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Langstroth hive

The Langstroth hive, also known as the Langstroth beehive, is a modular, movable-frame beehive designed for the management of honey bee colonies, featuring vertically hanging frames spaced to utilize the natural "bee space" that prevents bees from attaching combs to hive walls.^[1]^[2] Invented by American clergyman and beekeeper Rev. Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth in 1851 and patented in 1852, it revolutionized apiculture by allowing beekeepers to inspect, harvest honey from, and manipulate colonies without destroying the combs or unduly disturbing the bees.^[1]^[3] The hive's core innovation is the precise bee space—typically 1/4 to 3/8 inch (or about 5/16 inch)—a gap that bees maintain open for passage without filling it with wax or propolis, enabling the frames' easy removal and replacement.^[2]^[3] The standard Langstroth hive consists of stackable wooden boxes, including one or more brood chambers for the queen and developing bees, shallower honey supers for surplus honey storage, and supporting elements such as a bottom board with an entrance, frames (usually 10 per box) wired for wax foundation, an optional queen excluder to separate brood from honey areas, inner and outer covers for protection, and a stand to elevate the hive.^[1]^[2] Langstroth detailed his design in the 1853 book The Hive and the Honey-Bee, building on earlier European frame hive concepts but incorporating the bee space for practicality, which transformed beekeeping from destructive skep or box hives into a sustainable, commercial practice.^[3]^[4] This hive remains the global standard for modern beekeeping, supporting efficient pollination, honey production, and colony health management while accommodating variations like 8-frame or deep/shallow configurations.^[1]

Overview

Description

The Langstroth hive is a vertically modular beehive system that employs movable wooden or plastic frames suspended vertically within stackable boxes, facilitating non-destructive access to the bee colony for inspection and honey harvesting. This core innovation of movable frames, combined with the foundational bee space principle—a precise gap of approximately 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) between components—prevents bees from adhering frames with propolis or building excess comb, enabling easy manipulation without harming the colony.^[5] The primary purpose of the Langstroth hive is to support efficient beekeeping practices, including regular brood inspection for health monitoring, queen management, and the selective harvesting of surplus honey while minimizing disturbance to the bees' natural behaviors.^[6] By allowing beekeepers to rearrange or remove frames as needed, it promotes sustainable colony expansion and productivity without the need to destroy combs, as was common in earlier fixed-comb hives.^[7] Standard configurations feature hive bodies in 10-frame (approximately 19.25 inches or 48.9 cm long) or 8-frame (approximately 14 inches or 35.6 cm wide) widths, with typical setups stacking 1–2 deep brood boxes (each 9 5/8 inches or 24.4 cm tall) for the queen's laying area and 1–3 medium honey supers (each 6 5/8 inches or 16.8 cm tall) for honey storage above. As of 2025, the Langstroth hive remains the predominant design in modern beekeeping, adopted by the vast majority of commercial operations and hobbyists worldwide due to its versatility and standardization.^[6]

Key Features

The Langstroth hive's key features center on its innovative design that facilitates efficient beekeeping management, distinguishing it from traditional fixed-comb hives like skeps by enabling non-destructive colony inspection and expansion.^[1] At its core is the system of vertically hung movable frames, which allow individual frames to be removed for detailed examination of brood, honey stores, disease detection, and queen rearing without dismantling the entire hive structure. These frames, typically arranged in parallel within each box, promote the construction of straight, flat combs that bees can easily build upon wax foundation, enhancing accessibility for beekeepers. The hive's stackable box system further enhances its practicality, consisting of deeper brood chambers for rearing young bees and shallower honey supers dedicated to surplus honey storage. In standard 10-frame configurations, brood boxes measure approximately 9-5/8 inches in depth to accommodate the vertical orientation of brood combs, while honey supers are about 6-5/8 inches deep to reduce weight during harvesting.^[8] This modular arrangement leverages the precise "bee space"—a uniform gap of about 3/8 inch that prevents bees from attaching combs with propolis, ensuring frames slide freely.^[9] The entrance, located on the bottom board at the front of the hive, serves as the primary access point for foraging bees, with its size typically adjustable to regulate colony traffic and defend against predators like mice or ants.^[10] Entrance reducers can narrow this opening for smaller colonies, bolstering defense while allowing ventilation.^[11] Overall, the Langstroth hive's modularity permits vertical expansion by adding boxes as the colony grows, supporting populations up to 50,000–60,000 bees during peak season and accommodating seasonal demands without relocating the entire structure.^[12] This design revolutionized beekeeping by shifting from destructive harvesting in fixed-comb hives to sustainable, frame-based management.^[1]

History

Early Concepts

Traditional beekeeping relied on ancient and medieval hive designs such as skeps, which were dome-shaped baskets woven from straw and coated with mud or dung, and log gums, hollowed-out sections of tree trunks like those from black gum trees.^[13]^[14] These structures housed bees in a natural, cavity-like environment but required destructive harvesting methods, where beekeepers would either kill the entire colony with sulfur fumes or physically cut out combs to extract honey, often resulting in the loss of the hive and its inhabitants.^[15]^[16] Such practices were common from antiquity through the Middle Ages, limiting sustainable apiary management and perpetuating high bee mortality during annual harvests.^[17] By the 18th and early 19th centuries, box hives emerged as an advancement, featuring fixed-comb designs that enclosed bees in wooden or cork structures, exemplified by the innovations of Swiss naturalist François Huber.^[18]^[16] Huber's observation hives, with glass walls and sectional components that could be opened like book leaves, permitted limited visual inspection of bee behavior without fully dismantling the hive.^[19] However, these designs still relied on fixed combs attached to the hive walls, necessitating destructive cutting to access honey and brood, which hindered effective disease monitoring and control.^[20] Key limitations of these traditional systems included the inability to inspect combs for diseases such as American foulbrood, a bacterial infection that devastates larvae and spreads rapidly in unchecked hives, leading to colony collapse if undetected.^[21] Poor control over honey yields stemmed from the irregular comb building and harvesting inefficiencies, while high bee mortality during extractions reduced overall apiary productivity and sustainability.^[22] These challenges underscored the need for non-destructive methods. Influential experiments by Polish apiarist Jan Dzierżon in 1845 highlighted the concept of "bee space"—the precise gap bees maintain between combs—through his work on movable comb arrangements, laying groundwork for frame-based systems; German beekeeper August von Berlepsch further adapted these ideas into practical frame hives in the 1830s.^[23] Langstroth's 1851 breakthrough built directly on such precursors by enabling practical, removable frames.^[19]

