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OOM

OOM is an acronym with multiple meanings.

Computing

Out of memory

In computing, an out of memory (OOM) condition refers to a state in which an operating system or application cannot allocate additional memory resources because all available physical or virtual memory has been exhausted, preventing further program execution or system operations.^[1] This error typically arises when the demand for memory exceeds the system's capacity, leading to allocation failures at the kernel or application level.^[2] Common causes of OOM conditions include memory leaks, where applications retain allocated memory without releasing it after use, insufficient installed RAM relative to workload demands, and fragmentation of memory space that leaves insufficient contiguous blocks for new allocations despite overall availability.^[3] High-demand scenarios, such as running multiple resource-intensive processes or large data processing tasks, can also trigger OOM by overwhelming the system's memory pool.^[4] The consequences of an OOM event vary by system but often include abrupt program termination, where the affected application crashes and reports an error like "OutOfMemoryError" in Java environments.^[5] On a system-wide scale, it can cause instability, such as slowed performance due to excessive swapping or, in Linux kernels, activation of the OOM killer mechanism, which evaluates process "badness" scores based on factors like memory usage and runtime to select and forcibly terminate the most resource-hogging process, thereby reclaiming memory to prevent total system lockup.^[1]^[6] OOM conditions first became prominent in early multitasking operating systems like Unix, developed in the early 1970s at Bell Labs, where limited hardware—such as the PDP-11's 24 KB of memory—required innovative management techniques to handle multiple concurrent processes without frequent allocation failures.^[7] These systems introduced foundational concepts like virtual memory paging to mitigate resource constraints, influencing modern handling of memory exhaustion.^[2] To mitigate OOM risks, administrators and developers can expand virtual memory by configuring swap space on disk to act as an overflow for RAM.^[3] Programming languages like Java incorporate automatic garbage collection to periodically identify and free unreferenced objects, reducing leak-induced exhaustion, though tuning heap sizes via flags like -Xmx is often necessary for demanding applications.^[5] Monitoring tools such as htop provide real-time visibility into process memory usage, enabling proactive identification and termination of problematic tasks before OOM occurs.

Object-oriented modeling

Object-oriented modeling (OOM) is a software engineering methodology that represents complex systems through the use of objects, classes, and their interrelationships to facilitate design, analysis, and implementation. This approach shifts focus from procedural steps to modeling real-world entities and their behaviors, enabling developers to create modular and maintainable software architectures. By emphasizing objects as encapsulations of data and functionality, OOM supports the visualization and specification of system requirements in a structured manner.^[8] The core principles of OOM are encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction, which underpin the modeling process. Encapsulation bundles data and methods within objects, restricting direct access to internal states to promote data integrity and modularity. Inheritance allows classes to derive properties and behaviors from parent classes, fostering code reuse and hierarchical organization. Polymorphism enables objects of different classes to be treated uniformly through a common interface, supporting flexible system designs. Abstraction hides implementation details while exposing essential features, simplifying complex systems into manageable models. These principles, rooted in object-oriented paradigms, guide the creation of robust models that mirror real-world dynamics.^[9] OOM emerged in the late 1980s and 1990s as object-oriented programming gained traction, with early methods like Object Modeling Technique (OMT) introduced in 1991. The field coalesced around the need for a unified notation amid diverse modeling approaches, leading to the development of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). UML was standardized by the Object Management Group (OMG) in November 1997 as version 1.1, providing a non-proprietary specification for visual modeling of systems. This standardization marked a pivotal moment, enabling widespread adoption and evolution through subsequent versions, including UML 2.0 in 2005, which enhanced support for software architectures and business processes, and further to UML 2.5.1 in 2017, the current version as of 2025.^[8] Key tools and notations in OOM include UML diagrams, which standardize the representation of system elements. Class diagrams depict classes, attributes, operations, and relationships such as associations and generalizations, serving as the foundation for structural modeling. Use case diagrams illustrate interactions between users (actors) and the system, capturing functional requirements from a behavioral perspective. Sequence diagrams model dynamic interactions over time, showing message exchanges between objects to visualize control flows and scenarios. These notations collectively support iterative refinement from high-level requirements to detailed implementations.^[10] OOM finds applications in designing databases, where object-relational mapping bridges object models to relational schemas for persistent data storage; in application development, enabling scalable user interfaces and business logic; and in enterprise software, facilitating integration of distributed systems and legacy components. For instance, in database design, OOM techniques like those in OMT extend to object-oriented database management systems (OODBMS), allowing complex data types such as multimedia to be modeled as objects. In enterprise contexts, UML-based models aid in architecting service-oriented architectures that ensure interoperability across organizational boundaries.^[11]^[12] The advantages of OOM include improved modularity, where systems are divided into independent components for easier maintenance, and enhanced reusability, as inherited and polymorphic elements reduce redundant development efforts. These benefits contribute to faster iteration and lower long-term costs in large-scale projects. However, disadvantages arise when OOM leads to over-engineering, such as excessive abstraction layers that complicate simple systems or increase initial design overhead without proportional gains. Inefficient object implementations in OOM can also contribute to resource issues like excessive memory usage during runtime.^[13]^[14]

