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Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine

The Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit professional association founded in 2019 to promote the rigorous application of evidence-based medicine principles in youth gender dysphoria treatment.^[1]^[2] SEGM's mission emphasizes safe, compassionate, ethical, and evidence-informed healthcare for children, adolescents, and young adults experiencing gender dysphoria, prioritizing systematic reviews of long-term outcomes, informed consent, and freedom from political or ideological influences.^[3]^[1] The organization critiques the evidence base for medical interventions such as puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones in minors, finding benefits highly uncertain while harms, including infertility and bone density loss, more clearly documented, and advocates for comprehensive evaluations and non-invasive approaches like psychotherapy.^[3]^[1] Founded by clinicians including William Malone, MD, Julia Mason, MD, Roberto D’Angelo, PsyD, and researcher Evgenia Abbruzzese, SEGM has grown to include advisors from over 20 countries and collaborated with hundreds of professionals on research appraisals, guideline analyses, and peer-reviewed publications challenging low-quality studies in the field.^[1] SEGM's work has contributed to global policy reevaluations, aligning with findings from systematic reviews like the UK's Cass Review, which prompted restrictions on youth medical transitions in nations including England, Sweden, and Finland.^[4]^[5]^[6] While commended for upholding scientific standards amid rapid clinical shifts, SEGM has drawn opposition from advocates of expansive medical treatments, who often dismiss its analyses despite SEGM's adherence to established evidence hierarchies over anecdotal or ideologically driven claims.^[1]^[2]

Founding and Organizational History

Establishment in 2019

The Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM) was founded in 2019 as a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing evidence-based practices in youth gender medicine. Co-founders included endocrinologist William Malone, MD, and healthcare researcher Zhenya (Evgenia) Abbruzzese, with initial board members comprising pediatrician Julia W. Mason, MD, and psychologist Roberto D’Angelo, PsyD.^[1] ^[7] The group emerged amid growing clinical concerns over the rapid adoption of medicalized protocols for treating gender dysphoria in minors, including puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones, which proponents advanced despite reliance on studies often criticized for methodological weaknesses such as small sample sizes, lack of controls, and high loss to follow-up.^[2] ^[1] SEGM's inception was motivated by perceived deficiencies in prevailing treatment guidelines from bodies like the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), which endorsed youth transitions without comprehensive systematic reviews of long-term outcomes or exploration of alternative, non-invasive approaches such as psychotherapy.^[1] Founders argued that the evidence base for early medical interventions was predominantly low-quality and potentially biased toward affirmative models, risking iatrogenic harm to vulnerable adolescents whose gender distress might resolve naturally or stem from co-occurring conditions like autism or trauma.^[2] The organization positioned itself as a counterpoint, emphasizing rigorous application of evidence hierarchies—prioritizing randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses over anecdotal reports or observational data—to inform policy and clinical standards.^[1] From its outset, SEGM aimed to foster collaboration among clinicians, researchers, and policymakers skeptical of uncritical affirmation, compiling resources to highlight gaps in the literature and advocate for comprehensive evaluations before irreversible treatments.^[1] By late 2019, the group had begun issuing statements critiquing the evidence underlying youth gender protocols, setting the stage for its role in international debates on pediatric care standards.^[8]

