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OCB

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) refers to discretionary, voluntary actions by employees that extend beyond their formal job duties and formal reward systems, yet promote the overall functioning and effectiveness of the organization.^[1]^[2] The concept, formalized by management scholar Dennis W. Organ in 1988, encompasses individual contributions such as helping colleagues, adhering to organizational norms beyond requirements, suggesting improvements, and demonstrating loyalty, which collectively enhance workplace productivity and morale without direct compensation.^[3]^[4] Key dimensions of OCB include interpersonal-directed behaviors (OCBI), such as assisting coworkers, and organization-directed behaviors (OCBO), like punctuality or protecting company resources, both of which empirical studies link to improved team performance and reduced turnover.^[5]^[6] Research demonstrates that factors like perceived organizational support, fair leadership, and employee engagement drive OCB, while antecedents such as job satisfaction and trust in management predict its occurrence across diverse sectors.^[1] Notable findings indicate OCB correlates with higher unit-level outcomes, including financial performance, though its measurement via self-reports or supervisor ratings raises validity concerns due to potential social desirability biases.^[4] Controversies persist regarding whether OCB is truly extra-role or implicitly expected in high-context cultures, potentially leading to uncompensated exploitation, and cross-cultural variations challenge universal applicability, with Western-centric models sometimes overlooking collectivist norms where such behaviors are normative rather than discretionary.^[7]^[3] Despite these debates, OCB remains a cornerstone in industrial-organizational psychology for understanding prosocial workplace dynamics and informing practices to foster voluntary contributions without coercion.^[8]

Organizational and management concepts

Organizational citizenship behavior

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) encompasses discretionary actions by employees that extend beyond formal job duties and are not explicitly rewarded, yet enhance organizational effectiveness.^[7] This concept, rooted in organizational psychology, emphasizes voluntary contributions such as helping colleagues or suggesting improvements, which support broader goals without direct enforcement.^[9] The term originated in the early 1980s amid research on employee performance beyond core tasks, with Dennis Organ and Thomas Bateman coining "citizenship behavior" in their 1983 study of manufacturing workers, framing it as "good soldier" syndrome where individuals act prosocially for collective benefit.^[4] Organ refined the definition in 1988, specifying OCB as "individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization."^[10] Subsequent refinements distinguished dimensions: OCB-I (interpersonal, e.g., aiding coworkers) and OCB-O (organizational, e.g., conserving resources or voicing ideas).^[11] Empirical validation grew through meta-analyses, such as Podsakoff et al. (2000), which synthesized over 100 studies showing OCB's distinctiveness from in-role performance while correlating moderately with it (r ≈ 0.28).^[12] Antecedents of OCB include dispositional factors like conscientiousness and agreeableness, alongside situational elements such as perceived organizational support, procedural justice, and transformational leadership.^[13] For instance, meta-analytic evidence indicates leader-member exchange quality predicts OCB with effect sizes around β = 0.35-0.45, as supportive supervision fosters reciprocity.^[14] Job satisfaction and affective commitment also drive OCB, with correlations typically ranging from 0.20 to 0.30 across sectors, though cultural variations exist—collectivist societies show stronger OCB ties to group harmony.^[15] Consequences of OCB include enhanced unit-level performance, with studies reporting 20-25% variance explained in group productivity metrics.^[4] Organizations benefit from reduced absenteeism and turnover intentions, as OCB buffers stress and builds cohesion; for example, in healthcare, higher OCB correlates with lower error rates (r = -0.15).^[16] However, excessive OCB can lead to "citizenship fatigue," where sustained extra-role efforts increase burnout and workload overload, particularly in high-demand roles, with longitudinal data showing diminished well-being over time.^[17] Critics note measurement challenges, as self-reports inflate estimates, and some behaviors may reflect impression management rather than altruism, urging multi-source assessments for validity.^[18] Recent research explores OCB in remote and gig economies, finding digital tools amplify antecedents like virtual trust but weaken spontaneous interpersonal OCB.^[4]

