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Off the record

"Off the record" is a convention in journalism denoting information shared by a source with a reporter under an explicit agreement that it will not be published, quoted, attributed in any form, or used to develop stories, serving only to provide context or guide further reporting without direct incorporation.^[1]^[2] This practice relies on mutual understanding established prior to disclosure, as retroactive declarations are generally not binding and can lead to disputes over intent.^[3] The term forms part of a spectrum of attribution guidelines, distinct from "on the record" (fully attributable quotes), "on background" (usable information without naming the source, often as "a senior official"), and variations like deep background where facts may inform but not appear verbatim.^[4]^[5] These ground rules enable sources, including whistleblowers or officials, to convey sensitive details without personal exposure, facilitating investigative work while preserving reporter-source trust essential to uncovering concealed facts.^[6]^[7] Enforced primarily through professional ethics rather than law, off-the-record agreements bind journalists via codes from organizations like the Society of Professional Journalists, which stress supervisory approval and policy adherence to avoid misuse of anonymity that could obscure accountability or amplify unverified claims.^[8] Controversies frequently stem from ambiguities in application, such as sources assuming protection after disclosure or reporters leveraging off-record insights indirectly, prompting debates over whether the practice shields powerful entities from scrutiny or, conversely, enables biased leaking without consequence.^[1]^[9] Breaches erode credibility, as seen in cases where journalists published purportedly protected material, underscoring the reliance on self-regulation amid incentives for sensationalism.^[10]

Primary Meaning in Journalism and Communication

Definition and Core Principles

In journalism and communication, "off the record" refers to information shared with a reporter under an explicit agreement that it cannot be published, broadcast, quoted, paraphrased, or otherwise directly used in any reporting, though it may inform the journalist's broader understanding or guide further inquiry.^[7]^[11] This convention applies specifically when terms are established upfront, preventing the information from entering the public domain in attributable or unattributable form, distinct from related practices like "background" (usable without attribution) or "not for attribution" (quotable but unnamed).^[12]^[2] Core principles hinge on mutual consent and upfront clarity, requiring sources and journalists to define boundaries before discussion begins to avoid ambiguity or manipulation.^[13]^[14] The practice relies on ethical commitments rather than legal enforceability, as "off the record" agreements lack contractual binding in most jurisdictions and depend on the journalist's professional integrity to maintain source trust and future access.^[8] Journalists are advised to seek supervisory approval before accepting such terms and to exercise caution, as sources may use them to withhold verifiable facts or shape narratives indirectly.^[8]^[13] These principles underscore a balance between candor and accountability: while enabling sensitive disclosures that might otherwise remain private, they demand rigorous adherence to prevent ethical breaches that erode public confidence in reporting.^[7] Breaches, though rare due to reputational costs, highlight the convention's fragility, as violated trust can sever ongoing relationships and invite scrutiny from newsroom standards.^[2]^[6]

Historical Development

The phrase "off the record," denoting information shared confidentially and not for publication or attribution, first appeared in journalistic contexts around 1906, evolving from earlier uses of "on the record" attested from 1900 to signify official statements suitable for quoting.^[15] Its earliest documented print usage in a news story dates to November 15, 1918, in The New York Times, reflecting a growing need for reporters to handle sensitive disclosures without direct sourcing.^[16] By the 1930s, the term had become standard for sources seeking to provide background without being quoted, amid rising political and diplomatic reporting demands.^[17] A pivotal development occurred with President Woodrow Wilson's inauguration of regular White House press conferences on March 22, 1913, which were explicitly off-the-record to allow candid exchanges while maintaining presidential control over quotable material.^[18] Wilson, viewing the press as partners in governance, permitted questions but forbade direct attribution or unapproved quotes, a format that persisted through subsequent administrations up to Harry Truman, fostering trust-based information flows but limiting public accountability.^[19] ^[20] These sessions institutionalized off-the-record protocols in high-stakes political communication, influencing broader journalistic norms for anonymous sourcing. The practice expanded post-World War I as media scrutiny intensified, with presidents like Warren G. Harding using off-the-record discussions at venues such as the National Press Club to discuss cabinet matters informally.^[21] By mid-century, distinctions emerged between pure off-the-record (non-publishable) and related terms like "background" (usable without attribution), though ambiguities persisted, prompting later clarifications such as William Safire's 1989 New York Times column delineating rules amid evolving ethical standards.^[22] This evolution underscored off-the-record's role in enabling deeper reporting while relying on professional honor rather than legal enforceability.^[1]

