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SF

Science fiction, abbreviated as SF, is a genre of speculative literature defined by the classical concept of techne, integrating science, technology, and plausible thought experiments derived from empirical human experience in an empirically based world.^[1] This empirical foundation distinguishes SF from fantasy, where magic or supernatural elements predominate, with surveys identifying science and technology as near-universal markers (present in 96% and 100% of defining responses, respectively) alongside requirements for plausibility and possibility rather than impossibility.^[1] Emerging as a distinct genre in the 19th century amid rapid scientific advancements, SF narratives typically extrapolate current knowledge to explore futuristic scenarios, including space exploration, artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, and alternate physical laws, all constrained by theoretical compatibility with physics.^[2] These works function as cognitive experiments, prompting reflection on the societal and ethical ramifications of technological progress, often through "cognitive estrangement"—presenting familiar realities in unfamiliar scientific contexts to foster critical insight.^[3] Pioneering examples include Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818), which examined the perils of unchecked scientific ambition, setting a template for cautionary tales that warn of unintended consequences from innovation.^[4] SF's defining achievements lie in its bidirectional influence with real-world science, serving as a tool for interdisciplinary research in fields like semantics, education, and natural sciences, while inspiring innovations through imaginative foresight.^[5] Controversies persist over genre boundaries, particularly "hard" SF's emphasis on scientific rigor versus "soft" variants prioritizing sociological or psychological themes, with empirical data underscoring technology's centrality amid debates often skewed by institutional preferences for narrative over verifiability.^[1] Recent fan and award disputes, such as exclusions in Hugo nominations, reveal tensions between empirical storytelling and ideologically driven curation, where source credibility in literary gatekeeping favors conformity over diverse causal explorations of human potential.^[6]

Locations

San Francisco

San Francisco, commonly abbreviated as SF, is a consolidated city-county and the cultural, commercial, and financial center of northern California, situated at the northern end of the San Francisco Peninsula where it meets the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay. The city spans 46.9 square miles of land area and had a population of 827,526 residents as of 2024, reflecting a decline from prior peaks due to high living costs and out-migration. Incorporated in 1850, it serves as a major port and gateway to the Pacific, with a dense urban core characterized by steep hills, Victorian architecture, and landmarks such as the Golden Gate Bridge, completed in 1937.^[7]^[8] The city's origins trace to a Spanish presidio and mission established in 1776, originally named Yerba Buena for its herbal landscape, which was renamed San Francisco in 1847 amid American expansion following the Mexican-American War. The 1848 discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill triggered the California Gold Rush, swelling the population from about 1,000 in 1848 to over 25,000 by 1850 and establishing SF as a boomtown supplying miners. Catastrophic damage from the April 18, 1906, earthquake—magnitude 7.9 on the Richter scale—and ensuing fires razed approximately 80% of the city, resulting in around 3,000 deaths and accelerating reconstruction with modern infrastructure, including steel-frame buildings resistant to seismic activity. Post-World War II growth solidified its role in shipping, finance, and countercultural movements, including the 1967 Summer of Love in Haight-Ashbury.^[9]^[10]^[11] Economically, San Francisco anchors the Bay Area's innovation ecosystem, with key industries including technology startups, venture capital, biotechnology, and professional services; the financial district hosts major banks and the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, established in 1912. Tourism generates billions annually, drawing visitors to sites like Alcatraz Island, while the port handles significant container traffic. Median household income stood at $69,260 in 2023, though inequality is stark amid housing costs averaging over $1 million per unit. The economy has faced headwinds from remote work shifts post-2020, contributing to office vacancy rates exceeding 30% in downtown areas as of 2025.^[12]^[7]^[13] In recent decades, San Francisco has grappled with visible urban decay, including a homelessness crisis affecting over 8,300 individuals in 2024, exacerbated by policies decriminalizing public drug use and limiting involuntary treatment for mental illness and addiction—root causes cited in analyses of failed "harm reduction" approaches. Property crimes, such as retail theft and vehicle break-ins, surged under progressive district attorneys prioritizing non-prosecution, prompting business exits like Whole Foods and Walgreens closures in high-crime zones. However, intensified encampment clearances following a 2024 Supreme Court ruling and stricter enforcement under Mayor Daniel Lurie have yielded results, with overall crime dropping more than 26% year-to-date in 2025 compared to 2024, including 23% fewer robberies. Sheltered homelessness rose 60% amid these shifts, though unsheltered cases persist, highlighting tensions between enforcement and systemic failures in addressing substance abuse and family breakdowns over housing-first models alone.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]

Other locations

Numerous locales worldwide share the name San Francisco, derived from Saint Francis of Assisi and established during Spanish colonization, particularly in Latin America, the Philippines, and parts of the southwestern United States. In Mexico, at least 33 such places exist, ranging from small villages to municipalities like San Francisco del Rincón in Guanajuato state, which had a population of 87,415 in 2010.^[19]^[20] In Colombia, 22 locations bear the name, while Peru has 20.^[20] Within the United States, beyond the prominent city in California, smaller communities include San Francisco, Texas, a census-designated place in Maverick County near the Rio Grande with a 2010 population of 1,244, primarily serving as a border-area settlement. Similarly, San Francisco, New Mexico, refers to unincorporated areas in Cibola and Sandoval counties, often associated with indigenous and rural lands. These lesser-known sites contrast sharply in scale and significance with the California metropolis, lacking major urban development or international recognition.^[21] The proliferation of the name underscores the enduring influence of Franciscan missions in naming conventions, though none rival the economic or cultural prominence of San Francisco, California, which dominates the abbreviation SF in global usage.^[19]

