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RSV

RSV is a three-letter initialism with multiple meanings in various fields. In biology and medicine, it most commonly refers to respiratory syncytial virus, a common cause of respiratory infections, or rous sarcoma virus, an avian retrovirus. Other uses include organizations such as the Royal Society of Victoria, transportation terms like research support vessel, and miscellaneous items including the Revised Standard Version of the Bible.

Biology and Medicine

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a highly contagious, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Orthopneumovirus in the family Pneumoviridae and order Mononegavirales.^[1] It exists in two major antigenic subtypes, A and B, which differ in their surface glycoproteins and contribute to annual epidemics through antigenic variation.^[2] Previously classified within the Paramyxoviridae family alongside viruses like parainfluenza, RSV was reclassified in 2016 to reflect its distinct genetic and structural features.^[3] RSV is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia, particularly in children under 1 year of age.^[4] Globally, RSV causes an estimated 33 million episodes of acute lower respiratory infections annually in children under 5 years, resulting in about 3.6 million hospitalizations and 100,000 deaths in this age group, with additional burden in older adults and other vulnerable populations.^[4] Nearly all children experience at least one RSV infection by age 2, though reinfections occur throughout life due to incomplete immunity.^[4] The virus poses higher risks of severe disease to premature infants, older adults aged 65 years and older, and immunocompromised individuals, who may develop complications like respiratory failure.^[5] Transmission primarily occurs through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing, as well as contact with contaminated surfaces, facilitating close-contact spread in households and communities.^[6] In temperate climates, RSV exhibits strong seasonality, with peaks during winter months from November to March in the Northern Hemisphere, driven by factors like low humidity and indoor crowding.^[7] As of 2025, preventive options have expanded with FDA-approved RSV vaccines including GSK's Arexvy, Pfizer's Abrysvo, and Moderna's mResvia (approved 2024) for adults; current CDC recommendations (as of 2025) include all adults 75 years and older and adults 50-74 at increased risk, with Abrysvo also recommended for pregnant individuals at 32-36 weeks gestation to protect infants. These vaccines reduce severe RSV lower respiratory tract disease by up to 80% in clinical trials.^[8] For infants, the monoclonal antibody nirsevimab (Beyfortus), approved by the FDA in 2023, provides passive immunity during the first RSV season, offering protection against hospitalization for up to 6 months.^[9] These advancements mark a significant step in mitigating RSV's burden on high-risk populations.^[10]

Rous Sarcoma Virus

The Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is a replication-competent, oncogene-containing retrovirus belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus in the family Retroviridae, known for inducing sarcomas in chickens and other avian species.^[11] It was first identified as a filterable agent capable of transmitting connective tissue tumors between chickens, marking it as the inaugural demonstration of a virus causing solid tumors in vertebrates.^[12] Discovered by Peyton Rous in 1911 through experiments at the Rockefeller Institute, where cell-free filtrates from a chicken sarcoma induced tumors in healthy birds, RSV challenged prevailing views on cancer etiology and established viral oncogenesis as a field of study.^[13] Rous's findings, published in the Journal of Experimental Medicine, were initially met with skepticism but later recognized as groundbreaking, earning him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1966 for discovering tumor-inducing viruses.^[14] This virus remains the prototype for avian retroviruses and the first oncovirus described.^[15] RSV possesses a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome approximately 9.3 kilobases in length, organized into four primary open reading frames: gag (encoding capsid proteins), pol (encoding reverse transcriptase and integrase), env (encoding envelope glycoproteins), and src (encoding a tyrosine kinase oncoprotein).^[16] The v-src oncogene, acquired from the host during viral evolution, drives cellular transformation by constitutively activating signaling pathways that promote uncontrolled proliferation and inhibit apoptosis, distinguishing RSV from non-oncogenic retroviruses.^[17] As an experimental model, RSV has been instrumental in elucidating mechanisms of viral oncogenesis, including how oncogenes disrupt normal cell regulation to induce malignancy.^[18] Its v-Src protein was pivotal in the 1970s discovery of protein tyrosine kinases, revealing their role in signal transduction and linking viral proteins to eukaryotic growth control pathways.^[19] Although RSV does not infect humans and is restricted to avian hosts, its study has profoundly shaped retrovirus research, including insights into integration and replication strategies applicable to lentiviruses like HIV.^[20]