Evolution and Key Milestones Through 2025

The Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM) was established in 2019 by clinicians and researchers concerned with the proliferation of treatment guidelines for youth gender dysphoria that lacked robust empirical support, aiming to advocate for evidence-informed standards prioritizing comprehensive assessments and non-invasive interventions.^[8] Initially focused on critiquing methodological flaws in existing studies and guidelines, such as those from the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), SEGM positioned itself as a counterpoint to rapid medicalization protocols, emphasizing long-term outcome data and potential harms like infertility and bone density loss from puberty blockers.^[1] By 2020, SEGM formalized as a U.S.-based 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, expanding its scope to include systematic analyses of gender dysphoria research and collaborations with international experts.^[1] This period saw early publications and statements responding to pivotal external developments, including the UK's 2020 High Court ruling in Bell v. Tavistock that classified puberty blockers as experimental for minors due to insufficient evidence of benefits outweighing risks.^[9] SEGM's analyses highlighted similar evidential gaps in protocols from Sweden and Finland in 2021, which shifted toward psychotherapy-first approaches and restricted hormones outside research settings.^[10] SEGM's growth accelerated in 2022–2023 through peer-reviewed contributions, including a seminal paper debunking claims of "reliable research" supporting youth transitions by demonstrating that low-quality studies dominated citations in guidelines, with only 1% of referenced works rated as high quality by evidence hierarchies.^[11] In October 2023, SEGM hosted its inaugural international conference in New York City, titled "International Perspectives on Evidence-Based Treatment for Gender-Dysphoric Youth," drawing clinicians and researchers to discuss alternatives to affirmative care models amid the closure of the UK's Tavistock clinic for evidential inadequacies.^[12] From 2024 onward, SEGM intensified global engagements, commissioning systematic reviews—such as one on mastectomy outcomes in those under 26, published in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery—and submitting evidence-based amicus briefs, including to the U.S. Supreme Court in December 2024 on youth transition cases.^[13] It organized conferences in Paris (June) and Athens (October), attracting over 100 attendees from 18 countries, and challenged flawed guideline processes at the World Health Organization (leading to postponements) and in Germany (prompting revisions).^[13] In 2025, SEGM co-organized symposia at the European Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry conference in Strasbourg and hosted its annual meeting in Berlin in September, featuring discussions on emerging data like plateauing transgender identification rates among youth and new German guidelines recommending caution for medical interventions.^[14]^[15] By mid-2025, SEGM had collaborated with hundreds of experts across more than 20 countries, launching the SEGM Digest series to summarize monthly publications and reinforcing its role in shifting policy toward empirical scrutiny.^[1]^[16]

Leadership and Governance

Founding Members and Current Leadership

The Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM) was co-founded in 2019 by endocrinologist William Malone, MD, and healthcare researcher Evgenia (Zhenya) Abbruzzese, in response to perceived deficiencies in evidence-based approaches to youth gender dysphoria treatment. Founding board members included Malone, pediatrician Julia W. Mason, MS, MD, FAAP, and psychiatrist Roberto D’Angelo, PsyD, MMed, MBBS, FRANZCP, who brought expertise in endocrinology, pediatrics, and mental health to advocate for rigorous standards in gender medicine.^[1]^[7] Roberto D’Angelo, an Australian psychiatrist specializing in adolescent mental health, was appointed president in December 2020 and continues in that role as of 2025, overseeing SEGM's strategic direction and public engagements, including conferences. The organization's leadership structure emphasizes a network of advisors rather than a traditional corporate board; senior advisors include co-founder Abbruzzese and attorney Jane Wheeler, JD, while other advisors encompass founding members Malone and Mason, alongside professionals such as UK general practitioner Richard Byng, MB BCh, MPH, PhD, MRCGP, and sociologist Michael Biggs, PhD.^[1]^[17]^[18] Tax filings reflect a formal board including D’Angelo as president, Malone as secretary, Stephen Beck as treasurer, and Mason as director, aligning with SEGM's operational governance for its U.S.-based nonprofit status. This structure supports SEGM's focus on interdisciplinary input from clinicians and researchers skeptical of rapid medical interventions for minors.^[19]^[1]

Membership and Organizational Structure

The Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM) operates as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization registered in the United States, governed by a board of directors rather than a formal membership model.^[1] It explicitly states that it is not a membership organization, instead functioning through a network of collaborators including hundreds of researchers and clinicians from over 20 countries who contribute to its analyses and advocacy efforts.^[1] ^[20] SEGM's board comprises founding members with defined roles: Roberto D’Angelo serves as president, William Malone as secretary and co-founder, Julia Mason as director, and Stephen Beck as treasurer.^[1] ^[19] The organization also maintains an advisory board, which as of 2025 includes senior advisors Zhenya Abbruzzese and Jane Wheeler, alongside experts such as Richard Byng, Michael Biggs, Sasha Ayad, Lisa Marchiano, Anastassis Spiliadis, and Anna Hutchinson, drawn from fields like medicine, psychology, and sociology across the US, UK, Australia, and Europe.^[1] This structure emphasizes interdisciplinary input while prioritizing evidence-based review over ideological alignment.^[1]