Arts and Entertainment

Science Fiction

San Francisco's contributions to science fiction trace back to the mid-19th century, when the city's post-Gold Rush literary scene fostered early speculative fiction. Writers such as Robert Duncan Milne, a Scottish immigrant who resided in San Francisco from 1877 until his death in 1899, published over 100 proto-science fiction stories in local newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle and Argonaut, exploring themes of advanced technology, space travel, and dystopian futures.^[22] Milne's work, often overlooked until recent rediscovery efforts, positioned San Francisco as a nascent hub for the genre amid the era's rapid urbanization and technological optimism.^[22] This foundation evolved into organized fandom in the 20th century, with the San Francisco Bay Area emerging as a key center for conventions and communities. BayCon, founded in 1982, holds the distinction of the region's longest-running fan-run speculative fiction event, typically attracting thousands for panels, workshops, and author readings over Memorial Day weekend.^[23] Other recurring gatherings, such as FOGcon in nearby Walnut Creek since 2011 and SF in SF reading series at venues like the San Francisco Columbarium, sustain literary engagement with the genre.^[24]^[25] The city's proximity to Silicon Valley profoundly shaped cyberpunk, a subgenre emphasizing high-technology dystopias, corporate dominance, and hacker subcultures, which peaked in influence during the late 1980s and early 1990s amid the Bay Area's computing revolution.^[26] This era's fusion of venture capital-fueled innovation and urban inequality inspired authors to depict San Francisco-like settings as gritty prototypes for cybernetic futures, evident in works like Pat Murphy's The City, Not Long After (1989), which portrays a post-apocalyptic Bay Area.^[27] Contemporary observers note San Francisco's ongoing role as a real-world laboratory for sci-fi concepts, from autonomous vehicles to biotechnology, fueling a modern renaissance in speculative narratives tied to the city's tech ecosystem.^[28] Annual events like Fan Expo San Francisco further bridge fandom with media adaptations, drawing on the locale's legacy.^[29]

Film and Television

San Francisco's film history dates to the early 1900s, when the Miles Brothers established a motion picture production and distribution company in 1902, innovating film rental to theaters and contributing to the city's role in breaking Edison's monopoly on early cinema.^[30]^[31] The Bay Area's Niles Canyon hosted Essanay Studios, where Charlie Chaplin filmed The Tramp in 1915, marking a peak in silent film production before the industry's shift to Hollywood.^[31] Neighborhood theaters proliferated between 1910 and 1930, aligning with streetcar-driven urban expansion.^[32] Since 1915, over 300 films and television productions have been shot in the city, averaging six annually since 2000, drawn by its diverse architecture, hills, and landmarks like the Golden Gate Bridge.^[33] The city's cinematic appeal surged post-World War II, with Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo (1958) showcasing its foggy ambiance and Victorian homes, establishing San Francisco as a character in suspense thrillers.^[34] Iconic action films followed, including Bullitt (1968), famous for its 10-minute car chase through city streets, and Dirty Harry (1971), which popularized the vigilante cop archetype amid urban crime narratives.^[34] Later productions like Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978) exploited the city's cultural shifts for horror, while family comedies such as Mrs. Doubtfire (1993) highlighted residential neighborhoods.^[34] Contemporary examples include Zodiac (2007), recreating 1960s-1970s investigations, and recent shoots like The Matrix Resurrections (2021).^[35] Television production has also thrived, with The Streets of San Francisco (1972–1977) capturing police procedural drama on location, followed by Nash Bridges (1996–2001), one of the last major network series filmed entirely in the Bay Area.^[36] Sitcoms like Full House (1987–1995) portrayed idealized family life in the city's Painted Ladies row houses, while procedurals such as Monk (2002–2009) used quirky locales for detective stories.^[36] More recent series, including Trauma (2009–2010), emphasized on-location authenticity in emergency response plots.^[37] The San Francisco Film Commission, established under the Office of Economic and Workforce Development, promotes the city as a filming destination, issuing permits and offering rebates like the Scene in San Francisco program to attract diverse productions.^[38] Complementing this, the San Francisco International Film Festival, organized by SFFILM since 1957, is the longest-running film festival in the Americas, screening around 200 international films each spring over two weeks, fostering Bay Area filmmakers and cultural exchange.^[39]

Music

San Francisco's music scene gained prominence in the mid-1960s through the emergence of psychedelic rock, centered in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood and epitomized by the "San Francisco Sound." This era featured extended improvisational performances influenced by countercultural movements, with key bands including Jefferson Airplane, formed in 1965 as one of the pioneering acts defining the genre, and the Grateful Dead, known for their jam-oriented style. Venues such as the Fillmore Auditorium and Avalon Ballroom hosted these acts, fostering a communal atmosphere tied to the 1967 Summer of Love.^[40]^[41]^[42] Promoter Bill Graham played a pivotal role by booking diverse lineups at the Fillmore starting in 1965, blending rock with blues and jazz influences, which helped elevate the city's profile in live music presentation. Janis Joplin, fronting Big Brother and the Holding Company, contributed to the scene's raw energy before her solo success. The period's influence extended nationally, shaping festival culture and album-oriented rock, though it waned by the early 1970s amid commercialization and internal band shifts.^[40]^[43] In the late 1970s, San Francisco birthed a vibrant punk rock movement, contrasting the earlier hippie ethos with aggressive, politically charged sounds. The Dead Kennedys, formed in 1978, became a flagship band, led by vocalist Jello Biafra and critiquing authority through satirical lyrics on albums like Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables (1980). Venues such as Mabuhay Gardens served as hubs for this DIY scene, which included acts like Flipper and the Mutants, emphasizing speed and social commentary over technical polish. The punk wave persisted into the 1980s, influencing hardcore variants and broader West Coast punk, though it faced challenges from venue closures and rising real estate pressures.^[44]^[45]^[46] Subsequent decades saw diversification into jazz revivals, with clubs like the Blackhawk hosting bebop innovators in the 1950s-1960s, and emerging hip-hop and electronic scenes. Bay Area hyphy, a high-energy hip-hop subgenre peaking in the 2000s with influences from San Francisco artists, incorporated local slang and ghost-riding aesthetics, though centered more in Oakland. Modern electronic music thrives in clubs like 1015 Folsom and Temple Nightclub, hosting bass-heavy and techno events amid a fragmented underground. The overall scene has contracted since the 1990s due to high living costs displacing musicians, shifting much activity to the broader Bay Area or digital platforms.^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50]