Cryptography and computing

OCB mode

Offset Codebook mode (OCB mode) is a block-cipher mode of operation designed for authenticated encryption, providing both confidentiality and authenticity for arbitrary-length plaintexts and associated data using a single key and nonce.^[19] Proposed in April 2001 by Phillip Rogaway, Mihir Bellare, John Black, and Ted Krovetz, it refines the integrity-aware parallelizable mode (IAPM) by Charanjit Jutla, emphasizing efficiency through parallel processing and minimal computational overhead.^[20] The scheme encrypts plaintext blocks by XORing them with an offset derived from the nonce and key, then applying the block cipher (e.g., AES-128), while computing a checksum for the authentication tag; decryption reverses this, verifying the tag to detect tampering.^[19] It requires approximately the length of the plaintext in blocks plus 1.02 additional block-cipher calls, supporting nonce reuse prevention via unique nonces up to 120 bits.^[19] OCB achieves rate-1 efficiency with no padding for message-authentication codes, enabling full parallelism across blocks and low latency in hardware or software implementations, outperforming modes like GCM or CCM by factors of 2-6 in benchmarks.^[21] Security proofs establish indistinguishability from random strings for confidentiality and forgery resistance for authenticity, with a bound of s²/2¹²⁸ where s is the total blocks processed under one key; usage should be capped at 2⁴⁸ blocks per key to maintain strength.^[19] The mode handles associated data (e.g., headers) without expanding ciphertext size beyond the plaintext plus a tag (typically 128 bits), making it suitable for high-throughput applications like disk encryption or network protocols.^[19] Several versions evolved to address limitations: OCB1 (2001) lacked associated data support and used m+2 calls for m-block messages; OCB2 (2004) added associated data but introduced flaws via doubling-based offsets, rendering it insecure; OCB3 (2011), the current standard, employs table-lookup offsets for optimization, reducing calls to m+1.016 and fixing prior issues.^[21] OCB3 was standardized in RFC 7253 by the IETF in May 2014, authored by Ted Krovetz and Phillip Rogaway, specifying use with 128-bit block ciphers and byte-string inputs.^[19] Despite superior performance, OCB's adoption lagged due to intellectual property concerns, including U.S. Patent 7,046,802 held by Rogaway (lapsed into public domain) and others, prompting NIST to prioritize patent-free alternatives like CCM during the AES process.^[21]^[22] Implementations appeared in libraries such as OpenSSL from version 1.1.0 in 2016, supporting OCB-AES for AEAD scenarios, though it remains less common in protocols like TLS compared to GCM.^[23] No major vulnerabilities have been found in OCB3 when used as specified, affirming its robustness for secure communications.^[19]

Display and electronics technology

Optically compensated bend

Optically compensated bend (OCB) mode is a liquid crystal display (LCD) technology featuring a symmetric splay-bend alignment of nematic liquid crystal molecules between two substrates, with optical compensation films (typically negative birefringence layers) applied to inner surfaces to minimize off-axis retardation variations and achieve symmetric viewing characteristics.^[24] The bend structure relies on a bias voltage of approximately 1.6 V to maintain a stable splay-to-bend transition, enabling normally white operation where light transmission decreases under applied fields.^[25] This configuration leverages fluid backflow during switching for response times of 1–15 ms, significantly faster than twisted nematic (TN) or vertical alignment (VA) modes.^[26] OCB mode was first proposed in 1993 by researchers including Y. Yamaguchi, addressing limitations in early bend alignments like pi-cells (initially conceptualized in 1984 by P. Bos for faster switching via backflow).^[27] Toshiba Matsushita Display Technology (TMD) achieved the world's first mass production of OCB-mode panels with a 23-inch high-definition television (HD-TV) model, followed by a 32-inch low-temperature polysilicon (LTPS) panel (1366 × 768 resolution) demonstrated at the International Meeting on Information Display (IMID) in 2005.^[27] Key innovations included zig-zag pixel electrodes for electrical twist-field bend transitions completed in under 1 second and pseudo-impulse driving with black data insertion or synchronized backlight blinking to enhance motion clarity.^[27] The mode excels in applications requiring high dynamic performance, such as LCD-TVs, field-sequential-color displays (leveraging fast response to enable color LED backlights without filters), and 3D stereoscopic systems, as demonstrated by Toshiba's 2010 OCB panel for active shutter glasses compatible with 3D televisions.^[28]^[24] Performance metrics for production panels include brightness up to 600 cd/m², contrast ratios of 600:1 to 660:1, moving picture response times (MPRT) of 6.5 ms, and viewing angles exceeding 160° in both horizontal and vertical directions without gray-scale inversion or color shifts.^[27] Additional uses extend to reflective full-color LCDs with grayscale capability and low-aberration liquid crystal lenses using dual-frequency materials and hole-patterned electrodes for rapid focusing.^[26]^[29] These attributes stem from the compensation films' ability to optically cancel birefringence asymmetry, outperforming uncompensated bend modes in wide-temperature operation and contrast stability.^[24]