Standard Conventions and Variations

In journalism, "off the record" conventionally denotes information shared with a reporter that cannot be published, quoted, or used in any attributable or unattributable form within a story, serving only to provide context, guide questions, or inform the journalist's broader understanding. This restriction applies strictly to the content discussed under such terms, and the agreement must be mutually established in advance—typically before the conversation begins—to prevent retroactive claims or misunderstandings. Major wire services like the Associated Press mandate adherence to these ground rules, viewing off-the-record exchanges as non-publishable by definition, while urging reporters to push for on-the-record alternatives whenever feasible.^[7]^[23]^[12] Variations in attribution practices distinguish "off the record" from related conventions, reflecting nuanced levels of source protection. "Not for attribution" or "on background" permits the use of information in reporting but prohibits direct identification of the source by name, allowing instead a general descriptor such as "a senior administration official" as negotiated upfront. In contrast, "deep background" enables publication of the facts without any attribution or descriptive reference to the source, integrating the details seamlessly into the narrative as verified knowledge, though reporters are encouraged to corroborate independently. These distinctions are codified in style guides; for example, the Associated Press differentiates background as conditionally attributable via position descriptions, while deep background eschews all sourcing cues.^[7]^[22]^[23] Ambiguities in terminology persist across newsrooms and with sources, prompting calls for explicit, jargon-free clarifications at the outset to align expectations. Some outlets, including The New York Times, emphasize that off-the-record status cannot be imposed after disclosure, and ethical guidelines from bodies like the Society of Professional Journalists warn against routine reliance on such protections, as they can shield accountability while complicating verification. Group briefings under background rules draw particular scrutiny, with the AP advising objections to preserve transparency and pursue named sources elsewhere. Despite these standards, interpretive disputes arise, as sources may conflate off-the-record with lesser restrictions, underscoring the need for precise protocols to maintain journalistic integrity.^[12]^[13]^[24]

Ethical Dimensions and Practical Application

Advantages for Information Gathering

Off-the-record agreements enable journalists to obtain candid insights from sources who might otherwise withhold information due to concerns over personal safety, professional repercussions, or reputational damage.^[25] By assuring sources that the discussion will not be published or attributed, reporters can elicit unfiltered explanations of events, motivations, or internal dynamics that enhance contextual understanding and guide subsequent on-the-record reporting.^[26] This practice is particularly valuable in investigative journalism, where preliminary background from wary insiders—such as government officials or corporate executives—can reveal leads or verify facts without immediate public exposure.^[27] Such arrangements foster trust between reporters and sources, often paving the way for future attributable disclosures as relationships deepen.^[28] For instance, off-the-record conversations allow public figures to clarify intentions or correct misconceptions privately, equipping journalists with the knowledge to pursue accurate narratives independently rather than relying solely on public statements that may be guarded or scripted.^[29] This indirect informational flow supports more nuanced coverage, as reporters can cross-reference off-record details against verifiable evidence, reducing the risk of incomplete or misleading stories.^[5] Empirical observations from journalism ethics discussions highlight that without these tools, sources in high-stakes environments—such as whistleblowers in authoritarian regimes or executives amid corporate scandals—would frequently decline engagement altogether, limiting the depth of public discourse.^[6]

