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OS

OS most commonly refers to an [[operating system]], a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs.^[1] OS may also refer to:

In medicine: [[Os (anatomy)|Os]], a bone or the mouth^[2]; or medical abbreviations like "operating suite"
Places: [[Os, Norway]], a municipality; [[Os, Poland]]; or other locations in Germany and elsewhere
People: Various entertainers and individuals with initials OS
In religion and mythology: Deities, runes, or religious orders
Businesses and organizations: Airlines like [[Oslo Air Shuttle]] (shortened as OS); software firms; other companies
In entertainment and sports: Music bands, sports teams
Titles and honors: Calendar designations like "Old Style" (OS) for dates; awards and ranks
Other uses: In linguistics (e.g., Old Saxon); human behavior terms; miscellaneous like "out of stock"

For more details, see the respective sections below.

Computing and Technology

Operating System

An operating system (OS) is system software that acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and user applications, managing hardware resources such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, disk drives, and peripherals to ensure efficient operation.^[3] It provides essential services that allow applications to run without directly interacting with hardware, thereby abstracting complex low-level details and enabling portability across different hardware platforms.^[4] Key functions of an operating system include process management, which involves creating, scheduling, and terminating processes to support multitasking; memory allocation, where the OS handles virtual memory, paging, and segmentation to optimize resource use; file system management for organizing, storing, and retrieving data; device drivers to facilitate communication between software and hardware peripherals; and user interfaces, ranging from command-line shells to graphical user interfaces (GUIs), to provide intuitive access for users.^[5] These functions collectively ensure that multiple programs can execute concurrently while maintaining system stability and resource fairness.^[6] The development of operating systems began in the 1950s with batch processing systems, exemplified by GM-NAA I/O in 1956, which was the first OS for the IBM 704, automating input/output operations for early mainframes.^[7] Significant milestones include the creation of Unix in 1969 at Bell Labs, a multitasking, multiuser system written in C that influenced modern OS design.^[8] Further evolution occurred with Microsoft's Windows 1.0 in 1985, introducing a GUI built on MS-DOS for personal computers, and Linux in 1991, an open-source kernel by Linus Torvalds that enabled widespread adoption in servers and desktops.^[9]^[10] Operating systems are crucial for enabling multitasking, where multiple processes run seemingly simultaneously to improve productivity; providing security through access controls, authentication, and isolation to protect against unauthorized access and faults; and supporting portability, allowing software to run across diverse devices from desktops to mobile phones without major modifications.^[11]^[12]^[13] Examples of OS families include POSIX-compliant systems, standardized by IEEE 1003.1 to ensure portability and interoperability among Unix-like environments through common APIs for processes, files, and shells.^[14] Real-time operating systems (RTOS), such as those defined in IEEE 2050, are specialized for embedded devices, guaranteeing deterministic response times for time-critical applications like automotive controls and medical equipment.^[15]

Business Operating System

A Business Operating System (BOS) is a management framework consisting of processes, tools, and practices designed to align teams, clarify vision, and streamline business operations across functions such as leadership, people management, and execution.^[16] Unlike software-centric systems like ERP, a BOS focuses on organizational structure and accountability to ensure consistent performance and goal achievement. The concept of BOS has roots in business management practices and gained prominence in the 2000s through frameworks aimed at scaling small to medium enterprises.^[17] One pioneering example is the Entrepreneurial Operating System (EOS), developed by Gino Wickman and popularized in his 2007 book Traction, which draws from practical experiences in turning around family businesses.^[18] Another is Verne Harnish's Scaling Up framework, building on his earlier work in Mastering the Rockefeller Habits (2002), emphasizing disciplined execution and growth strategies.^[19] Key components of a BOS, as exemplified by EOS, include six core elements: Vision (setting shared goals), People (right fit for roles), Data (scorecards for metrics), Issues (solving problems), Process (documenting core procedures), and Traction (meeting rhythms and accountability).^[18] These components promote clarity in priorities, data-driven decisions, and structured problem-solving to drive organizational health. Benefits of implementing a BOS include improved team alignment, reduced miscommunication, enhanced accountability, and faster goal attainment, helping businesses operate more efficiently without silos.^[16] Frameworks like EOS have been adopted by over 275,000 companies worldwide as of 2025, supporting scalable growth in dynamic markets.^[17] Contemporary examples include EOS implementations in various industries, often integrated with digital tools for collaboration, and AI-enhanced adaptations in Scaling Up for predictive planning. These management systems can complement computing infrastructures by providing operational clarity atop technology platforms.^[19]

Medicine

Anatomical Terms

In anatomy, the Latin term ōs (genitive oris), meaning "mouth" or "opening," refers to the oral cavity, the initial portion of the digestive tract bounded by the lips, cheeks, teeth, and palate.^[2] This usage encompasses structures involved in mastication and speech, including the vestibule between the lips/cheeks and teeth, as well as tooth-supporting alveolar processes within the maxilla and mandible.^[20] The term os (genitive ossis), also from Latin, denotes a bone and serves as the foundational element in the nomenclature for the approximately 206 named bones of the adult human skeleton.^[21] Examples include os femoris (femur, the thigh bone), os sacrum (sacrum, the fused triangular bone at the base of the spine), os pubis (pubic bone, part of the pelvis), and os coxae (hip bone, comprising the ilium, ischium, and pubis).^[2] These terms systematically describe skeletal components, emphasizing their form and function in support, protection, and movement. In gynecology, os refers to the cervical os, the opening in the cervix connecting the uterus and vagina. It includes the internal os (leading to the uterus at the top of the endocervical canal) and the external os (leading to the vagina at the bottom), facilitating menstrual flow, sperm passage, and childbirth while being relevant in conditions like cervical incompetence during pregnancy.^[22] The historical usage of os traces to classical Latin medical texts, influenced by the works of Galen (c. 129–c. 216 AD), whose Greek anatomical writings—such as De ossibus ad tirones (On Bones for Beginners)—were translated and adapted into Latin, establishing os as a standard descriptor for bony structures in Roman and medieval physiology.^[23] This nomenclature persists in modern anatomy, as seen in the Terminologia Anatomica, where Latin-derived terms like os pubis retain Galenic roots for precision in describing over 200 skeletal elements.^[24] Clinically, os terms are relevant in orthopedics for diagnosing fractures, such as those of the os femoris or vertebral bones, which account for significant morbidity due to risks of nonunion, avascular necrosis, or spinal instability.^[25] In oral pathologies, bone involvement—often of the mandible or maxilla (os maxillae)—occurs in conditions like squamous cell carcinoma, where medullary invasion correlates with poorer prognosis and requires histopathological assessment for staging.^[26] Etymologically, the os for bone derives from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁- or *ost-, signifying "bone," while the ōs for mouth stems from *h₃éh₁os, denoting an "opening" or "mouth"; these homonyms evolved separately but converged in Latin anatomical lexicon.^[27] Representative examples include os temporale (temporal bone, housing ear structures) and os hyoideum (hyoid bone, supporting the tongue), illustrating the term's broad application across cranial and appendicular skeletons.^[28]

Medical Abbreviations

In medical contexts, "O.S." or "OS" serves as an abbreviation with multiple applications, primarily in clinical notations for prescriptions, diagnostics, and procedural documentation, distinct from anatomical terminology derived from Latin roots such as "os" meaning bone. These abbreviations facilitate concise communication in patient records but require standardization to prevent errors.^[29] In ophthalmology, "O.S." stands for "oculus sinister," referring to the left eye, and is commonly used in eyeglass and contact lens prescriptions to specify medications or treatments, such as eye drops applied to the left eye only. For instance, a prescription might direct "1 drop O.S. q.i.d." to indicate administration four times daily to the left eye. This notation originates from Latin anatomical terms and remains a standard in optometric practice.^[30] In pathology, "OS" most frequently denotes "osteosarcoma," a malignant bone tumor characterized by osteoid production by tumor cells, and is the most common primary bone malignancy, particularly affecting adolescents. This usage appears in diagnostic reports, oncology literature, and tumor registries to describe the disease's aggressive nature and treatment implications, such as chemotherapy and limb-sparing surgery. In oncology research and clinical trials, "OS" also commonly stands for "overall survival," a primary endpoint measuring the length of time from treatment initiation until death from any cause, used to evaluate treatment efficacy in cancer studies.^[31]^[32]^[33] Occasionally, in medical informatics, "OS" may shorthand "operating system" when discussing electronic health record software or hospital IT infrastructure, though this is less common in direct clinical pathology notes.^[31]^[32] Other clinical uses include "OS" for "open surgery," contrasting with minimally invasive techniques, as seen in surgical reports for procedures like hernia repair or tumor resection where a larger incision is required. Historically, in 20th-century vital signs charting, "OS" occasionally appeared in pharmacology texts and nursing notes to denote "oral solution" or related notations in medication administration, though modern preferences favor full terms for clarity.^[34] Standardization of medical abbreviations like "OS" is overseen by organizations such as the Joint Commission, which mandates approved lists to ensure consistency across healthcare settings, building on earlier efforts in 20th-century pharmacology texts that emphasized uniform notation in prescriptions. The World Health Organization supports global harmonization through its International Nonproprietary Names program, indirectly influencing abbreviation use in international pharmacopeias. Examples from mid-20th-century texts, such as those by the American Medical Association, illustrate "O.S." in ophthalmic dosing to avoid dosage ambiguities.^[35]^[36] Ambiguity in "OS" can lead to misinterpretation in patient records, potentially causing medication errors or procedural delays; for example, confusing "O.S." (left eye) with "OS" (osteosarcoma) in oncology consults has been noted in error analyses, though specific case studies highlight broader risks like administering eye drops to the wrong eye. To mitigate this, institutions enforce "do-not-use" lists for ambiguous abbreviations, with studies showing that non-standard notations contribute to up to 5% of prescribing errors, underscoring the need for electronic prescribing systems that expand abbreviations automatically.^[37]^[29]

Natural Sciences

Chemical Elements

Osmium (Os) is a chemical element with the atomic number 76, belonging to the platinum group of transition metals in the periodic table. It is the densest naturally occurring element, with a density of 22.59 g/cm³, surpassing even iridium. This extreme density arises from its compact atomic structure, making it a key reference for material scientists studying high-mass metals.^[38] Osmium is a hard, brittle, bluish-white metal that exhibits remarkable corrosion resistance due to the formation of a protective oxide layer. It has a high melting point of 3033°C and is notoriously difficult to work with because of its brittleness, even at elevated temperatures. One of its most notable compounds is osmium tetroxide (OsO₄), a highly toxic, volatile substance with a pungent odor that causes severe damage to eyes, skin, and lungs upon exposure; however, it is widely used in electron microscopy to stain biological tissues by reacting with unsaturated bonds in lipids.^[39]^[40] The element was discovered in 1803 by English chemist Smithson Tennant, who isolated it from the residues left after dissolving crude platinum in aqua regia, a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids. Tennant named it after the Greek word "osme," meaning odor, in reference to the distinctive smell of osmium tetroxide formed during the process. This discovery occurred alongside that of iridium, highlighting osmium's association with platinum-group metals.^[39] Osmium finds applications in high-durability alloys, such as those combined with platinum for fountain pen tips and electrical contacts, where its hardness and wear resistance are essential. Its compounds serve as catalysts in organic synthesis and have shown promise in anti-cancer therapies, with organo-osmium complexes demonstrating potent activity against tumor cells, often outperforming cisplatin in certain resistant lines.^[39]^[41] In nature, osmium is extremely rare, with an abundance of approximately 0.001 parts per million (1 ppb) in Earth's crust, primarily occurring in trace amounts within platinum ores and alloys like osmiridium. It is not mined directly but recovered as a byproduct during the refining of nickel and copper ores from deposits in regions such as South Africa's Bushveld Complex and Russia's Norilsk area.^[42]^[40]