Gaming

Out of mana

In video games, particularly within massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), multiplayer online battle arenas (MOBAs), and role-playing games (RPGs), "OOM" serves as slang for "out of mana," denoting the complete depletion of a character's mana pool—the primary resource pool used to fuel spells, abilities, and magical actions. This exhaustion temporarily renders spellcasters, such as mages, healers, or summoners, unable to perform further magical feats until the resource regenerates or is restored. Examples include casters in World of Warcraft relying on mana for healing and damage spells, or champions in League of Legends expending it for skill activations, where mismanagement can leave players vulnerable in combat.^[15]^[16]^[17] The term originated and gained prominence in early online multiplayer environments, notably popularized through EverQuest, which launched on March 16, 1999, and introduced persistent worlds with resource-dependent class mechanics.^[18] In these games, players frequently type "OOM" in chat to alert group members or teammates of their status, signaling the need for support such as mana potions, brief rests (often called "medding" for meditation), or tactical retreats to avoid wipes in group encounters. This quick communication is essential in fast-paced scenarios, where verbal explanations would be too time-consuming, allowing coordinated responses like switching to non-magical attacks or pausing aggression. The "OOM" mechanic profoundly influences strategic gameplay by necessitating careful mana management, where players must balance offensive bursts with conservation techniques, such as selecting efficient spells or equipping items that boost regeneration rates. In titles like World of Warcraft, healers going OOM during raids can jeopardize the entire group, prompting adaptations like talent choices focused on mana efficiency.^[15] Similarly, in League of Legends, it encourages laning decisions around resource sustain to outlast opponents.^[17] This dynamic adds depth to class roles, rewarding foresight over raw power. Variations of "OOM" extend the slang to analogous depletable resources in other games, such as "OOP" for "out of power" in systems where energy is labeled differently, like EverQuest II, or "low on mana" (LOM) as a warning before full depletion. These adaptations maintain the term's utility across evolving game designs while preserving its core function in multiplayer coordination.

Order of magnitude

In video games, particularly incremental and idle games that handle extremely large numbers, "OOM" is an initialism for "order of magnitude," referring to a scale factor of ten, such that a quantity increasing or decreasing by a factor of 10 represents a change of one order of magnitude; for instance, shifting from 100 to 1,000 constitutes an increase of one order.^[19] This concept facilitates the approximation and display of values across vast ranges by focusing on their dominant power of ten, often used for formatting big numbers in scientific notation or abbreviated forms to avoid overwhelming players.^[20] The term is widely employed in game design for mechanics involving exponential growth, such as resource accumulation or upgrades, enabling quick assessments of scale without precise computation. For example, in games like Egg, Inc., an order of magnitude (abbreviated OoM) measures how many factors of 10 are needed to reach a number, helping players track progress in egg production scaling to billions or more.^[21] In broader gaming contexts, like strategy or simulation titles, it aids in balancing progression systems where upgrades provide 10x improvements. To calculate the order of magnitude of a positive number x > [0](/page/0), compute \round(\log_{10} x), where \round rounds to the nearest integer and \log_{10} is the base-10 logarithm; numbers between powers of ten are assigned to the nearer class. For instance, 150 has \log_{10} 150 \approx 2.18, rounding to 2. The difference in orders of magnitude between two positive numbers a and b (with a > b) is \round(|\log_{10} (a/b)|), quantifying relative scale.^[22] Representative examples illustrate its application in gaming scales. In incremental games, player scores might reach $1.5 \times 10^{30}, placing it in the 30th order of magnitude, highlighting exponential progression. These approximations emphasize the vast disparities in game economies, such as differing by dozens of orders between starting resources and end-game totals.^[23] The phrase "order of magnitude" was first recorded in English in 1875, emerging in 19th-century scientific discourse, particularly in astronomy and statistics, before being adopted in gaming for handling large-scale simulations.^[19] It gained formal prominence in 20th-century scientific literature, aligning with the rise of scientific notation and estimation techniques.

