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Perfect Days

Perfect Days is a 2023 drama film directed by from a screenplay he co-wrote with Takuma Takasaki. Starring Kôji Yakusho as Hirayama, a dedicated in , the film portrays his serene, repetitive daily routine enriched by simple joys like brewing coffee, listening to on cassette tapes, reading at night, and taking contemplative walks. Through subtle disruptions to this rhythm, it delves into themes of , , and finding profundity in the ordinary. Commissioned as part of The Toilet project—an initiative by producer Koji Yanai to redesign public restrooms across with contributions from renowned architects—the film highlights these innovative facilities while reflecting on urban tranquility and human connection. A Japan-Germany co-production involving companies such as Master Mind, Spoon, and Wenders Images, the Japanese-language film was filmed over 17 days in various locations. With a of 124 minutes, Perfect Days premiered in competition at the 76th on 25 May 2023, where Yakusho earned the Award for his nuanced portrayal. The achieved widespread acclaim for its poetic simplicity and Wenders' return to influences, garnering a 96% approval rating from critics on based on 186 reviews. Selected as Japan's submission for the Best International at the , it received a nomination, marking the first such honor for a directed by a non- filmmaker in over 70 years. Additional accolades include the Best at the 2023 Asia Pacific Screen Awards and Best Director for Wenders at the 47th . Commercially successful, Perfect Days grossed $26.8 million worldwide as of 2025, surpassing previous records for Wenders' films.

Synopsis and Themes

Plot Summary

Hirayama (Kōji Yakusho), a stoic man in his sixties, leads a meticulously structured life as a cleaner of architecturally innovative public toilets in Tokyo's Shibuya district as part of the Tokyo Toilet project. Each weekday begins at dawn in his modest capsule-like apartment, where he rises with the light, folds his bedding, brushes his teeth while studying his reflection, and waters two young saplings growing in the corner. He then drives to work in his white van, playing cassette tapes of and soul artists such as Lou Reed's "Perfect Day," The Velvet Underground's "," and The Kinks' "." At the job sites, Hirayama works alongside his younger coworker (Tokio Emoto), who handles assignments with casual energy and frequently borrows the van for dates, while Hirayama focuses on thorough cleaning with quiet efficiency. During lunch breaks, he eats a simple of rice balls and tea in a park, then photographs trees and cloud formations with a camera, capturing fleeting natural details amid the . Afternoons continue with more cleaning duties. After work, he stops at a cozy bar run by the warm proprietress (Sayuri Ishikawa) for a and light conversation, followed by a soak at a local bathhouse. Returning home, he reads novels by authors like and under a lamp before sleeping; his dreams unfold in stark black-and-white visions of towering trees. Weekends introduce minor variations to the routine. Hirayama visits a laundromat, browses a secondhand bookstore for new reads, and dines at Mama's, where subtle camaraderie builds through shared glances. One such day, he encounters the lively young woman Aya (Aoi Yamada), a brief acquaintance who kisses his cheek and joins him for an evening, leading to a tender overnight stay; they part the next morning with mutual respect and no expectations. The film's episodic narrative spans about a week, with disruptions arising from family ties. One evening, Hirayama's teenage niece (Arisa Nakano) arrives unannounced at his door, having fled her affluent home after arguing with her mother. He accommodates her without question, giving up his bed and sharing his cassette collection and books; they bond during a nighttime bike ride across a bridge, gazing at the , and expresses envy for his serene existence before borrowing a . The following day, Niko's mother—Hirayama's estranged sister Keiko (Yumi Asō)—arrives in a to retrieve her, visibly dismayed by Hirayama's humble surroundings and pressing him to reconcile with their dying father, a wealthy man from whom Hirayama long ago distanced himself. Hirayama demurs gently, repeating his that "next time is next time, now is now," revealing fractures from his past rejection of . Niko departs tearfully, embracing her tightly. Despite his stance, Hirayama later visits his father's opulent home alone. Finding the elderly man asleep, he enters the bedroom and discovers a framed of his grown, estranged , a poignant reminder of relationships he has forsaken. He lingers briefly in before slipping away unnoticed. In the film's closing moments, Hirayama drives to work in his van, listening to Nina Simone's "" as filters through the (komorebi) outside the . His face reflects a range of emotions—, , —before breaking into a quiet , underscoring the completeness of his chosen path.