Geological Features

An esker, also known as an os in some geological contexts, is a long, sinuous ridge composed of stratified sand and gravel deposits formed by meltwater streams flowing through subglacial tunnels beneath a glacier.^[43] These landforms represent glaciofluvial deposits, where sediment carried by pressurized meltwater is sorted and layered within ice-confined channels before being exposed upon glacial retreat.^[44] Eskers typically form during the deglaciation phase of ice ages, such as the Pleistocene, when rising meltwater volumes create subglacial drainage networks that incise into the ice or bedrock.^[44] The sediment deposition occurs as water velocities decrease within these tunnels, allowing coarser materials like gravel to settle first, followed by finer sands.^[43] Common dimensions include heights of 10 to 30 meters, widths of tens to hundreds of meters, and lengths extending up to 100 kilometers, though individual segments are often shorter and segmented by ice block collapses.^[44]^[45] Prominent examples include the extensive esker systems in central Ireland, such as the Dunmore-Ballyhaunis esker, which records northwest-to-southeast ice flow during early deglaciation at the end of the last glacial period.^[46] In North America, the Ingraham esker near Plattsburgh, New York, stretches about 16 kilometers and formed from subglacial streams discharging into glacial Lake Vermont during Pleistocene retreat, later modified by marine incursion from the Champlain Sea.^[47] Geologically, eskers serve as key indicators of former ice flow directions and subglacial hydrology, with their sinuous paths and orientations revealing the routes of meltwater under past ice sheets.^[44] Stratigraphic analysis of their internal sediments provides evidence for paleoclimate reconstruction, including fluctuations in ice sheet stability and meltwater discharge rates during deglaciation events.^[44] Eskers are often associated with other glaciofluvial features, such as kettle holes—depressions formed by melting buried ice blocks—and broad outwash plains, which receive sediment spillover from glacial fronts.^[43] Post-glacial erosion by streams and weathering further sculpts esker ridges, contributing to the diverse modern landscapes in formerly glaciated regions like parts of Europe and North America.^[47]

Places

Norway

In Norway, places named Os primarily refer to coastal municipalities and historical sites in the Vestland county region, formerly part of Hordaland, situated along the Bjørnafjorden south of Bergen. The modern Bjørnafjorden municipality, established in 2020 through the merger of the former Os and Fusa municipalities, encompasses the core area historically known as Os. This coastal municipality spans approximately 490 square kilometers with a population of 26,342 as of January 1, 2025, reflecting steady growth driven by its proximity to Bergen and economic opportunities in maritime sectors.^[48] The landscape features dramatic fjords, such as the wide Bjørnafjorden itself, rolling hills, and a rugged shoreline that supports a vibrant coastal economy centered on fishing, shipping, and tourism. The former Os municipality, which existed from 1838 until the 2020 merger, was renowned for its strategic location as a historical trading post dating back to the Viking Age, when the area's sheltered waters facilitated maritime exchange along the western Norwegian coast. Archaeological evidence and historical records indicate that Osøyro, the administrative center, served as a key hub for local trade in goods like timber, fish, and iron, contributing to the region's early economic prominence. Geographically, Os lies about 30 kilometers south of Bergen, offering views of the surrounding fjords and mountains, though it is distinct from Bergen's immediate Seven Mountains; the area's terrain includes forested hills rising to around 500 meters and a network of inlets ideal for aquaculture. The coastal economy has long emphasized sustainable fishing and farming, with companies like Osland specializing in trout production since 1963, leveraging the clean fjord waters for high-quality broodstock and smolt rearing.^[49] Historically, Os is marked by medieval Christianization, exemplified by Os Church (Os kyrkje) in Osøyro, where the site has hosted religious structures since the Middle Ages; the current wooden long church, built in 1870, replaced earlier buildings potentially including a 13th- or 14th-century stave church, serving as a parish hub in the Fana deanery of the Church of Norway. Post-1970s developments transformed the region with the expansion of Norway's offshore oil and gas industry, as Bjørnafjorden's proximity to Bergen—Norway's primary North Sea oil logistics center—drew investments in supply chain services, engineering, and port facilities, boosting local employment and infrastructure.^[50] Culturally, the area preserves Norwegian maritime traditions through local events at venues like Oseana Art and Cultural Centre in Osøyro, which hosts exhibitions, concerts, and community gatherings emphasizing fjord heritage; while specific folklore tales tied to Os are not extensively documented, the broader Vestland region draws on Norse legends of sea trolls and Viking seafaring, reflected in storytelling sessions and annual coastal festivals celebrating seafood and folklore.^[51]

Poland

Oś is a small rural village in the administrative district of Gmina Lasowice Wielkie, within Kluczbork County in the Opole Voivodeship of south-western Poland.^[52] With a population of approximately 47 residents as of 2021, it exemplifies the agricultural character of the surrounding Opole region, where farming and rural traditions dominate local life.) In Polish urban terminology, "osiedle" (abbreviated as "Os.") refers to an administrative subdivision denoting residential districts or housing estates within cities, often comprising multi-story apartment blocks or planned communities.^[53] These units serve as basic building blocks for municipal governance, facilitating local services, zoning, and community management in urban areas across Poland.^[54] The concept of osiedle emerged prominently during Poland's interwar period (1918–1939), when modernist urban planning and housing cooperatives drove the development of organized residential areas to address rapid industrialization and population growth.^[55] Influenced by European progressive architecture, cooperatives like those in Warsaw and Lviv constructed early examples, such as the Officers' Colony in Lviv (1923–1931), which featured functionalist designs emphasizing communal living and green spaces.^[56] Similarly, the Sielanka estate in Bydgoszcz, initiated in the 1910s and expanded through the interwar years, integrated multi-family housing with urban amenities, setting precedents for post-war developments. These initiatives reflected a shift toward rational, scalable urban forms amid Poland's nation-building efforts. A notable post-World War II example is Warsaw's Osiedle Za Żelazną Bramą, constructed between 1965 and 1972 on the site of the former Small Ghetto to rebuild the war-devastated city center.^[57] Designed by architects including Jerzy Czyż, Jan Furman, Andrzej Skopiński, and others from Warsaw University of Technology, the 33-hectare complex features 19 monolithic concrete blocks housing around 18,000 residents, employing innovative "Stolica" prefabrication technology for efficiency.^[57] Spanning the Mirow and Wola districts, it symbolizes communist-era modernism but has faced criticism for compact layouts lacking balconies, though it remains a key urban landmark.^[57] Geographically, osiedles are concentrated in central and southern Poland, including the Opole Voivodeship, which forms part of the historical Silesia region known for its blend of Polish, German, and Czech cultural influences.^[58] This area ties into Silesian traditions, such as folk architecture and communal settlement patterns that echo in modern residential planning, fostering community-oriented developments amid the region's industrial heritage.^[59] In the 2020s, osiedles continue to play a central role in Poland's urban development, supported by national housing policies aimed at enhancing affordability and expanding social housing stock amid declining availability for low- and middle-income households.^[60] The government has prioritized increasing access to rental options in urban districts, with a 2025 bill allocating at least 2.5 billion zloty (approximately €596 million) to boost social housing initiatives, addressing post-pandemic challenges and urban sprawl in residential areas.^[61]

Germany

In Germany, "OS" primarily refers to the vehicle registration code for the Osnabrück district in Lower Saxony, a predominantly rural region characterized by agriculture and located in the North German Plain. The district spans 2,122 square kilometers and encompasses diverse landscapes, including fertile lowlands suitable for crop cultivation and livestock farming, with approximately 62% of its land dedicated to agricultural use. Nearby Osnabrück city, the district's administrative center, is renowned for hosting part of the 1648 Peace of Westphalia negotiations, which ended the Thirty Years' War and established principles of state sovereignty in Europe.^[62]^[63] The area's economy has historically relied on farming, with key products including grains, potatoes, and dairy, supported by the region's flat terrain and moderate climate.^[64] Historically, the Osnabrück district traces its administrative roots to 19th-century Prussian reforms, when local governance structures were reorganized under the Kingdom of Prussia to enhance efficiency and central control following the Napoleonic Wars. These reforms integrated the area into the Prussian province of Westphalia, promoting agricultural modernization through land redistribution and infrastructure improvements. In the 20th century, the district underwent further changes, including post-World War II border adjustments and economic recovery focused on rural development. Today, as part of Lower Saxony, it benefits from proximity to the Emsland district, where economic diversification includes a significant shift toward renewable energy sources since the early 2000s, such as wind power and biomass, contributing to over 100% of regional electricity needs from renewables in some areas.^[64]^[65] This transition aligns with Germany's broader Energiewende policy, reducing reliance on traditional agriculture while preserving rural character.^[66] Another significant "OS" designation in German historical context refers to Oberschlesien (Upper Silesia), particularly districts like Falkenberg O.S. and Neustadt O.S., which were rural administrative units in Prussian Upper Silesia until 1945. These districts, with populations around 40,000–50,000 in the early 20th century, were centered on agriculture amid the region's emerging industrial base, featuring mixed farming of grains and livestock in hilly terrain near the Czech border. Opavian Silesia (OS), a subregion of Upper Silesia, originated as the medieval Duchy of Opole, established in the 13th century under Polish Piast rule and later fragmented among Bohemian, Austrian, and Prussian influences.^[58] By the 18th century, Prussian acquisition in 1742 integrated it into the Province of Silesia, fostering agricultural and early coal-based economies.^[58] The history of Opavian Silesia reflects broader Upper Silesian dynamics, including 19th-century Prussian reforms that abolished serfdom and restructured land tenure to boost productivity, transforming rural estates into modern farms. During World War II, the region faced severe partitions: Nazi Germany annexed Polish sections in 1939, leading to forced labor, deportations, and industrial exploitation, followed by Soviet advances in 1945 that redrew borders, ceding most of Upper Silesia to Poland and expelling German populations. This shared Silesian history with neighboring Poland underscores ongoing cross-border cultural ties. Geographically, the area features rolling plains and river valleys, with historical sites tied to medieval duchies. In its current Polish and Czech iterations post-1945, Opavian Silesia has shifted economically toward renewables since the 2000s, leveraging post-coal transition funds for wind and solar projects to replace mining-dependent industries.^[58]^[67]^[68]

Other Places

Ohs, historically spelled Os in older documents, is a small rural village in Värnamo Municipality, Jönköping County, within the Småland province of southern Sweden.^[69] Located approximately 15 kilometers west of Värnamo, it serves as a quiet community centered around agricultural and heritage activities, including the preserved Ohs Järnväg, a narrow-gauge heritage railway that operates as a museum line showcasing early 20th-century rail transport.^[70] With a population of around 100 residents, the village exemplifies typical Småland rural life, similar to small Nordic settlements in neighboring Norway. Beyond physical locales, "OS" functions as an abbreviation for various international place-related codes. In aviation, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) assigns "OS" as the country prefix for Syrian airports, enabling standardized global identification; for instance, OSAP designates Aleppo International Airport, while OSDI refers to Damascus International Airport.^[71] This prefix supports air traffic management and navigation across Syria's 15 operational airfields, many of which are concentrated in the western and central regions.^[72] In meteorology, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) designates "OS" as the geographical identifier for Austria in its Table C1, used in weather reports, forecasts, and data exchange protocols such as SYNOP and CLIMAT messages.^[73] This code facilitates international climate data sharing from Austrian stations, contributing to global networks for monitoring variables like temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure. Post-2020, Austria has enhanced its climate observing infrastructure under the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), including expansions in automated weather stations and satellite integrations, with the OS identifier embedded in updated reporting to address rising demands for high-resolution climate data amid European heatwaves and alpine changes.^[74]^[75] In eastern Africa, Osiri is a modest fishing village situated along the shores of Lake Victoria in Kisumu West Sub-County, Kisumu County, Kenya. Home to around 500 residents primarily from the Luo community, it relies on subsistence fishing and small-scale agriculture, though it faces challenges from environmental issues like water hyacinth proliferation and occasional crocodile incidents in the lake.^[76] The village's proximity to the lake—about 15 minutes' walk from the Luanda ferry dock—underscores its role in local trade and transport networks connecting to Mbita and other lakeside towns.^[77]