Consumer brands and products

OCB rolling papers

OCB rolling papers are a premium brand of fine, translucent rolling papers manufactured by the French company Papeteries Bolloré for hand-rolling cigarettes and other smokable materials.^[30] The brand derives its name from the Odet River (near the original mill), the Cascadec production site, and the Bolloré family, who founded the enterprise.^[30] Established as a commercial brand in 1918, OCB built on a papermaking tradition dating to 1822, when brothers René and Guillaume Bolloré opened their first mill in Brittany, France, initially producing writing and tissue papers before specializing in rolling varieties.^[30]^[31] The papers are produced at a carbon-neutral facility in Perpignan, France, using sustainably sourced plant fibers such as organic hemp from the Champagne region and rice from the Camargue delta, all within 500 kilometers to minimize transport emissions.^[30] The manufacturing process begins with fiber selection and pulping, followed by forming thin sheets through precise machinery that ensures uniformity, with natural acacia gum applied for sealing—harvested sustainably from Sahel ecosystems in Africa to support local communities and biodiversity.^[30] Additional steps include cutting to standard sizes (e.g., 1¼-inch or king-size), quality checks under ISO 9001, 14001, and 45001 certifications, and packaging in biodegradable materials printed with vegetable inks; the facility relies on renewable energy sources including hydropower, wind, solar, and biomass.^[30] OCB offers variants like Premium (ultra-thin flax-based for slow, even burns), Organic Hemp, Bamboo, and Brown Rice papers, often featuring holographic packaging for authenticity.^[32] These papers are engineered for minimal taste interference, producing a crisp rolling sound and consistent adhesion without chemical additives, setting industry standards for thinness since the Premium line's introduction in 1999.^[30]^[33] The brand expanded globally, achieving milestones such as a Guinness World Record on September 23, 2024, for the most joints lit simultaneously (1,515).^[34] OCB maintains a reputation for quality among rolling enthusiasts, prioritizing environmental responsibility over cost-cutting measures common in competitors.^[30]

Financial institutions

Orient Commercial Joint Stock Bank

Orient Commercial Joint Stock Bank (OCB) is a Vietnamese joint-stock commercial bank founded on April 13, 1996, with an initial charter capital of 70 billion VND.^[35] Headquartered in Ho Chi Minh City, the bank operates as a private-sector institution focused on retail banking, corporate lending, and digital financial services across Vietnam.^[36] By 2024, OCB had expanded to nearly 200 trading units and 120 transaction points nationwide, serving major cities and economic zones.^[37] The bank's growth has emphasized capital increases and regulatory compliance, including a charter capital expansion in February 2003.^[35] In 2017, OCB became the first Vietnamese bank to fully implement Basel II risk management standards, enhancing its operational resilience amid Vietnam's competitive banking sector.^[38] It maintains a network of over 85 branches in 18 provinces, prioritizing customer-centric services like mobile banking and transaction efficiency.^[39] Financially, OCB reported total assets of 280.7 trillion VND as of the end of 2024, reflecting a 16.9% year-over-year increase, with credit growth at 19.6%, deposit mobilization up 13.1%, non-performing loans at 2.4%, and a capital adequacy ratio of 12.5%.^[40] The bank targets 316.8 trillion VND in assets for 2025, alongside a pre-tax profit of 5.3 trillion VND, driven by digital transaction volumes reaching 96.2% of total activities in 2024.^[41] Shares trade on the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange under the ticker OCB.VN.^[42] Leadership transitions include the appointment of Segawa Mitsuhiro to the board of directors effective April 22, 2025, and the resignation of Deputy CEO Truong Dinh Long on January 9, 2025, as part of ongoing governance adjustments.^[43]^[44] No major mergers or acquisitions have been recorded in recent public disclosures, with focus remaining on organic expansion and restructuring support within Vietnam's banking industry.^[45]