Organizations

Royal Society of Victoria

The Royal Society of Victoria (RSV) was founded in 1854 in Melbourne, Australia, as the Philosophical Society of Victoria, a learned society dedicated to promoting scientific knowledge, literature, and art for the benefit of the community.^[21] Three years after Victoria's separation from New South Wales, the society emerged amid the colony's rapid growth during the gold rush era, drawing inspiration from the Royal Society of London established in 1660.^[21] In 1855, it merged with the Victorian Institute for the Advancement of Science, and in 1859, it received royal assent to become the Royal Society of Victoria, coinciding with the opening of its historic building at 8 La Trobe Street, designed by architect Joseph Reed.^[21] This venue has since served as a hub for scientific discourse, hosting early discussions on Melbourne's infrastructure, including its museum, water supply, and sewerage systems.^[22] Historically, the RSV played a pivotal role in advancing exploration and natural history in Australia. It commissioned the Burke and Wills expedition in 1860 to survey inland regions and contributed to biological surveys of Port Phillip Bay, fostering understanding of Victorian ecology.^[22] In 1886, the society established the Australian Antarctic Exploration Committee, marking the first organized Australian effort toward Antarctic scientific investigation and laying groundwork for later expeditions.^[23] The RSV has published the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria annually since 1855, documenting research across disciplines from geology to zoology.^[24] Key activities include hosting public lectures, seminars, and events through initiatives like Inspiring Victoria and National Science Week, which engage communities in science and technology.^[25] The society administers awards such as the RSV Research Medal for excellence in scientific research and the Young Scientist Research Prizes for doctoral candidates in fields like biomedical, biological, earth, and physical sciences, recognizing emerging talent with monetary prizes and certificates.^[26] Membership is open to individuals, organizations, schools, and enthusiasts across Australia and the region interested in science and technology, with categories including fellows appointed for significant contributions.^[27] The RSV collaborates with bodies like Science & Technology Australia and participates in networks such as Australia's Royal Societies, supporting broader scientific advancement.^[28] As of 2025, the RSV emphasizes public outreach, STEM education, and research on pressing issues like climate change, through programs that build science literacy in regional areas and partner with schools for hands-on initiatives.^[25] It continues to operate from its heritage-listed building, renovated to serve as Victoria's premier science and technology hub, while expanding online platforms for virtual engagement.^[21]

Réseau Santé Valais

The Réseau Santé Valais, now known as Hôpital du Valais, was established on January 1, 2004, in the canton of Valais, Switzerland, through the merger of ten hospitals and clinics to form an integrated network of healthcare providers, including acute care facilities, ambulatory services, and primary care coordination.^[29]^[30] This structure was created under cantonal legislation to unify fragmented hospital policies across the region's thirteen districts, addressing historical inefficiencies in public health delivery.^[31] The network's primary objectives are to enhance coordinated care, optimize resource sharing, and improve access to health services for the canton's approximately 371,000 residents (as of 2024), particularly in its challenging mountainous terrain where geographic barriers can hinder timely medical attention.^[32]^[33] It serves as the reference institution for the hospital component of Valais's health system, providing 24/7 acute care in both ambulatory and inpatient settings while aligning with federal and cantonal health policies.^[33] Key components include major hospital sites such as those in Sion (central administration), Sierre, Martigny, and Brigue, which collectively employ over 6,200 staff and handle more than 650,000 ambulatory visits and 41,500 inpatient admissions annually.^[34] The network emphasizes telemedicine initiatives, such as remote consultations with specialists for emergency support, and robust emergency response systems, including a dedicated non-vital medical emergencies line (0848 200 300).^[35] Among its achievements, the Réseau Santé Valais has improved chronic disease management through integrated care programs and specialized consultations, as demonstrated by initiatives like symposia on nursing expertise for chronic conditions and dedicated services for respiratory and palliative care.^[36]^[37] It also coordinated an effective pandemic response during COVID-19, reactivating a crisis cell for hospital management, implementing vaccination rollouts starting with geriatric patients, and developing post-COVID care consultations.^[38]^[39]^[40] Governance is structured as an autonomous public institution under cantonal oversight, operating as a non-profit entity with a seven-member board of directors appointed by the State Council of Valais, alongside a general directorate responsible for operational and strategic decisions, including budget approval and resource allocation.^[41] This framework incorporates public-private partnerships, such as collaborations with private clinics for expanded capacity during peaks in demand.^[42]

