 new jobs by 2030 · 18% annual tourism growth ...<|separator|>
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[PDF] Application of the Climate Vulnerability Index
37% of the WH property is formally protected as Natura 2000-areas, National Park or Nature reserves. ... The boundaries of the High Coast in Sweden encompass the ...
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Skuleskogen National Park - Sveriges nationalparker
Skuleskogen National Park. A wild and impressive section of the High Coast. Grandiose views of forest and sea, beautiful lakes, verdant spruce forest valleys ...
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[PDF] 38 nature reserves and a national park
Nov 25, 2024 · With a little luck, you can find the Triangle Moonwort, which is shown in the picture. – a rare plant which usually grows to a height of about.
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Norrfällsviken nature reserve - Höga Kusten
Norrfällsviken nature reserve. Large cobble field with raised beaches and a Bronze age cairn. Cobble fields are continually being formed here. The red rapakivi ...Missing: 1969 | Show results with:1969
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Storsands, Västernorrland, Sweden - Map, Guide | AllTrails
Rating 3.0 (1) Storsands nature reserve is known for its sea bath with shallow sandy bottom and soft sand dunes with sparse pine forest. The reserve is also rich in flora, ...
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Management - High Coast/Kvarken Archipelago
We at the County Administrative board and Metsähallitus aim to deepen everyone's understanding and experience of the High Coast and Kvarken Archipelago. We want ...Missing: body | Show results with:body
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High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago | World Heritage Outlook - IUCN
The Kvarken Archipelago (Finland) and the High Coast (Sweden) are situated in the Gulf of Bothnia, a northern extension of the Baltic Sea.
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Sweden's 'Höga Kusten' - hills and sea combined - Nordstjernan
The Ångermanland coast is the highest and steepest coast along the entire Baltic. Here the sea literally meets the mountains, ...
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[PDF] IUCN Evaluation of Nominations of Natural and Mixed Properties to ...
Oct 15, 1999 · THE HIGH COAST (SWEDEN) ... deals much more fully with the fauna and its status, particularly in relation to mammals and birds.
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Decision - 24 COM X.A.1 - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Isostatic rebound is well-illustrated and the distinctiveness of the site is the extent of the total isostatic uplift which, at 294m, exceeds others. The site ...
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High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago
**Summary of High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago Documents:**
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Future - High Coast/Kvarken Archipelago
The report also predicts that global sea level will rise faster in the future. By the end of this century, sea levels may have risen by 30-60 centimetres if ...
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Observation of glacial isostatic adjustment in “stable” North America ...
Jan 26, 2007 · Vertical velocities show present-day uplift (∼10 mm/yr) near Hudson Bay, the site of thickest ice at the last glacial maximum. The uplift rates ...