Drawbacks and Potential for Abuse

Off-the-record agreements, by prohibiting the use or disclosure of provided information, can enable sources to manipulate journalists' contextual understanding without accountability, as reporters may internalize unverified claims that subtly influence subsequent on-the-record reporting.^[24] This opacity risks embedding biases or falsehoods into news narratives indirectly, as the public lacks access to the originating details for evaluation.^[30] For instance, sources with agendas—such as political operatives—may use off-the-record sessions to plant selective facts or trial balloons, gauging media reactions while maintaining deniability if the information proves unfavorable.^[31] A primary drawback is the erosion of source credibility assessment; without attribution, audiences cannot weigh the reliability, motives, or expertise of informants, fostering skepticism toward journalism overall. Surveys indicate that 68% of Americans view anonymous sourcing—closely related to off-the-record practices—as diminishing a story's believability to some degree.^[32] Overreliance on such methods has been criticized for increasing vulnerability to misinformation, as concealed identities shield providers from scrutiny or contradiction, potentially amplifying manipulation in high-stakes areas like politics or corporate affairs.^[33] Journalism ethics bodies warn that this can damage outlet credibility if exposed, as seen in historical instances where anonymous claims unraveled, prompting public distrust.^[8] Potential for abuse intensifies in adversarial contexts, where powerful entities exploit off-the-record norms to disseminate damaging leaks against rivals while evading responsibility. In political reporting, for example, operatives have leaked unsubstantiated allegations off-record to smear opponents, only for echoes of the claims to surface in attributed coverage derived from influenced analysis.^[31] Such tactics proliferated during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, with anonymous sources fueling unverified narratives that later faced retraction or debunking, highlighting how the practice can propagate partisan agendas under the guise of protected candor.^[30] Without enforceable mechanisms—off-the-record pacts being ethically rather than legally binding—sources face minimal repercussions for deceit, perpetuating a cycle where journalism becomes a vector for unaccountable influence rather than transparent inquiry.^[8]

Controversies and Notable Cases

High-Profile Breaches and Disputes

In 1991, the U.S. Supreme Court case Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. addressed the enforceability of confidentiality promises akin to off-the-record agreements, ruling 5-4 that a Minnesota newspaper breached a contract by publishing political consultant Dan Cohen's name after he provided information on a condition of anonymity; the Court applied promissory estoppel, allowing Cohen to recover damages despite First Amendment defenses, as the promise induced reliance.^[34] This decision underscored that explicit assurances not to publish or attribute information can form binding contracts, though off-the-record pacts without such formality typically rely on ethical norms rather than law.^[9] A prominent dispute erupted in July 2017 when Anthony Scaramucci, newly appointed White House communications director, called New Yorker reporter Ryan Lizza and made profane comments criticizing Trump administration figures like Steven Bannon and Reince Priebus; Scaramucci subsequently demanded the conversation be treated as off-the-record, but Lizza published the details on July 27, arguing no prior agreement existed and that Scaramucci's post-call declaration was invalid without mutual consent.^[35] The publication amplified internal White House tensions, hastening Scaramucci's resignation after 10 days, and highlighted ambiguities in establishing off-the-record status, as journalists maintain it requires explicit pre-agreement rather than unilateral retraction.^[36] In September 2021, Washington Post columnist Jennifer Rubin emailed Politico reporter Alex Thompson criticizing his outlet's coverage, using an "OFF THE RECORD" subject line; Thompson published the email's contents in his West Wing Playbook newsletter on September 16, asserting no verbal or prior agreement had been reached, prompting Rubin to accuse him of unethical conduct while Thompson defended the action as standard practice.^[1] New York Times reporter Maggie Haberman noted on Twitter that off-the-record requires mutual understanding, not mere labeling, fueling broader debate on protocol clarity amid partisan media tensions.^[1] No legal action ensued, reflecting off-the-record's general non-justiciable nature absent provable contracts. Posthumous publications have sparked ethical breaches, as in March 2013 when Forbes Russia's edition released an off-the-record interview with exiled oligarch Boris Berezovsky conducted hours before his March 23 death, quoting his despair over "losing the point of life," which shed light on his mental state amid suicide suspicions.^[37] Critics argued the agreement lapsed with the source's death, prioritizing public interest, while defenders invoked enduring ethical duties; similar controversy arose in 2011 when Fortune published off-record details of Steve Jobs's Swiss cancer treatment trip after his passing, weighing source intent against newsworthiness.^[37] Such cases illustrate off-the-record's fragility, enforceable mainly through reputational consequences like lost source trust rather than courts.^[38]