Central Themes

The film Perfect Days explores the profound fulfillment derived from and daily routines, portraying the Hirayama's life as a deliberate embrace of modest, repetitive acts that yield deep contentment. Through his meticulous work cleaning public toilets and his unhurried personal rituals, the narrative illustrates how structured can serve as a pathway to , contrasting the chaos of contemporary existence. This theme aligns with aesthetic philosophies, particularly wabi-sabi, which celebrates the beauty inherent in imperfection, transience, and understated elegance, as seen in Hirayama's appreciation for everyday objects and environments that bear the marks of time and use. Complementing is the concept of , an acute sensitivity to the ephemeral nature of things, which permeates the film's depiction of Hirayama's quiet observations of the world. His routine encounters with passing seasons and evoke a poignant of life's impermanence, fostering a gentle rather than resistance. This philosophical undercurrent underscores the film's on finding joy amid inevitable change, emphasizing presence over possession. A subtle critique emerges of modern urban alienation, juxtaposed against Hirayama's analog lifestyle choices, such as listening to cassette tapes and using film photography in an increasingly digital Tokyo. The film highlights the isolating effects of technological saturation and consumerism, positioning Hirayama's rejection of digital conveniences as a form of quiet rebellion that reconnects him to tangible, sensory experiences. This motif critiques the dehumanizing pace of urban life while affirming the restorative power of low-tech rituals. Family estrangement forms another layer, hinted at through symbolic elements like a cherished of Hirayama's and interactions with his niece, which suggest unresolved tensions and tentative steps toward . These moments reveal the lingering shadows of past familial disconnects, yet they are handled with restraint, implying that true harmony may lie in acceptance rather than forced resolution. The narrative uses these subtle cues to explore how personal routines can coexist with emotional undercurrents, offering hints of without overt . Motifs of and transience further enrich the thematic landscape, with recurring imagery of cherry blossoms and shifting seasons symbolizing life's fleeting beauty. Hirayama's practice captures these transient moments, transforming ordinary natural phenomena into emblems of and impermanence. This approach reinforces the film's invitation to savor the present, where nature's cycles mirror human experiences of joy and loss. As a co-production between and , Perfect Days embodies cross-cultural elements, with director applying a perspective to Japanese minimalism, blending his signature road-movie introspection with Eastern philosophies of restraint and . This fusion results in a contemplative gaze that honors Japanese cultural nuances—such as the elegance of public spaces and ritualistic living—while infusing them with universal humanistic insights, creating a bridge between Eastern serenity and narrative curiosity.

Cast and Characters

Principal Cast

The principal cast of Perfect Days is anchored by Kōji Yakusho as Hirayama, the film's protagonist and a cleaner whose daily routines embody serene simplicity; Yakusho's performance, marked by subtle facial expressions and deliberate movements, masterfully conveys quiet contentment without overt dialogue. A prolific figure in Japanese cinema since the , Yakusho has portrayed complex everyman characters in acclaimed works such as (1985), directed by , and Shall We Dance? (1996), directed by Masayuki Suo, making him an ideal choice for Hirayama's introspective depth. In supporting roles, Tokio Emoto plays Takashi, Hirayama's enthusiastic young colleague at the Tokyo Toilet cleaning service, bringing youthful energy to contrast the lead's restraint. Nakano portrays Niko, Hirayama's curious teenage niece, infusing the family interactions with innocent warmth, while Aoi Yamada appears as Aya, Takashi's girlfriend and a highlighting themes of transience. Yumi Aso and round out key supports as Keiko, Niko's mother and Hirayama's , and Mama, the maternal at his regular haunt, respectively, adding layers of relational familiarity. Tomokazu Miura takes on the minor role of Tomoyama, Hirayama's affable manager, providing workplace context through understated authority. The film features no major cameos, maintaining its focus on ensemble intimacy. Casting for Perfect Days emphasized authenticity in a Japan-Germany co-production, with director , known for cross-cultural narratives like (1984), selecting Japanese talent to ground the setting. Yakusho's preparation involved two days of hands-on training from Tokyo Toilet Project staff, where he learned precise cleaning techniques and observed real workflows to replicate the role's physical realism.