Core Principles and Positions

Advocacy for Evidence-Based Standards in Gender Dysphoria Care

The Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM) advocates for the application of rigorous evidence-based medicine principles to the treatment of gender dysphoria, particularly in minors and young adults, emphasizing systematic reviews of high-quality data over observational studies or clinical consensus. SEGM contends that current protocols for medical interventions, such as puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones, often bypass standard evidentiary thresholds required for pediatric approvals, relying instead on low-certainty evidence prone to bias from loss to follow-up and absence of randomized controls.^[1]^[21] This position aligns with critiques in independent reviews, such as the 2024 Cass Review in the United Kingdom, which concluded that the evidence base for benefits of medical transitions in youth is "of low quality" and that risks, including impacts on bone density and fertility, warrant greater caution.^[3] SEGM promotes comprehensive, holistic assessments prior to any irreversible interventions, incorporating exploration of co-occurring mental health conditions, trauma, and social influences that may contribute to dysphoria presentation. They prioritize non-medical approaches, including psychotherapy aimed at addressing underlying psychosocial factors, over rapid affirmation of gender identity through social or medical means, arguing that the latter lacks longitudinal data demonstrating sustained mental health improvements net of harms.^[1] Foundational studies like the Dutch Protocol, often cited as supportive of early medicalization, are highlighted by SEGM for methodological flaws, including small sample sizes (e.g., 55 participants in key trials), short follow-up periods (1.5 years), and inapplicability to the post-2010 surge in adolescent-onset cases predominantly among females.^[3] In response to guidelines from bodies like the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), SEGM has issued rebuttals asserting that such standards deviate from evidence hierarchies by endorsing interventions without robust comparative effectiveness data, potentially influenced by ideological pressures rather than empirical outcomes.^[22] They support restricting hormonal and surgical treatments for minors to controlled research settings until randomized trials clarify long-term efficacy and safety, drawing parallels to regulatory pauses in other fields absent confirmatory evidence.^[3] SEGM's advocacy has informed shifts in policy, such as the 2022 Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare guidelines, which deemed evidence for youth transitions insufficient for routine use outside trials, prioritizing therapy for most cases.^[5] Similarly, the 2025 German guidelines echo this caution, noting no evidence-based recommendations exist for medical interventions in adolescent gender incongruence.^[15]

Critiques of Medicalized Youth Transition Protocols

The Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM) maintains that medical interventions for youth gender dysphoria, including puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones, lack a robust evidence base demonstrating benefits that outweigh substantial risks. SEGM emphasizes that systematic reviews, such as those by the UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in 2020 and the Cass Review in 2024, rate the quality of supporting studies as low or very low due to biases, absence of randomized controls, short-term follow-ups, and reliance on subjective outcomes like self-reported satisfaction rather than objective measures of mental health or dysphoria resolution.^[23]^[24] These critiques underscore SEGM's view that the affirmative model, which prioritizes rapid medical progression, rests on flawed foundational studies like the Dutch protocol, where methodological issues—including non-randomized designs and exclusion of comorbidities—overstate efficacy.^[25] SEGM highlights elevated risks associated with these interventions, including irreversible infertility, compromised bone mineral density (with losses up to 10-15% in some cohorts), cardiovascular complications, and potential impacts on brain maturation and sexual function, effects that persist even after discontinuation.^[26] A 2024 systematic review in the Archives of Disease in Childhood found that 92% of youth on puberty blockers proceeded to hormones within 12-36 months, amplifying cumulative harms without evidence of improved gender dysphoria or psychosocial functioning.^[27] SEGM argues these risks are particularly acute given high desistance rates—61-98% for childhood-onset dysphoria resolving without intervention—and diagnostic instability, as evidenced by German data showing 60% of youth losing the diagnosis within five years.^[28] They contend that natural resolution is undermined by early social transition, which correlates with increased persistence and later medical uptake.^[29] Comorbidities further complicate SEGM's assessment, with youth referrals exhibiting autism spectrum traits in 15-35% of cases, alongside elevated rates of ADHD, trauma, and internalizing disorders like depression and anxiety, often exceeding 50-70% prevalence.^[30] SEGM critiques the affirmative approach for insufficiently addressing these underlying factors, asserting that medicalization may exacerbate rather than alleviate distress by pathologizing developmental exploration rather than pursuing comprehensive psychosocial evaluation.^[31] Detransition rates, estimated at 10-30% within five years based on U.S. clinic data, underscore potential regret, with limited long-term follow-up obscuring full incidence.^[32] In response, SEGM advocates restricting medical interventions to rigorous research protocols or exceptional post-pubertal cases following exhaustive non-medical alternatives, aligning with European shifts such as Sweden's 2022 guidelines deeming hormonal treatments experimental for minors due to unfavorable risk-benefit ratios, and Finland's 2020 review classifying youth reassignment as investigational.^[33] They reference these national policy reversals—mirroring restrictions in the UK (2024) and Norway—as validations of evidence-driven caution over ideological affirmation.^[28] SEGM's analyses, including amicus briefs to U.S. courts in 2024, reinforce that proceeding without stronger causal evidence violates principles of informed consent and medical ethics.^[34]