People

Entertainers

Os Mutantes is a Brazilian rock band formed in 1966 in São Paulo, recognized as pioneers of the Tropicália movement, a cultural and musical phenomenon that blended Brazilian traditions with international influences like psychedelic rock and avant-garde experimentation. The band was founded by brothers Arnaldo Baptista (born 1946) and Sérgio Dias Baptista (born 1951), along with Rita Lee (1947–2023), all key figures born in the late 1940s and early 1950s that shaped the group's innovative sound during the late 1960s military dictatorship in Brazil. Their music featured unconventional instrumentation, including unconventional guitar effects, sound effects from household objects, and satirical lyrics that critiqued social norms, making them integral to Tropicália's "anthropophagic" ethos of cultural mixing.^[78]^[79] The band's career gained momentum through collaborations with Tropicália icons like Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil, including performances at the 1967 International Song Festival and contributions to the landmark 1968 album Tropicália ou Panis et Circencis. Their self-titled debut album, Os Mutantes (1968), is a seminal work in psychedelic rock, characterized by tracks like "Panis et Circencis" and "A Minha Menina," which fused Beatles-inspired pop with Brazilian samba and concrete music elements, influencing global artists from Beck to Kurt Cobain. Despite lineup changes and internal tensions leading to a hiatus in the 1970s, Os Mutantes' influence on international psych-rock persisted, with their experimental approach cited in reissues and tributes that highlighted their role in bridging Latin American and Anglo-American music scenes.^[80] In the 2000s, the band experienced a revival when Sérgio Dias reformed Os Mutantes for international tours and new recordings, marking a comeback in the late 2000s with albums like Haih or Amortecedor (2009), which retained their eclectic style while incorporating modern production.^[81] This resurgence underscored their enduring legacy, with performances at festivals like Coachella in 2007 and critical acclaim for maintaining the original spirit of innovation amid lineup shifts, including guest appearances by younger musicians. The band continued touring in 2025, including shows in the US and Europe in July and October.^[79]^[82]^[83]

Other Individuals

Os Guinness (born Ian Oswald Guinness, September 30, 1941) is a British-Irish author, theologian, and social critic known for his work on the intersection of faith, culture, and public life.^[84] Born in China to missionary parents during World War II, he was evacuated to Australia as a child and later returned to China until age 15, after which he moved to England for education at Oundle School, the London School of Economics, and Oxford University, where he earned a DPhil in the sociology of religion.^[84] As the great-great-great-grandson of Arthur Guinness, the Dublin brewer, he emigrated to the United States in 1985 and has resided in Virginia since, influencing evangelical thought through over 30 books and numerous public engagements.^[84] Guinness's early career included roles at the University of Nottingham, the White House under President Jimmy Carter's administration as a policy advisor, and the Brookings Institution, where he analyzed global affairs.^[84] His seminal 1973 book, The Dust of Death: A Study of the Modern Cults of Revolution and Decay, critiqued secular ideologies and countercultural movements, establishing his reputation as a cultural commentator.^[84] Other key works include The Gravedigger File (1983), a satirical exploration of secularization, and The Call (1998), which examines vocation in a post-Christian society.^[84] In the 2020s, Guinness has intensified his activism on religious freedom, co-chairing the American Charter for Freedom of Religion or Belief and authoring The Magna Carta of Humanity (2021), which argues for human dignity rooted in transcendent values amid rising authoritarianism. In 2025, he published Our Civilizational Moment: The Waning of the West and the War of the Worlds and contributed to the documentary Truth Rising, continuing to advocate for civility, truth, and open debate in pluralistic societies through public addresses on Western democracy's moral foundations.^[85]^[86] Osbert of Clare (fl. 1136–c. 1158) was a 12th-century English monk, hagiographer, and chronicler who served as prior of Westminster Abbey from around 1136 until his death. Born of noble ancestry in Clare, Suffolk, he entered monastic life early and rose through the ranks at Westminster, where he was instrumental in promoting the cult of Saint Edward the Confessor. In 1138, Osbert led a delegation to Rome to secure papal approval for Edward's translation of relics, composing letters and vitae that bolstered the saint's canonization in 1161, shortly after his death.^[87] Osbert's literary output, spanning the 1130s to 1150s, includes over 100 surviving letters and several hagiographical works, such as the Vita Sancti Edwardi Regis, which reframed Edward's legacy to support the abbey's prestige during political turmoil under King Stephen.^[87] His writings reflect a deep engagement with Anglo-Norman monastic reform, blending historical narrative with devotional piety, and he corresponded with figures like Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury on ecclesiastical matters. Though briefly elected abbot in 1157, Osbert's tenure ended amid disputes, but his efforts enduringly shaped Westminster's hagiographic tradition.^[87]

Religion and Mythology

Deities and Runes

In Old English, ōs denoted a pagan god, serving as the singular form of ēse, the collective term for the deities in Anglo-Saxon mythology, and it carried connotations of divine wisdom and inspirational frenzy akin to aspects of the Norse god Óðr, often linked to Odin's ecstatic and poetic qualities.^[88] This term derived from the Proto-Germanic root *ansuz, which broadly signified a deity or divine breath, reflecting a shared Germanic mythological framework where gods embodied both rational insight and狂狂 (frenzied) states of inspiration.^[89] The ōs rune (ᚩ) formed part of the Anglo-Saxon futhorc alphabet, an extended runic system used from the 5th to the 11th century, where it represented the vowel sound /oː/ and symbolized the mouth or divine speech as the origin of language.^[90] In the Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem, a 10th-century alliterative verse preserved in medieval manuscripts, the ōs stanza invokes it as "ordfruma ælere spræce" (source of all speech), "wīsdōmes wraþu" (pillar of wisdom), and a source of comfort and hope, emphasizing its role in poetic and divine invocation within oral traditions.^[91] This poetic usage paralleled runic elements in epic literature like Beowulf, where rune names occasionally served as kennings or symbolic references to supernatural forces, though the poem itself blends pagan motifs with Christian overlays.^[92] Archaeological evidence for the ōs rune and its mythological ties appears in inscriptions on artifacts from the Migration Period through the Viking Age, spanning the 5th to 11th centuries, often carved on weapons, jewelry, and memorials to invoke divine protection or wisdom.^[90] A prominent example is the Franks Casket, an early 8th-century whalebone reliquary from Northumbria, featuring Anglo-Saxon runes alongside pagan and Christian iconography, including scenes from Germanic legends that echo the divine themes associated with ōs.^[93] The cultural impact of ōs extended into medieval literature through rune lore embedded in poems and charms, influencing the portrayal of wisdom and divine communication in works that preserved pre-Christian elements amid Christianization.^[94] In modern neopagan revivals since the early 20th century, particularly in Germanic reconstructionist groups like Ásatrú, the ōs (or cognate ansuz) rune has been reinterpreted as a symbol of spiritual inspiration and connection to ancestral gods, drawing on historical rune poems for rituals and meditation.^[95]

Religious Orders

The Order of Santiago (O.S.), one of Spain's ancient military-religious orders, was founded in 1170 by King Ferdinand II of León to safeguard pilgrims traveling to the shrine of Santiago de Compostela along the Camino de Santiago and to defend Christian territories against Muslim incursions during the Reconquista.^[96] Unlike other contemporary orders such as the Templars or Hospitallers, the Order of Santiago uniquely permitted its knights to marry, reflecting its dual role as both a militant brotherhood and a lay institution focused on frontier colonization and protection.^[97] The order's knights took vows of obedience and fidelity to the church while engaging in rigorous military training, often operating from commanderies in León and Castile that served as bases for expansion into reconquered lands.^[96] Throughout the Reconquista, the Order of Santiago played a pivotal role in advancing Christian campaigns against the Almohad Caliphate, contributing knights and resources to key battles that reshaped the Iberian Peninsula. Notable among these was the 1229 siege and conquest of Cáceres, where Santiago knights, under the leadership of figures like Pelay Pérez Correa, coordinated with royal forces to secure the city and establish it as a Christian stronghold, exemplifying the order's strategic importance in territorial recovery.^[97] By the 13th century, the order had grown into a powerful entity, managing vast estates and fostering agricultural development in frontier regions, which bolstered the economic foundations of the emerging Spanish kingdoms.^[96] The order's primary symbol is the red Cross of Santiago, shaped like a sword with flared arms, evoking Saint James as the legendary Moor-slayer and underscoring the knights' martial devotion; this emblem adorned their white mantles and standards during ceremonies of investiture, where new members swore oaths before a master or prior.^[97] In modern times, the Order of Santiago endures as a cultural heritage institution under Spanish state oversight, with King Felipe VI serving as its grand master; it now emphasizes historical preservation, charitable initiatives, and the promotion of chivalric values rather than military functions, maintaining its properties as national monuments. The Order of Sikatuna (O.S.), the Republic of the Philippines' highest national order of diplomatic merit, was established on February 27, 1953, through Executive Order No. 571 by President Elpidio Quirino as a post-colonial recognition of exceptional contributions to international relations and goodwill.^[98] Named after the 16th-century Bohol chieftain Datu Sikatuna, who forged the first alliance with Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi via the historic blood compact in 1565, the order symbolizes enduring diplomatic bonds and national sovereignty in the aftermath of colonial rule.^[98] Initially structured with four ranks—Raja, Datu, Katangiang Pilak, and Katunayan—it was later amended to include distinctions like gold and silver for the Datu rank, awarded to foreign heads of state, diplomats, and officials for meritorious services fostering Philippine interests abroad.^[99] Conferral ceremonies for the Order of Sikatuna are formal state events presided over by the President of the Philippines or, by delegation, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, involving the presentation of a medal featuring Datu Sikatuna's likeness suspended from a ribbon in national colors, often accompanied by speeches highlighting the recipient's role in bilateral ties.^[98] In the 2020s, the order has remained active in recognizing contemporary diplomacy, such as the 2024 conferral of the Datu rank (Grand Cross, Silver Distinction) on outgoing European Union Ambassador Luc Véron for advancing economic and trade partnerships, and multiple 2025 awards to career diplomats like Antonio Manuel Lagdameo and Ma. Theresa Lazaro for strengthening multilateral relations.^[100] These bestowals underscore the order's ongoing significance in post-colonial foreign policy, honoring foreign dignitaries who support Philippine global engagement.^[99]