Geography

Oom Bay

Oom Bay is a well-defined bay, approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) wide, indenting the Mawson Coast of Mac. Robertson Land, Antarctica, between Cape Bruce and Campbell Head.^[24] The bay lies at coordinates 67°26′S 60°44′E and is largely ice-covered, forming part of the rugged Antarctic coastal landscape influenced by nearby glaciers and ice shelves.^[24] The bay was discovered and first mapped in February 1931 during the second voyage of the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE), led by Sir Douglas Mawson aboard the ship Discovery.^[24] Mawson named the feature after Lieutenant K.E. Oom of the Royal Australian Navy, who served as the expedition's cartographer.^[24] The nearby Oom Island, located about 0.8 km northeast of Campbell Head, was also identified and named during the same exploratory efforts.^[25] BANZARE's mapping of Oom Bay contributed to the expedition's broader achievements, including the charting of previously unexplored Antarctic coastline from 45°E to 160°E and the naming of approximately 100 geographical features.^[26] These efforts supported scientific research in oceanography, geology, and biology, while facilitating Australia's territorial claims in the region through proclamations of British sovereignty at key landfalls.^[26] Oom Bay has since served as a reference point in subsequent Antarctic gazetteers and research expeditions focused on coastal geography and ice dynamics.^[24]

Oom Island

Oom Island is a small, rocky island located approximately 0.8 kilometers (0.5 miles) northeast of Campbell Head, off the coast of Mac. Robertson Land in Antarctica, situated amid surrounding ice shelves.^[25] Measuring about 0.5 kilometers across, it features typical Antarctic coastal terrain with exposed rock surfaces influenced by glacial and ice dynamics.^[25] Its coordinates are approximately 67°24′S 60°39′E.^[25] The island was first mapped by Norwegian cartographers using aerial photographs from the Lars Christensen Expedition in 1936–37, at which time it was temporarily named Uksoy.^[25] The surrounding region, including Campbell Head, was initially explored during the British, Australian, and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) in February 1931, led by Sir Douglas Mawson, which conducted coastal surveys and aerial observations in Mac. Robertson Land.^[26] The island's current name was assigned by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia (ANCA) to honor Lieutenant K. E. Oom of the Royal Australian Navy, a cartographer and member of the BANZARE expedition who contributed to its mapping efforts.^[25] As a minor landmark, Oom Island serves as a reference point in Antarctic topographic surveys and nautical charts for the region. It lies adjacent to Oom Bay, identified in the same BANZARE records, and may provide limited habitat for seabirds and marine mammals common to Antarctic coastal islands, though specific biodiversity surveys are sparse due to its remote location.^[27]

Cooma–Snowy Mountains Airport

The Cooma–Snowy Mountains Airport is situated in Coolringdon, approximately 16 km southwest of Cooma in New South Wales, Australia, along the Kosciuszko Road. It serves as a key gateway to the Snowy Mountains region, facilitating access to alpine areas renowned for outdoor activities. The airport operates under the IATA code OOM and the ICAO code YCOM.^[28] Construction of the airport began in the mid-1950s to support the growing needs of the Cooma area and surrounding shires, with funding shared among local councils and the Commonwealth government; it officially opened around 1956. Initially developed amid the expansion of the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme, the facility quickly became integral to regional connectivity, handling significant passenger traffic in its early years, including up to 51,000 paying passengers annually by the mid-1960s. Over time, it has transitioned to primarily support general aviation and seasonal charter services, though scheduled commercial flights resumed in recent years with Regional Express (Rex) operating direct routes to Sydney. As of 2025, Regional Express operates scheduled direct flights to Sydney, supporting seasonal tourism.^[29]^[30] The airport features a primary sealed runway designated 18/36, measuring 2,120 meters in length and 45 meters in width, suitable for small to medium aircraft, alongside a shorter runway 14/32 for lighter operations. Situated at an elevation of 3,088 feet (941 meters) above sea level, it includes basic amenities such as a terminal offering refreshments like tea, coffee, and snacks, but lacks extensive commercial infrastructure like jet bridges. Fuel services (Jet/Avgas) are available on-site, emphasizing its role in general aviation rather than high-volume international travel.^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34] In terms of significance, the airport plays a vital role in bolstering tourism to the Snowy Mountains, providing efficient access for skiing, hiking, and other recreational pursuits, particularly during winter seasons when demand peaks. Partnerships with operators like Rex have enhanced connectivity to major cities, reducing travel times for visitors to destinations such as Perisher Ski Resort, while also supporting local economic activities tied to the alpine environment. Unlike remote sites bearing the OOM designation, such as Oom Bay in Antarctica, this facility functions as active infrastructure essential to Australian regional mobility.^[35]^[30]

Culture and language

Oom (kinship term)