Implications in Political Discourse

In political discourse, off-the-record communications serve as a mechanism for officials, advisors, and journalists to exchange information candidly without immediate public attribution or accountability, often during briefings or informal meetings. This practice enables policymakers to gauge reactions to potential strategies or policies, such as foreign policy maneuvers or electoral tactics, by sharing preliminary insights that might otherwise be withheld due to political risks. For instance, presidential administrations have historically employed off-the-record sessions to brief the press corps on sensitive matters, allowing for context-building that informs reporting without committing sources to verifiable quotes.^[24] However, this dynamic inherently shields participants from scrutiny, as information cannot be published or indirectly referenced, potentially obscuring the origins of influential narratives. A key implication is the facilitation of strategic narrative shaping, where political actors can float trial balloons or counter opposing views privately, influencing media framing without personal exposure. This has proven advantageous in high-stakes environments, such as national security discussions, where frankness might reveal operational constraints or internal debates otherwise suppressed by on-the-record protocols. Yet, critics argue it undermines democratic transparency, as voters remain uninformed about the rationales or conflicts driving decisions, fostering reliance on elite intermediaries rather than open deliberation. Empirical patterns in U.S. political journalism show heavy dependence on such exchanges during election cycles, with anonymous or background sourcing—adjacent to off-the-record—comprising up to 40% of attributions in major outlets' campaign coverage in recent years, per analyses of reporting practices.^[39] Conversely, the practice invites abuse through untraceable misinformation, where sources might deliberately mislead to advance agendas, knowing deniability is assured. In polarized contexts, this exacerbates distrust, as selective off-the-record leaks from one ideological faction—often insiders opposing incumbents—can dominate discourse, as observed in controversies surrounding leaks during the Trump administration, where officials anonymously briefed against policies without risking identification. Such tactics erode public confidence in media, with surveys indicating that over 60% of Americans in 2023 viewed anonymous sourcing as reducing credibility, particularly when tied to unverified claims of malfeasance.^[40] Moreover, breaches of off-the-record agreements, though rare due to professional norms, amplify perceptions of elite collusion, as seen in disputes over misinterpreted ground rules that led to retracted stories or source alienation.^[1] Ultimately, while off-the-record elements sustain access journalism, their proliferation risks entrenching opacity in political communication, prioritizing insider candor over verifiable public accountability.

Legal and Accountability Frameworks

Enforceability and Contractual Nature

Off-the-record agreements in journalism and related contexts are typically not enforceable as legal contracts due to the absence of key contractual elements, such as mutual consideration, definite terms, and formal offer and acceptance. These arrangements often consist of informal verbal understandings where a source provides information with the expectation that it will not be published or attributed, but without an exchange of value or written documentation that courts recognize as binding. As a result, they rely primarily on ethical norms, professional reputation, and mutual trust rather than judicial enforcement.^[41] In the United States, no federal or state laws specifically require journalists to honor off-the-record designations, and legal precedents indicate that such promises do not create enforceable obligations absent additional factors like a formal nondisclosure agreement (NDA). For instance, in disputes involving alleged breaches, courts have ruled that reporters face no civil liability for publishing off-the-record information if they contest the existence or scope of the agreement, as seen in cases where sources claimed confidentiality but lacked corroborating evidence of a contractual intent. Promissory estoppel—a doctrine that might enforce a promise if the promisee detrimentally relies on it—rarely applies, given the difficulty in proving foreseeable harm in journalistic settings and the First Amendment protections afforded to publishers.^[9]^[42] To achieve enforceability, parties must elevate the arrangement to a proper contract, such as through an NDA that outlines confidentiality terms, duration, and remedies for breach, including potential injunctions or damages. Without these, violations lead to non-legal consequences like damaged source relationships, exclusion from future access, or reputational harm to the journalist or outlet, as emphasized in codes from organizations like the Society of Professional Journalists, which treat off-the-record as an internal policy matter rather than a legal duty.^[41]^[8] "Off the record" strictly prohibits the use of provided information in any published form, serving solely to inform the journalist's understanding without direct or indirect incorporation into reporting. This contrasts with "not for attribution," where details may be published but without naming the source, often phrased as "according to a senior official" or similar descriptors.^[4]^[22] In "on background" arrangements, information can be used and sometimes quoted verbatim, but attribution is limited to the source's generic role or affiliation rather than personal identity, differing from off-the-record by permitting publication under controlled anonymity to lend credibility without exposure.^[43]^[4] "Deep background" allows factual use without any attribution whatsoever, enabling reporters to integrate details as their own knowledge, which extends further than off-the-record by authorizing indirect publication absent sourcing cues, though both emphasize non-attributability, the former facilitates story-building while the latter bars it entirely.^[23]^[6] These distinctions rely on mutual agreement between source and journalist, with variations across outlets; for instance, the Associated Press defines deep background as usable sans attribution, underscoring off-the-record's unique barrier to any exploitation.^[23]^[44]