Character Analysis

Hirayama embodies the archetype of the , deriving quiet fulfillment from his unvarying daily routines as a cleaner of Tokyo's public toilets, which symbolize a deliberate embrace of simplicity and resistance to the disorienting chaos of urban modernity. His methodical habits—rising at dawn, brewing , and methodically scrubbing facilities—reflect a of presence and acceptance, allowing him to navigate life's impermanence with . Yet, these routines also mask hints of past , revealed through terse family encounters that allude to a former life of privilege and emotional turmoil, including estrangement from his Keiko, whom he abandoned years earlier amid unspoken conflicts. Niko, Hirayama's teenage niece, injects bursts of youthful energy and impulsivity into his serene world, starkly contrasting his composed restraint and underscoring generational divides in approaches to existence. Running away from her affluent but strained home with Keiko, Niko seeks refuge in Hirayama's modest van and sparse , where she tentatively joins his rituals, such as polishing toilet fixtures or gazing at trees, gradually appreciating the profundity in his understated joy. Their bond, marked by sparse words and shared silences, highlights her budding disillusionment with material excess and her tentative draw toward his grounded perspective, though it also exposes the limits of his emotional availability. The supporting female characters, including Keiko, Mama, Aya, and colleague Sato, provide glimpses into Hirayama's relational world, emphasizing themes of family tension, quiet camaraderie, and fleeting social ties. Keiko represents unresolved familial estrangement, her visit revealing subtle undercurrents of past abandonment and concern for her brother. Mama, the warm , offers a space of gentle familiarity and unspoken support in his evening routine. Aya, encountered through , introduces a moment of awkward social extension, highlighting Hirayama's polite detachment amid . Sato, the female colleague, shares in the workday labor, her presence adding subtle layers to the workplace interactions without deep emotional intrusion. Through these ensemble dynamics, Hirayama's inner world unfolds indirectly via understated interactions, where minimal dialogue and observant gestures—such as sharing a with Niko or exchanging nods with colleagues—gradually unveil his and lingering scars without resorting to exposition. His carefully tended houseplants, symbolizing growth amid constraint, and cherished cassette tapes of , evoking nostalgic solace, serve as tangible extensions of his personality, bridging his solitary habits with the rare intrusions of others and reinforcing the film's on quiet .

Production Background

Development and Writing

The development of Perfect Days originated from the Tokyo Toilet project, a 2018 initiative by the to renovate 17 public restrooms in Ward with designs by renowned architects, aiming to symbolize Japan's hospitality culture. was invited by Japanese producer and co-writer Takuma Takasaki to create short documentaries highlighting these facilities, but the project evolved into a as Wenders sought to explore the life of a toilet cleaner rather than mere . This commission provided Wenders an opportunity to return to , a city that had long captivated him since his earlier visits, including inspirations drawn from his 1985 documentary , which meditated on Yasujirō Ozu's filmmaking and urban Japan. The writing process involved close collaboration between Wenders and , who worked in English with the aid of an interpreter before finalizing the script in . Their approach emphasized minimal to prioritize visual , capturing the protagonist's routine through subtle, observational details inspired by the real toilet designs featured in the Toilet project. The basic script was completed in just four weeks, allowing flexibility for on-set adjustments while maintaining a focus on themes of everyday . As a co-production involving Japan's Master Mind Ltd. and Spoon Inc., and Germany's Wenders Images GbR—with funding supported by the Nippon Foundation's involvement in the originating project—the film blended international perspectives. Key challenges included adapting Wenders' European sensibilities to Japanese cultural nuances, such as the understated emotional restraint of the characters, which helped navigate through authentic dialogue and setting choices.