In Dutch and Afrikaans, "oom" serves as a kinship term primarily denoting "uncle," specifically the maternal uncle in its historical roots, though it has broadened in usage to include any uncle or, more generally, an older male figure deserving respect. The word derives from Middle Dutch ōm, which traces back to Old Dutch ōm and ultimately to the Proto-Germanic reconstruction awahaimaz, meaning "maternal uncle" and composed of elements suggesting "grandfather's home" or a similar familial hearth concept. This etymology reflects early Germanic distinctions in kinship terminology, where maternal relatives held specific linguistic markers.^[36] In everyday usage, "oom" functions not only as a familial descriptor but also as a polite form of address for elderly or respected men in Afrikaans-speaking communities, often prefixed to a first name, as in "Oom Jan" to convey familiarity and deference.^[37] This practice is deeply embedded in South African and Namibian social norms, where it extends beyond blood relations to include family friends or community elders, fostering a sense of communal hierarchy and warmth.^[38] Within Boer (Afrikaner) culture, particularly in rural family settings, "oom" appears in historical contexts from the 18th and 19th centuries.^[38] Today, the term remains prevalent in South Africa and Namibia, especially among Afrikaans speakers, where it persists in both formal and informal contexts despite linguistic shifts toward English; the affectionate diminutive "oompie" softens this address for closer or endearing relationships, as in "Oompie Piet."^[37] Linguistically, "oom" is pronounced /oːm/ in standard Dutch and approximately /ʊəm/ or /oəm/ in Afrikaans, with a long open vowel sound emphasizing its monosyllabic simplicity.^[39] This pronunciation underscores its role as a non-English kinship term integrated into multicultural South African English, often without translation in bilingual conversations.^[38]

Oom-pah

Oom-pah is an onomatopoeic term describing a rhythmic pattern in brass band music, characterized by an alternating bass note ("oom") followed by a chord or offbeat accent ("pah"), typically creating a steady, marching pulse.^[40] This pattern serves as a foundational ostinato, providing harmonic and rhythmic support beneath melodies in ensemble performances.^[41] The oom-pah rhythm emerged in the mid-19th century within Central European brass bands, particularly in the German-speaking regions of the Habsburg Monarchy, where a 1867 law on freedom of association spurred the formation of numerous amateur civilian ensembles by former military musicians.^[41] These bands, known as Blaskapellen or practitioners of Blasmusik, adapted elements from Prussian and Austrian military traditions to popular folk styles, gaining prominence from the 1860s onward as entertainment for public festivals and dances.^[41] The style became integral to genres like polka (in 2/4 time) and waltz (in 3/4 time), emphasizing strong downbeats to drive communal dancing.^[41] In performance, the "oom" is typically played by a tuba or bassoon on the downbeat, delivering a resonant root note of the chord, while the "pah" is provided by mid-range brass like trombones, tenor horns, or clarinets, articulating the chord's upper notes or offbeats for rhythmic propulsion.^[42] Ensembles often feature a core lineup of trumpets, trombones, tubas, and tenor horns, with woodwinds such as clarinets adding harmonic fills, though modern groups may scale down to seven players for versatility.^[41] Notationally, the pattern aligns with emphasized downbeats in duple (2/4) or triple (3/4) meters, where the bass note anchors the first beat and the chord punctuates subsequent beats, as seen in scores for polkas and waltzes.^[41] Oom-pah has profoundly shaped cultural traditions, most notably as the signature sound of Oktoberfest celebrations in Munich, where Blaskapellen perform daily in beer tents, blending folk tunes like "In München steht ein Hofbräuhaus" with international hits to foster communal singing and dancing.^[43] Its influence extends to film scores evoking European festivity and to variations in jazz (via swing-infused adaptations) and rock (through brass sections in polka-rock hybrids), sustaining its role in alpine folklore festivals that draw tens of thousands, such as the 2019 Woodstock der Blasmusik.^[41]

People

Oom Paul

Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (1825–1904), commonly known as Paul Kruger, was a prominent South African statesman and leader of the Boers during a pivotal era of colonial conflict. Born on 10 October 1825 at Bulhoek farm in the Cradock district of the Cape Colony, he grew up in a frontier environment that shaped his resilient character and commitment to Afrikaner independence.^[44] Kruger died on 14 July 1904 in Clarens, Switzerland, from heart failure, after years in exile following military defeats.^[45] His enduring nickname, "Oom Paul" (Afrikaans for "Uncle Paul"), originated from the cultural use of "oom" as a term of respect for an elder statesman, embodying his paternal role among the Afrikaner people as a wise and protective figure.^[44] Elected president of the South African Republic (also known as the Transvaal) in 1883, Kruger served until 1900, guiding the republic through economic booms from gold discoveries and defending its sovereignty against British expansionism.^[46] Key milestones included his negotiation of the Pretoria Convention in 1881, which restored Transvaal independence after the First Boer War (1880–1881) by granting limited self-governance under British suzerainty.^[47] Later, in 1895, he successfully repelled the Jameson Raid—an abortive British-backed incursion aimed at overthrowing his government—bolstering his domestic support and drawing global attention to Boer grievances.^[46] Throughout his presidency, Kruger resisted British imperialism, particularly during the Second Boer War (1899–1902), where he mobilized international appeals for aid before fleeing Pretoria in 1900 as British forces advanced.^[48] Kruger's legacy endures as a foundational symbol of Afrikaner nationalism, representing resistance to colonial domination and the aspiration for self-determination among Dutch-descended settlers.^[48] His efforts to preserve Transvaal autonomy inspired future generations, and he is commemorated through institutions like Kruger National Park, established in his honor. Following his death, his remains were repatriated to South Africa and buried on 16 December 1904 in the Heroes' Acre section of Church Street Cemetery, Pretoria, alongside other national figures.^[47]^[45]