U.S. government and history

Operations Coordinating Board

The Operations Coordinating Board (OCB) was established by President Dwight D. Eisenhower through Executive Order 10483 on September 2, 1953, as an independent agency within the executive branch to enhance coordination of national security operations.^[46] It succeeded the Psychological Strategy Board, which had been created in 1951 to oversee psychological warfare but proved inadequate for integrating broader non-military activities with NSC policies.^[47] The OCB's primary mandate was to report directly to the National Security Council on the formulation and execution of coordinated plans by executive agencies for operations supporting U.S. national security objectives, particularly in areas like psychological operations, economic assistance, and covert activities during the Cold War.^[48]^[49] Composed of high-level representatives from the Departments of State and Defense, the Central Intelligence Agency, the United States Information Agency, and other relevant agencies, the OCB operated under the NSC's oversight to monitor implementation of council decisions. Its functions included reviewing agency progress on NSC-approved programs, resolving interagency disputes, and ensuring alignment of non-combat operations—such as propaganda dissemination and support for anti-communist initiatives—with overall strategy.^[48] For instance, the board coordinated responses to NSC directives like NSC 5412/2, which governed covert operations, by integrating inputs from intelligence and diplomatic entities to avoid fragmented efforts.^[50] This structure addressed Eisenhower's concerns over inefficient follow-through on policy, as evidenced by its regular meetings to track advancements in psychological and informational strategies across regions like the Far East.^[51] The OCB played a key role in Eisenhower-era national security by bridging policy formulation and execution, producing reports on operational status for NSC review, such as assessments of coordinated information programs in Southeast Asia.^[52] It emphasized field-level coordination to prevent overlaps or gaps in activities like countering Soviet influence, drawing on empirical evaluations of agency performance rather than unverified assumptions.^[53] However, critiques emerged regarding its capacity to enforce compliance during crises, with some military representatives advocating expanded wartime authority.^[54] President John F. Kennedy abolished the OCB in 1961 as part of a broader NSC reorganization, deeming formal interagency boards inefficient and preferring ad hoc mechanisms for operational oversight.^[55]^[56] This dissolution reflected a shift toward more flexible coordination under subsequent administrations, though the OCB's model influenced later special groups for sensitive operations.^[57]