Other Media

Science fiction literature forms the core of the genre, predating other formats and establishing its foundational themes of technological speculation and human futurism. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818) is recognized as the earliest novel exemplifying modern science fiction elements, depicting the consequences of unchecked scientific experimentation in reanimating life.^[51] The genre's terminology emerged with William Wilson's use of "science-fiction" in 1851 to describe imaginative works grounded in scientific principles.^[4] It gained momentum through serialized novels and short stories in the late 19th century, with Jules Verne's adventure tales like From the Earth to the Moon (1865) popularizing exploratory rocketry and H.G. Wells's The War of the Worlds (1898) introducing alien invasion narratives that influenced subsequent media.^[52] Pulp magazines from the 1920s onward, starting with Hugo Gernsback's Amazing Stories (launched 1926), serialized works by authors such as E.E. "Doc" Smith and Philip K. Dick, serializing over 100 issues by 1929 and fostering fan communities through letter columns.^[53] Post-World War II, the genre diversified into subgenres like hard science fiction, with magazines such as Astounding Science Fiction (renamed Analog in 1960) publishing rigorous, physics-based stories by Isaac Asimov and Robert A. Heinlein, achieving circulations exceeding 100,000 copies monthly in the 1940s.^[4] In print comics and graphic novels, science fiction adapted visual storytelling to depict interstellar conflicts and dystopian futures, emerging in U.S. newspapers during the 1930s with strips like Buck Rogers and Flash Gordon.^[54] The first dedicated science fiction comic book, Amazing Mystery Funnies (1939–1942), featured space opera adventures alongside superhero elements, setting precedents for serialized panels that compressed novel-length plots into weekly installments.^[54] By the 1950s, EC Comics' titles such as Weird Science (1950–1951) explored atomic-age anxieties through cautionary tales, producing 14 issues before censorship via the Comics Code Authority curtailed explicit content.^[55] Later graphic novels like Alan Moore's Watchmen (1986–1987) deconstructed superhero tropes within alternate histories, selling over 1 million copies and earning Hugo Awards for its integration of quantum mechanics and nuclear deterrence themes.^[54] Radio dramas and stage plays represented early auditory and performative outlets for science fiction, emphasizing sound effects and dialogue to evoke otherworldly scenarios. Radio serials began with Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (1931–1947), airing over 500 episodes on mutual networks and attracting 5 million listeners weekly by incorporating ray guns and rocket ships via foley techniques.^[56] Shows like X Minus One (1955–1958) adapted short stories by Ray Bradbury and Fredric Brown, broadcasting 114 NBC episodes that dramatized psychological and cosmic horrors with budgets supporting orchestral scores.^[57] On stage, Karel Čapek's R.U.R. (1920 Prague premiere) coined "robot" for artificial laborers rebelling against humanity, influencing automata ethics in over 50 global productions by 1930.^[58] Video games extended interactivity to science fiction from the 1970s, with Star Raiders (1979 Atari 400) simulating tactical starship battles in real-time, selling tens of thousands of units and establishing procedural generation for galactic exploration.^[59] Titles like Deus Ex (2000) integrated player agency into cyberpunk conspiracies, with its 1 million sales by 2001 demonstrating branching narratives driven by augmentations and surveillance states.^[60]

Organizations and Businesses

Political Organizations

San Francisco's political organizations are predominantly Democratic-leaning, reflecting the city's voter registration where Democrats comprised approximately 62% of registered voters (331,679 out of 532,308 total) as of the latest available data from the San Francisco Department of Elections.^[61] This dominance stems from the city's history of progressive activism since the 1960s, though moderate and reform-oriented groups have gained traction in response to challenges like housing shortages, public safety declines, and homelessness, which intensified post-2020.^[62] The San Francisco Democratic County Central Committee (SF DCCC), established as the local Democratic Party apparatus, endorses candidates for city offices, coordinates voter outreach, and influences policy through its network of chartered clubs representing diverse neighborhoods and demographics.^[63] It operates as one of the most active Democratic committees in the nation, mobilizing volunteers for elections and advocating positions aligned with state and national party platforms.^[63] Progressive advocacy groups emphasize social justice, equity, and community empowerment. The San Francisco Progressive Alliance (SFPA), a citywide coalition of independent progressives, community organizations, and elected representatives, focuses on issues such as affordable housing, police reform, and labor rights through endorsements and grassroots mobilization.^[64] Similarly, San Francisco Rising functions as an electoral alliance targeting working-class and communities of color, aiming to build long-term political power via voter engagement, candidate support, and policy campaigns on economic inequality and democratic participation.^[65] Moderate and reform groups have emerged to counter perceived excesses in progressive governance, particularly following rises in property crime (up 22% in 2022 per police data) and visible street disorder. GrowSF, founded in 2018, endorses candidates committed to increasing housing supply, bolstering public safety, and enhancing government accountability, achieving successes like electing supervisors who prioritized enforcement against open-air drug markets.^[66] Neighbors for a Better San Francisco, active since around 2020, advocates for stricter measures on homelessness, fentanyl enforcement, and school reopenings, framing its efforts as pragmatic responses to quality-of-life erosion.^[67] Nonpartisan or issue-specific entities include the League of Women Voters of San Francisco, a longstanding organization providing unbiased voter education, election resources, and advocacy for democratic processes without endorsing candidates or parties.^[68] sf.citi represents the tech sector's interests in policy, convening industry leaders to influence local regulations on innovation, zoning, and urban development.^[69] Republican-affiliated groups remain marginal, with party registration under 5%, limiting their organizational footprint amid the city's leftward tilt.^[61]