Businesses and Organizations

Airlines

Austrian Airlines, the flag carrier of Austria, operates under the IATA code OS and is headquartered in Vienna.^[101] Founded in 1957 through the merger of Air Austria and Austrian Airways, the airline traces its origins to earlier Austrian aviation efforts dating back to 1923.^[102] In 2009, it became a subsidiary of the Lufthansa Group following approval from the European Commission under the EU Merger Regulation, a development spurred by post-EU expansion dynamics that facilitated cross-border airline integrations for enhanced competitiveness. This acquisition, valued at €366 million, enabled Austrian Airlines to leverage Lufthansa's global network while maintaining its Vienna hub as a key European gateway.^[103] The airline's primary operations center at Vienna International Airport, where it handles nearly 45% of passenger traffic as of 2019, supporting a diverse route network spanning over 120 destinations worldwide.^[104] As of mid-2025, its fleet consists of 68 aircraft, including 11 long-haul Boeing 777, 767, and 787 models for intercontinental flights and 57 short- and medium-haul Airbus A320-family and Embraer 195 jets for intra-European services.^[105] This composition reflects strategic fleet modernization, with plans to incorporate additional Airbus A320neo aircraft starting in 2026 to replace older models and improve efficiency.^[106] Austrian Airlines navigated the COVID-19 crisis with substantial government support, including a €150 million subordinated loan from the Austrian federal government in 2020, approved by the European Commission to compensate for pandemic-related damages such as a 94% drop in revenue passenger kilometers.^[107] The aid, partially repaid by 2021, included conditions like a 30% reduction in total CO2 emissions by 2030 and maintenance of the Vienna hub for a decade, aiding the airline's recovery and resumption of operations.^[108] Post-recovery, the carrier has pursued route expansions, notably in Asia, with year-round flights to Bangkok, Tokyo-Haneda, and Shanghai-Pudong, plus seasonal service to Malé in the Maldives, set to launch in the 2026 summer schedule to capitalize on growing demand.^[109] Economically, Austrian Airlines plays a vital role in Austria's aviation sector, which as of 2023 supports 242,000 jobs and contributes $26.3 billion (approximately €24.4 billion) annually to the national economy, representing 5.1% of GDP through direct operations, tourism facilitation, and supply chain effects.^[110] In 2019, prior to the pandemic, the airline alone transported 14.7 million passengers and generated €2.1 billion in revenue, underscoring its influence on trade, connectivity, and regional development.^[104] The carrier upholds a strong safety record, with no fatal accidents since the jet era began in the 1950s and a perfect 7/7 safety rating from AirlineRatings.com, reflecting rigorous adherence to international standards and no major incidents post-2000.^[111]^[112]

Software and Tech Firms

IBM's involvement with the OS/2 operating system began in the mid-1980s as a collaborative effort with Microsoft to create a successor to MS-DOS for IBM's personal computers. The partnership was formalized in 1985 under the codename "CP/DOS," with development leading to the release of OS/2 1.0 in 1987, which introduced protected-mode multitasking for DOS applications while maintaining backward compatibility.^[113]^[114] Tensions between IBM and Microsoft escalated in the late 1980s, culminating in a split by 1990, after which Microsoft shifted focus to Windows and its NT kernel, leaving IBM to develop OS/2 independently. OS/2 reached its peak with the release of version 2.0 in 1992, a 32-bit system that supported up to 16 MB of memory per session and featured the Workplace Shell graphical user interface. This version positioned OS/2 as a direct competitor to Windows 3.1, emphasizing stability in enterprise environments like banking and ATMs.^[113]^[115] OS/2 demonstrated superior multitasking capabilities compared to contemporary Windows versions, utilizing preemptive multitasking and CPU protection rings to isolate applications, each with a private 16 MB address space, which reduced crashes and improved reliability for running multiple DOS and OS/2 programs simultaneously. Despite these innovations, OS/2 struggled against Windows due to Microsoft's aggressive marketing, broader developer support, and lower hardware requirements; by the mid-1990s, Windows NT began dominating enterprise markets with similar features.^[113]^[116] Following the consumer market failure in the 1990s, IBM pivoted OS/2 toward enterprise applications after 2000, targeting sectors like financial services where its reliability supported mission-critical systems, such as transaction processing in ATMs and point-of-sale terminals. IBM ceased new development in 2001 but licensed the technology, leading to modern derivatives like ArcaOS, which provides ongoing legacy support and updates for UEFI systems as of 2025. Open-source projects, such as osFree, aim to recreate OS/2 subsystems using free alternatives, preserving its architecture for niche compatibility needs.^[117]^[118]^[119] Another firm associated with "OS" in technology is O.S. Systems, a Brazilian software development company founded in 2002 specializing in embedded Linux solutions. The company focuses on customizing GNU/Linux distributions using the Yocto Project for board support packages (BSPs) and provides consultancy for operating system porting to hardware platforms. O.S. Systems continues to focus on IoT device development, offering over-the-air (OTA) update tools and optimized SDKs for resource-constrained embedded systems in industries like automotive and consumer electronics.^[120]^[121]

Other Companies

OS Press is an independent publishing house based in New York, New York, specializing in avant-garde literature, including works of philosophy, theory, and experimental nonfiction. Founded in the early 2010s by Elæ Moss, the press emphasizes underrepresented voices and politically engaged content, often blending genres to explore philosophical themes such as identity, ecology, and social critique.^[122] Its catalog includes chapbooks and full-length works like Pressing Reset: Original Strength Reloaded (2017), which delves into philosophy and spirituality in the context of physical and mental resilience.^[123] The press maintains a small-scale operation, releasing limited-edition prints and digital editions through its online platform, fostering community-driven submissions and events that highlight niche authors in contemporary thought.^[124] O.S. Foods, Inc., a California-based food distribution and processing company established in 1993, operates as a supplier of specialty ingredients, particularly for the hospitality sector. Headquartered in Hayward, the firm focuses on importing and wholesaling Asian-inspired foods, spices, and beverages, serving restaurants and retailers.^[125] Its operations remain modest, emphasizing reliable supply chains for ethnic cuisines amid post-2020 shifts toward sustainable sourcing, though specific export growth details are limited to regional U.S. markets.^[125] The company's contributions support local economies by enabling diverse culinary options in the Bay Area, aligning with broader trends in multicultural food access up to 2025.^[126] These entities represent niche applications of the "OS" branding in cultural and consumable goods sectors, distinct from larger tech or transport industries, with OS Press advancing philosophical discourse through innovative formats and O.S. Foods bolstering regional food diversity.

Entertainment and Sports

Music and Bands

Os Mutantes is a Brazilian psychedelic rock band formed in São Paulo in 1966 by siblings Arnaldo Baptista and Rita Lee, along with Sérgio Dias Baptista, emerging as key figures in the Tropicália movement—a cultural and musical rebellion blending rock, samba, and avant-garde elements against Brazil's military dictatorship.^[80]^[78] The band released their self-titled debut album in 1968, which fused Beatles-inspired psychedelia with Brazilian folk traditions, defining Tropicália's experimental ethos through tracks like "Panis et Circencis" and innovative use of everyday objects as instruments.^[80] Their third album, A Divina Comédia ou Ando Meio Desligado, arrived in 1970 via Polydor Records, showcasing matured songcraft with hits such as "Ando Meio Desligado" and "Ave, Lúcifer," while incorporating tape loops and unconventional instrumentation to push psychedelic boundaries. Active through the 1970s, the group disbanded in 1978 amid internal tensions and Rita Lee's solo pursuits, but reformed in 2006 under Sérgio Dias' leadership, releasing new material like the self-titled album Os Mutantes and embarking on international tours.^[127]^[128] Rita Lee served as the band's charismatic lead vocalist and co-songwriter, contributing to their whimsical yet subversive style until her departure in 1972; she passed away on May 8, 2023, at age 75 after battling lung cancer, leaving a legacy as Brazil's "Queen of Rock."^[129] Os Mutantes' live performances evolved from intimate Tropicália showcases in the late 1960s—backing artists like Gilberto Gil—to chaotic, politically charged sets that drew regime scrutiny, including bans and arrests for their countercultural flair.^[130] Post-reformation, they resumed touring vigorously, with notable U.S. appearances at venues like the Hollywood Bowl in 2013 and ongoing North American dates into the 2020s, often featuring guest vocalists to honor Lee's absence while preserving their eclectic energy.^[79]^[131] The band's influence extends globally, inspiring artists like David Byrne of Talking Heads, who reissued their catalog on Luaka Bop and praised their "creative cannibalism" of musical styles, and Beck, who cited Os Mutantes as a "revelatory" force in his eclectic songwriting and even dedicated his 1998 album Mutations as an homage.^[132]^[133] This impact fueled 2020s vinyl revivals, including 2023 represses of their debut and A Divina Comédia on labels like Vinyl Lovers, alongside expanded reissues of related Tropicália works, reintroducing their sound to new generations amid renewed interest in Latin psychedelia.^[134]^[135] In music nomenclature, "OS" appears in Parliament's debut album Osmium (1970), a psychedelic funk release led by George Clinton on Invictus Records, titled after the chemical element osmium (symbol Os) to evoke density and experimentation in its soulful, avant-garde tracks like "I Call My Baby Pussy Cat."^[136] Os Mutantes' cultural legacy lies in embodying Latin American counterculture, particularly Brazil's Tropicália as a form of artistic resistance during the 1964–1985 dictatorship; their satirical lyrics and hybrid sounds challenged authoritarian norms, influencing broader regional movements in experimental music and social critique across South America.^[130]^[137]

Sports Teams

In the realm of sports, "OS" refers to several clubs, particularly in Europe, with notable examples in football and handball. The Football Réunis Haguenau (FR Haguenau), located in Haguenau, Alsace, France, is a prominent football club formed in 1987 through the merger of FC Haguenau (established 1900) and Sports Réunis Haguenau (established 1920). The club currently competes in Championnat National 2, Groupe B, the fourth tier of the French football league system, where it has maintained a mid-table position in recent seasons.^[138]^[139] FR Haguenau plays its home matches at the Parc des Sports, a multi-purpose stadium with a capacity of 5,000 spectators. The club has emphasized steady growth since 2010, with a dedicated fan base drawn from the local Alsatian community and regional rivalries, particularly against nearby Strasbourg-based teams like RC Strasbourg Alsace. Post-2020, the club has invested in its youth academy, launching initiatives like the INTERSPORT Academy training stages in 2025 to foster young talent amid broader French football reforms aimed at enhancing lower-tier development and promotion pathways.^[139]^[138] In Norway, Os Turnforening (Os TF), a multi-sports club from Os in Vestland county founded in 1861, includes a competitive handball section that participates in the Norwegian handball leagues, including divisions under the Norwegian Handball Federation. The handball team, known for its community roots, competes in regional and national tournaments, contributing to the sport's popularity in western Norway.^[140] Historically, "OS" is associated with Scandinavian skiing through clubs like Idrettslaget Os (Os IL) in Østerdalen, Innlandet, which organized early 20th-century ski jumping events at sites such as Flygelen (built 1927) and Bingegga, reflecting the region's deep tradition in Nordic skiing competitions before World War II. These efforts helped promote skiing as a key element of Norwegian and Scandinavian sports heritage.