Cultural and Media References

Books and Literature

In journalism literature, the practice of off-the-record communication has been analyzed in several non-fiction works focusing on its ethical and practical implications. Norman Pearlstine's Off the Record: The Press, the Government, and the War over Anonymous Sources (2007) critiques the overuse of anonymity in reporting, drawing from Pearlstine's experience as editor-in-chief of Time Inc., where he argues that off-the-record agreements can undermine public accountability while enabling government manipulation of narratives.^[45] Similarly, Kathryn McGarr's City of Newsmen: Public Lies and Professional Secrets in Cold War Washington (2022) explores how Washington journalists in the mid-20th century relied on off-the-record briefings for access, fostering a culture of professional secrecy that prioritized elite relationships over transparency, based on archival evidence from government and media records.^[46] Memoirs by prominent journalists often recount personal encounters with off-the-record dynamics. Peter Mansbridge's Off the Record (2021) details behind-the-scenes anecdotes from his decades at the CBC, including unpublishable insights from world leaders during events like the fall of the Berlin Wall, illustrating how such conversations shaped journalistic intuition without direct attribution.^[47] Thomas DeFrank's Write It When I'm Gone: Remarkable Off-the-Record Conversations with Gerald R. Ford (2007) compiles 16 years of private interviews with the former president, conducted under a posthumous release agreement, revealing candid views on Watergate and policy that Ford withheld from on-the-record accounts to protect his legacy.^[48] In fiction, the trope of off-the-record exchanges appears in narratives depicting journalistic intrigue. Camryn Garrett's Off the Record (2021), a young adult novel, follows a Black teen reporter navigating a celebrity scandal, where off-the-record tips expose power imbalances in entertainment media, blending investigative tension with themes of race and access. Samantha Markum's Love, Off the Record (2024) portrays rival college journalists whose competition involves leaked off-the-record information, highlighting ethical dilemmas in campus reporting and personal rivalries turning romantic.^[49] These works reflect broader literary interest in how off-the-record pacts test professional boundaries, though critics note their dramatized portrayals may oversimplify real-world enforceability.^[50]

Music and Recordings

The British glam rock band Sweet released their eighth studio album, Off the Record, on 22 July 1977 via Polydor Records, featuring 10 tracks produced by John Alcock that showcased a transition to synthesizer-heavy arrangements and peaked at number 26 on the UK Albums Chart.^[51] Rapper Ka included the track "Off the Record" on his 2019 album Confessions of a Danger Zone, where the lyrics detail personal anecdotes from his upbringing in Brownsville, Brooklyn, framed as unfiltered, insider revelations akin to confidential disclosures.^[52] The phrase appears in Kid Rock's 1998 song "I Got One for Ya'" from the album Devil Without a Cause, which sold over 14 million copies in the US, with the artist describing a manager's plea to "take it off the record" to avoid public embarrassment, highlighting tensions in artist-executive relationships within the music industry.^[53] In broader lyrical usage, "off the record" evokes themes of private conversations shielded from public scrutiny, as seen in various hip-hop and rock tracks referencing unquoted exchanges or withheld industry gossip, though direct attributions to journalistic origins remain interpretive rather than explicit.^[52]

Television and Film

In the film All the President's Men (1976), directed by Alan J. Pakula, investigative reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein rely heavily on confidential sources during their Watergate probe, with scenes depicting the challenges of extracting usable information from off-the-record exchanges that frustrate their editor Ben Bradlee. The movie highlights ethical tensions in such interactions, as sources like Donald Segretti initially qualify responses as off the record before providing details on campaign dirty tricks, mirroring real journalistic practices where anonymity protects informants but limits direct attribution. This portrayal underscores the film's basis in actual events, where FBI official Mark Felt (Deep Throat) communicated solely through secretive, non-attributable meetings until his 2005 identity revelation.^[54]^[55] Frost/Nixon (2008), directed by Ron Howard and adapted from Peter Morgan's play, dramatizes the 1977 television interviews between British host David Frost and former President Richard Nixon, including a fictionalized off-the-record late-night phone call where Nixon, intoxicated, confesses regrets over Watergate obstructions. This scene, though invented for narrative tension, draws from accounts of Nixon's post-resignation candor in private settings, illustrating how off-the-record moments can humanize public figures and influence on-air dynamics. The film emphasizes Frost's strategy of building rapport through informal talks to elicit admissions, reflecting documented preparations where off-record insights informed questioning tactics.^[56]^[57] Television series often portray off-the-record negotiations in political and journalistic contexts. In The West Wing (1999–2006), created by Aaron Sorkin, White House press secretary C.J. Cregg frequently engages reporters in off-the-record discussions during briefings, as seen in episodes like "The Leadership Breakfast" (season 2, episode 11), where journalists seek clarification on presidential travel amid demands for non-attributable details. Such depictions capture the rapid-fire ethics of Washington press interactions, where sources invoke the term to float trial balloons or gauge reactions without immediate publication risks. Similarly, Lucifer season 3, episode 7 ("Off the Record," aired November 3, 2017) centers on a vengeful reporter exploiting confidential information, satirizing breaches of trust in media-source relationships.^[58]^[59]