Transportation

Research Support Vessel

Research support vessels (RSVs) are multi-purpose maritime platforms engineered primarily for oceanographic research, logistical support to remote scientific stations, and deployment of submersible equipment such as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). These vessels facilitate extended expeditions in challenging marine environments, including polar regions, by combining research capabilities with supply functions like transporting personnel, equipment, and provisions to isolated bases. Unlike general cargo ships, RSVs are optimized for scientific operations, featuring specialized laboratories, winches for deploying sensors, and storage for samples.^[43]^[44] Common features of RSVs include ice-strengthened hulls to navigate frozen waters, helipads for helicopter operations in remote areas, and dynamic positioning systems that use thrusters and GPS to maintain precise station-keeping without anchors, essential for stable data collection over seabeds. These vessels typically measure 50 to 160 meters in length, with displacements ranging from 10,000 to 25,000 tons, allowing them to carry substantial cargo while accommodating 30 to 50 scientists and crew. Propulsion systems often incorporate diesel-electric setups for efficiency in varying conditions, and many are rated for icebreaking up to 1.5-2 meters thick.^[45]^[44]^[46] A notable example is the German RV Polarstern, commissioned in 1983 and operated by the Alfred Wegener Institute, which serves Arctic and Antarctic missions focused on climate studies, marine biology, and geophysics. At 118 meters long with a double-hulled, ice-strengthened design capable of breaking 1.5-meter-thick ice, Polarstern supports the Neumayer III station in Antarctica by delivering supplies and enabling on-site experiments during year-round voyages of up to 80 days. It features two helicopters for aerial surveys and deploys ROVs for deep-sea sampling, contributing to high-impact research like the MOSAiC expedition on Arctic sea ice dynamics.^[45]^[47]^[48] In operational roles, RSVs handle logistics for polar bases—such as resupplying fuel, food, and scientific gear—while conducting direct research like hydrographic surveys, biodiversity assessments, and environmental monitoring in extreme conditions where traditional ships cannot operate. They deploy submersibles for underwater exploration and collect real-time data on ocean currents, temperature, and ecosystems, often in collaboration with international programs. Military adaptations occasionally repurpose similar vessels for dual-use scientific and defense tasks, such as hydrographic mapping.^[49]^[50] As of 2025, the evolution of RSVs emphasizes sustainability, with increasing adoption of green technologies like hybrid diesel-electric propulsion and battery systems to reduce emissions and fuel consumption during long deployments. For instance, Australia's RSV Nuyina, launched in 2021, integrates hybrid propulsion for quieter, more efficient operations in Antarctic waters, supporting both resupply and research while minimizing environmental impact. Newer designs, such as the successor to Polarstern, incorporate advanced eco-certifications and low-carbon features to align with global decarbonization goals in polar science.^[44]^[51]^[52]