Other Businesses and Organizations

SF Holding Co., Ltd. is a Chinese multinational logistics and supply chain company headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong, founded in 1993 as Shunfeng Express and later rebranded. It operates as Asia's largest integrated logistics provider, offering express delivery, freight forwarding, warehousing, and international services, with listings on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (002352.SZ) and Hong Kong Stock Exchange (6936.HK). As of 2023, the company reported revenues exceeding 200 billion yuan, driven by its dominance in e-commerce logistics.^[70] Stifel Financial Corp. is an American independent investment bank and financial services firm established as a holding company in 1983, headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri. It provides brokerage, trading, investment banking, and wealth management through subsidiaries like Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, serving retail and institutional clients primarily in the United States and Europe. The company trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker SF, with a market capitalization of approximately $7.5 billion as of October 2025.^[71]^[72] SF Studios, originally founded as Aktiebolaget Svensk Filmindustri (AB SF) on December 27, 1919, through the merger of Swedish film companies Svenska Biografteatern and Filmindustri AB Skandia, is a leading Scandinavian film production and distribution entity now owned by the Bonnier Group. Headquartered in Stockholm, it has produced over 1,500 films, including classics featuring Ingrid Bergman and Greta Garbo, and continues to handle international co-productions and theatrical releases across the Nordics. The company rebranded from Svensk Filmindustri to SF Studios in 2016 to reflect its expanded scope beyond Sweden.^[73]

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

Scientific and Technical Terms

In engineering, SF commonly denotes the safety factor, defined as the ratio of the ultimate load a structure or component can withstand to the maximum expected load during operation, ensuring a margin against failure due to uncertainties in material properties, loading, or design assumptions.^[74] This term is integral to structural design standards, where values typically range from 1.5 to 4 or higher depending on the application, such as 2.0 for steel beams in civil engineering to account for overloads and defects.^[75] In chemistry and chemical engineering, SF refers to supercritical fluid, a phase of matter achieved when a substance exceeds its critical temperature and pressure, exhibiting hybrid properties of liquids and gases that enable applications like efficient solvent extraction, chromatography, and material processing, as seen in decaffeination processes using supercritical CO₂ at 31°C and 73 atm.^[76] In biological and educational contexts aligned with science standards, SF stands for structure and function, a core concept describing how the anatomical structures of organisms enable their physiological roles, such as the branched structure of lungs facilitating gas exchange in respiration; this framework appears in curricula like the Next Generation Science Standards to organize life science topics from cellular to ecosystem levels.

Engineering and Computing

In engineering, SF commonly denotes the safety factor, defined as the ratio of a material's or structure's ultimate strength to the maximum expected stress or load under operating conditions. This metric accounts for uncertainties such as material variability, manufacturing defects, environmental factors, and overloads, ensuring structural integrity beyond nominal requirements; typical values range from 1.5 to 4 or higher depending on the application and standards like those from ASME or ISO.^[77]^[78] SF also refers to spotface in mechanical engineering drawings and machining, describing a shallow, flat-bottomed cylindrical enlargement around a hole to provide a level seating surface for fasteners like bolts or washers, distinct from deeper counterbores. The spotface diameter is typically slightly larger than the hole, with depth limited to just enough for flatness (often 0.5–1 mm), and it is symbolized by the counterbore icon with "SF" inscribed per ASME Y14.5 standards.^[79]^[80] In computing and processor architecture, SF stands for the sign flag, a bit in the status or flags register (e.g., EFLAGS in x86) that indicates whether the most significant bit (MSB) of an arithmetic operation's result is 1, signifying a negative value in two's complement representation for signed integers. It is set post-operation for conditional branching in signed comparisons and is integral to assembly language programming across architectures like 8086 and modern CPUs.^[81]^[82]