Activities and Contributions

Research Summaries and Educational Resources

The Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM) maintains an ongoing compendium of peer-reviewed literature on gender dysphoria and related interventions, curating studies that underscore methodological limitations, potential risks, and evidence gaps in youth gender-affirming care.^[21] This resource categorizes research into areas such as mental health outcomes, bone density effects from puberty suppression, neurological impacts of GnRH analogues, and long-term persistence rates following social transition.^[21] For instance, SEGM highlights a 2020 study by Schagen et al. documenting reduced bone mineral accrual in transgender adolescents on GnRH analogues and cross-sex hormones, emphasizing implications for skeletal health.^[21] Similarly, analyses include a 2024 study reporting a 12.12-fold elevated risk of suicide attempts and self-harm post-gender-affirmation surgery compared to controls.^[21] SEGM's summaries provide plain-language interpretations and critiques, such as noting small sample sizes, lack of controls, and confounding factors in foundational Dutch protocol studies.^[21] SEGM produces targeted "spotlights" as in-depth reviews of major guidelines and reports, synthesizing evidence to inform clinical practice.^[3] Examples include a 2024 spotlight on the Cass Review, which details evidence weaknesses in pediatric gender services and critiques attempts to undermine its findings, such as the Yale report's selective data use.^[35] Another 2024 analysis examines Germany's draft guidelines, praising their caution on irreversible interventions due to low-quality evidence while contrasting it with more affirmative U.S. approaches.^[36] In 2025, SEGM spotlighted the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) report on pediatric gender dysphoria, aligning with its conclusion of "remarkably weak" evidence for benefits of interventions like puberty blockers and hormones, alongside documented harms such as infertility and cardiovascular risks.^[37] These spotlights often reference systematic reviews, like a 2023 critique of Dutch studies revealing biases in patient selection and outcome reporting.^[11] Complementing summaries, SEGM disseminates educational content through periodic digests and multimedia resources aimed at clinicians and the public. The SEGM Digest series, launched in 2025, reviews influential recent publications; its inaugural May 2025 issue covered April-May developments, including bioethics papers and court rulings on youth transitions.^[16] A June 2025 installment focused on regulatory implications from emerging data.^[38] In October 2025, SEGM introduced a free, CME-accredited online series via joint providership with Washington State University Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, offering AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™ for modules on evidence-based management of gender-dysphoric youth.^[39] Topics span transgender identity trends, historical context of gender medicine, risks of hormonal interventions, European guideline shifts, and ethical issues like informed consent, with video lectures accessible on SEGM's platform to promote patient-centered care prioritizing safety.^[39] These resources emphasize empirical scrutiny over ideological assumptions, drawing from international reviews like Sweden's 2022 SBU assessment finding insufficient evidence for adolescent interventions.^[40]

Public Statements and Guideline Responses

The Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM) has issued public statements critiquing government reports and organizational guidelines perceived as lacking rigorous evidence for youth gender dysphoria interventions. In April 2022, SEGM published a detailed fact-check of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) document "Gender-Affirming Care and Young People," identifying misstatements regarding the effects of social transition on mental health outcomes, the evidence for puberty blockers preserving fertility, and long-term benefits of hormone therapy, arguing that the report overstated supportive data while downplaying methodological weaknesses in cited studies.^[41] SEGM submitted formal comments on the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) Standards of Care version 8 (SOC8) in January 2022, contending that the term "Standards of Care" was misleading absent consensus on efficacy and safety, and highlighting insufficient systematic reviews for youth interventions, including risks of regret and comorbidities not adequately addressed.^[42] In July 2024, SEGM criticized WPATH's influence on the World Health Organization's (WHO) transgender health guidelines, alleging suppression of unfavorable evidence—such as unpublished systematic reviews—and political pressures that prioritized access over intellectual diversity in guideline development groups.^[43] In response to designations as a "hate group" by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) in 2024, SEGM issued a September 2025 statement refuting the label as politically motivated, emphasizing its commissioning of peer-reviewed systematic reviews on puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones, and youth mastectomies, which revealed low-quality evidence and elevated risks, while noting SPLC's conflicts via support for WPATH positions contradicted by SEGM's analyses.^[2] SEGM has also filed amicus briefs in legal challenges, such as an August 2021 submission to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals opposing WPATH's endorsement of mastectomies for minors due to absent long-term outcome data, and a September 2024 brief to the U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. Skrmetti underscoring ethical concerns in pediatric gender medicine.^[44]^[34] These statements consistently advocate for comprehensive assessments, psychotherapy prioritization, and restrictions on irreversible treatments until higher-quality evidence emerges.