Titles and Honors

Calendar Designations

In historical chronology, the designation "O.S." stands for Old Style, referring to dates recorded according to the Julian calendar prior to the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in various regions. The Julian calendar, introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BCE, overestimated the solar year by approximately 11 minutes annually, leading to a cumulative drift of about 10 days by the time of the Gregorian reform in 1582.^[141]^[142] The Gregorian calendar, promulgated by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582, corrected this discrepancy by omitting 10 days (October 5–14, 1582) and refining leap year rules to skip centurial leap years not divisible by 400, thereby aligning the vernal equinox more accurately with March 21. By the 18th century, the lag between Julian and Gregorian dates had grown to 11 days, necessitating further adjustments upon adoption; for instance, Protestant countries like Britain and its colonies skipped 11 days in 1752 under the Calendar (New Style) Act. Adoption timelines varied widely: Catholic nations implemented it in 1582, Britain in 1752, Russia in 1918 (skipping 13 days), and Greece in 1923 (also 13 days).^[141]^[142]^[143] This distinction is evident in British and American historical records, where events are often dual-dated to clarify the calendar used; for example, George Washington's birth was recorded as February 11, 1731 O.S. under the Julian system, which corresponds to February 22, 1732 in the Gregorian (New Style) calendar after the 1752 adjustment. Such notations were common in documents from the 1700s, where dates between January 1 and March 24 might appear as, e.g., 1700/01 to account for the Julian new year starting on March 25.^[144]^[145]^[141] The significance of O.S. designations lies in their impact on interpreting pre-modern historical records, requiring calculations to convert dates for consistency; without adjustment, timelines for events like births, battles, or treaties could appear misaligned by 10–13 days depending on the century. In modern contexts, O.S. remains relevant in genealogy for tracing pre-20th-century family records and in astronomy for dating observations or celestial events recorded before widespread Gregorian adoption.^[142]^[146]

Other Uses

Linguistics

The Ossetic language, designated by the ISO 639-1 code "os," is an Eastern Iranian language within the Indo-European family, primarily spoken in the Caucasus region across North Ossetia-Alania in Russia and South Ossetia.^[147] It is spoken by approximately 500,000 people as of recent estimates, with the majority residing in these territories and smaller communities in Georgia, Turkey, and diaspora populations.^[148] The language serves as an official tongue in both Ossetian republics, reflecting its central role in ethnic identity amid surrounding non-Iranian linguistic environments.^[149] Etymologically, Ossetic traces its roots to Proto-Indo-European through the Eastern Iranian branch, descending from the speech of ancient Alan tribes who migrated to the Caucasus around the 1st century CE.^[150] This heritage manifests in shared vocabulary and grammatical features with other Iranian languages, such as Persian and Pashto, while adaptations from Caucasian neighbors have shaped its phonology and syntax.^[151] Ossetic has exerted mutual linguistic influences on neighboring tongues: it has contributed loanwords to Russian, particularly in regional dialects related to Caucasian flora, fauna, and customs, while borrowing extensively from Georgian in areas like agriculture and administration due to historical proximity.^[152] These interactions highlight Ossetic's position as a bridge between Iranian and Caucasian linguistic spheres.^[153] Ossetic features two primary dialects: Iron (also called Iriston), the dominant variety spoken by about 90% of users and serving as the basis for the standard literary form, and Digor, a more conservative western dialect preserved in rural areas of North Ossetia and Kabardino-Balkaria.^[150] Iron is characterized by syllable reduction and innovations in vowel harmony compared to Digor, which retains archaic Proto-Iranian sounds like initial /d/ where Iron has /t/.^[154] A third subdialect, Kudar, spoken by a small group in South Ossetia, blends elements of both but is increasingly assimilated into Iron.^[155] The modern writing system employs a modified Cyrillic alphabet, adopted officially in the late 1930s following a brief Latin-based script in the 1920s, to facilitate literacy and integration within the Soviet framework.^[156] This 38-letter script includes unique characters like Ӕ (ae) for the vowel /æ/, distinguishing it from standard Russian Cyrillic while accommodating Ossetic phonemes.^[157] Earlier attempts at Georgian and Latin scripts underscore the language's adaptive history amid geopolitical shifts. In Ossetic culture, the language underpins a rich oral and literary tradition, most notably the Nart sagas—a cycle of epic tales about a mythical warrior clan, collected and transcribed in the 19th century by Russian scholar Vasily Miller from elderly informants.^[148] These sagas, blending heroic quests, moral dilemmas, and cosmological motifs, parallel Indo-European mythologies like the Greek epics and remain a cornerstone of Ossetic identity, influencing poetry, theater, and folklore studies.^[158] UNESCO classifies Ossetic as "vulnerable" due to declining intergenerational transmission, with fewer young speakers in urban areas amid Russian dominance.^[159] Contemporary revitalization efforts in the 2020s emphasize digital resources to counter endangerment, including online dictionaries, grammar tools, and the 2022 publication of a full Bible translation available in electronic formats.^[149] Community initiatives in North Ossetia advocate for expanded official use in education and media, with apps and social platforms promoting Iron dialect literacy among youth.^[160] These measures build on Soviet-era standardization to foster sustainable transmission in a bilingual context.^[161]

Human Behavior

In the context of human behavior, "OS" most commonly refers to oral sex, a prevalent form of sexual activity involving the use of the mouth, lips, or tongue to stimulate a partner's genitals or anus. This practice is widespread across cultures and age groups, with surveys indicating that a majority of sexually active adults have engaged in it at some point. Health considerations are significant, as oral sex can transmit sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes, syphilis, and human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly when performed without barriers like dental dams or condoms. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) emphasizes that while the risk is lower than for vaginal or anal sex, infections in the throat or mouth can lead to complications like pharyngeal gonorrhea, which may require antibiotics for treatment.^[162]^[163] Another interpretation of "OS" pertains to object sexuality, a rare paraphilia characterized by intense emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to inanimate objects, such as buildings, machinery, or everyday items. Individuals with object sexuality, also known as objectum sexuality, often form deep bonds with these objects, personifying them and experiencing arousal or fulfillment through interaction. The term was coined in the early 1970s by Eija-Riitta Eklöf, who gained media attention for "marrying" the Berlin Wall in 1979, though systematic research emerged in the 2000s with the first empirical study published in 2010 based on surveys of 21 self-identified objectum sexuals. This study found common traits like synesthesia and links to autism spectrum conditions, challenging pathologizing views and framing it as a potential orientation rather than solely a disorder.^[164] Psychologically, both interpretations of OS fall under the umbrella of fetish studies in the DSM-5 (2013), where fetishistic disorder is defined as recurrent, intense sexual arousal from nonliving objects or nongenital body parts that causes distress, impairment, or harm to others, lasting at least six months. For object sexuality, this aligns with arousal focused on inanimate items, though not all cases meet disorder criteria if non-distressing. Cultural variations influence perceptions; in Western societies, such attractions are often stigmatized as deviant, while some non-Western contexts integrate object-related rituals into broader spiritual or animistic practices without labeling them pathological. The DSM-5 notes that cultural context must be considered to avoid misdiagnosis, as what is deemed atypical varies globally.^[165]^[166] Prevalence estimates for paraphilic interests, including those akin to object sexuality, range from 1-5% in the general population for clinically significant cases, with higher rates (up to 3-5% in males) for fetishistic disorders overall, based on community surveys and clinical data. Broader paraphilic fantasies affect nearly half of adults, but only a subset involve distress warranting diagnosis. Post-#MeToo (starting 2017), sexual education has increasingly emphasized affirmative consent in activities like oral sex, with programs in schools and universities incorporating interactive modules to promote communication and boundary-setting, reducing risks of coercion.^[167]^[168]^[169] Recent 2020s research on paraphilias, including those involving objects, explores neurobiological underpinnings such as atypical reward processing in the brain's limbic system and serotonin dysregulation, using neuroimaging to link fetishes to early conditioning or genetic factors. Therapeutic approaches favor cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) over medication for non-offending cases, with studies showing efficacy in reducing distress through exposure and acceptance techniques; pharmacological options like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are reserved for severe hypersexuality. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry's 2020 guidelines recommend individualized, non-judgmental interventions, highlighting improved outcomes when therapy addresses underlying neurobiology.^[170]^[171]

Miscellaneous Terms

In the publishing industry, "OS" has long served as an abbreviation for "out of stock," denoting titles that are temporarily unavailable from a publisher or distributor but may be reprinted or resupplied later.^[172] This usage emerged as a standard technical term in 20th-century book acquisition and library cataloging practices, distinguishing it from "out of print" (OP), which implies permanent discontinuation. For instance, during the mid-20th century, librarians relied on OS notations in order forms to track inventory fluctuations amid post-war printing demands.^[173] Beyond publishing, "OS" commonly abbreviates "on site" in construction, referring to activities, materials, or personnel located directly at the project location rather than off-site or in fabrication facilities. This designation ensures coordination of fieldwork, such as on-site inspections or assembly, and appears in blueprints, contracts, and safety protocols to clarify logistical responsibilities.^[174] Historically, "OS" denoted "ordinary seaman," an entry-level naval rank for sailors with limited experience, typically requiring about three years at sea or equivalent merchant service to advance.^[175] In 19th-century navies, including the U.S. Navy from 1838 onward, ordinary seamen handled basic deck duties like line splicing and mast work, forming a core of the enlisted force; for example, recruitment records from 1838–1839 show hundreds of OS positions filled across stations like Boston and Norfolk.^[175] This rank persisted into the 20th century in merchant and military records, often abbreviated in logs and muster rolls.^[176] In 19th-century accounting and banking ledgers, "OS" frequently stood for "outstanding," marking unsettled accounts, debts, or balances pending resolution, which aided clerks in tracking financial obligations amid manual double-entry systems. This niche application reflected the era's reliance on concise notations in voluminous ledgers, where precision prevented errors in trade and credit documentation. The abbreviation "OS" has evolved with the digital age, as traditional meanings in publishing, construction, and naval records coexist alongside emerging technical uses, though legacy applications persist in specialized analog documentation. This shift highlights how digital tools have amplified abbreviation multiplicity, yet incomplete documentation of niche evolutions remains a gap in lexicographic resources as of 2025.^[177] Addressing recent gaps, "OS" now designates "observer system" in 2024 AI and robotics research, particularly in automated monitoring frameworks for environmental or biological analysis.^[178] For example, an AI-based observer system integrates real-time detection models like RT-DETR with augmented reality tools to recognize fish species and measure lengths with over 95% accuracy, supporting sustainable fisheries management.^[178] Such systems, often abbreviated OS in technical papers, enable event-triggered state estimation in multi-agent robotics, enhancing robustness against disturbances.^[179]