Oom the Omnipotent

Pierre Arnold Bernard (c. 1876–1955) was an influential American yogi, scholar, and occultist who played a pivotal role in introducing tantric and hatha yoga practices to the United States in the early 20th century.^[49] Born c. 1876 in Leon, Iowa, as Perry Baker (later adopting the name Pierre Arnold Bernard), he traveled extensively in his youth, studying Eastern philosophies and occult traditions, which formed the basis of his later teachings.^[49] Bernard's work emphasized the physical, mental, and spiritual benefits of yoga, blending Eastern mysticism with Western physical culture to appeal to affluent audiences seeking health and enlightenment.^[50] The nickname "Oom the Omnipotent" emerged from Bernard's self-identification with the sacred Sanskrit syllable "Om" (often rendered as "Oom" in his circles), symbolizing universal power, combined with his charismatic claims of mystical authority; it gained widespread use through sensational press coverage during his early legal troubles.^[49] His followers, part of groups like the Tantrik Order, chanted variations of mantras incorporating "Oom," reinforcing his image as a guru with near-supernatural abilities.^[50] Bernard's career spanned several decades and multiple institutions dedicated to yoga instruction. In 1898, he established the San Francisco College for Suggestive Sciences in California, one of the earliest yoga schools in America, focusing on therapeutic applications of tantric practices and hypnosis.^[49] Relocating eastward, he founded the New York Sanskrit College in 1911, offering classes in yoga exercises, philosophy, and health lectures to urban elites.^[51] By 1919, he created the Clarkstown Country Club (later Brae Burn Club) in Nyack, New York, a luxurious 500-acre retreat that combined yoga training with recreational facilities, attracting high-society patrons and establishing yoga as a fashionable wellness pursuit.^[52] Through these ventures, Bernard influenced prominent figures, including Hollywood celebrities such as Gloria Swanson and Clara Bow, who sought his guidance on physical fitness and spiritual development, helping to mainstream yoga among American cultural elites.^[53] Throughout his career, Bernard faced significant controversies that highlighted public suspicions toward Eastern spiritual practices in early 20th-century America. In 1910, he was arrested in New York on charges related to the Mann Act, accused of abducting young women for immoral purposes in what was sensationalized as a "white slavery" scheme tied to his yoga classes; the allegations stemmed from fears of hypnotic control over female students, but the charges were dismissed after key witnesses refused to testify.^[53] Critics often portrayed his Tantrik Order and yoga sessions as cult-like, with rumors of secretive rituals and moral corruption, leading to police raids on his facilities in 1911 and ongoing media scrutiny.^[52] Despite these setbacks, Bernard rebuilt his reputation by emphasizing the health benefits of yoga over its esoteric elements. Bernard's legacy lies in bridging Eastern spirituality with Western esotericism and physical culture, transforming yoga from an exotic import into a secular practice accessible to middle- and upper-class Americans.^[50] His innovative marketing—presenting tantra as a tool for vitality and self-improvement—paved the way for yoga's integration into mainstream health regimens, influencing later figures like his nephew Theos Bernard and pioneers in somatic therapies.^[52] Though he died in relative obscurity on September 27, 1955, at French Hospital in New York after a heart attack, Bernard's efforts laid foundational groundwork for yoga's enduring popularity in the U.S.^[51]