Filming and Locations

for Perfect Days took place over 17 days in during late 2022, utilizing 35mm film to capture the city's intimate details with a sense of tactile authenticity. Franz Lustig employed a handheld approach, emphasizing natural lighting and the passage of daylight to underscore the film's themes of routine and observation, often framing scenes to highlight subtle shifts in urban light and shadow. The production centered on real locations throughout , integrating actual public facilities as key settings to ground the narrative in everyday realism. Central to the story are the redesigned public toilets from The Tokyo Toilet project, initiated by entrepreneur Koji Yanai in 2020 through the , which transformed 17 restrooms in Shibuya's parks and plazas into architectural landmarks by renowned designers. Specific sites include the translucent facility at Ebisu East Park, designed by Pritzker Prize winner , and others in and , where protagonist Hirayama performs his daily maintenance routines. Additional outdoor sequences were filmed in verdant spaces like National Garden, capturing seasonal foliage and quiet pathways that reflect Hirayama's contemplative walks. Hirayama's modest home was portrayed in the Kameido neighborhood of Koto ward, a residential area east of the near Koto Tenso Shrine, evoking the film's portrayal of simple, unadorned domesticity. Technically, the film adheres to a 1.33:1 , evoking classic influences while maintaining a square-like frame that focuses attention on the human scale amid Tokyo's expanse. Towako Kuwajima oversaw set details to blend seamlessly with these authentic locales, ensuring minimal alterations to preserve the story's observational purity. Editor Froschhammer handled , refining the footage to emphasize rhythmic continuity in Hirayama's days without overt acceleration. Filming occurred shortly after the easing of restrictions in , necessitating strict health protocols such as masking, testing, and limited crew sizes to mitigate risks during on-location shoots in public areas. As a foreign-led production, the team navigated Tokyo's regulatory environment for street filming, where permits for larger setups can be expedited but often require coordination with local authorities to avoid disruptions in high-traffic zones like . These constraints influenced a guerrilla-style approach, allowing the crew to capture spontaneous urban energy—pedestrians, traffic, and ambient sounds—while adhering to guidelines that prioritized safety and minimal intrusion.

Music and Sound Design

Soundtrack Composition

The soundtrack of Perfect Days centers on a meticulously curated playlist of , , and tracks, primarily experienced through the Hirayama's collection of cassette tapes, which he plays during his daily commutes and routines. The film incorporates a dozen songs, selected to evoke and simplicity, with representative examples including "The " by , which accompanies his morning drive to work and cleaning tasks; "" by ; "(Sittin' On) the Dock of the Bay" by ; "Redondo Beach" by ; and "Perfect Day" by , whose title inspired the film's name and plays during reflective moments. Japanese influences are woven in through tracks like "Aoi Sakana" (Blue Fish) by Sachiko Kanenobu and "The " (Japanese version) by , blending Western classics with domestic artists to underscore Hirayama's eclectic tastes. Central to the soundtrack's composition is the cassette motif, where Hirayama's tapes are hand-labeled with thematic categories such as "Speedy" for energetic rock numbers like those by The Rolling Stones' "(Walkin' Thru The) Sleepy City," "Dreams" for mellow, introspective selections including Nina Simone's "Feeling Good" and Van Morrison's "Brown Eyed Girl," and others like "New York" for Velvet Underground tracks. This analog format emphasizes the film's themes of routine and personal ritual, with the tapes serving as a tangible link to Hirayama's past; the official soundtrack description notes that it exclusively features these beloved, long-ago recordings he replays daily. Specific cues tie songs to his rituals, such as The Animals' rendition during toilet cleaning sequences or The Kinks' "Sunny Afternoon" amid leisurely breaks. The original score is deliberately minimal, relying on subtle ambient transitions with guitar and piano to bridge scenes without overpowering the sourced tracks, maintaining the film's understated aesthetic. Licensing the predominantly Western catalog for a Japanese production involved navigating international copyright hurdles, as evidenced by production credits acknowledging permissions from entities like EMI Music Publishing and Warner Music Group for songs such as Lou Reed's "Perfect Day" (performed in a piano cover by Patrick Watson for the end credits). A dedicated soundtrack album, compiling the featured songs, was released by Universal Music Japan in 2023, allowing audiences to recreate Hirayama's playlist.