Invention and Patent

Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth (1810–1895), an American clergyman, teacher, and apiarist born in Philadelphia, became deeply involved in beekeeping after studying theology at Yale University and serving as a pastor in Massachusetts churches starting in 1836. Frustrated by traditional hives that required destroying bee colonies to harvest honey, Langstroth sought a more humane and efficient method, drawing inspiration from observing bees in natural tree hollows where they built combs without attachment issues.^[24]^[19] In the fall of 1851, Langstroth experienced his pivotal "eureka" moment while experimenting with hive components; he noticed that honeybees consistently maintained a narrow gap of approximately 3/8 inch (6.35 mm) between combs and surfaces, avoiding filling it with wax or propolis if the space was precisely that size, but bridging larger gaps with comb or sealing smaller ones. This observation of "bee space" allowed for the design of frames that could be removed without damaging the hive structure or disturbing the bees excessively. Building briefly on earlier European insights into bee behavior by figures like Jan Dzierżon, Langstroth refined the concept into a practical system for American apiculture.^[5]^[19] On October 5, 1852, Langstroth was granted U.S. Patent No. 9,300 for his "Improvement in Bee-Hives," which described a wooden hive body containing vertically hung movable comb frames spaced exactly to bee space dimensions, preventing the bees from attaching combs to the hive walls or top. The patent also incorporated slatted racks below the frames to promote ventilation and surplus honey storage without interference, along with a removable roof and observation features for beekeeper access. This design marked the first widely viable movable-frame hive in the United States, enabling inspection, honey extraction, and colony management without destruction.^[25]^[26] Initial implementation faced significant challenges due to inconsistent manufacturing; local woodworkers often failed to maintain the precise bee space tolerances, causing bees to glue frames together with propolis and rendering the hive unusable, which led to early commercial setbacks for Langstroth. These production issues were gradually resolved through collaborations with skilled makers, notably A.I. Root, who began manufacturing standardized components in the 1860s and simplified the design by the 1870s to ensure reliability and broader adoption among apiarists. Langstroth further disseminated his invention via his 1853 book Langstroth on the Hive and the Honey-Bee: A Bee-Keeper's Manual, providing detailed instructions that helped overcome these hurdles.^[26]^[27]^[4]

Global Adoption

Following the grant of his patent in 1852, the Langstroth hive's dissemination accelerated through the 1853 publication of Lorenzo Langstroth's Langstroth on the Hive and the Honey-Bee: A Bee-Keeper's Manual, which detailed the hive's design and management principles. The book achieved widespread popularity, with multiple editions printed and sales reaching tens of thousands of copies in the United States alone during the 19th century; it was also translated into several languages, including French, German, Italian, Russian, Spanish, and Polish, facilitating its influence beyond American borders.^[28]^[29] In the United States, the Langstroth hive saw rapid adoption by commercial apiaries starting in the 1860s, as beekeepers transitioned from fixed-comb systems to movable-frame designs that enabled easier inspection, disease control, and honey extraction without destroying colonies. This shift contributed to a dramatic increase in national honey production, from a few million pounds annually in the mid-1850s to over 70 million pounds by 1900, driven by expanded apiary operations and improved yields per hive.^[30] The hive's principles spread internationally in the late 19th century, first reaching Europe where modifications, such as the larger Dadant hive developed by Charles Dadant in the 1860s, adapted Langstroth's bee space and frame system for regional preferences in France and beyond. These variants retained core compatibility with Langstroth components while accommodating deeper frames for European bee strains. By the late 1800s, the design was introduced to Asia and Africa through colonial beekeeping initiatives, including British programs in India and East Africa that promoted movable-frame hives to boost local honey yields and export potential.^[31]^[32] In the 20th century, the Langstroth hive became the foundational model for global standardization, influencing national and international beekeeping norms and serving as the dominant hive type worldwide due to its modularity and scalability for both hobbyists and commercial operations.

Design Principles

Bee Space

Bee space, a fundamental principle in the design of the Langstroth hive, refers to the precise vertical gap measuring 6.2–9.5 mm (1/4 to 3/8 inch) that honey bees (Apis mellifera) naturally maintain between combs and hive structures without filling it with wax comb or sealing it with propolis.^[5]^[33] Horizontal spaces between adjacent combs are slightly larger, typically up to 12 mm, to accommodate the bees' back-to-back passage while working.^[34] This dimension arises from the bees' instinctual behavior: gaps narrower than approximately 6 mm are perceived as too small for comb construction and are instead filled with propolis to seal cracks and exclude pests, while spaces exceeding 9.5 mm prompt the bees to build irregular brace comb to utilize the area efficiently.^[5]^[34] The biological basis stems from the bees' need for unobstructed movement within the nest, allowing workers to pass freely, regulate humidity, and perform tasks without interference, as observed in natural cavities where bees consistently leave such gaps.^[33]^[34] In the Langstroth hive, bee space is deliberately incorporated to ensure that frames and hive boxes remain separable without adhesion, facilitating easy inspection and management by beekeepers. Frame lugs or spacers maintain the exact 6.2–9.5 mm vertical clearance between the top bars of frames and the bottom of the super or cover above, as well as between the bottom bars and the bottom board, preventing the bees from attaching comb across components.^[5] This design prevents the hive from becoming a solid mass of wax and propolis, which would otherwise hinder manipulation. Horizontal spacing between frame side bars is similarly controlled to avoid excess comb buildup, promoting a tidy, accessible structure.^[34] The concept's experimental foundation traces to observations by Lorenzo Langstroth in the mid-19th century, who quantified the gap through trials with various hive prototypes, confirming that bees adhere to this spacing instinctively.^[33] These findings were corroborated by earlier European beekeeper Jan Dzierżon, who independently incorporated similar spacing into his movable-frame hive designs around the same period, validating the principle across different experimental setups.^[33] Variations in bee space occur among honey bee subspecies; for instance, the African race Apis mellifera simensis requires slightly wider gaps, with studies in Ethiopian highland areas recommending 10 mm for optimal honey production and comb stability, compared to 7 mm in lowlands, due to differences in body size and nesting behaviors.^[35]