Other uses

Order of Melchizedek

The Order of Melchizedek is a modern esoteric spiritual order within the broader framework of Ascended Master Teachings, drawing inspiration from the biblical figure of Melchizedek described in Genesis 14 as the priest-king of Salem who blessed Abraham.^[54] This order claims an ancient, cosmic lineage predating organized religion, positioning itself as a universal priesthood that transcends denominational boundaries and emphasizes spiritual enlightenment through initiation.^[54] Emerging in the late 1970s, the order's modern expression was formalized as an "outer order" on June 30, 1978, through a dispensation channeled by Kuthumi, an ascended master, directed to the Keepers of the Flame fraternity within The Summit Lighthouse organization, which later evolved into the Church Universal and Triumphant.^[54] Associated figures include Joshua David Stone (1953–2005), a prominent teacher in Ascended Master Teachings who founded the I AM University and authored influential texts such as Revelations of a Melchizedek Initiate (1998), promoting personal ascension paths aligned with the order's principles.^[55]^[56] Stone's works, including The Golden Book of Melchizedek (2001), integrated the order's concepts into self-mastery practices, further popularizing it during the 1980s and 1990s amid the New Age movement.^[57] Central to the order's beliefs is the notion that members can be ordained as priests and kings in the Melchizedek priesthood, a higher spiritual calling that facilitates healing, ascension, and the activation of one's "light body" or higher self.^[58] This priesthood is seen as eternal and non-sectarian, incorporating elements from the seventh ray of spiritual science, where initiates master the integration of matter, emotion, mind, and spirit to achieve God-realization.^[54] Teachings emphasize that all souls have the potential for this ordination, bypassing traditional ecclesiastical structures in favor of direct communion with ascended masters like Saint Germain and Jesus, who are said to have been initiated into the order during their earthly embodiments.^[59] Practices within the order include ordinations through channeled attunements, seminars on chakra activation and violet flame invocations, and meditative techniques for anchoring higher frequencies, as detailed in Stone's manuals for self-initiation.^[58] Participants often engage in group rituals, such as forming sacred geometric patterns like the violet-flame Maltese cross, to amplify collective ascension efforts, with historical examples including a 1986 gathering of 144,000 priests in Portland, Oregon.^[54] These activities aim to balance spiritual, psychological, and physical dimensions, promoting tools like affirmations and energy work for personal and planetary transformation.^[57] The order has faced controversies, with critics labeling it a New Age pseudoreligion due to its reliance on unverifiable channeled messages and lack of empirical historical evidence beyond biblical allusions. Lacking a single central authority, it manifests through decentralized groups and independent teachers, leading to varied interpretations and practices across organizations like the I AM University and Summit Lighthouse affiliates.^[60]

One-to-one marketing

One-to-one marketing, also known as 1:1 marketing, is a strategy that involves customizing products, services, and communications to meet the specific needs and preferences of individual customers, leveraging data analytics and customer relationship management (CRM) systems to foster personalized interactions.^[61] This approach shifts from broad, mass-market tactics to individualized engagement, allowing businesses to treat each customer as a unique entity rather than part of a homogeneous group.^[62] The concept was introduced by Don Peppers and Martha Rogers in their 1993 book The One to One Future: Building Relationships One Customer at a Time, which argued for using technology to build direct, ongoing relationships with customers to increase loyalty and lifetime value.^[63] Prior to this, marketing largely relied on one-way mass advertising, but Peppers and Rogers envisioned a future where interactive technologies like databases and direct response systems enabled tailored dialogues. Key techniques in one-to-one marketing include customer segmentation to identify distinct profiles, personalized email campaigns that reference past behaviors, and AI-driven recommendation engines, such as Amazon's system that suggests products based on browsing and purchase history to enhance relevance.^[64] These methods rely on collecting first-party data through CRM tools to dynamically adjust offerings in real time, often across channels like websites, apps, and social media. The benefits of one-to-one marketing include significantly improved customer retention and enhanced return on investment (ROI) through targeted spending that reduces waste on irrelevant outreach. For instance, increasing customer retention by just 5% can increase company profits by 25% to 95%.^[65] However, it faces challenges such as privacy concerns, particularly under regulations like the EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) enacted in 2018, which mandates explicit consent for data use and imposes fines for breaches, complicating data collection efforts.^[66] Since the early 2000s, one-to-one marketing has evolved with the rise of digital technologies, transitioning from basic CRM databases to advanced AI and machine learning for scalable personalization at mass levels, enabling real-time adaptations that were once limited to small-scale interactions.^[67] This shift has been driven by the proliferation of big data and cloud computing, allowing companies to analyze vast customer datasets while navigating increasing privacy scrutiny.^[68]