Role of Music in the Film

Music in Perfect Days serves as emotional anchors, deeply intertwined with protagonist Hirayama's inner life and evoking his past through carefully selected tracks that mirror his contemplative routine. The title song, Lou Reed's "Perfect Days," exemplifies this by providing an ironic lens on Hirayama's seemingly idyllic yet solitary existence, underscoring themes of quiet fulfillment amid subtle regret. The film's use of Western rock classics within a contemporary urban setting creates a cultural , symbolizing how global musical influences permeate and enrich Hirayama's personal rituals, bridging Eastern with Western expressiveness. Nearly all music is diegetic, emanating from sources like Hirayama's car cassette player or radio, which immerses audiences in his world and fosters a sense of intimacy without relying on a composed score. This technique heightens realism, allowing the songs to unfold organically as extensions of the character's habits. Tracks influence the film's pacing by setting rhythmic pulses for dynamic sequences, such as morning commutes, while their absence amplifies silence in reflective interludes, creating a meditative that mirrors Hirayama's unhurried days. intentionally foregrounds analog formats like cassette tapes to position music as a to digital saturation, celebrating their fixed sequences as a for mindful, irreversible life choices in an era of editable playlists.

Release and Distribution

World Premiere

Perfect Days had its world premiere on May 25, 2023, at the 76th , where it screened in the main Competition section alongside other high-profile entries such as . The debut at the Grand Théâtre Lumière drew an enthusiastic response from the audience, culminating in a lasting over eight minutes. The film's festival circuit continued with a screening at the in September 2023 as part of the Special Presentations program. It was subsequently shown out-of-competition in the Perlak section at the 71st later that month. In October 2023, Perfect Days opened the 36th , marking a significant homecoming presentation in . From its Cannes debut, the generated early positive buzz, particularly surrounding Kōji Yakusho's nuanced portrayal of the protagonist Hirayama, which contributed to swift international sales and later festival honors.

Theatrical and Home Release

Perfect Days was released theatrically in on December 22, 2023, distributed by Bitters End, where it grossed 1.33 billion yen domestically, marking a significant success for an arthouse in the local market. The film's strong performance was driven by positive word-of-mouth among audiences appreciating its contemplative narrative. Internationally, the rollout began in in late 2023, with releases in on November 29 by Haut et Court, generating over 356,000 admissions and €2.57 million in its initial weeks, and in on December 21 by Film . In , distributed by Lucky Red, it achieved a gross of €5.07 million by early 2024. Other European territories saw distribution through companies like in select markets, contributing to the film's arthouse appeal across the continent. In the United States, handled a starting February 7, 2024, following an Oscar-qualifying run in November 2023, earning $3.77 million domestically through steady word-of-mouth in independent circuits. By mid-2024, the film had surpassed $25 million in global earnings, with continued releases boosting totals to $26.76 million worldwide as of late 2024. Festival premieres earlier in 2023 facilitated key distribution deals that enabled this broad commercial rollout. For home media, a Blu-ray and DVD edition was released in on July 26, 2024, by Bitters End, offering bonus features including interviews with director . In the , the issued a special 4K UHD/Blu-ray combo on July 16, 2024, featuring restored visuals and supplemental materials like essays and behind-the-scenes content. Streaming availability expanded by late 2024, with the film premiering on in the on March 5, 2024, and on Mubi in regions like the and parts of . By 2025, it saw further accessibility in , including a streaming rollout on platforms in following its theatrical debut there on November 15, 2024, enhancing its global reach through digital formats.