Modular Frame System

The modular frame system of the Langstroth hive consists of rectangular wooden or plastic frames designed to hold comb, typically measuring 19 inches in length by 9 inches in depth for deep frames used in brood areas.^[6]^[36] These frames are equipped with either wax foundation sheets imprinted with hexagonal cell patterns to guide bees in comb construction or can be foundationless, relying on bees to build natural comb from starter strips.^[37] Each deep frame can hold approximately 6 pounds of honey when fully capped, providing substantial storage for brood, pollen, and honey while allowing easy removal for inspection and honey extraction.^[38]^[39] Frames integrate into hive boxes by hanging parallel from built-in ledges known as rabbets along the box sides or via wedged top bars that secure into grooves, ensuring uniform spacing and accessibility.^[40] Brood boxes, which house the queen and developing bees, are deeper at 9 5/8 inches, while honey supers are shallower at 5 7/8 inches to facilitate lighter handling of filled frames; boxes stack vertically using integrated handholds for stability without tools.^[6]^[41] This arrangement allows beekeepers to lift and rearrange components efficiently, promoting colony management without disturbing the entire structure. The system's expandability enables vertical growth by adding supers atop the brood chamber, typically above a queen excluder during nectar flows to capture surplus honey while confining the queen below.^[41] A large colony can support a stack of up to 5-6 boxes, scaling capacity from a single brood box for small nucs to multi-story configurations for peak season productivity.^[6] For ventilation and stability, optional slatted racks positioned between the bottom board and brood box create an air buffer to enhance airflow and reduce moisture condensation in humid conditions.^[42] Screened bottoms can replace solid boards to further promote passive ventilation and varroa mite monitoring, though they are closed in colder climates to retain heat.^[43] These additions maintain hive equilibrium without compromising the modular design's core functionality.

Components

Covers

The covers of the Langstroth hive serve as the uppermost protective components, safeguarding the colony from environmental elements while facilitating essential hive management practices.^[44] These elements include the outer cover and inner cover, which work in tandem to ensure weatherproofing, ventilation, and insulation without compromising the hive's modular design. The outer cover, often referred to as a telescoping or migratory lid, is a durable lid that extends beyond the edges of the uppermost hive body to provide comprehensive protection. Standard dimensions for a 10-frame Langstroth hive outer cover are approximately 22 inches long by 18 inches wide, providing an overhang of about 1.5 inches on the front and back and 0.9 inches on the sides to shed rain and prevent water infiltration effectively. Constructed from weather-resistant wood such as pine or cedar, it typically features a metal sheet—galvanized steel or aluminum—affixed to the top surface to resist weathering and UV degradation.^[45] In telescoping designs, the lid "telescope" over the hive body for a secure fit, while migratory variants are flatter and flush-sided to enable stacking during transport. Some outer covers are reversible, with one side incorporating insulating materials like foam for enhanced winter protection against cold winds.^[44] To secure against high winds, beekeepers often add weights such as bricks or straps atop the cover.^[46] Beneath the outer cover lies the inner cover, a thin, lightweight sheet that fits directly atop the topmost super or hive body. Typically made from plywood, fiberboard, or rigid plastic, it measures about 19.875 inches by 16.25 inches to match the hive body's interior dimensions, with beveled edges to promote a tight seal. A central oval or circular hole (typically 2 to 6 inches in diameter, varying by design) provides upper ventilation, emergency access for feeding (such as placing sugar syrup or fondant over it), and an optional top entrance for bees.^[45] This design prevents bees from sealing the outer cover with propolis, eases removal during inspections, and creates a dead air space that insulates against temperature extremes while reducing condensation buildup inside the hive.^[44] Collectively, the covers protect the hive from rain, wind, direct sunlight, and potential robbing by other bees, while the inner cover's hole aids in smoke distribution for calming bees during management and supports overall airflow to prevent moisture-related issues like mold. In windy areas, the outer cover's overhang and added weights minimize uplift, ensuring colony stability year-round. Fiberglass-reinforced options are sometimes used for added durability in harsh climates, though wood remains the most common material for its balance of cost and functionality.

Hive Bodies and Supers

The hive bodies and supers form the primary stackable components of the Langstroth hive, providing dedicated spaces for brood development and honey storage while allowing for modular expansion. Brood bodies typically consist of one or two deep boxes, each with an external height of 9 5/8 inches, where the queen lays eggs and workers rear brood.^[47]^[45] Each such box holds 10 frames, which can accommodate several frames of active brood in a developing colony.^[48] Honey supers, placed above the brood bodies, consist of one to four medium or shallow boxes with external heights of 6 5/8 inches or 5 7/8 inches, respectively, dedicated to nectar processing and honey storage by foraging workers.^[8] These supers are designed for easy removal during harvest, minimizing disturbance to the brood area below.^[45] A queen excluder is commonly inserted between the brood bodies and supers to confine the queen to the lower section and prevent egg-laying in honey storage areas.^[47] All boxes share precise internal dimensions of 18 3/8 inches by 14 3/4 inches to snugly fit 10 frames while maintaining bee space.^[8] They are assembled using dovetailed or nailed joints for structural integrity, with exteriors painted in light colors to enhance durability, reflect heat, and protect against weathering.^[49] A standard configuration with two brood bodies and multiple supers provides sufficient volume to support colonies of 50,000 to 80,000 bees at peak strength.^[50]