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Aug 16, 2024 · For this module we will focus on one, which is to take the base-10 log (often written as log10) of the number and round the result. The result ...
[25]
Oom Bay - Australian Antarctic Data Centre
A well-defined bay, 2 mi wide, indenting the coast between Cape Bruce and Campbell Head. Discovered in February 1931 by the BANZARE under Mawson, who named it ...
[26]
Oom Island - Gazetteer - AADC
Origin. This name originates from United States of America. It is part of the United States Gazetteer and the SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica. Names that ...
[27]
British, Australian, New Zealand Antarctic Research Expeditions ...
Aug 4, 2022 · Douglas Mawson's British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Expeditions were conducted over 2 summers in 1929–31.
[28]
Gazetteer - AADC - Australian Antarctic Data Centre
A small island about 0.5 km across lying on the western side of Oom Bay. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photographs taken by the Lars Christensen ...
[29]
Cooma Snowy Mountains - Australia - World Airport Codes
Cooma Snowy Mountains is located in Australia, using iata code OOM, and icao code YCOM.Find out the key information for this airport.Missing: history facilities significance
[30]
15 Jul 1965 - Air service to Cooma suspended - Trove
Oct 31, 2025 · Cooma aerodrome was · built nine years ago at a · cost of £170,000. It is the · second-busiest strip in NSW, · handling some 51,000 paying.
[31]
Cooma (Snowy Mountains)
From Snowy Mountains Airport, the Mountain Group Airport Shuttle is a convenient, safe and reliable service with schedules that meet Rex flights. The ...
[32]
Snowy Mountains Airport, Cooma - OOM YCOM - Business Air News
Runway: 2120m / 6955ft (Paved); Elevation: 3088ft. RFF/ARFF: De-ice: Fuel ... ATC Fax: See map. Nearest other airports: Jindabyne 20nm. FBO/Handlers. NTL Aviation ...Missing: length | Show results with:length
[33]
Cooma Snowy Mountains Airport | YCOM | Pilot info - Metar-Taf.com
The airport is located at latitude -36.30040 and longitude 148.97240. The airport has 2 runways: 14/32 and 18/36. The ICAO airport code of this field is YCOM.Missing: facilities significance
[34]
Cooma Snowy Mountains Airport | SKYbrary Aviation Safety
ICAO Region. APAC ; ICAO Territory. Australia ; Location. Cooma, New South Wales ; Serving. Snowy Mountains and Australian Alps ; Elevation. 3088 ft.Missing: history facilities significance
[35]
Snowy Mountains Airport
Snowy Mountains Airport is located 16km southwest of Cooma on the Kosciuszko Road. ... Facilities. Tea, coffee, soft drinks and snacks are available in the ...Missing: IATA ICAO history significance
[36]
Rex Launches Snowy Mountains Air Services - Perisher Ski Resort
Regional Express (Rex), in partnership with Snowy Mountains Airport Corporation Pty Ltd (SMAC), will officially launch its Snowy Mountains (Cooma) to Sydney ...
[37]
The mystery of Proto-Germanic *awahaimaz 'maternal uncle'
Sep 18, 2015 · From Old English ēam 'uncle, esp. maternal' and Old High German ōheim 'maternal uncle' we can reconstruct Proto-West Germanic *auhaimaz ...Missing: oom Dutch
[38]
oom, noun - DSAE - Dictionary of South African English
A respectful and affectionate title for an older man; uncle sense 1 a. Cf. oompie sense 2 b. Note: Usually, but not always, with a first name.Missing: diminutive | Show results with:diminutive
[39]
Unlocking the Power of Oom and Tannie: How Forms of Address ...
Oct 30, 2024 · In the Afrikaans language community, the use of oom and tannie is quite a common occurrence, and children are (still) expected to use them. Even ...
[40]
How Forms of Address Shape Perception and Respect in Afrikaans
Oct 16, 2024 · Without a doubt, oom and tannie are used in the Afrikaans community as alternative forms of respect. Oom and tannie are old-fashioned (Ellis ...
[41]
South African Etiquette - afrikaans.us
In the Afrikaans community, older male friends of the family will often be called "Oom" or "Uncle" by younger children. Older women are called "Tannie" or " ...
[42]
OOMPAH definition in American English - Collins Dictionary
the sound of a repeated, rhythmic bass figure played as by a tuba in a polka band, marching band, etc. also: ˈoom-ˌpah-ˌpah.Missing: cultural impact
[43]
“Boundlessly Different”: Popular Brass Music in Austria
Nov 30, 2020 · From the middle of the nineteenth century onward, many amateur brass bands were founded in Central Europe but also in Great Britain and the USA.
[44]
German Brass Band Traditions - Germany Downunder
Mar 31, 2011 · German brass band traditions ruled the popular musical traditions and provided extensive entertainment programs from the 1860s well into the early 1900s.
[45]
German Oom-Pah Music
Oom-pah is a term that's become slang a large body of traditional German, Austrian, Swiss and Eastern European music.
[46]
Oompah Bands and Beer Tents: The Soundtrack of Oktoberfest
Jul 6, 2025 · They play a mix of traditional German Volksmusik and modern pop – often arranged in polka or waltz tempo. The real art lies in their ability ...
[47]
Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger | South African History Online
Apr 19, 2011 · Paul Kruger is believed to have been born on 10 October 1825 on his grandfather's farm, Bulhoek, in the Cradock district, near the present ...Missing: Oom | Show results with:Oom
[48]
Paul Kruger Timeline 1825-1904 | South African History Online
Apr 3, 2011 · Paul Kruger has a meeting with the Cape governor, Sir Bartle Frere to convince him to convey the wishes of the Boers in the Transvaal to London.<|separator|>
[49]
Paul Kruger - Olive Schreiner Letters Online
He became widely known as 'Oom Paul' (Uncle Paul). After the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in 1886, Kruger found himself President of a radically ...Missing: facts | Show results with:facts