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What Is SAP ERP? Key Features & Benefits
SAP ERP is a comprehensive software system that streamlines processes, improves productivity, and provides real-time insights across your entire organization.
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Jun 18, 2025 · An effective operating model that is intentionally designed to deliver four outcomes that all organizations covet: clarity, speed, skills, and commitment.
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Sep 4, 2024 · The term ERP II arose in 2000 to describe these new advancements. ERP implementation now resulted in three main functionalities: Facilitate ...
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Oracle AI for Fusion Applications
Oracle delivers AI built for business, helping you make better decisions faster and empowering your workforce to work more effectively.Explore Oracle AI for ERP · Oracle AI Agents · Oracle AI for Human Capital...
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Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI)
Oracle is the only hyperscaler capable of delivering more than 200 AI and cloud services across public, dedicated, and hybrid cloud environments, anywhere in ...Oracle ASEAN · Artificial Intelligence (AI) · Oracle Database@Google Cloud · Sign in
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The Role and Benefits of AI in Cloud Computing - Oracle
Jun 21, 2024 · AI is integral to cloud computing, enhancing cloud services' automation, decision-making, and scalability. Cloud computing provides the ...
[31]
OS Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
more at osseous.
[32]
Medical Definition of Mouth - RxList
The mouth in both senses of the word is also called the os, the Latin word for an opening, or mouth. The o in os is pronounced as in hope. The genitive form ...
[33]
Bones: How Many Do Humans Have, Types, Anatomy & Function
How many bones are in the human body? ... Adults have between 206 and 213 bones. Babies are usually born with 270 bones that grow together and fuse into their ...
[34]
[PDF] Galen's Elementary Course on Bones - Europe PMC
THE little work by Galen (A.D.130-201), Peri osteon tois eisagomenois, usually known by the Latin translation of its title, De ossibus ad tirones "On bones for ...Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[35]
Manners of terminology and description in Galen's anatomy in the ...
Apr 7, 2024 · The oldest extant anatomy textbooks compiled in ancient Rome were by Galen who described in writing most of the various parts and organs of the body.Missing: mouth etymology usage
[36]
Odontoid Fracture - Spine - Orthobullets
Apr 24, 2025 · Odontoid fractures are relatively common fractures of the C2 vertebral body (axis) that can be seen in low energy falls in eldery patients ...
[37]
Assessment of Bone Invasion and Its Correlation With Brandwein ...
May 27, 2024 · They found bone invasion in 31 cases (32%), all of which demonstrated medullary involvement upon pathology slide review. ... of disease in oral ...
[38]
os - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Borrowed from Latin os (“a bone”). Pronunciation. (Received ... (figurative) bone as a metaphor for something deep within the body or frame ...Os coxae · Os capitatum · Os frontal · Os magnum
[39]
Osseous - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating from Latin osseus, meaning "bony, of bone," derived from os (bone) and PIE root *ost-, bony means made of or resembling bones.
[40]
Inappropriate Medical Abbreviations - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
May 22, 2023 · This activity reviews the inappropriate use of medical abbreviations and discusses the role of the interprofessional team in avoiding acting on orders that are ...
[41]
How to Read an Eyeglasses Prescription
Apr 18, 2023 · O.D. This is short for oculus dexter, and is your right eye; O.S. This is short for oculus sinister, and is your left eye. What does “sphere ...Frame Material · Nearsightedness · Eye Test
[42]
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Dec 8, 2016 · Osteosarcoma (OS) is an osteoid-producing malignancy of mesenchymal origins. This high-grade tumor is the most common primary malignancy of bone ...Osteosarcoma Overview · Diagnosis And Pathology · New Therapeutic Approaches
[43]
Osteosarcoma - Pathology Outlines
Jan 28, 2025 · Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant, high grade tumor of bone in which the tumor cells produce osteoid (bone)
[44]
Laparoscopic vs. open surgery: A comparative analysis of wound ...
Oct 31, 2023 · This was a retrospective cohort study, conducted to compare the wound infection rates and recovery outcomes between laparoscopic and open surgery (OS) in 180 ...Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[45]
Use of Abbreviations, Acronyms, Symbols and Dose Designations
Feb 8, 2022 · Standardization Organizations are expected to use standardized terminology, definitions, abbreviations, acronyms, symbols, and dose designations ...
[46]
[PDF] appendix-doh-clinical-abbreviations-acronyms-symbols-policy.pdf
Aug 20, 2014 · All applicable Department of Health (DOH) employees shall use the DOH- approved clinical abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols for client health ...
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Interpretation and Misinterpretation of Medical Abbreviations Found ...
Sep 5, 2023 · This survey demonstrated that non-standard medical abbreviations used in patient medical records were being misunderstood or misinterpreted.Missing: OS case
[48]
Osmium - Element information, properties and uses - Periodic Table
The metal is not toxic, but its oxide is volatile and very toxic, causing lung, skin and eye damage. Osmium occurs uncombined in nature and also in the mineral ...Missing: occurrence | Show results with:occurrence
[49]
Osmium – Properties and Applications - AZoM
Jun 19, 2012 · In 1803AD, Osmium was discovered by Smithson Tennant when dissolving an impure sample of platinum in aqua regia, a mixture of hydrochloric and ...
[50]
Osmium Element Facts - Chemicool
Osmium, a transition metal discovered in 1803, is a rare, hard, brittle, bluish-white, dense metal with the highest melting point of the platinum group.
[51]
Potent organo-osmium compound shifts metabolism in epithelial ...
Jul 10, 2015 · We study a potent organo-osmium compound with improved activity over cisplatin and no cross-resistance in platinum-resistant cancers.
[52]
OSMIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS - RSC Publishing
Its abundance in the upper part of the earth's crust is probably no greater than 0.001 part per million, although the abundance in meteor- ites exceeds the ...
[53]
Outwash Plains and Eskers (U.S. National Park Service)
Feb 22, 2018 · Eskers are meandering ridges of sediment that form in water channels beneath or within the glacier ice. The floors of these channels can be rock ...Missing: dimensions | Show results with:dimensions
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Eskers - AntarcticGlaciers.org
Aug 18, 2020 · Eskers can range in length from hundreds of metres to hundreds of kilometres. The individual esker ridges that formed beneath the huge, ...Missing: dimensions | Show results with:dimensions
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[PDF] The Formation of Eskers - UNI ScholarWorks
Their dimensions vary greatly: In height, from 3 to 150 or even. 200 feet, and in length from a fraction of a mile to 100 miles or more. Single esker ridges are ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[56]
[PDF] Dunmore- Ballyhaunis Esker System
The eskers are Quaternary in age, having been deposited at the base of the ice sheet moving northwest to southeast during early deglaciation at the end of the ...
[57]
[PDF] Pleistocene Geology of the Northeast Adirondack Region, New York
In the low- lands north of Plattsburgh, an esker about 10 miles long was built by a subglacial stream that discharged south into glacial Lake Vermont. The ...
[58]
11342: Population and area (M) 2007 - 2025. Statbank Norway
[See list over changes in regional classifications](https://www.ssb.no/offentlig-sektor/kommunekatalog/endringer-i-de-regionale-inndelingene) (in Norwegian).
[59]
Osland - Fjord Trout - Form the origin
Osland has since 1963 developed and preserved Norway's oldest trout broodstock, as well as tailoring the optimal growth conditions for fish roe and smolt.
[60]
Norway's petroleum history - Norwegianpetroleum.no
The first fields to be developed were in the North Sea, and the industry has gradually expanded northwards into the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea. At the ...
[61]
Grieg Art Collection - Oseana - visitBergen.com
A unique art experience in stunning surroundings! In the bright and modern gallery at Oseana Art and Cultural Centre in Bjørnafjorden, just south of Bergen.
[62]
Oś (Village) • Mapy.com
population: 47 ; postal code: 46-282 ; licence plate code: OKL ...
[63]
osiedle - English translation – Linguee
Many translated example sentences containing "osiedle" – English-Polish dictionary and search engine for English translations.
[64]
Country and territory profiles - SNG-WOFI - POLAND - EUROPE
Municipalities may create sub-municipal units with a subordinate administrative role, and may define their statutes and tasks (osiedle or dzielnica in urban ...
[65]
[PDF] Housing Cooperatives in Poland. The Origins of a Deadlock
In the 1930s, the cooperative movement became the main vector of spreading for modern architecture and town planning (author 2004). The residential cooperative ...
[66]
Housing Developments in Interwar Lviv: The Officers' Colony
Feb 11, 2021 · The Officers' Colony (Kolonja oficerska) was a cooperative housing development project built between 1923 and 1931. The complex comprised of two ...
[67]
Za Żelazną Bramą housing estate: a communist ... - WhiteMAD
Sep 14, 2024 · It was built between 1965 and 1972 in the Warsaw district of Mirow, partly in the Wola district and partly in the city centre. Its name refers ...
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Silesia | Poland, Map, History, & Facts | Britannica
Silesia is a historical region in southwestern Poland, originally Polish, later under Bohemian, Austrian, and Prussian rule, and now part of Poland.
[69]
What Is Silesia? | Article | Culture.pl
... Polish ones in the region. Polish dialects in Silesia differed from mainstream Polish. In fact, Silesians do not call it 'Polish' but 'Silesian', since the ...
[70]
Housing Reforms in Czechia and Poland - OECD
Sep 4, 2025 · In Poland, access to affordable housing is a central policy challenge, notably for low- and middle-income households and people in vulnerable ...
[71]
Polish government approves bill to boost spending on social housing
Mar 21, 2025 · Poland's government has approved a bill that would increase spending on social housing to at least 2.5 billion zloty (€596 million) this year.
[72]
Osnabrück | Lower Saxony, Hanseatic League, History | Britannica
Oct 11, 2025 · Agriculture, the traditional mainstay of the local economy, remains more important in Lower Saxony than in most other German states, with farms ...
[73]
Peace of Westphalia | Definition, Map, Results, & Significance
Oct 17, 2025 · The peace was negotiated, from 1644, in the Westphalian towns of Münster and Osnabrück. The Spanish-Dutch treaty was signed on January 30, 1648.Missing: Os | Show results with:Os
[74]
Lower Saxony | State in Germany, Physical Features, People, Culture
Oct 17, 2025 · In 1939 the population of Lower Saxony as presently defined stood at about 4.5 million. By 1946 the influx of refugees from other areas of war- ...
[75]
Emsland, Germany - What Europe does for me
The district uses renewable energy sources such as wind power, solar energy and biomass to generate more than 100% of its electricity needs. Tourism is also ...Missing: Os | Show results with:Os
[76]
Germany's Energiewende - World Nuclear Association
May 27, 2021 · Energiewende (energy transition) refers to Germany's policy of increasing the share of renewables and phasing out nuclear power.
[77]
Province of Upper Silesia - Wikipedia
Historical population ; Poles: 377,100 (67,2%) ; Germans: 162,600 (29,0%) ; Moravians: 12,000 (2,1%) ; Jews: 8,000 (1,4%) ; Czechs: 1,600 (0,3%).
[78]
Coal basin in Upper Silesia and energy transition in Poland in the ...
Namely, we are living in an era of rapid decline in the price of renewable energy sources, the lack of profitability of most Polish mines, the loss of life by ...
[79]
[PDF] Blueprint on Upper Silesia energy transition - TRACER
Measures implemented in Upper Silesia will include the gradual closing and restructuring of mines and decommissioning of obsolete power plants (built in the.
[80]
GPS coordinates of Os, Värnamo, Sweden. Latitude: 57.2000 ...
Os (spelled Ohs in older documents) is a small village that is part of the Värnamo Municipality, in the Småland province of southern Sweden.
[81]
Ohs Map - Village - Värnamo Municipality, Sweden - Mapcarta
Ohs is a small village that is part of the Värnamo Municipality, in the Småland province of southern Sweden. Mapcarta, the open map.
[82]
Airport ICAO database - all airports and their codes for Syria
Airport ICAO Database ; Syria, -, Al Qusayr ; Syria, -, Aleppo ; Syria, -, An Nasiriyah ; Syria, -, AS Suwayda West ...
[83]
Syrian Arab Republic ICAO Location Finder