International organizations and cooperatives

Organização das Cooperativas Brasileiras

The Organização das Cooperativas Brasileiras (OCB) serves as the apex representative body for cooperatives in Brazil, advocating for the sector's interests at national and international levels. Established to unify fragmented cooperative associations, it promotes the cooperative model's principles of mutual aid, democratic governance, and sustainable development across various economic sectors. The OCB interfaces with government branches, including the executive, legislative, and judicial, to influence policy, while also engaging globally through affiliations like the International Cooperative Alliance (ACI).^[58]^[59] Founded on December 2, 1969, during the IV Congresso Brasileiro do Cooperativismo, the OCB emerged from the merger of the Associação Brasileira de Cooperativas (ABCOOP) and the União Nacional das Cooperativas (Unasco), addressing the need for a centralized voice amid Brazil's expanding cooperative movement, which traces roots to the late 19th century but gained momentum post-1902 with the first formal societies. This unification under Law 5.764/1971 formalized its role in fostering cooperative legislation and oversight, replacing prior decentralized efforts that lacked cohesive national advocacy. By the 1990s, it had documented over 3,500 cooperatives with nearly 3 million members, reflecting early consolidation.^[58]^[60]^[61] Organizationally, the OCB operates as a third-degree cooperative entity, comprising a national headquarters and 27 state-level organizations aligned with Brazil's federal structure, with funding divided equally between national and state contributions per statutory requirements. It oversees seven regulated branches, including agriculture, credit, health, transportation, production, consumption, and education/worker cooperatives, coordinating services like training via SESCOOP (Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem do Cooperativismo) and innovation programs such as Inovacoop. Leadership includes President Márcio Lopes de Freitas and Superintendente Tânia Zanella, emphasizing strategic alignment with UN-declared initiatives like the 2025 International Year of Cooperatives.^[58]^[62]^[63] As of 2024, the OCB system registers 4,384 cooperatives serving 25.8 million members—equivalent to 12.14% of Brazil's population and 23.32% of the employed populace—generating 578,000 direct jobs and R$757.9 billion in annual revenues, with membership growing 66% since 2019 despite a 2.8% dip in cooperative counts due to mergers and efficiencies. Economically, cooperatives under OCB representation contribute significantly to GDP, job creation, and tax revenues; a OCB-FIPE study quantifies that each R$1 invested yields R$1.65 in additional production, while local presence correlates with R$5,100 higher per capita income in host municipalities. These impacts span rural development in agriculture (1,223 cooperatives with 992,000 members) to financial inclusion via credit unions, underscoring the model's role in equitable growth without reliance on state subsidies.^[64]^[65]^[66]

Environmental and scientific programs

Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry Program

The Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) Program is a U.S. scientific coordination initiative established in 2006 as a core component of the U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program.^[67] It serves as a network for interdisciplinary researchers examining the ocean's contributions to the global carbon cycle, including carbon uptake, storage, and the influences of physical, chemical, and biological processes on marine ecosystems amid environmental shifts.^[68] The program's efforts emphasize empirical data synthesis from field observations, modeling, and laboratory studies to quantify biogeochemical feedbacks, such as those involving dissolved inorganic carbon, nutrients, and microbial activity, without prescriptive policy roles.^[69] Governed by a Scientific Steering Committee comprising experts from institutions like the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, where the OCB Project Office is based, the program receives primary sponsorship from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).^[70] Key activities include convening annual scientific meetings—such as the 2023 OCB Open Science Meeting—and funding targeted projects, like the 2020 initiative for ocean best practices documentation involving over 100 contributors.^[69] These efforts have supported advancements in areas like coastal carbon dynamics and deep-ocean circulation, drawing on datasets from sources including NOAA's Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program.^[71] OCB's outreach components provide resources such as infographics on ocean fertilization effects and videos explaining carbon cycle basics, aimed at both scientists and educators to enhance data accessibility and interdisciplinary dialogue.^[72] By prioritizing verifiable measurements—e.g., CO2 partial pressure observations from shipboard and autonomous platforms—the program contributes to refined estimates of oceanic carbon sinks, which empirical records indicate absorb approximately 25% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions annually, though with regional variability influenced by upwelling and stratification changes.^[73] This focus on causal mechanisms, rather than modeled projections alone, underscores OCB's role in grounding broader carbon science in direct observations.^[68]

Sports

Orient Club Beirut

The Orient Club Beirut, also known as Nadi al-Sharq, was founded in 1957 in central Beirut, Lebanon, serving as a social and cultural venue. The club has hosted events focused on cultural dialogue and recognition of literary figures, such as honoring poet Michel Jaha in 2023 for his contributions to Arabic literature.^[74] In recent years, it elected a new administrative board in June 2025, emphasizing expansion of cultural partnerships and international collaborations. Activities include seminars, awards, and initiatives for intercultural understanding, though specific sports programs are not prominently documented in available records.