[50]
History of Paul Kruger - Kruger National Park
Paul Kruger (Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger) was born on October 10 1825 at his grandfather's farm, Bulhoek in the Steynsburg district and grew up on the farm ...Missing: Oom | Show results with:Oom
[51]
Paul Kruger Statue – Kruger National Park - SANParks
He became a symbol of Afrikaner nationalism for leading resistance against the British in South Africa. He was born on October 10, 1825, in the then British ...Missing: Heroes Acre<|control11|><|separator|>
[52]
Bernard, Pierre (Arnold) (1875-1955) - Encyclopedia.com
May 11, 2018 · Bernard was their guru, known as "Oom the Omnipotent," and his initiates would chant their version of the Tibetan prayer-wheel mantra—"Oom ...
[53]
[PDF] Oom the Omnipotent and the marketing of yoga to the American public
Dr. Pierre Bernard, the American teacher of tantra often referred to as “Oom the Omnipotent,” has alternately been portrayed as a charlatan, a legitimate ...
[54]
Oom the Omnipotent – WRSP
Apr 8, 2021 · Pierre Bernard, sometimes referred to as “Oom the Omnipotent,” was an early advocate of postural yoga in America.
[55]
Pierre Bernard, 'Oom the Omnipotent,' Promoter and Self-Styled ...
Pierre Arnold Bernard, once widely known as “Oom the Omnipotent, who established the Clarkstown Country Club in Nyack, N. Y., thirty-seven years ago, died ...
[56]
America's First Yoga Scandal - Mental Floss
Feb 28, 2012 · Bernard eventually regrouped and founded successful yoga schools in New York City and Nyack, N.Y., where he entertained lavishly, raised a herd ...
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Melchizedek - TSL Encyclopedia
Feb 16, 2024 · Melchizedek, priest of the Most High God, is an ancient member of the sacred-fire priesthood that we know as the Order of Melchizedek.<|control11|><|separator|>
[58]
Joshua David Stone | Encyclopedia MDPI
Joshua David Stone (7 December 1953 – 13 August 2005) was an American author and teacher in the Ascended Master Teachings (sometimes called the Ascension ...
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Ascension Activation Meditations - I AM University
Aug 6, 2017 · ... Order of Melchizedek within you, and the Mahatma to install the ... Dr Joshua David Stone, the founder of the I AM University, was one ...
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The Golden Book of Melchizedek: How to Become an Integrated ...
This book explores how to achieve Self Mastery and God Realization on a Spiritual, Psychological, and Physical/Earthly level, and how to balance the three. It ...
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LW Melchizedek Initiation | PDF | Philosophy - Scribd
Rating 5.0 (4) Melchizedek Initiation LightWorker Series. Channelling by Dr. Joshua David Stone Manual by Joshua David Stone & Jens Seborg ... Order of Melchizedek, which ...
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19. Seven Paths To Wholeness | The Summit Lighthouse
It is the way of the priests of the Order of Melchizedek. It is also the way ... Summit Lighthouse, Inc. All rights reserved. Legal and Privacy Policy ...
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Ascended Masters - - Occult Encyclopedia
Dec 3, 2024 · Ascended masters are spiritually enlightened beings who in past incarnations were ordinary humans, but who have undergone a series of spiritual transformations.Missing: Age | Show results with:Age
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Is Your Company Ready for One-to-One Marketing?
One-to-one marketing (also called relationship marketing or customer-relationship management) means being willing and able to change your behavior toward an ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
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An in-depth look at one-to-one marketing - Adobe for Business
Aug 10, 2023 · With one-to-one marketing, you'll be able to build stronger, longer lasting relationships with your customers by using your knowledge of their ...Missing: techniques | Show results with:techniques
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The One to One Future: Building Relationships One Customer at a ...
Print length. 443 pages · Language. English · Publisher. Crown Business · Publication date. July 1, 1993 · Dimensions. 5.5 x 1.5 x 7.75 inches · ISBN-10. 0385425287.
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What Is One-to-One Marketing? Strategies To Drive Growth - Shopify
Nov 14, 2024 · By building deep, personalized relationships with each customer, one-to-one marketing maximizes the relevance and impact of every interaction.Missing: techniques | Show results with:techniques
[68]
What Is One-to-One Marketing? | Braze
Sep 24, 2025 · Benefits of one-to-one marketing · Higher customer retention · Increased revenue and lifetime value · Lower acquisition costs · Greater marketing ...Missing: techniques | Show results with:techniques
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A customer-centric approach to marketing in a privacy-first world
May 20, 2021 · Regulations such as the GDPR give customers the “right to be forgotten”; preempting customer fears and providing full information on data usage ...Missing: ROI | Show results with:ROI
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Marketing's Holy Grail: Digital personalization at scale | McKinsey
Nov 18, 2016 · Most companies find it useful to start with eight to ten such behaviorally based segments as a first step in their evolution to 1:1 marketing.
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The evolution of marketing personalization - Hightouch
Apr 8, 2025 · We have evolved from humble beginnings of television ads viewed on only a few channels to AI agents delivering one-to-one personalized messages to thousands of ...