Critical Reception

Reviews and Analysis

Perfect Days received widespread critical acclaim upon its release, earning a 96% approval rating on based on 186 reviews, with critics frequently praising its meditative pace and Kōji Yakusho's subtle performance as the stoic toilet cleaner Hirayama. The film's deliberate rhythm and focus on everyday rituals were highlighted as evoking a profound sense of tranquility and , positioning it as a standout in ' oeuvre. Audience reception was similarly positive, with a 99% score on the Popcornmeter as of November 2025, reflecting viewers' appreciation for its gentle exploration of simplicity amid urban life. Prominent reviews underscored the film's humanistic depth. of awarded it four out of four stars, commending Wenders for portraying Hirayama's "orderly, ascetic, but culturally rich life" as a testament to quiet dignity and resilience in routine labor. In , Jeannette Catsoulis described it as a "gentle excavation" of the shadows lurking within Hirayama's seemingly idyllic existence, noting how the narrative subtly reveals layers of personal history through understated encounters. Variety's called it a "tender portrait of routine," lauding Wenders' return to form in crafting a poignant character study that celebrates Japan's understated beauty without exoticizing it. While predominantly positive, some critiques pointed to the film's predictability and potential cultural overreach. Reviewers like those on noted that its repetitive structure occasionally flirts with glibness, risking a sentimental gloss over deeper existential questions. Additionally, Wenders himself raised concerns about cultural appropriation in selecting the soundtrack's Western-influenced tracks, questioning in an whether imposing his musical preferences on a Japanese story veered into insensitive territory. Analytically, Perfect Days has been situated within the slow cinema tradition, where its unhurried depiction of daily tasks fosters contemplation akin to the works of Yasujirō Ozu, whose influence is evident in the film's emphasis on familial restraint and transient beauty. By 2025, amid ongoing retrospectives of Wenders' career—including screenings in India that paired Perfect Days with earlier films like Tokyo-Ga—retrospective analyses have further emphasized its role in bridging Western and Eastern cinematic sensibilities, sustaining its relevance post-Oscar nomination buzz.

Awards and Nominations

At the in 2023, Perfect Days received the Award for Kōji Yakusho's performance as Hirayama, the first Japanese actor to win the award since in 2004. The film earned a nomination for Best International Feature Film at the in 2024, Japan's official entry and the first directed by a non-Japanese filmmaker to receive this honor; it lost to Glazer's . Kōji Yakusho also won the Best Actor award at the 47th Japan Academy Film Prize in 2024 for his role in Perfect Days, adding to his record as one of the most nominated performers in the ceremony's history with four prior wins. Perfect Days secured the Best Film award at the 17th Asia Pacific Screen Awards in 2023, recognizing its contributions to regional cinema. By late 2025, the film had accumulated 51 nominations and 14 wins across international ceremonies. These accolades underscored Perfect Days' role in bridging cross-cultural storytelling, with Yakusho's victory serving as a pivotal milestone in his decades-long career that elevated global appreciation for nuanced Japanese performances.
Award CeremonyCategoryResultRecipient
(2023)Best ActorWonKōji Yakusho
(2024)Best International Feature FilmNominatedN/A
(2024)Best ActorWonKōji Yakusho
Asia Pacific Screen Awards (2023)Best FilmWonN/A