Frames

Frames in the Langstroth hive are wooden rectangular structures designed to hold beeswax comb, consisting of a top bar, two side bars, and a bottom bar. The top bar is typically 19 inches long and 3/4 inch wide, while the side bars measure 9 1/8 inches deep and 1 1/16 inches wide for deep frames, with the bottom bar 17 5/8 inches long and 3/8 inch wide; components are typically constructed from 3/4-inch thick wood for the top bar and 3/8-inch thick wood for the side and bottom bars to provide durability and precise fit within hive bodies.^[44] These frames support foundation, which guides bees in constructing uniform comb. Traditional foundation consists of thin beeswax sheets embossed with hexagonal cells measuring 5.4 mm across for worker bees, often reinforced with horizontal wires crimped into the top bar for stability during heavy brood or honey loads, or embedded in plastic for added rigidity. Foundationless frames, an alternative, employ wooden starter strips along the top bar to encourage bees to build natural comb without pre-formed wax, promoting variability in cell sizes while relying on the bee space principle to avoid attachment to adjacent frames or hive walls.^[51]^[45] A single deep frame can accommodate 2-3 pounds of brood or capped honey, providing essential space for colony development and storage. In standard hive bodies or supers, 8 to 10 frames are arranged with centers spaced 1 3/8 inches apart, achieved through protruding lugs on the top and side bars that ensure consistent bee space without manual adjustment. Popular styles include Hoffman frames, which feature wider end bars for automatic self-spacing, and commercial variants with similar beveled edges to facilitate even alignment and ease of insertion.^[47]^[52] Frames serve critical functions in beekeeping management, allowing bees to draw out comb on the foundation for brood rearing or honey storage, enabling thorough colony inspections by removing individual units without disturbance to the entire hive, and supporting honey extraction through uncapping the sealed cells followed by centrifugal spinning in an extractor to collect the liquid honey while reusing the comb.^[44]

Bottom Board and Entrance

The bottom board forms the foundational base of the Langstroth hive, providing structural support, facilitating bee access, and aiding in environmental management. It typically consists of a wooden platform with a raised rim on three sides to securely hold the lowest hive body, while the front remains open to create the colony's primary entrance. Standard dimensions for a 10-frame bottom board are approximately 22 inches long by 16¼ inches wide by 2 inches high, allowing compatibility with the hive's modular boxes.^[53]^[54] Two primary types of bottom boards are used, selected based on climate and pest management needs. Solid wooden bottom boards, constructed from weather-resistant pine or cedar, are preferred in colder climates to retain heat and prevent drafts during winter, as they provide a fully enclosed floor. In contrast, screened bottom boards feature an 8-mesh wire screen covering the central floor area, promoting ventilation in warmer regions and serving as a cultural control for Varroa mites by allowing fallen mites to drop through the screen and out of the colony, though the effect is minimal and should complement other integrated pest management strategies. Screened boards often include a removable corrugated plastic tray beneath the screen for collecting debris and monitoring mite drop, which can be inserted during colder periods to close the hive.^[45]^[55]^[8] The entrance, positioned at the front of the bottom board just below the lowest hive body, is designed low to the ground to accommodate foraging bees' natural flight patterns, typically forming an opening about ¾ inch high across the board's front width. An optional integrated or attached landing board extends outward from the entrance, offering a stable platform for bees to land and take off, reducing energy expenditure and minimizing ground contact. This elevation, generally 1 to 2 inches above the ground when placed on stands, allows moisture and condensation to escape from beneath the hive, preventing dampness that could harm the colony.^[44]^[56] To protect smaller or newly established colonies, an entrance reducer—a removable wooden or metal insert—is placed at the entrance to narrow the opening from its full width of approximately 14 to 18 inches down to 1 to 4 inches, making it easier for bees to defend against robbers, predators, or cold winds during wintering. The reducer maintains bee space compatibility when the hive body is seated above, ensuring no bridging by propolis or wax. For drainage and maintenance, solid bottom boards may incorporate a slight slope toward the rear for debris runoff, while screened versions rely on the mesh and tray system for easy cleaning and inspection, facilitating the removal of dead bees, wax scraps, and other waste without disturbing the colony.^[57]^[11]

Accessories

Queen Excluders

A queen excluder serves as a selective barrier in the Langstroth hive, designed to permit the passage of worker bees while preventing the queen and drones from moving between hive sections. This accessory exploits the physical differences in bee sizes, with the queen's larger abdomen unable to navigate the narrow openings that workers can traverse.^[58] The excluder typically consists of a grid made from metal wires or plastic slats, framed in wood or metal for structural support, and sized to fit standard Langstroth configurations. For 10-frame hives, common dimensions are approximately 19 7/8 inches long by 16 1/4 inches wide, allowing it to rest directly on the top bars of frames below.^[59] The critical spacing between grid elements ranges from 4.1 to 4.3 millimeters, calibrated to the thorax width of worker bees (around 3.7-3.8 mm) while blocking the queen's broader body (over 4.4 mm).^[58] Wooden-framed versions enhance durability, reducing the risk of bending during handling and installation. In practice, the queen excluder is placed between the uppermost brood box and the lowest honey super during periods of active nectar flow, confining the queen to the brood area below while allowing workers to access supers for honey storage. This positioning leverages the modular stacking of Langstroth components to separate reproductive and storage zones effectively. Key benefits include maximizing honey purity by preventing the queen from laying eggs in supers, which avoids brood contamination and simplifies harvesting clean, capped honey. However, drawbacks exist, as some beekeepers report that excluders can impede overall colony function if left in place too long, potentially restricting worker access and slowing honey deposition during peak flows. Usage typically involves installing the excluder in spring as colonies expand and nectar becomes available, with removal in fall to allow the queen full access to the hive for overwintering preparations.^[60] This seasonal application ensures brood rearing remains below while supporting efficient honey production above, though adoption varies among beekeepers based on local conditions and management preferences.