Reconnaissance Scout Vehicle

The Reconnaissance Scout Vehicle (RSV), also known as a scout car, is a lightweight, wheeled or tracked military vehicle designed for forward observation, intelligence gathering, and scouting in combat zones, emphasizing mobility and stealth over heavy armament.^[53] These vehicles typically feature modular armor for protection against small arms and shrapnel, advanced sensors such as thermal imaging and long-range optics for surveillance, low acoustic signatures to avoid detection, and a crew of 2 to 4 personnel to facilitate rapid deployment and operation.^[54] The design prioritizes speed and agility, often with four-wheel or eight-wheel drive configurations, allowing navigation across varied terrain while minimizing vulnerability in hostile environments. Historical examples illustrate the evolution of RSVs, with the British Ferret scout car serving as a seminal wheeled model from the 1950s to the 1980s. Produced by Daimler between 1952 and 1971, the Ferret was a 4x4 armored vehicle with a crew of two, equipped with a .30-caliber machine gun for self-defense and used extensively in conflicts such as the Malayan Emergency and Northern Ireland for patrol and observation duties.^[55] In modern contexts, the U.S. Army's M1127 Stryker Reconnaissance Vehicle represents an advanced variant, featuring an eight-wheeled platform with the Long-Range Advanced Scout Surveillance System (LRAS3) for day/night imaging and a crew of three plus four dismounts, deployed since the early 2000s in operations like those in Iraq and Afghanistan.^[54] RSVs fulfill critical roles in military operations, including perimeter patrol to secure flanks, target acquisition through real-time intelligence collection, and integration with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to extend reconnaissance range beyond line-of-sight limitations.^[56] These vehicles enable commanders to gather tactical information on enemy positions, terrain suitability, and environmental factors without committing larger forces, often operating ahead of main units to shape the battlefield.^[57] As of 2025, current developments in RSVs emphasize unmanned and autonomous variants to reduce personnel risk in contested areas, with the U.S. Army awarding contracts for unmanned systems (UxS) autonomy to enhance remote scouting capabilities.^[58] Programs like the Multi-Functional Reconnaissance Company integrate ground vehicles with short-range reconnaissance UAS, focusing on AI-driven navigation and sensor fusion for persistent surveillance in large-scale combat operations.^[59]

Other Uses

Revised Standard Version

The Revised Standard Version (RSV) is an English translation of the Bible published by the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA, serving as a revision of the American Standard Version of 1901, which itself revised the King James Version of 1611.^[60] The project was authorized in 1937 by the International Council of Religious Education and involved an ecumenical committee of 32 scholars from Protestant denominations, later expanded to include Catholic and international representatives, working under the oversight of an advisory board of 50 members.^[60] The New Testament appeared in 1946, the complete Old and New Testaments in 1952, and a second edition of the New Testament in 1971, with the Apocrypha/Deuterocanonical books added in 1957.^[60] The RSV adheres to a formal equivalence translation philosophy, aiming to render the original Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts as literally as possible while updating archaic expressions from earlier English versions into dignified, idiomatic modern English suitable for public worship and private reading.^[60] This approach preserves the literary quality and theological precision of the Tyndale-King James tradition, incorporating advances in textual criticism, such as reliance on the Masoretic Text for the Old Testament and early Greek manuscripts for the New Testament, without introducing paraphrastic liberties.^[60] The translation committee emphasized interconfessional cooperation and fidelity to the plain meaning of the source texts, avoiding sectarian biases.^[61] Key editions include the Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (RSV-CE), first published in 1966 by a committee of the Catholic Biblical Association of America, which incorporated the Deuterocanonical books in their traditional Catholic order and received ecclesiastical approval for liturgical use.^[62] This was followed by the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) in 1989, an update that refined phrasing for clarity and introduced limited inclusive language where the original texts supported it.^[63] The RSV has exerted significant influence in Protestant churches, academic study, and ecumenical settings, with over 55 million copies sold by 1990, establishing it as a standard for scholarly reference and liturgical reading.^[61] It remains valued for its balance of accuracy and readability, though it has faced criticisms from conservative groups for renderings perceived as deviating from traditional interpretations, such as in Isaiah 7:14.^[64] Subsequent updates, including the NRSV and the 2021 New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition (NRSVue), have addressed archaic language and expanded inclusive revisions to better reflect contemporary scholarship and sensibilities as of 2025.^[63]