Syrian Arab Republic. Name, ICAO ID. ALEPPO INTL, OSAP. BASSEL AL ASSAD INTL, OSLK. DAMASCUS CTA, OSTT. DAMASCUS INTL, OSDI. DEIR ZZOR, OSDZ. KAMISHLY, OSKL.
[84]
Table C1 - World Meteorological Organization WMO
Canton Island. CU, Cuba, OM, Oman. CV, Cape Verde, OR, South Orkney Islands. CY, Cyprus, OS, Austria. CZ, Czech Republic. PF, French Polynesia. DC, Caribbean ...
[85]
[PDF] Austrian Inventory Report 2020 202017
This document is a record of climate monitoring in Austria in accordance with the Implementation Plan of the WMO Global Climate Observing System (GCOS).Missing: code | Show results with:code
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[PDF] Austrian Inventory Report - GCOS Austria
This report provides an overview of climate monitoring in Austria in cooperation with governmental ... SBO is part of several WMO monitoring and research.
[87]
Osiri, a Lake Victoria fishing village - johnageddes
Jan 30, 2013 · It is a small fishing village with a population of about 500. The people there struggle with poverty and the unfortunate lack of adequate clean ...Missing: Kenya | Show results with:Kenya
[88]
Kisumu villagers fear Lake Victoria after crocodile eats girl
Jun 29, 2020 · Residents of Kamwanda Village, Osiri Sub-Location of Kisumu County, are living in fear following crocodiles attacks in Lake Victoria.<|control11|><|separator|>
[89]
Os Mutantes - Wikipedia
Os Mutantes is a Brazilian rock band that were linked with the Tropicália movement of the late 1960s. Heavily influenced by Anglo-American psychedelic pop, ...Tropicália · Os Mutantes (album) · Os Mutantes: Caminhos do... · Mutantes (album)
[90]
Os Mutantes and the psychedelic style of Brazil's tropicália
Dec 8, 2020 · The Brazilian band perfectly encapsulated the movement's reckless cultural cannibalism, absurdist humor, and innovative music.
[91]
Os Mutantes - LA Phil
Os Mutantes ("The Mutants") are an influential Brazilian psychedelic rock band that were linked with the Tropicália movement of the late 1960s.
[92]
'Os Mutantes': How The Album Defined The Tropicália Movement
Os Mutantes' self-titled debut album was a glorious collision of styles that defined the Tropicália movement in 1968.
[93]
Os Mutantes | Spotify
... Tropicalia movement. Os Mutantes backed the Tropicalista hero Gilberto Gil at the third annual Festival of Brazilian Music in 1967, then appeared on the ...
[94]
About Os - Os Guinness
Os Guinness is an author and social critic. Great-great-great grandson of Arthur Guinness, the Dublin brewer, he was born in China in World War Two.
[95]
Towards a Civil Public Square: Freedom of Religion and Diversity
Oct 29, 2024 · In this paper, Os Guinness explains the foundational importance of freedom of religion in Western civilisation, and the need to build a civil public square.Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[96]
[PDF] The Life and Works of Osbert of Clare
Mar 31, 2004 · Osbert of Clare was an English monastic writer, whose works extended from the mid-1120s to the mid-1150s. His Latin hagiography reflects a deep ...
[97]
[PDF] The Anglo Saxons and their gods (still) among us - NECTAR
Jul 3, 2013 · Similarly, the Old English Rune poem describes 'Os' the Old English word for 'god' as the “origin of all language/ wisdom's foundation and ...
[98]
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ansuz - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have ...Missing: mythological context 5th- 11th century inscriptions
[99]
Anglo-Saxon runes (Futhorc) - Omniglot
Aug 28, 2025 · Anglo-Saxon runes (ᚠᚢᚦᚩᚱᚳ / Fuþorc). Anglo-Saxon runes are an extended version of Elder Futhark consisting of between 26 and 33 letters.
[100]
The Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem | Tha Engliscan Gesithas
OS (o) – A god (A) god is the origin of all language, wisdom's foundation and wise men's comfort, and to every hero blessing and hope. Here we learn a little ...
[101]
The Anglo-Saxon and Norse "Rune Poems": a comparative study
and of human culture.12 The Rune Poem form used a human cultural instrument, the runic alphabet and its attendant lore, as a means of ordering nature. It ...<|separator|>
[102]
casket | British Museum
The Casket's heady mix of Roman Christian, Jewish and Germanic traditions certainly reflects an interest in cosmography recorded in seventh- to eighth-century ...
[103]
A note on the meaning of os in the" Old English Rune Poem
Scholars have long maintained that os in the Old English Rune Poem means 'mouth' which could have been borrowed from Latin o$ s as a consequence of a Christian ...
[104]
Norse Revival - Transformations of Germanic Neopaganism
In his ground-breaking work, Mattias Gardell (2003) argues that Germanic Neo-Paganism, more so than any other form of mep, forces its adherents to address ...
[105]
[PDF] Rules and statutes of the Spanish Military Orders of Calatrava ... - UMK
The second was the Order of Santiago, created between 1170 and 1175. It was first a knighthood, founded with the support of King Fernando II of León to protect.
[106]
(DOC) Military Orders in Spain - Academia.edu
The Order of Santiago (St.James) was founded in 1170, being mainly active in the kingdoms of León (based at San Marcos in the city of León) and Castile ...
[107]
Executive Order No. 571 - LawPhil
The Order of Sikatuna, which commemorates the first treaty (Pacto de Sangre) between the Philippines and a foreign country, shall be divided into four ranks:.
[108]
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 236 - ESTABLISHING THE HONORS ...
Civilian Honors that have been and will be conferred by the Republic of the Philippines are hereby officially ranked by Order of Precedence.Missing: Datuk | Show results with:Datuk
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Marcos confers Order of Sikatuna on veteran diplomat Lazaro
Jul 1, 2025 · President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. conferred the Order of Sikatuna on incoming Foreign Affairs Secretary Ma. Theresa “Tess” Lazaro, a veteran career diplomat.
[110]
Austrian Airlines airline profile - IATA code OS, ICAO ... - AirHex
This airline's 2-char IATA designator is OS, and its ICAO code is AUA. Founded 68 years ago in 1957, the airline is one of the oldest carriers in the world.
[111]
Our History - Austrian Airlines AG
The first scheduled flight from Vienna to London took place on March 31, 1958. The red-white-red fleet then consisted of four chartered Vickers Viscounts 779.Missing: code size 2025
[112]
[PDF] Case No COMP/M.5440- LUFTHANSA/ AUSTRIAN AIRLINES
Aug 28, 2009 · (1) On 8 May 2009, the Commission received a notification of a proposed concentration pursuant to Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 ( ...
[113]
Economical Responsibility - Austrian Airlines AG
In 2019, we transported 14.7 million passengers and achieved 2.1 billion euros in revenue. In 2019, we accounted for almost 45% of the passengers at Vienna ...
[114]
Difficult framework conditions dampen economic performance
Jul 31, 2025 · From January to June 2025 inclusive, Austrian Airlines' revenue rose ... Fleet size (fleet in operation), 68, 68. Regularity of operation ...
[115]
Austrian Airlines to Add 17 Airbus A320neo Jets, Retire Embraer ...
Sep 15, 2025 · According to the outlet, 17 aircraft from the Airbus A320neo family will begin to be transferred to Austrian in 2026, in the context of a ...Missing: size | Show results with:size
[116]
Coronavirus state aid support measures for AUSTRIA
on 6 July 2020, an Austrian €150 million subordinated loan (convertible into a grant) in favour of Austrian Airlines AG to be in line with EU State aid rules.
[117]
Austrian Airlines' bailout 'climate conditions' explained | T&E
Jun 30, 2020 · The Austrian Airlines package was one of the few to contain climate commitments, following strong public demand that money not be granted without them.
[118]
Seven new destinations and increased capacity
Nov 4, 2025 · Africa: Cairo (year-round), Mauritius and Marrakech (seasonal); Asia: Bangkok, Tokyo, Shanghai (year-round), Malé (seasonal); North America: ...
[119]
[PDF] Austria Air Transport Regulatory Competitiveness Indicators - IATA
Air transport is a key enabler of economic activity in Austria, supporting 95,000 total jobs and contributing EUR 7.6 billion to the Austrian economy, which is ...
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Austrian Airlines Safety Rating | Airline Ratings
Safety: 7/7. View the latest safety ratings for Austrian Airlines on AirlineRatings.com.
[121]
15 Oldest Yet Active Airlines with No or Minimum Crashes
Sep 1, 2025 · Austrian Airlines (Founded 1957) The airline has suffered no fatal accidents in the jet era, highlighting its disciplined flying culture. ...
[122]
Half an operating system: The triumph and tragedy of OS/2
Nov 29, 2019 · This enabled IBM to release OS/2 2.0 in April of 1992, a month after Microsoft launched Windows 3.1. Game on. OS/2 2.0 was a big step forward ...
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Tales In Tech History: IBM's OS/2 - Silicon UK
Jun 23, 2017 · ... development work began on it in 1985 under the codename CP/DOS. IBM designed the operating system, but it was Microsoft which wrote the code.
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The History of OS/2 - by Bradford Morgan White - Abort, Retry, Fail
Oct 2, 2023 · The joint development agreement that created this new operating system was entered into on the 10th of June in 1985. For both IBM and Microsoft, ...
[125]
Windows 95 vs. OS/2 Warp: Shootout at the OS Corral
Jan 7, 2020 · OS/2 is capable of juggling dozens of complex, multithreaded applications simultaneously with true preemptive multitasking. Windows 95 is not.Missing: advantages | Show results with:advantages
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Are there statements from IBM insiders revealing why OS/2 was ...
Dec 21, 2019 · IBM acknowledged OS/2 had failed to compete in the consumer market · OS/2 had some success in the business market (25-30% of $72 billion, ...Missing: pivot | Show results with:pivot
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Is OS/2 still being used today? - Arca Noae
Yes! OS/2 is still being used, despite being around for nearly 30 years. A large number of enterprises rely on OS/2-based software to keep their businesses ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[128]
osFree project
osFree is a Free Open Source software operating system development project, aiming to replace eventually all OS/2 subsystems with Open source analogues.Missing: derivatives | Show results with:derivatives
[129]
About O.S. Systems
O.S. Systems was founded in 2002, due to the lack of options on the market of companies able to perform operating system customization and specialized ...Missing: embedded | Show results with:embedded
[130]
O.S. Systems
- **Founding Year**: Not explicitly stated in the content.
[131]
https://www.concertarchives.org/bands/os-mutantes
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https://www.luakabop.com/artists/os-mutantes
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The Big, Big List of Indie Publishers and Small Presses
Apr 17, 2022 · 8th House Publishing publishes exemplary fiction, philosophy, esoterica and other earnest works. ... Overcup Press is an independent book ...
[134]
O.S. FOODS, INC. Information - RocketReach
O.S. FOODS, INC. is a Hospitality General, and Hospitality company located in Hayward, California with $5.1 million in revenue and 2 employees.
[135]
O.S. FOODS, INC. - 1852378 - California - B2BHint
O.S. FOODS, INC. American (California) company, Company number: 1852378, Incorporation Date Feb 19, 1993;, Address: 26663 NEWPORT STREET, HAYWARD, CA 94545.
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O S Foods Hayward CA, 94545 – Manta.com
Current estimates show this company has an annual revenue of 1921442 and employs a staff of approximately 3. Contact. Map pin. O S Foods Inc. 3475 Inv ...
[137]
OS FOODS LTD overview - Find and update company information
OS FOODS LTD - Free company information from Companies House including registered office address, filing history, accounts, annual return, officers, ...
[138]
Lauded by Cobain, Beck & Byrne, Os Mutantes bringing Brazilian ...
May 7, 2013 · ... David Byrne mentioned how much Os Mutantes had inspired them. Founding member Sergio Dias, 61, said in a phone interview that the 2006 ...
[139]
OS MUTANTES discography and reviews - Prog Archives
Os Mutantes biography. Founded in São Paulo, Brazil in 1966 - Disbanded in 1978 - Reformed in 2006 - Activity unknown since 2014. OS MUTANTES was a Brazilian ...
[140]
Rita Lee, Brazil's Queen of Rock and Tropicalía Pioneer, Dead at 75
May 9, 2023 · Rita Lee, Brazil's Queen of Rock and Tropicalía Pioneer, Dead at 75. The co-founder and vocalist of Os Mutantes was diagnosed with lung cancer ...
[141]
Os Mutantes's Psychedelic Subversion - The New Yorker
Feb 16, 2017 · Os Mutantes's Psychedelic Subversion. In nineteen-sixties Brazil, the band challenged the military class with experimental art. Now it has ...Missing: Latin | Show results with:Latin
[142]
Os Mutantes Concert & Tour History (Updated for 2025)
Os Mutantes tours & concert list along with photos, videos, and setlists of their live performances.
[143]
Os Mutantes - Luaka Bop
Together they changed Brazilian music. It was during Tropicália's initial discussions that the Mutantes recorded their first self-titled album.
[144]
First Listen: A Tribute To Os Mutantes - NPR