Sports

Basketball

In basketball, SF denotes the small forward position, one of the five traditional roles on the court, abbreviated as such in player statistics, scouting reports, and game analyses.^[83] The small forward, often called the "3" in positional numbering, emerged as a distinct role in the mid-20th century alongside the sport's evolution from set shots to more dynamic play, requiring players who could bridge perimeter and interior actions.^[84] Small forwards typically measure between 6 feet 6 inches and 6 feet 9 inches in height, offering a balance of size for rebounding and agility for perimeter movement, though elite performers like Kevin Durant (6 feet 11 inches) have expanded the archetype toward greater length and shooting range.^[85] Their primary responsibilities include versatile scoring through drives, mid-range jumpers, and three-point attempts; defensive assignments against opposing wings, guards, or bigs via switching schemes; and contributing to transition play with rebounding and fast-break initiation.^[86] In modern NBA play, small forwards increasingly emphasize perimeter defense and floor-spacing, adapting to pace-and-space offenses where traditional post play has declined.^[87] Notable small forwards have defined the position's impact, with LeBron James widely regarded as the greatest due to his career averages of 27.1 points, 7.5 rebounds, and 7.4 assists per game across 22 NBA seasons, alongside four championships and four MVP awards.^[88] Other historical standouts include Larry Bird, who averaged 24.3 points and 10.0 rebounds over 13 seasons while winning three championships, and Julius Erving, whose ABA and NBA totals of 24.2 points per game revolutionized aerial play and versatility.^[89] In contemporary rosters, players like Kawhi Leonard exemplify the defensive specialist subtype, with two Defensive Player of the Year awards and elite two-way efficiency.^[88] Position fluidity in today's game often blurs SF lines, as seen in "positionless" lineups prioritizing skills over strict roles.^[85]

Baseball

In Major League Baseball, "SF" is the official abbreviation for the San Francisco Giants, a franchise competing in the National League West division.^[90] The team plays its home games at Oracle Park in San Francisco, California, which opened in 2000 as the first privately financed ballpark in MLB since Dodger Stadium in 1962.^[91] The Giants trace their origins to 1883, when the franchise was established as the New York Gothams in the National League; it was renamed the New York Giants in 1885.^[92] The team relocated to San Francisco prior to the 1958 season, following approval by MLB owners in 1957, marking the end of its New York era after 75 years.^[93] Since the move, the Giants have compiled a win-loss record of 5,695–5,465 through the 2025 season, yielding a .510 winning percentage across 11,390 games.^[94] In San Francisco, the Giants have secured three World Series championships—in 2010, 2012, and 2014—along with six National League pennants (1962, 1989, 2002, 2010, 2012, 2014) and 13 playoff appearances.^[95]^[96]^[94] The franchise holds eight World Series titles overall, including five from its New York period, and ranks among MLB's most historic teams with 23 total pennants.^[97] Notable players associated with the San Francisco era include Hall of Famers Willie Mays, who spent his final nine seasons with the team after arriving from New York, and Barry Bonds, who set the single-season home run record (73) in 2001 while with the Giants.^[98] The 2025 season saw the Giants finish with an 81–81 record, placing third in the NL West under manager Bob Melvin and team president Buster Posey.^[99] The organization has emphasized pitching and defense in recent years, with historical strengths in the rotation exemplified by Juan Marichal's 2,281 strikeouts during his Giants tenure, second in franchise history.^[92]

Other Sports

The San Francisco 49ers are a professional American football team in the National Football League (NFL), competing in the NFC West division. Founded on June 4, 1946, by Tony Morabito as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), the franchise joined the NFL in 1950 after the leagues merged in 1949.^[100] The 49ers have won five Super Bowl championships—Super Bowls XVI (1981 season), XIX (1984 season), XXIII (1988 season), XXIV (1989 season), and XXIX (1994 season)—along with 19 division titles and seven conference championships as of the 2024 season.^[101] The team played its home games at Candlestick Park (originally Three-Com Stadium) in San Francisco from 1971 until the 2013 season, after which it relocated to Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California—a facility with a seating capacity of 68,500 that opened on July 12, 2014.^[102] Despite the stadium's location approximately 40 miles south of downtown San Francisco, the 49ers maintain their city branding, reflecting historical roots tied to the region's gold rush era nomenclature.^[103] In cricket, the San Francisco Unicorns field a professional Twenty20 team in Major League Cricket (MLC), North America's premier T20 competition, which launched its inaugural season on July 31, 2023. Owned by tech entrepreneurs including Anand Rajaraman and Venky Harinarayan, the Unicorns are based in the San Francisco Bay Area and play home matches at Oakland Coliseum; they captured the league's first championship by defeating the Seattle Orcas in the 2023 final.^[104] The team features international players such as Finn Allen and Hassan Khan, contributing to MLC's growth in promoting cricket within the United States.^[105]