Feeders and Other Aids

Feeders in the Langstroth hive provide supplemental nutrition during periods of nectar dearth, typically using sugar syrup to mimic natural forage and stimulate brood rearing or winter survival. Common types include entrance feeders, such as the Boardman style placed at the hive entrance; frame or division board feeders, which fit internally like a frame; and top feeders, positioned above the frames via the inner cover hole or an empty super.^[46]^[61] Syrup is prepared at a 1:1 sugar-to-water ratio by volume in spring for colony buildup and a 2:1 ratio in fall for winter stores, with one gallon of 2:1 syrup adding approximately seven pounds to colony reserves.^[62] Feeders generally hold 1 to 5 gallons, depending on design, and are placed internally to minimize robbing by other bees, though entrance types risk attracting thieves despite their convenience for water provision.^[63]^[64] Other aids enhance hive management and protection. Slatted racks, installed between the bottom board and brood chamber, promote ventilation by allowing airflow while enabling bees to cluster more effectively in cooler weather and reducing propolis buildup that can complicate inspections.^[65] Mouse guards, typically wooden or metal strips with 3/8-inch vertical slots, clip onto entrances seasonally before temperatures drop below 57°F (14°C) to block rodent entry during winter clustering, preventing damage to combs and brood without restricting bee access.^[66]^[11] Swarm traps or bait boxes, often constructed from surplus Langstroth nuc or deep boxes with 4 to 5 frames, are deployed in spring to capture wild swarms; baited with old comb, beeswax, or commercial pheromones, they offer a suitable 40-liter cavity volume that attracts scout bees seeking new homes. These aids integrate with core components, such as top feeders aligning with inner cover openings and mouse guards complementing entrance reducers for layered defense.^[67]

Modern Adaptations

Materials and Sustainability

Traditional Langstroth hives are primarily constructed from woods such as eastern white pine, cypress, or cedar, chosen for their durability and availability.^[6]^[68]^[69] Interiors remain untreated to prevent toxicity to bees and allow natural moisture regulation within the hive.^[70]^[71] Exteriors are typically painted with non-lead latex for weather protection, extending the wood's lifespan without introducing harmful chemicals.^[72] Contemporary alternatives include polystyrene for hive bodies, which provides insulation and lightness, originating from innovations in Europe during the 1970s and gaining widespread use thereafter.^[73]^[74] Plastic frames offer durability and reusability, often featuring embedded wax foundations that bees readily accept.^[69] Additionally, FSC-certified sustainable woods, such as responsibly harvested pine or fir, are increasingly employed to align with environmental standards while maintaining compatibility with the original Langstroth design.^[75]^[76] Sustainability trends from 2020 to 2025 emphasize biodegradable composites and recycled plastics in hive construction, helping reduce deforestation and chemical inputs associated with traditional production.^[77] Unwaxed frames promote minimal chemical use, encouraging natural comb building and supporting organic beekeeping practices.^[78] These shifts reflect broader efforts in apiculture to lower environmental impact through managed forestry and material recycling.^[79] Plastic and polystyrene options resist rot and pests better than wood, requiring less maintenance and weighing less for easier transport, though they may raise concerns over long-term environmental persistence.^[80]^[81] Wooden hives, while breathable and biodegradable, demand regular upkeep to prevent decay and warping.^[82] By 2025, non-wood materials represent a growing segment of the global market, driven by demands for efficiency and eco-friendliness in commercial and hobbyist beekeeping.^[83]

Configurations and Innovations

The Langstroth hive has evolved through various configurations to suit different beekeeper needs, particularly in the post-2000 era. The standard 10-frame design accommodates ten frames per box, providing greater capacity for brood and honey storage while resulting in a lower overall stack height compared to alternatives, which allows bees more room without excessive vertical expansion.^[84] In contrast, the 8-frame configuration uses narrower boxes that hold eight frames, making them lighter—often 10 pounds less per fully loaded brood chamber—and more manageable for hobbyists or those with physical limitations, though they may require taller stacks for equivalent storage.^[85]^[86] Beekeepers typically commit to one size across their apiary to ensure compatibility, as mixing 8- and 10-frame equipment complicates frame handling and hive management.^[87] Horizontal adaptations of the Langstroth hive, often called long hives, reorient the traditional vertical stacking to a sideways layout, where multiple frames are arranged in a single elongated box rather than stacked supers. This design mimics natural horizontal nesting in tree hollows, reducing the need for heavy lifting and allowing easier inspections without disturbing the brood nest as frequently.^[88] These long Langstroth variants maintain the original frame dimensions and bee space but extend the hive body horizontally, sometimes incorporating screened bottoms or Layens-style tops for enhanced ventilation and pest control. A key innovation in Langstroth hives since the 2010s is the screened bottom board, integrated into IPM strategies to combat varroa mites and improve hive health. These boards feature a mesh screen that allows fallen mites and debris to drop out of reach while providing superior ventilation, particularly in warmer climates, and often include removable trays for mite monitoring.^[89] Studies indicate that screened bottoms reduce overall colony loss rates by limiting mite reinfestation, with meta-analyses confirming significant declines in varroa populations when used consistently.^[90] Another notable enhancement is the flow-frame insert, developed as a compatible add-on for existing Langstroth hives rather than a full replacement. These frames feature breakable honeycomb cells that allow honey to flow out via a tap when triggered, minimizing disturbance to bees during harvest; a 7-frame flow super fits seamlessly on a 10-frame Langstroth brood box, while a 6-frame version suits 8-frame setups.^[91] This innovation preserves the Langstroth's modular bee space while streamlining extraction for small-scale producers.^[92] In 2025, trends emphasize smart sensors integrated into Langstroth hives via IoT for real-time monitoring of temperature, humidity, and colony activity, enabling remote alerts for issues like overheating or low humidity that affect brood health.^[93] Partnerships, such as Mann Lake's integration of HiveTech sensors into traditional Langstroth designs, have accelerated this adoption by providing data-driven insights without altering core hive structure.^[94] Concurrently, modular eco-designs feature adjustable entrances that bees can control—opening wider in summer for airflow or narrowing in winter against pests—enhancing climate resilience in variable environments.^[95] These designs, often with insulated components, support sustainability by reducing energy loss and intervention needs.^[96] Adoption of IPM screened bottoms remains high, with surveys from the late 2010s showing up to 80% of beekeepers using them on all or some colonies, a trend continuing into the 2020s for varroa management.^[97] In organic apiaries, hybrid Langstroth-Warre configurations blend the Langstroth's framed modularity with Warre's natural comb-building via top bars and downward expansion, promoting minimal intervention and natural bee behavior.^[98]