Cultural and Critical Impact

Global Influence

Perfect Days has garnered significant appeal, with theatrical releases and screenings across numerous countries, including major markets in (such as , , the , , , , , , , and ), ( and ), (, , , and ), Latin America, , and others, contributing to a worldwide over $26 million as of late 2024. This broad distribution has boosted interest in Japanese , as evidenced by discussions among cinephiles who praise the film as a masterclass in contemplative storytelling, drawing comparisons to the works of and highlighting its meditative pace. The film's themes of and routine have led to its incorporation into educational contexts, including events at Harvard's Graduate School of Design focused on and life. Additionally, Perfect Days has inspired travel to its featured locations in , particularly the architect-designed public toilets of the Shibuya district under the Tokyo Toilet project; guided tours of these sites have been launched to meet growing tourist interest sparked by the film. On the industry front, as a pioneering German-Japanese co-production directed by a non-Japanese filmmaker yet selected as Japan's entry for the Best International at the , Perfect Days has underscored the viability of cross-cultural collaborations, potentially encouraging more Western-Japanese film ventures. Producer Koji Yanai's involvement, stemming from his initiation of the Toilet project, has amplified the film's impact on public design awareness, further promoting innovative urban initiatives through cinematic exposure. platforms have seen viral engagement with the film's portrayal of disciplined routines, with users sharing personal reflections on and presence, often in the context of post-pandemic recovery; this has extended to like the MUBI Podcast episode where director discusses the film's origins in pandemic-era introspection. Economically, Perfect Days has enhanced Tokyo's by vividly showcasing the city's meticulous public infrastructure and serene daily life, drawing global attention to cultural and . The film's , featuring classic tracks curated to reflect the protagonist's routines, has achieved notable popularity, with dedicated playlists and merchandise contributing to its cultural footprint beyond theaters.

Interpretations and Legacy

Academic analyses published in 2024 and 2025 have increasingly examined Perfect Days through lenses of and , highlighting the Hirayama's routine as a on human finitude and environmental interconnectedness. In an April 2025 study titled "Reflections of Light and Nature in Cinematic Space: Komorebi in ' Perfect Days," researcher Senem Müştak Sevindik explores how the film's depiction of komorebi—sunlight filtering through leaves—serves as a visual for ecological and existential awareness, arguing that these natural motifs underscore Hirayama's of life's transient amid urban industrialization. Similarly, a 31 March 2025 article in the journal Buildings, "The Phenomenology of Space in ' Perfect Days," by Serap Sevgi and Ömer Özeren, applies Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological framework to the film's public restrooms, interpreting them as spaces that evoke existential and the impermanence of daily , where facilitates a dialogue between body and environment. Philosophical interpretations often draw parallels between the film and ' absurdism as well as , emphasizing themes of repetitive labor and mindful presence. A 2026 university syllabus for a course on "Dark Self: East & West" at the pairs Perfect Days with Camus' "," positing the film as an illustration of absurd heroism through Hirayama's uncomplaining embrace of Sisyphean toil, intertwined with Buddhist concepts of karma and impermanence. In a March 2024 interview with , director elaborated on these ties, describing the character's philosophy as one where "everything feels almost holy" in simple acts, evoking principles of impermanence (mujō) and the of the ordinary, which he drew from cultural influences during production. A February 2024 Sight & Sound review further reinforces this by analyzing the film's existential rhythm as a "beauty of the everyday," where ecological elements like trees and light patterns mirror detachment from material excess. The film's legacy has evolved post-2024, with reflections increasingly addressing amid global and offering nascent feminist readings of its female characters. An April 2025 retrospective in In All Things at highlights Perfect Days as timely for contemporary audiences grappling with exhaustion, portraying Hirayama's as a model for mental resilience through ritualistic calm in an overstimulated world. Feminist interpretations, though emerging, focus on characters like Hirayama's niece and as subtle counters to his , suggesting layers of relational complexity that challenge patriarchal narratives, as noted in scattered 2024 analyses. Wenders, in a July 2024 Criterion Collection essay, reflected on the film's ongoing relevance, stating that its exploration of how "everyday existence drifts into our dream lives" captures a universal need for presence. Scholarly discourse reveals gaps, including limited queer readings of Hirayama's solitude. A January 2025 entry in Senses of Cinema's World Poll praises the film as Wenders's best narrative in decades.

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