Military and Government

Special Forces

Special Forces (SF), a term most prominently associated with the United States Army's elite branch, are highly trained units specializing in unconventional warfare, foreign internal defense, direct action, special reconnaissance, counter-terrorism, and other missions requiring advanced skills in small-team operations.^[106] These forces emphasize linguistic proficiency, cultural expertise, and the ability to train and advise indigenous allies, often operating in austere environments with minimal support.^[107] SF soldiers, colloquially known as Green Berets due to their distinctive headgear adopted in 1955, undergo rigorous selection and training, including the Special Forces Qualification Course lasting up to two years, which covers infantry tactics, demolitions, combat medicine, free-fall parachuting, and foreign languages.^[107] The branch's motto, "De Oppresso Liber" (To Free the Oppressed), reflects its focus on liberating populations from oppressive regimes through indirect and direct means.^[106] The origins of U.S. Army Special Forces trace to World War II precursors like the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and the First Special Service Force, which conducted sabotage and guerrilla operations behind enemy lines.^[108] The modern SF structure was formalized on June 19, 1952, with the activation of the 10th Special Forces Group at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, under Colonel Aaron Bank, drawing from psychological warfare concepts to counter potential Soviet incursions in Europe. By 1957, SF teams were advising Vietnamese forces, marking early involvement in counterinsurgency.^[109] During the Vietnam War, SF expanded significantly, peaking at over 7,000 personnel by 1969, conducting operations like the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group (MACV-SOG) for cross-border reconnaissance.^[109] Post-Vietnam, SF adapted to counter-narcotics and counter-terrorism roles, with groups realigned geographically: 1st SF Group for the Indo-Pacific, 3rd for Africa, 5th for Europe, 7th for the Western Hemisphere, and 10th for the Middle East as of 2023.^[110] Organizationally, SF operates through Operational Detachment Alphas (ODAs), 12-man teams comprising specialists in weapons (18-series MOS), engineering, medical, communications, and intelligence roles, enabling autonomous mission execution.^[111] These detachments fall under Special Forces Groups within the U.S. Army Special Operations Command (USASOC), which oversees training and deployment under United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM).^[112] SF distinguishes from broader Special Operations Forces (SOF) by its Army-specific focus on "white SOF" missions like building partner capacity, contrasting with "black SOF" units like Delta Force for high-risk raids, though SF conducts both.^[113] As of 2022, SF comprises approximately 7,000 soldiers across active and National Guard components, with selection attrition rates exceeding 70% during assessment phases.^[106] While "SF" can denote special forces in other militaries, such as Sri Lanka's numbered SF Regiments, the abbreviation is canonically tied to the U.S. Army branch in doctrinal and operational contexts.^[114]

Other Military and Governmental Uses

In the United States Air Force and Space Force, "SF" denotes Security Forces, the primary ground defense and law enforcement organization responsible for base security, installation protection, and combat support. Security Forces personnel, numbering over 38,000 active-duty members as of 2023, conduct patrols, arms training, and deploy as expeditionary forces in contingencies, such as airfield seizure and convoy protection. The career field traces to the 1948 Air Police era, with the modern designation adopted in October 1997 to unify law enforcement and combat arms functions under a single badge. Training occurs at Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, emphasizing weapons proficiency, tactical response, and force protection against threats including terrorism and intrusions.^[115] In U.S. federal government administration, "SF" prefixes Standard Forms, a codified set of uniform documents mandated for interagency use in procurement, personnel, finance, and records management. Originating from the 1949 Federal Property and Administrative Services Act to standardize bureaucracy, these forms number over 100, with SF-86 serving as the Questionnaire for National Security Positions for background checks on over 4 million applicants annually, and SF-50 documenting personnel actions like promotions for federal employees. The General Services Administration oversees distribution and updates, ensuring compliance with the Federal Acquisition Regulation.^[116]^[117]

Other Uses

Measurements and Units

The abbreviation SF (or sf) denotes square feet, an imperial and U.S. customary unit of area equal to the area of a square with sides measuring one foot each.^[118]^[119] It is equivalent to 144 square inches or approximately 0.092903 square meters.^[120]^[121] This unit is non-metric and remains prevalent in the United States, Canada, and certain other regions for applications such as real estate valuation, construction estimating, and architectural design, where it quantifies floor space, wall areas, or lot sizes.^[121]^[122] In practice, SF is calculated by multiplying the length and width of a space in feet; for irregular shapes, it involves summing the areas of component rectangles or using geometric formulas.^[123] For example, a room measuring 10 feet by 12 feet yields 120 SF.^[121] Building codes and property assessments often distinguish types like gross square feet (total enclosed area including walls) from net square feet (usable interior space excluding structural elements).^[124] Usage in contracts, such as rental rates expressed as dollars per SF per year (e.g., $20/SF/YR), facilitates standardized comparisons across properties.^[125] Conversions to metric units are essential for international projects: 1 SF ≈ 0.0929 m², so 1,000 SF ≈ 92.9 m², while 1 acre equals 43,560 SF.^[126]^[127] In engineering and construction specifications, SF appears alongside other area units like square yards (SY) or square meters, with tools and standards ensuring precision to avoid discrepancies in material quantities or costs.^[128]^[129] Despite the global shift toward SI units, SF persists in U.S.-centric industries due to entrenched conventions in surveying and building trades.^[121]

Finance and Economics

San Francisco functions as a pivotal center for venture capital investment in the United States, with the broader Bay Area securing over $90 billion in venture funding in 2024, much of which flows through the city's ecosystem of investors and startups.^[130] This funding concentration reflects San Francisco's role in channeling capital toward high-growth sectors, particularly artificial intelligence, where local startups captured a disproportionate share amid a national surge in Q2 2025 investments totaling $69.9 billion across U.S. firms.^[131] The region's startup ecosystem, encompassing San Francisco, ranked first globally in 2025 with over $97.1 billion in total funding across 14,539 companies, driven by its proximity to innovation clusters and experienced capital allocators.^[132] The Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, established as one of the twelve regional banks in the Federal Reserve System, oversees monetary policy execution, economic analysis, and financial supervision for the Twelfth District, covering California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and Pacific territories as of its operational framework.^[133] Headquartered in the city, it conducts research on regional economic conditions, enforces banking regulations, and promotes financial stability through tools like discount window lending and payment system operations, contributing to national goals of price stability and full employment.^[133] San Francisco's metropolitan economy generated a gross domestic product of $501 billion, positioning it as the sixth-largest among U.S. metro areas and a key node in global trade and innovation finance.^[134] Within this, the finance and real estate sector accounts for approximately 17% of local GDP, exceeding the national average and underscoring the city's outsized reliance on capital markets and property-related financial services amid broader economic output dominated by professional and tech-adjacent activities.^[135] California-headquartered firms, many based in or near San Francisco, captured 68% of all U.S. startup funding in recent quarters, highlighting the area's gravitational pull on domestic investment despite macroeconomic headwinds.^[136] Fiscal pressures at the municipal level, including a projected general fund deficit of $1.47 billion by fiscal year 2029–2030, stem from structural revenue shortfalls post-pandemic recovery, with total city spending reaching $15.9 billion in recent budgets reliant on volatile tech and tourism taxes.^[137]^[138] These challenges coexist with robust private-sector financial activity, as evidenced by steady lending and mixed commercial real estate performance reported in early 2025 Federal Reserve assessments.^[139]