Orlando City B

Orlando City B (OCB) serves as the reserve team for Orlando City SC of Major League Soccer, functioning primarily to develop academy prospects, young professionals, and loanees for potential promotion to the first team. Announced on June 30, 2015, the club was created to field a competitive side in the United Soccer League (USL), offering a pathway for talent in Central Florida.^[75] OCB began operations in 2016, aligning with Orlando City SC's expansion into MLS the prior year, and has since operated as a developmental affiliate emphasizing player growth over independent success.^[76] The team's early years were spent in the USL Championship, the second tier of American professional soccer, where it reached the playoffs in its debut 2016 season after finishing sixth in the Eastern Conference with a 9-10-5 record.^[77] Following two seasons, OCB took a hiatus in 2018 before rejoining as a founding member of USL League One (Division III) in 2019, competing there through 2021 with moderate results, including a conference semifinal appearance in 2019. In 2022, it shifted to MLS Next Pro, MLS's dedicated reserve league, launching with a 2-0 victory over Chicago Fire FC II on March 26.^[78] This move integrated OCB more closely with MLS pathways, prioritizing high-level competition for under-23 players.^[76] OCB hosts home games at Osceola County Stadium in Kissimmee, Florida, a facility shared with other local events and accommodating around 3,500 spectators.^[79] In MLS Next Pro, the club marked progress with its first playoff qualification in 2023, securing 13 regular-season wins—a franchise high—and advancing to the conference quarterfinals before elimination. The 2025 campaign, spanning 28 matches from March 9 to October 5, ended without playoffs after a 1-4 loss to FC Cincinnati 2 on Decision Day, reflecting a mid-table Eastern Conference finish amid roster turnover and injuries.^[80] ^[81]