Oct 31, 2010 · ... influenced by it. Among them is Beck, who describes listening to Os Mutantes for the first time as "one of those revelatory moments you live ...
[145]
OS MUTANTES : Mutantes - LP - VINYL LOVERS - Forced Exposure
In stock 2-day delivery2023 repress. Vinyl Lovers present a reissue of Os Mutantes' Mutantes, originally released in 1969. One album into their career in 1969, Mutantes showed few ...Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
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https://www.familysearch.org/en/blog/what-calendar-do-we-use-gregorian
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https://localizely.com/language-code/os/
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The Brazilian movement that redefined 70s counterculture - Dazed
Feb 17, 2016 · Playing alongside Os Mutantes, he was the first musician in Brazilian history to be accompanied by a rock band in a televised song contest.
[149]
Club de football à Haguenau - FR Haguenau - Site Officiel
Fondé en 1987 par fusion du Football Club Haguenau et du Sport Réunis Haguenau, le Football Club Sports Réunis Haguenau est un club français de football ...Le Business Club du FRH · National 2 · Contact · OrganigrammeMissing: OS | Show results with:OS
[150]
FR Haguenau - Club profile | Transfermarkt
All information about FR Haguenau (National 2 - Grp. B) ➤ current squad with market values ➤ transfers ➤ rumours ➤ player stats ➤ fixtures ➤ news.Missing: OS | Show results with:OS
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Handball, Norway: Os TF live scores, results, fixtures - Flashscore.com
Flashscore.com offers Os TF final and partial results, standings and match details. Besides Os TF scores you can follow 100+ handball competitions from 15+ ...
[152]
Old Style (O.S.) - Thomas Jefferson's Monticello
The Old Style (O.S.) or Julian calendar was in effect in England and her colonies until 1752, when the Gregorian or New Style calendar was adopted.Missing: designation history
[153]
'O. S.' – Old Style – What's this about? | The History Guide
The O.S. stands for Old Style ie the old calendar referred to as the Julian calendar because the system of counting of days originated with Julius Caesar.
[154]
This Question of Calendar Reform
... Russia in 1918, Serbia in 1919 and Greece in 1923. The adoption of the Gregorian Calendar in England was due to the efforts of Lord Chesterfield and it ...
[155]
George Washington's Birthday (U.S. National Park Service)
In the case of Washington's birthday, it shifted from February 11th (Old Style) to February 22nd (New Style). "Presidents' Day" or Washington's Birthday?Missing: OS | Show results with:OS
[156]
Date Distinctions | American Scientist
Washington was born on February 11, 1731 OS (Old Style). The United States celebrates his birthday each year on February 22 because an 11-day deficit was ...
[157]
What Calendar Do We Use? | All about the Gregorian Calendar
Sep 15, 2023 · Put into effect by Julius Caesar in 46 B.C., the Julian Calendar was also a solar calendar that included leap years. This calendar worked well ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Order of the Star of Romania - Wikipedia
The Order of the Star of Romania (Romanian: Ordinul Steaua României) is Romania's highest civil Order and second highest State decoration after the Order of ...
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Ottoman Empire. An Order of Osmania, III Class Commander, c.1915 ...
Home · Ottoman Empire. An Order of Osmania, III Class Commander, c.1915.
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Ottoman Empire - Order of Osmania: 1st class knight badges, late ...
Ottoman Empire - Order of Osmania: 1st class knight badges, late 19th ... Order of the Star of Ethiopia: insignia of great cross - End of Afghanistan ...
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Maurice : l'écologue Vincent Florens récompensé pour ses travaux ...
Mar 25, 2025 · Vincent Florens, docteur en écologie et conservation forestière, s'est vu décerner le titre d'Officer of the Star ... os et coquilles vides.<|separator|>
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Language code: os - Localizely
ISO 639-1; /. os. The table below provides technical details for the Ossetian language, designated by the os code from the ISO 639-1 standard. Code. os.
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Ossetian - Endangered Language Alliance
Ossetian is spoken by over half a million Ossetes in the Caucasus, descendants of Alans, and is a Northeastern Iranian language. It is under pressure from ...
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Ossetic Language (OSS) - Ethnologue
Ossetic is an endangered indigenous language of the Russian Federation and Georgia. It belongs to the Indo-European language family.Missing: 2023 | Show results with:2023
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OSSETIC LANGUAGE i. History and description
Aug 31, 2016 · Ossetic belongs to the eastern branch of the Iranian family of languages. The linguistic ancestors of the present-day Ossetes were Alan tribes ...
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Ossetian - Iranian Languages
Ossetian or Ossetic is the most widely spoken Northeastern Iranian language, spoken by more than half a million people mainly in Russia's “Republic of North ...Missing: speakers 2023
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[PDF] Evolution of Case in Ossetic*
Ossetic has nine cases, with four from Proto-Iranian. It developed under influence of Georgian, Turkic, and Vaynakh languages, and has a radical reanalysis of ...
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Ossetic language | Caucasian, Iranian & Indo-European - Britannica
Ossetic language, eastern Iranian language spoken in the ... languages of the Caucasus, and the present vocabulary has many loanwords from Russian.
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Iron dialect | language - Britannica
Ossetic: the eastern, known as Iron, and the western, known as Digor (Digoron). Of those, Digor is the more archaic, Iron words being often a syllable shorter ...
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Ossetic Grammatical Studies: Project information
According to Ethnologue, the number of speakers is 641 450. Based on recent ... There are also small communities of Ossetic speakers in Turkey, Georgia and other ...Missing: 2023 | Show results with:2023
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Ossetian – ISO 9 transliteration system
The Ossetian language is written in a variation of the Cyrillic script since 1937. Transliteration system: ISO 9. The international standard ISO 9 ...
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[PDF] Ossetic
Several writing systems based on the Georgian, Roman, and Cyrillic alphabets had been in use before Cyrillic was made official in 1939. In this article, we ...
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Tales of the Narts: Ancient Myths and Legends of the Ossetians - jstor
The Nart sagas are to the Caucasus what Greek mythology is to Western civilization. Tales of the Narts presents a wide selection of fascinating tales preserved ...Missing: Ossetic | Show results with:Ossetic
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One Nation, Two Polities, Two Endangered Ossetian Languages?
May 27, 2015 · Reflecting that decline, UNESCO in 2009 designated the language as "vulnerable," the first category in its four-tier classification of ...Missing: Ossetic | Show results with:Ossetic
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North Ossetia pushes for official status for Ossetian language in ...
May 20, 2025 · In 2009, UNESCO classified it as endangered, as it is currently spoken by only around 600,000 people—residents of North and South Ossetia, as ...Missing: Ossetic | Show results with:Ossetic
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Interaction Of Russian And Ossetian Languages: Bilingualism Or ...
Oct 31, 2020 · This is due to the intensified influence of the Russian language on the Ossetian one, constant contacts of the Ossetian and Russian population, ...Missing: Georgian | Show results with:Georgian
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About STI Risk and Oral Sex - CDC
Feb 6, 2024 · Many STIs and other infections are spread through oral sex. Anyone exposed to an infected partner can get an STI in the mouth, throat, genitals, or rectum.
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STIs and Oral Sex - American Sexual Health Association
Jun 9, 2025 · Some STIs—including gonorrhea and herpes—can be spread through oral sex. But it's much less likely to pass on or get an STI from oral sex than ...
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LOVE AMONG THE OBJECTUM SEXUALS
Mar 1, 2010 · ... objectum sexuality have generally assume a pathology or history of sexual trauma and/or categorize OS as a paraphilia or fetish. Experts ...
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Fetishistic Disorder | Psychology Today
Mar 23, 2022 · Fetishistic disorder is an intense sexual attraction to either inanimate objects or to body parts not traditionally viewed as sexual.Missing: variations | Show results with:variations
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Sexuality in the 21st century: Leather or rubber? Fetishism explained
Nov 22, 2018 · Fetishistic disorder is defined as fantasies, sexual urges and behaviours which cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational ...
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Paraphilic Disorders: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
Apr 15, 2025 · The highest possible prevalence among males is estimated to be 3–5%; the prevalence in females is thought to be a small fraction of that in ...Background · Etiology · Epidemiology · Prognosis
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The Prevalence of Paraphilic Interests and Behaviors in the General ...
Nearly half of this sample expressed interest in at least one paraphilic category, and approximately one-third had had experience with such a practice at least ...
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Rethinking Sex Ed for the #MeToo Moment: A 'Hugely Significant ...
Apr 1, 2019 · A new study shows that learning refusal skills can protect students from later sexual assaults, which researchers say indicates that improving ...
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[PDF] The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP ...
May 26, 2020 · role of testosterone in sexuality and paraphilia: a neuro- biological approach. Part 1. testosterone and sexuality. J. Sex Med. 8(11):2993 ...
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Pharmacological Interventions in Paraphilic Disorders: Systematic ...
Mar 7, 2024 · Pharmacological treatments for hypersexuality remain an area of ongoing research, with medications targeting neurotransmitter systems implicated ...
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O | Dictionary of graphic design, prepress and print terms
OS. – Abbreviation for Operating System. – Abbreviation for Out Of Stock. OSC. Abbreviation for Out Of Stock, Canceled. OSF. Abbreviation for Out Of Stock, To ...Missing: 20th | Show results with:20th
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Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science - ODLIS
A book goes out of print when the publisher decides sales no longer ... In printing and bookbinding, not cut at right angles. out of stock (OS): A ...
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OS Construction Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
OS in Construction commonly refers to On-Site, indicating activities or operations that take place at the physical location of the project rather than in an ...
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The Recruitment of African Americans in the US Navy 1839
Feb 28, 2019 · The rank existed from 1838 to 1921. Next is, Ordinary Seaman is abbreviated “O.S.” or “OSea” the second-lowest rank of the nineteenth century.
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Abbreviations in Merchant Navy records - The National Archives
OS, Ordinary seaman. Bkr, Baker, P or Psr, Purser. Bos or Boatn or Bosn, Boatswain (2nd mate?). Also bosun, Pman, Pantry man. Brkpr, Barkeeper, P/Boy or P Boy ...
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Search Internet & Text Slang Dictionary Words & Definitions
oh really? orpg : online role playing game. os : operating system. osbutctt ... Ownage. pwnd : owned. pwned : made to look bad. pwner : owner. pwnr : owner.
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1,697 Common Text Abbreviations & Acronyms - Webopedia
Nov 30, 2023 · Barbeque, “Ownage”, shooting score/frag (online gaming). BBS, Be ... Oh really? OS, Operating system. OT, Off topic (discussion forums). OT ...
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A Study on the Automation of Fish Species Recognition and Body ...
Architecture of the AI-Based Observer System. The overall structure of the proposed automated fish species recognition and body measurement ...
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A robust control framework for multi-agent systems under Byzantine ...
The observer system evolves continuously based on its own dynamics but only corrects its state when a triggering event occurs, minimizing the need for ...