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[PDF] Good beekeeping practices for sustainable apiculture
Sep 29, 2021 · ... movable-frame hive. 27. 6.2.4 Contemporary hives. 31. 6.2.5 Movable ... boxes, each con- taining a series of frames hanging parallel to one ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[10]
How to Build a Beehive - Noble Research Institute
When you have a young or small colony, you can install an “entrance reducer,” that restricts the entry space. This allows the bees to more easily protect ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[11]
[PDF] Season Mouse Guard for Langstroth Honey Bee Hives
The bottom board includes a passageway for bees to enter and exit called an entrance. The hive entrance unfortunate- ly provides an entry for intruders, such as ...
[12]
Evaluating honey bee colonies for pollination - OSU Extension Service
A standard unit, used by most beekeepers, is the Langstroth deep hive body (figure 1). When used with 10 frames, it provides 2,700 square inches of comb. A ...Missing: depth | Show results with:depth
[13]
[PDF] Beehives-Ancient-to-Modern.pdf - ResearchGate
Four sorts of traditional beehives are mud hives, clay/tile hives, skeps and bee gums. ... destructive old skep-based beekeeping in order to avoid the bees from.<|separator|>
[14]
Bee Buzz Box - June 2019 Art thou a skeppist? Part I The origins ...
Jun 16, 2019 · Over time skep beekeeping (Figure 2) gradually supplanted traditional log (or in the USA black gum, Nyssa sylvatica gum) hives, bark and clay ...
[15]
The Beehive | Learn more about beehives and their history
Skeps have two disadvantages; beekeepers cannot inspect the comb for diseases and pests, and honey removal is difficult and often results in the destruction of ...
[16]
History of Beekeeping
Early forms of honey collecting entailed the destruction of the entire colony when the honey was harvested. The wild hive was crudely broken into, using smoke ...
[17]
Medieval beekeeping in Europe
Aug 11, 2023 · The killing of bees in the Middle Ages when extracting honey from hives is probably due to the fact that bees lost their connection with their ...Missing: gums | Show results with:gums
[18]
New Observations on the Natural History of Bees by François Huber ...
When using a hive of this description, we took care to fix a comb in each frame, and then introduced all the bees necessary for each particular experiment. By ...
[19]
The Secret to the Modern Beehive is a One-Centimeter Air Gap
Sep 6, 2013 · In the 18th century, noted Swiss naturalist François Huber developed a “movable comb” or “movable frame” hive that featured wooded leaves ...
[20]
Huber Hive - BG Bees LLC
Jun 17, 2016 · The Leaf Hive, invented in Switzerland in 1789 by Francis Huber, was a fully movable frame hive. The combs in this hive were examined like pages in a book.Missing: 18th century
[21]
Honey Bee Diseases: American Foulbrood - Penn State Extension
Sep 8, 2025 · American foulbrood attacks honey bee larvae, weakening the colony and quickly leading to its death.Diagnostic Tests · Physical-Mechanical Controls · Burn All Bees And EquipmentMissing: traditional limitations mortality<|control11|><|separator|>
[22]
Bee skeps: the lost art of beautiful woven hives
Skepping is the practice of keeping bees in skeps. Harvest time was traumatic for bees and their keepers. In the early days of beekeeping, harvesting honey ...Missing: medieval log
[23]
Beekeeping Classics & Pioneers of Modern Beekeeping
The presently so-called “bee space” had been incorporated by Berlepsch following Dzierzon's discoveries, from the years 1835-1848, into his frame arrangement ( ...
[24]
Lorenzo Langstroth Unvarnished - Mann Library - Cornell University
Jan 12, 2024 · The journal Langstroth kept is a treasure for several reasons. It provides fascinating insight into pivotal moments of beekeeping's technological history.
[25]
US9300A - Beehive - Google Patents
By means of the movable frames the comb in my hives are prevented from being attached to the sides, as they are by the common arrangement.l If, then, the ...
[26]
Build The Original Langstroth Hive | Bee Culture
Oct 21, 2016 · Langstroth's 1852 patent moveable comb hive was the first practical hive that allowed the beekeeper to examine any comb in a hive quickly ...
[27]
In praise of the Langstroth hive - Honey Bee Suite
I think Langstroth's original design was too fussy to be practical. By 1870, A. I. Root had pared it down to the essentials of box, frames, top and bottom, all ...Missing: initial challenges
[28]
[PDF] The Hive And The Honey Bee
Soon it was translated into the French, Russian, Italian, Spanish, and Polish languages. ... A Practical Treatise on the Hive and the Honey-Bee. 4th ed. Phila-.Missing: sales | Show results with:sales
[29]
Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth: The Father Of American Beekeeping
Furthermore, Langstroths book was also republished, including translations done in Italian and French in the 1880s, which is a decade regarded today as the ...
[30]
None
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[31]
History of Beekeeping I Dadant & Sons 1863
The Dadant family has been interested in beekeeping for over 180 years. The founder, Charles Dadant, was born in 1817 in Vaux-Sous-Aubigny, a small village in ...
[32]
[PDF] The world's beekeeping - past and present - Eva Crane Trust
Woodbury introduced movable-frame hives into England in. 1862, and from 1869 onwards the writings of Charles Dadant in the French and Italian journals spread ...
[33]
Adoption of Modern Hive Beekeeping Technology - IntechOpen
This book chapter discusses the extent to which farmers have adopted modern Hive Beekeeping Technology as well as the factors that influence adoption.Missing: ISO standards global percentage
[34]
The Bee Space - Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service
Jan 30, 2023 · Earlier European innovators, including the Ukrainian Petro Prokopovych and the Polish Johan Dzierzon have been credited with its discovery.Missing: confirmation | Show results with:confirmation<|separator|>
[35]
Bee Space - Dave Cushman
"Bee space" is a term that is given to a gap that bees create in a natural nest to enable them to pass freely around their nest. This gap is rarely filled ...
[36]
On-farm evaluation of bee space of langstroth beehive
Oct 10, 2011 · Three different sizes of langstroth bee hive having 7mm, 10mm and 14mm bee space were used as treatments for the study. Their manufacturing ...
[37]