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National Security Council Directive, NSC 5412/2, Covert Operations
Covert or secret operations were a major part of the Cold War, and the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies were frequent sponsors ...
[51]
[PDF] PSB D-44, COORDINATED INFORMATION PROGRAM FOR ... - CIA
Operations Coordinating Board, USIA has reviewed its program in all Far. Eastern countries. The results of this reprogramming are as follows: 3. Thailand. In ...
[52]
427. Operations Coordinating Board Report - Office of the Historian
NSC Action No. 1290–d requested the Operations Coordinating Board to present to the National Security Council a report on, among other things, “the status ...
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181. Paper Prepared by the Operations Coordinating Board
May 18, 2025 · The intent of this paper is to underline the need for field coordination, to insure that all information activities are conducted [Page 502] ...
[54]
213. Memorandum From the Executive Secretary of the National ...
DOD, USIA and CIA representatives supported the position that in time of hostilities the Operations Coordinating Board should be responsible for “the ...
[55]
[PDF] THE NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL PROJECT
50 The Operations Coordinating Board was established in 1953 by President Eisenhower and abolished in 1961 by President Kennedy. Its function was to ...Missing: dissolution | Show results with:dissolution
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[PDF] Organizational Hsitory of the National Security Council during the ...
The staff recommended the abolition of the. Operations Coordinating Board, adding that "if formal interagency machinery is found to be needed, it can be ...
[57]
The National Security Council: An Organizational Assessment
Apr 21, 2008 · ... NSC coordination, and the Operations Coordinating Board, which was the coordinating and integrating arm of the NSC for all aspects of the ...
[58]
OCB - Somos Cooperativismo
A OCB foi criada para ser a voz das cooperativas brasileiras. Nossa função é mostrar todos os benefícios que o cooperativismo é capaz de trazer para as pessoas, ...Contatos · Notícias · Cadastro nacional de auditores · Trabalhe conosco
[59]
OCB - Organização das Cooperativas do Brasil
Tem entre suas atribuições, a responsabilidade pela promoção, fomento e defesa do sistema cooperativista, em todas as instâncias políticas e institucionais. É ...
[60]
SESCOOP
The representation of the entire national cooperativist system is assigned to Organização das Cooperativas Brasileiras - OCB, established on December 2, 1969, ...
[61]
Virtual Museum of cooperatives - Brazil - Fondazione Barberini
The start of the Brazilian cooperative movement dates from 1847, with the establishment of a rural society in the state of Parana by a French medical doctor, ...
[62]
ORGANIZATION OF BRAZILIAN COOPERATIVES, OCB.
Foundation date: December 2, 1.969. It develops its activities in the Integration Organization. It is a 3st degree Cooperative organization.
[63]
Somos Cooperativismo
A casa do cooperativismo no Brasil. Apoiamos o crescimento sustentável das cooperativas, fornecendo recursos para fortalecer e promover desenvolvimento.OCB · Contatos · Notícias · Cadastro nacional de auditores
[64]
AnuárioCoop 2025: 25,8 milhões de brasileiros escolhem cooperar
Jul 30, 2025 · As 4.384 cooperativas registradas no país geraram 578 mil empregos diretos em 2024, com um crescimento de 5% em relação ao ano anterior — ...
[65]
Anuário do Cooperativismo
Em 2024, o setor soma 25,8 milhões de cooperados em 4.384 cooperativas, gerando mais de 578 mil empregos diretos e R$ 757,9 bilhões em ingressos . Acesse.
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Impacto do Cooperativismo na Economia Brasileira
Descubra o impacto do cooperativismo na economia brasileira: aumento do PIB, empregos e arrecadação de impostos. Estudo OCB/FIPE revela dados.
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About - Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry
The Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program was established in 2006 as one of the major activities of the U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program.
[68]
Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB)
OCB is a network of scientists who work across disciplines to understand the ocean's role in the global carbon cycle and the response of marine ecosystems.
[69]
⇒ OCB: US Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Program
(Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry Program, Woods Hole, MA, 2022). In January 2020, the US Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry (OCB) Project Office funded the Ocean ...
[70]
The Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry Program - YouTube
Dec 18, 2017 · ... (OCB) program was established in 2006 to coordinate and ... The Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry Program. 3.4K views · 7 years ago
[71]
Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Archives
The Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program is the U.S. Federal source and international leader for sustained, in situ global ocean observations ...
[72]
Outreach & Education - Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry
Explore below for videos, infographics, teaching resources, informational websites and more for scientists, non-scientists and educators.
[73]
Ocean Carbon - NOAA/PMEL
The Ocean Carbon group has focused its efforts on understanding the ocean's role in uptake and redistribution of natural and anthropogenic CO2 from the ...
[74]
المكاري في تكريم “نادي الشرق” للشاعر ميشال جحا: مسيرته زخرت ...
Jun 22, 2023 · كرم “نادي الشرق لحوار الحضارات” الشاعر ميشال جحا، بحفل على مسرح الاونيسكو، تقديرا لإرثه الزاهي للأدب العربي، برعاية وزير الثقافة في حكومة ...
[75]
Orlando City B Tryouts & Club Guide: History, Stadium, Players, and ...
On June 30, 2015, Orlando City SC made the announcement that they would begin operating a USL club in the Central Florida area beginning in the 2016 season.
[76]
Orlando City announce OCB reserve team to play in USL Division III
Sep 6, 2018 · Orlando City B was founded for the 2016 USL season. After playing two years in USL, the team sat out the 2018 season, but reports indicated the ...
[77]
Official Orlando City SC Fan Club
Orlando City B are the affiliate men's team belonging to Orlando City SC who completed their inaugural USL season in 2016, reaching the playoffs at the first ...Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
[78]
Orlando City B Begins Play In MLS Next Pro Against Chicago
Mar 25, 2022 · After spending time in the original United Soccer League and then USL League One, OCB re-launches in the all-new MLS Next Pro this weekend ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[79]
Orlando City B announces 2025 MLS NEXT Pro schedule presented ...
Jan 27, 2025 · The 2025 MLS NEXT Pro Playoffs will feature 15 single elimination matches over the course of four consecutive weekends, with three rounds ...
[80]
Regular Season Recap: Orlando City B
Oct 24, 2023 · The Lions clinched the Club's first-ever berth in the MLS NEXT Pro playoffs, finishing the season with a Club record 13 wins, doubling their win ...Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
[81]
RECAP | FC Cincinnati 2 clinch MLS NEXT Pro Playoff berth with ...
Oct 5, 2025 · FC Cincinnati 2 defeated Orlando City B, 4-1, at Osceola Heritage Park on Sunday afternoon on MLS NEXT Pro's Decision Day weekend.