Slang and Informal Uses

In informal texting and online messaging, "SF" commonly abbreviates "so far," indicating the status or progress of an event or process up to the current moment. This usage emerged with the proliferation of character-limited platforms like SMS and early social media, allowing concise updates such as "The meeting is going well SF."^[140] It appears in everyday digital conversations to summarize interim developments without full elaboration.^[141] "SF" also functions as a casual shorthand for San Francisco, the California city, particularly among residents, Bay Area locals, and in regional media or discussions. This abbreviation avoids the longer "San Francisco" in contexts like event listings or personal references, with natives often preferring "SF" or "the city" over "San Fran," which some view as non-local.^[142] Usage dates back to at least the mid-20th century in print and grows in informal speech tied to the city's cultural identity.^[143] Less frequently, "SF" denotes "sexually frustrated" in niche online forums or personal ads, reflecting emotional or relational dissatisfaction, though this interpretation relies heavily on context and is not widespread.^[144] Such variants highlight the abbreviation's adaptability in slang but underscore the need for situational clarity to avoid miscommunication.^[141]

Medical and Regulatory Terms

In medical contexts, "SF" frequently abbreviates synovial fluid, the viscous, non-Newtonian fluid secreted by synovial membranes that lubricates joint cavities, reduces friction between articular cartilage surfaces, and provides nutrients to avascular joint tissues.^[145] Analysis of SF is a standard diagnostic procedure in rheumatology and orthopedics, often via arthrocentesis to detect infections, crystals in gout or pseudogout, or inflammatory markers in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.^[146] "SF" also denotes serum ferritin, a protein complex that stores iron and serves as a key biomarker for assessing body iron stores in clinical laboratory testing.^[147] Elevated SF levels indicate iron overload disorders such as hemochromatosis, while low levels signal iron deficiency anemia; reference ranges typically span 20-250 ng/mL for adult males and 10-120 ng/mL for adult females, though these vary by assay method and patient demographics.^[148] In pharmacological and toxicological evaluations, "SF" refers to safety factor, a quantitative margin applied to extrapolate data from animal studies to human exposure limits, calculated as the ratio of the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) to the anticipated human dose, often set at 10 (with subdivisions for interspecies and intraspecies variability).^[147] Regulatory agencies like the FDA and EPA incorporate SF in risk assessments for drugs and chemicals to account for uncertainties in pharmacokinetics and susceptible populations.^[147] On the regulatory front, the World Health Organization defines "SF" as substandard and falsified medical products, encompassing authorized pharmaceuticals that fail quality specifications (substandard, e.g., due to degradation or manufacturing defects) and deliberately fraudulent counterfeits misrepresenting identity, composition, or origin.^[149] Substandard products affect an estimated 10.5% of medicines in low- and middle-income countries, contributing to treatment failures and antimicrobial resistance, while falsified ones have caused outbreaks like the 2008 heparin contamination incident linked to over 80 deaths.^[150] WHO's Member State Mechanism, established in 2015, coordinates global surveillance and regulatory enforcement to mitigate SF risks, emphasizing supply chain verification and pharmacovigilance.^[150]