What Are The Typical Dimensions Of A Langstroth Hive Frame ...
The width of a standard Langstroth frame is typically 1 3/8 inches. When placed in a 10-frame hive body, this leaves a gap of roughly 3/8 of an inch between ...
[38]
Frame & Foundation Options for a Langstroth Hive Explained
Nov 4, 2020 · Inside a Langstroth style beehive, you will see hanging frames. Within these frames, the bees build honeycomb. The frames can be placed in the ...
[39]
Vital Stats and Materials List for Langstroth Frames - Dummies
Each deep frame can hold 6 pounds of extractable honey; each medium frame can hold 4 pounds of honey; and each shallow frame can hold 3 pounds of honey.Missing: per | Show results with:per
[40]
How Much Honey Is In 1 Frame? A Beekeeper's Guide ... - HonestBee
Learn how much honey a single frame holds. Deep frames hold ~6 lbs, medium frames ~3.5 lbs. Understand key factors affecting your actual honey yield.
[41]
How to Make Tricky Cuts for Top Bars of Langstroth Frames - Dummies
Mar 26, 2016 · On the underside of each end of the bar, make a 1 inch wide by 3/8 inch deep rabbet. This creates the tabs at each end of the top bar. Cut a ...
[42]
Mastering Hive Expansion: When and How to Add a Super - Dadant
The Langstroth hive, composed of stackable sections called supers, offers flexibility in managing bee space. These supers, whether full-depth, ¾ depth, or half- ...
[43]
How to use a slatted rack - Honey Bee Suite
But both the slats and the screened bottom are great for ventilation. My bees hang all over the slats in warm weather, so I think the slats are vital. The slats ...
[44]
Should You Use a Screened Bottom Board on Your Langstroth Hive?
Jul 27, 2017 · The screened bottoms do help reduce some of the infestation, (around 20%). Screens also help with ventilation in warmer months and help to prevent moisture ...
[45]
Beekeeping equipment – Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and ...
Outer cover – An outer telescoping cover protects hive parts from the weather. It fits over the inner cover and the top edge of the uppermost hive body. The ...
[46]
[PDF] Langstroth hive - University of Florida
Mar 3, 2014 · There are three heights of boxes used for the Langstroth hive. They are the deep, medium (or Illinois) and shallow boxes. Most typical hive ...Missing: depth | Show results with:depth
[47]
Beginning Honey Beekeeping Equipment and Associated Costs
There are several components of the base hive, including the brood box (often called a deep super), frames, vented inner cover, telescoping outer cover and ...Missing: functions | Show results with:functions
[48]
Beekeeping Tips for Beginners | MU Extension
May 1, 2016 · The standard brood box, or deep, is 95/8 inches deep, 16-1/4 inches wide and 19-7/8 inches long.Missing: configuration | Show results with:configuration
[49]
Modeling Nuc Buildup - Scientific Beekeeping
If you want to count 'em, there are typically between 2,000 and 2,500 bees on a fully-covered deep frame [[1]]. Frames containing brood in the center of the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[50]
Quick Guide of Beekeeping Woodenware
Mar 14, 2017 · A full medium frame (6 5/8” tall) honey super weighs about two-thirds of a comparable deep super. Using all medium hive bodies is increasing ...Missing: dimensions configuration associations
[51]
How Many Bees In A Hive? - BuzzAboutBees.net
It could range between 20,000 and 60,000 bees or more, depending on the size of the hive and stage of development of the colony.
[52]
[PDF] Georgia Master Beekeeper Lecture Series - Bee Program
This is an argument in favor of. Langstroth deep hive bodies; however, smaller trees may make this difficult. Many operations use all medium supers. XV. Cold- ...Missing: dimensions | Show results with:dimensions<|control11|><|separator|>
[53]
[PDF] Beekeeping MP419 - Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service
The frames used by most bee keepers are the "Hoffman" self spacing frames. The deep or brood chamber frame is 9½ by 17½ inches, the Illinois frame 6½ by 17½ ...
[54]
[PDF] Figure 4. Equipment and dimensions for a standard Langstroth hive.
Equipment and dimensions for a standard Langstroth hive. 2134. +-71/4". -16 ... Bottom Board. 3 pieces 7%" x ¾4″ x 15%″ (floor). 2 pieces 2%" x ¾¾"″ x 22 ...
[55]
Langstroth Screened Bottom Board - PerfectBee
In stock 4–7 day deliveryTo monitor for mites, insert the tray for 24 hours and then count the mite drop. Dimensions: 10 Frame: 22″ long by 16-1/4″ wide by 2″ tall. 8 Frame: 22″ long by ...
[56]
https://www.montana.edu/extension/bigskybees/HousingHoneyBees.html
[57]
Housing Honey Bees - Montana State University
The figure to the right shows a standard ten-frame Langstroth hive with the most basic hive components. Langstroth hive components are stacked vertically.Missing: dimensions depth
[58]
[PDF] Beekeeping Equipment – Hive Boxes - AgriLife Extension Entomology
Wax foundations must have wire drawn through them to support the wax from bending or falling. Some beekeepers also use wire foundation (Fig. 8), in which they ...
[59]
Queen Excluder Types Used In Bee Hives - Dave Cushman
A 5.3 mm spacing would mean wires of only 1 mm, which is probably too thin for reliability, but 1.4 mm stiff wires would give a 4.9 mm inter wire spacing that ...
[60]
10 Frame Wood-Bound Queen Excluder - PerfectBee
The 3/4″ pine rim helps to ensure the metal screen isn't bent during removal. Made in the USA with American and Polish components. Dimensions. 19-7/8″ long x 16 ...
[61]
Beekeeping Calendar for the Northeast - Cornell CALS
Consider adding a queen excluder to manage the honey supers more easily. The nectar flow may require you to put more supers on the hive. If you are producing ...
[62]
Beekeeping Equipment - Bee Program - UGA
The Boardman entrance feeder (Fig. 5) is conveniently placed at the hive entrance, but has the disadvantage of inviting robbing. The division board feeder (Fig.Missing: Langstroth | Show results with:Langstroth
[63]
[PDF] Feeding Your Bees
Dec 1, 2022 · One gallon of sugar syrup at a ratio of 2 parts sugar to 1 part water can increase the food reserves of a colony by seven pounds. The ratio of.Missing: Langstroth | Show results with:Langstroth
[64]
[PDF] General Maintenance of Honey Bee Hives
Internal feeders come in a variety of different forms as well. Some popular versions are frame feeders and top feeders.Missing: Langstroth | Show results with:Langstroth
[65]
[PDF] Feeding Honey Bees - Michigan Pollinator Initiative