Rainbow Six Vegas

Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas is a tactical first-person shooter video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft.^[65] It was first released on November 20, 2006, for Xbox 360, followed by the PC version on November 28, 2006, and the PlayStation 3 version on June 26, 2007.^[66] A sequel, Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas 2, was released in March 2008 for consoles and April 2008 for PC. The game's narrative is set in Las Vegas, Nevada, where players control a Rainbow operative leading a counter-terrorism team against international terrorists led by Irena Morales and her mercenaries.^[67] As part of the Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six series, it emphasizes high-stakes operations in urban environments, including iconic Las Vegas landmarks like casinos and the Strip.^[67] Core gameplay revolves around realistic SWAT-style tactics, where players issue commands to AI-controlled teammates, customize weapons with attachments, and engage in a single-player campaign with branching mission paths.^[68] Multiplayer modes support team-based adversarial play, including deathmatch and objective-driven scenarios, with progression systems unlocking gear.^[68] The game introduced innovations such as dynamic Vegas-themed environments, like neon-lit casinos that influence tactical positioning and sightlines.^[69] Enemy AI features advanced behaviors, including flanking and coordinated assaults, while the cover system allows leaning and rappelling for strategic engagements, though destructible elements are limited to specific interactive objects.^[70] As of 2025, Rainbow Six: Vegas has influenced modern tactical shooters through its emphasis on cover mechanics and team coordination, elements refined in the series' continuation, Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Siege (2015).^[70] Ongoing fan discussions highlight interest in a potential remaster to update its visuals and online features for current platforms.^[71]

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Sep 1, 2025 · This article examines the rise of the Multi-Functional Reconnaissance Company (MFRC) within the U.S. Army as a response to gaps in ...
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Preface to the Revised Standard Version of the Bible (1971)
It must stand forth in language that is direct and plain and meaningful to people today. It is our hope and our earnest prayer that this Revised Standard ...
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The Revised Standard Version (1952) and its revisions as a linear ...
Sep 8, 2022 · The New Revised Standard Version was translated by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of Churches. The New Revised ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Revised Standard Version | Catholic Edition | 1966 Preface
This edition of the Revised Standard Version of the Bible has been prepared for the use of Catholics by a committee of the Catholic Biblical Association of ...
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The Story of the New Revised Standard Version - Bible Research
In 1974 the National Council of Churches had authorized work to begin preparing a new revision of the Standard Bible which, it was optimistically hoped ...
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A Critique of the Revised Standard Version - Bible Research
This symposium is a brief expression of criticism of the Revised Standard Version edited by Dr. CF Lincoln and prepared by several members of the Faculty of ...
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Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six® Vegas on Steam
Rating 4.5 (1,452) · 14-day returnsDeveloper. Ubisoft Montreal ; Publisher. Ubisoft ; Released. Dec 12, 2006 ; Supported OS: Originally released for Windows 7, the game can be played on Windows 10 ...
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Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Vegas Release Information for Xbox 360
Rating 88% (69) Platform: Xbox 360 ; Genre: Action » Shooter » First-Person » Tactical ; Developer: Ubisoft Montreal ; Publisher: Ubisoft ; Release: November 20, 2006.
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Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas (2006) - MobyGames
Feb 22, 2023 · While trying to capture international terrorist Irena Morales, Team Rainbow has uncovered a plot to attack Las Vegas and the existence of a ...
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Rainbow Six: Vegas Review - IGN
Rating 9.3/10 · Review by Jonathan MillerNov 16, 2006 · The new gameplay mechanics, notably the intuitive cover system and inverted rappelling, are simply outstanding. While the visuals are solid, the ...
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Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas (Xbox 360) Review
Rating 4.0 · Review by Stuart AndrewsYou have to dig the environments, which perfectly capture the ludicrous excess of the Vegas casinos while providing fantastic environments in which to engage ...
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Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas (Game) - Giant Bomb
Nov 20, 2006 · The game itself was well received earning many awards which praised it for its tactical gameplay, innovative AI and sharp graphics and on March ...
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Rainbow Six Vegas switched to next-gen only - VideoGamer
When Vegas was announced, it was billed as a title coming to “next-generation and current-generation consoles.” This has now changed, with the game now ...