Other Artistic Uses

In performance art, Kembra Pfahler's 2022 work On the Record, Off the Record: Sound Off explored themes of public disclosure and private expression through provocative installations and live actions, challenging boundaries between documented and undocumented narratives.^[60] The piece, presented at Emalin gallery, drew on Pfahler's history of boundary-pushing performances to interrogate how "off the record" conversations evade formal records while influencing cultural memory.^[61] Theater productions have incorporated "off the record" as a motif for confidential revelations and accountability. For instance, James Scruggs' Off the Record: Acts of Restorative Justice (2023) is a site-specific theatrical intervention that uses scripted dialogues to simulate off-the-record exchanges, facilitating community discussions on justice and hidden truths in affected neighborhoods.^[62] Similarly, Pittsburgh's annual Off the Record stage revues, reaching its 25th edition in 2023, employ satirical sketches to lampoon local politics and labor issues, often parodying leaked or unofficial statements as vehicles for exposing power dynamics.^[63] These works highlight the phrase's utility in dramatizing the tension between secrecy and public scrutiny.^[64] In visual arts, the Museum of Modern Art's 2014 exhibition Off the Record: Mike Kelley's Extracurricular Activities showcased the late artist's unpublished drawings, zines, and prints from his student and early career phases, emphasizing undocumented creative processes akin to off-the-record insights into artistic development.^[65] Kelley's materials, spanning the 1970s to 1990s, reveal experimental works not intended for mainstream exhibition, paralleling the ephemeral nature of unrecorded information.^[66] Editorial cartoons frequently depict "off the record" scenarios to satirize journalistic ethics and political indiscretions, portraying figures whispering secrets or gesturing for silence amid eager reporters.^[67] Collections from outlets like CartoonStock aggregate such illustrations, where the trope underscores risks of breached confidentiality, as seen in gags featuring politicians retracting statements or journalists navigating attribution dilemmas.^[67] These visual commentaries, prevalent since the mid-20th century, serve as concise critiques of information control in public discourse.