You can insert frame feeders, which are shaped like a frame of comb, into the brood box between other frames. You also can place hive top feeders on top of the ...Missing: Langstroth | Show results with:Langstroth
[66]
[PDF] Beekeeping Basics - Denton County
Frame—four pieces of wood/plastic (top bar, a bottom bar, and two end bars) designed to hold foundation/drawn comb. Fructose—the predominant simple sugar ...
[67]
Bee Hive Pests - Honey Bee Health Guide
Mouse guards should be installed before temperatures fall below 57° and bees begin to cluster, to avoid trapping a mouse inside the hive. Mouse sitting on ...Missing: racks | Show results with:racks
[68]
[PDF] BAit HivEs - UD College of Agriculture and Natural Resources (CANR)
Bait hives are an easy and inexpensive means of obtaining honey bees to start a new hive. Captured bee swarms might be used for increasing.Missing: beekeeping | Show results with:beekeeping
[69]
What is a Langstroth Hive? Hive Information. - BeeBuilt
These hives are stacking rectangular boxes with removable frames for the bees to build comb in. Langstroth hive configuration is incredibly customizable ...
[70]
https://www.honeybeesuite.com/painting-the-inside-of-beehives/
[71]
Painting the inside of beehives - Honey Bee Suite
By sealing the wood with paint those properties are lost to the hive. ... One argument against painting the interior is that un-painted wood absorbs condensation.Missing: untreated | Show results with:untreated
[72]
Where can I find good, clean, completely untreated wood to build a ...
Feb 17, 2016 · Any lumberyard. You can buy the wood already cut for beehives from mannlakeltd.com and have it shipped to your door cheaper than you can buy the wood.
[73]
http://www.dave-cushman.net/bee/plasthivehist.html
[74]
History of Plastic Hives - Dave Cushman
Jun 3, 2013 · EPS hives, usually referred to as "poly hives", were invented in Europe in the 1970s and are now very widely used. A Danish equipment supplier ...
[75]
https://beebuilt.com/pages/sustainability
[76]
Sustainability - BeeBuilt
We source wood that is FSC® certified and responsibly grown and harvested, and are now the first hive producer to be FSC® certified.Missing: 2020-2025 | Show results with:2020-2025
[77]
Langstroth Bee Hive: Best Wooden Hives for 2025 - Accio
Rating 5.0 (118) · Free 14-day returnsKey industry trends include a rising preference for sustainable materials like pine and fir wood, often sourced from managed forests. Wax coating for ...
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Stackable Beehives 2025 Trends and Forecasts 2033
Rating 4.8 (1,980) May 21, 2025 · Sustainable Materials: Increasing use of recycled and biodegradable materials in hive construction. Data Analytics and Predictive Modeling ...
[79]
Foundation or Foundationless Beekeeping? - PerfectBee
May 16, 2025 · The next choice for the beekeeper is either plastic or wooden frames. Wood frames are typically made from pine and many beekeepers lean this way ...<|separator|>
[80]
Standard Langstroth Hive (Medium) - BeeBuilt
Out of stock Rating 5.0 (1) Our Bee Built Standard Hive offers an approachable price, FSC® certified wood, and the best, weatherproof roof. The parts are interchangeable with all standard ...Missing: materials 2020-2025
[81]
Choosing Between Plastic & Wooden Beehives | Nuplas Apiarist
Apr 15, 2019 · Wooden hives are natural, familiar, and cheaper, but can split and are hard to clean. Plastic hives are durable, moth-proof, and easy to clean, ...
[82]
What Are The Pros And Cons Of Plastic Vs. Wood Beehives ...
Plastic hives offer longevity and pest resistance but raise sustainability concerns, while wood hives are eco-friendly and cost-effective but demand more upkeep ...
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https://www.accio.com/business/trend-of-beehives
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https://www.dadant.com/learn/8-frame-vs-10-frame-beehives-which-to-choose/
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8-Frame vs 10-Frame Beehives: Which to Choose? - Dadant
8-frame beehives generally have more boxes than 10-frame beehives, stacked vertically, so an 8-frame hive poses an increased tipping risk in windy or rainy ...
[86]
8-Frame Vs. 10-Frame Langstroth Hives: A Practical Guide For ...
Key Consideration: A fully loaded 10-frame brood chamber can weigh 10+ pounds more than its 8-frame counterpart. This difference adds up when handling multiple ...
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https://www.foxhoundbeecompany.com/blogs/beekeeping-equipment/should-i-start-with-8-or-10-frame-equipment
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https://www.honeybeesuite.com/long-hive-beekeeping/
[89]
Long Hive Beekeeping - Honey Bee Suite
The colony does cluster in a long hive, it just can be more horizontal than vertical as in a vertical hive, e.g. Warré or Langstroth. The cluster travels ...<|separator|>
[90]
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9784936/
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Two Faces of the Screened Bottom Boards—An Ambiguous ...
Dec 7, 2022 · The study shows that the use of screened bottom boards was associated with the reduced overall colony loss rate.
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https://www.perfectbee.com/beekeeping-articles/a-detailed-look-at-the-flow-hive
[93]
A Detailed Look at Flow Hive - PerfectBee
May 16, 2025 · The Flow Frame is designed to fit into a standard Langstroth box (8 or 10 frames). This allows beekeepers to start using Flow Hive with a ...
[94]
Bee Keeping Hive & Gear: 2026 Honey Bee Keeping Box - Farmonaut
Oct 17, 2025 · Smart Hives: Many beekeeping hives are now equipped with IoT sensors, providing real-time data on colony status and environmental conditions.
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[96]
Hive Climate Control | Bee IQ Solutions - Hivegate
HiveGate gives bees full control over their entrance, day and night. They can open it wide, close it fully, or leave it partially open as needed.Missing: modular resilience
[97]
https://pnwhoneybeesurvey.com/screen-bottom-boards-a-4-year-perspective/
[98]
Screen Bottom Boards: A 4 Year Perspective
May 28, 2018 · For the most recent year 214 individuals used SBB on all their colonies, 40 on some =80% while 63 individuals did not use SBB 20%. The numbers ...
[99]
Types of Beehives and Bee Boxes: Managing Colony Growth
Jun 1, 2022 · The Warre hive is like a hybrid of the Langstroth and the Top Bar. Like the Langstroth, it's built of stacked boxes, but unlike the Langstroth, ...