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SF. Special Forces. Found only in the U.S. Army. SFAS. Special Forces Assessment and Selection. A three-week course that Special Forces candidates attend to ...
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AFSFA | Air Force Security Forces Association - Home
Corporate Sponsors. AFSFA Salutes Our Corporate Sponsors/Partners: Current Magazine. SF Magazine Apr-Jun 2025. - ... USAF.Store · Login · About Us · Membership Benefits
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Forms - GSA
Sep 17, 2024 · FORMSINSTO-SF, Stocked Standard Forms SF Available from GSA Global Supply 2019, General Purpose and Miscellaneous ; GPO2511, Print Order ...Stocked Standard Forms SF... · Help with forms · Federal Records Centers · FAQs
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Standard Forms - OPM
Standard Forms are used governmentwide for various employment and benefits program purposes. Browse the listing below to download your choice of form(s).
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What is SF? — Kreo Glossary
SF (Square Feet or Square Foot) is a unit of measurement for area, used in construction, real estate, and design to quantify surface dimensions.
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SF Construction Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
SF in Construction commonly refers to Square Feet, a unit of area measurement used to quantify the size of a space or property.<|separator|>
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Square Feet to Square Meter Calculator | Convert Sq Ft to ... - Housing
Square foot has several abbreviations, including sq.ft., sf and ft2, while the term square feet is used to denote plural. Across geographies, square foot, an ...
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Square Footage Calculator
A square foot or sq ft is an imperial unit of area that is widely used in the United States, Canada, China, and the United Kingdom. Its symbol is a simple ...<|separator|>
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SF Building Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
SF in Building commonly refers to Square Feet, a unit of area measurement used to quantify the size of a space, typically in real estate and construction ...
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How To Calculate The Square Feet Of A House - Bankrate
Mar 28, 2025 · Square footage (often abbreviated as SF or SQFT) also matters in real estate deals that involve a mortgage, for similar reasons. The lender will ...
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4 Square Footage Definitions You Need to Know and How to Use ...
May 28, 2021 · Gross Square Feet is the total area of enclosed space measured to the exterior walls of a building. This is an umbrella term that includes everything in a ...
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How To Calculate Rent Per Square Foot | Commercial Real Estate
It helps in comparing the cost of different properties regardless of their total size. This is often shortened to $/SF/YR (for annual rates) and $/SF/MO (for ...
[126]
Square Feet to Acre Calculator | Convert Sq Ft to Acre - Housing
Square foot has several abbreviations, including sq.ft., sf and ft2, while the term square feet is used to denote plural. Across geographies, square foot, an ...
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Convert Square Feet to Acres | Square Foot to Acre at CalculatorSoup
Aug 1, 2025 · A square foot is a unit of area with the symbol ft² but you will also see people use sf, sqft and sq ft which all mean "square feet". For ...<|separator|>
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Construction Abbreviation List: 80 Key Acronyms to Know - Fluix
May 17, 2024 · SF/SY – Square Feet, Square Yard – These are common units of measurement for area. Concrete slabs and walls are usually quantified, measured ...
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Standard Units of Measure - Mactac
Mactac North America Standard Units of Measure: C - 100, M - 1000, FT - Linear Foot, GM - Gram, KG - Kilogram, LB - Pound, RL - Roll, SF - Square Ft, BOX
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Venture Capital in San Francisco: All the Top Investors for 2025
In 2024, the city accounted for a significant portion of the Bay Area's $90 billion in venture funding, reaffirming its status as a magnet for high-growth ...
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SF AI startups seeing green as VC investment surges
Jul 2, 2025 · Venture-capital firms invested $69.9 billion in American startups in the second quarter of 2025, according to preliminary data released late Wednesday.
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The Startup Ecosystem of San Francisco Bay - StartupBlink
San Francisco Bay's startup ecosystem grew +19.9% in 2025, ranks #1 globally, with 14539 startups and total startup funding over $97.1B.
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Learn About the SF Fed. Serving the Twelfth Federal Reserve District.
As part of the U.S. central bank, the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco works to keep the U.S. economy strong by focusing on stable prices, full employment ...<|separator|>
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The San Francisco Economy | JPMorgan Chase Institute
JPMorgan Chase Institute research has divided the Online Platform Economy into four key sectors: transportation, leasing, selling, and non-transport work.Online Platform Economy · Local Commerce · Firmographic...Missing: climate | Show results with:climate
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[PDF] REGIONAL ECONOMIC SNAPSHOT - Empowering American Cities
Jul 31, 2024 · Finance and Real Estate. 1. San Francisco. United States. GDP Share. Employment Share. 17%.
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California Share Of Startup Funding Is Still On The Rise
Jul 2, 2025 · 68% of all US startup funding went to California-headquartered companies, per Crunchbase data. That's a historically high level.
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Balancing San Francisco's Budget, Part 3: Closing the Structural ...
May 30, 2025 · With reserves diminished, and COVID-era support now expired, the city is projected to face a $1.47 billion General Fund deficit by FY 2029–2030.<|separator|>
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San Francisco's budget is bigger than 17 U.S. states | GrowSF.org
Apr 28, 2025 · At $15.9B total, the scale of our city budget is massive. This analysis is based on fiscal year 2024, when our city budget was $14.6B.Missing: key | Show results with:key
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San Francisco: January 2025 | Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
Jan 15, 2025 · Residential real estate markets were stable overall, and commercial real estate conditions were mixed. Lending activity was steady. Demand for ...Missing: key facts
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What Does SF Mean in Text? Explained Simply for Everyday Chats
Sep 11, 2025 · Science Fiction: Perhaps the most recognized meaning, “SF” is a shorthand for “science fiction,” a genre of speculative fiction dealing with ...
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What does SF Stand For in texting? 48 meanings of SF
Smoke(ing) Fetish · SF — Sick Freak · SF — Soldier Front · SF — Secret Friends · SF — Sugar Free · SF — Sexually Frustrated · SF — State Fair.
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https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/S.F
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S.F. Slang: The Bay Area Phrases That'll Have You Talking The Talk
Jan 16, 2021 · A shortened version of the phrase “good looking out,” this S.F. slang term is used to show appreciation or gratitude to someone who has helped ...
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SF - Slang/Internet Slang - Acronym Finder
What does SF stand for? ; SF, South Fremont (Fremont, California) ; SF, Sparks Flew (band) ; SF, Sacramental Fusion (band) ; SF, Space Filler (philately).
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SF Medical Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
SF in Medical commonly refers to Synovial Fluid, a viscous fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints that reduces friction between the articular cartilage ...
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Sf | definition of Sf by Medical dictionary
SF. Abbreviation for spontaneous fracture. Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012. Synovial fluid (SF).
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Medical Abbreviations & Acronyms: S | OpenMD.com
SF, sugar-free; serum ferritin; safety factor; synovial fluid. SF-1, steroidogenic factor 1. SFe, Serum Iron. SFI, Spondylitis Functional Index. SG, Swan-Ganz ...
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https://www.drlogy.com/medical-abbreviations/sf
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Definitions of Substandard and Falsified (SF) Medical Products
Substandard: Also called “out of specification”, these are authorized medical products that fail to meet either their quality standards or specifications, ...
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Substandard and falsified medical products
Dec 3, 2024 · Substandard and falsified (SF) medical products severely impact public health, leading to severe and often fatal consequences. Patients may ...