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Jan 15, 2024 · Journalists get broad legal coverage in protecting sources – but not 100% security. Courts may compel reporters to reveal sources. Reporters ...
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Off the Record - Political Dictionary
“Off the record” is a term used in journalism meaning that the information given to the reporter cannot be attributed to the person saying it.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Media Relations: “Off the Record” and “On Background” Explained
Aug 28, 2017 · Information shared off the record should relate to a current news story, or be so unique, scandalous, of public interest, or unusual – it should ...
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Off the Record vs a Non-Disclosure Agreement - LawDepot.com
Dec 6, 2024 · Are “off the record” conversations legally binding? Unfortunately, an “off the record” agreement often doesn't qualify as a legally binding ...What does “off the record... · Are “off the record... · What happens when someone...
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Reporter not liable for allegedly revealing source
A federal judge in Washington, DC, dismissed a case brought against a Newsweek reporter for allegedly failing to honor an agreement not to reveal a source.
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'On background' is common journalism lingo. What does it mean?
Nov 11, 2021 · Patel went on to essentially say that companies simply can't start an email with “on background” or “off the record” or “not for attribution” ...Missing: guidelines | Show results with:guidelines
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NYU Journalism Ethics Handbook
“Off the record” restricts the reporter from using the information the source is about to deliver. The information is offered to explain or further a reporter's ...
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Off the Record: The Press, the Government, and the War over ...
30-day returnsOff the Record is a powerful argument with the vividness and narrative drive of the best long-form journalism; it is sure to spark controversy among the people ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
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Professor Kathryn McGarr publishes new book, “City of Newsmen
Nov 21, 2022 · ... about government sources for professional, social and ideological reasons. “I was interested in some of the off-the-record conversations ...
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Off the Record | Book by Peter Mansbridge - Simon & Schuster
4–8 day deliveryThe book is a look into Peter Mansbridge's life and career, sharing stories from his career, including the fall of the Berlin Wall and 9/11, and his ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
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https://www.bookrackjackson.com/product/239881/Write-It-When-Im-Gone-Remarkable-Off-the-Record-Conversations-With-Gerald-R-Ford
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Love, Off the Record by Samantha Markum | Goodreads
Rating 4.0 (2,087) Jun 11, 2024 · The Hating Game meets Alex, Approximately in this smart, chemistry-filled teen rom-com about two rival journalism students competing for the same position on ...
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Love, Off the Record: 9781665955720: Markum, Samantha: Books
30-day returnsTwo rival journalism students compete for a position, leading to sabotage. One uses a dating app, and they must face their feelings for each other.
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https://www.discogs.com/master/97321-Sweet-Off-The-Record
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Ka – Off The Record Lyrics - Genius
Off The Record Lyrics: Yeah, dig through it, man, dig through it / These pages tell my life in the 'ville / Out here raising hell with license to ill / This ...
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24 Songs About Managers and Record Executives
Mar 2, 2024 · He begged me to take it off the record. I think he felt uncomfortable being shown in that light." 13. Kid Rock, "I Got One for Ya'" From ...
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All the President's Men Film Challenge | Media Law Movies - U.OSU
Feb 2, 2015 · All the President's Men Film Challenge ... He said the Washington Post can't do anything with info that's off the record, and sources that don't ...
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Why, in the film All The Presidents Men, do the journalists type on ...
Apr 9, 2022 · Why do journalists ask for "off the record" information when they can't use it? ... How has the film All the President's Men impacted future ...
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'Frost/Nixon' – a wily game of cat and mouse at TheatreWorks
Jan 21, 2019 · One scene in particular, depicting an off-the-record, private, late night conversation between Nixon and Frost that never actually happened ...Missing: movie | Show results with:movie
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Ron Howard discusses Richard Nixon and his Oscar nominated film ...
Jan 28, 2009 · Ron Howard discusses Richard Nixon and his Oscar nominated film, Frost/Nixon ... off the record that would allow him as the writer, and us as the ...
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The Leadership Breakfast (2.11) – @westwingquotes on Tumblr
I'm going on the trip. Danny: If the whole bus goes off the record, will you tell us why you're going on the trip?
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Off the Record | Lucifer Wiki - Fandom
"Off the Record" is the seventh episode of the third season of Lucifer. "A reporter seeks revenge after he discovers that Lucifer has been sleeping with his ...Missing: examples | Show results with:examples
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50 Questions With Performance Art Provocateur Kembra Pfahler
Jun 13, 2022 · Her upcoming performance artwork, On The Record Off The Record, will take place at Brooklyn's Pioneer Works ahead of a series of much ...
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On The Record, Off The Record: Sound Off — Exhibition Opening
Exhibition Opening. Kembra Pfahler. Presented by — Emalin. A close up headshot of the artist Kembra Pfahler. Archive.Missing: theater | Show results with:theater
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Off the Record: Acts of Restorative Justice
Apr 21, 2023 · Off the Record: Acts of Restorative Justice is a theatrical intervention that changes lives. James Scruggs will work with community ...
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Off the Record XXV: Burgh to the Future! - Pittsburgh | Byham Theater
Musical satire for a good cause is back in action for YEAR 25 when OFF THE RECORD XXV: BURGH TO THE FUTURE! is at the Byham Theater on Oct.
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Off the Record Pittsburgh
Off the Record Pittsburgh is an annual comedy-musical stage show sponsored, written and produced by Pittsburgh labor unions. We have been satirizing our town ...
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Off the Record: Mike Kelley's Extracurricular Activities - MoMA
Jan 22, 2014 · Off the Record: Mike Kelley's Extracurricular Activities. Posted by Karen Grimson, Curatorial Assistant, Department of Drawings and Prints ...
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Exhibition History | Mike Kelley Foundation For The Arts
Off the Record: Sound Arc, ARC/ Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Paris, France, 2004. (no exh. cat.) 2005. Flashback: Revisiting the Art of the ...<|separator|>
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https://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/o/off_the_record.asp