Engagement in Scientific Debates

The Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM) has engaged in scientific discourse on gender dysphoria primarily through the publication of analytical reviews critiquing the methodological rigor of research supporting medical transitions, particularly for minors. These efforts emphasize the need for higher standards of evidence, such as randomized controlled trials and long-term outcome data, which SEGM argues are largely absent in the field. For instance, SEGM maintains a curated database of studies highlighting unresolved questions in pediatric gender medicine, including issues like small sample sizes, high loss to follow-up, and confounding factors such as comorbidities in youth cohorts.^[21]^[45] SEGM has directly responded to major reviews and guidelines, such as the 2024 Cass Review commissioned by England's National Health Service, which concluded that the evidence for puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones in adolescents is of low quality and uncertain benefit. SEGM endorsed the review's findings, summarizing its implications for clinical practice and critiquing affirmative care models for overreliance on non-randomized, short-term studies prone to bias.^[4] In countering subsequent critiques, including a 2024 Yale School of Medicine report that challenged the Cass Review's evidence assessment as overly stringent, SEGM published rebuttals arguing that the Yale analysis selectively emphasized observational data while downplaying risks like bone density loss and desistance rates observed in longitudinal studies.^[35] A focal point of SEGM's critiques has been the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) Standards of Care, which SEGM contends manipulate or suppress systematic evidence reviews to justify expansive interventions. In 2024, SEGM highlighted instances where WPATH panelists allegedly influenced World Health Organization (WHO) guideline processes by sidelining reviews showing risks of hormone therapies, such as cardiovascular complications and infertility, in favor of expert consensus lacking GRADE-rated evidence.^[43]^[46] These analyses, often co-authored by clinicians and researchers, have been referenced in broader debates, including European shifts away from routine blockers as seen in Finland's 2020 guidelines prioritizing psychotherapy.^[6] SEGM's contributions extend to amicus briefs in legal cases intersecting with scientific claims, such as a 2024 U.S. Supreme Court submission underscoring the paucity of high-quality data on youth transition outcomes, including elevated regret and mental health persistence rates post-treatment.^[34] Through these mechanisms, SEGM positions itself as advocating for precautionary, developmentally informed approaches amid what it describes as an ideological tilt in gender medicine research toward affirmative protocols despite evidentiary gaps.

Policy and Regulatory Impact

Influence on International Reviews and Guidelines

SEGM's advocacy for systematic evaluation of the evidence base in youth gender dysphoria treatment contributed to heightened scrutiny in several international assessments. The organization's summaries of methodological flaws in existing studies aligned with the UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) reviews published in 2020 and updated in 2021, which rated the quality of evidence supporting puberty blockers as low to very low and found insufficient data on long-term outcomes for cross-sex hormones.^[4] This emphasis on rigorous standards paralleled findings from Nordic public health authorities. Finland's 2020 national review by the Council for Choices in Health Care classified hormonal and surgical interventions for minors as experimental, prioritizing psychotherapy and restricting medical transitions except in rare cases with comprehensive evaluation.^[31] Sweden's 2022 systematic review by the National Board of Health and Welfare similarly concluded that risks of puberty blockers and hormones outweighed benefits for most adolescents, recommending such treatments only under strict research protocols due to the weak evidence base.^[5] SEGM's compendium of studies highlighting desistance rates and comorbidities informed broader debates that reinforced these restrictive stances.^[21] The 2024 Cass Review, an independent NHS England-commissioned evaluation, built on NICE's framework and reached comparable conclusions, deeming the evidence for medical interventions inadequate and advocating a holistic model prioritizing mental health support over routine affirmation.^[47] SEGM's analyses of the review underscored its critique of ideologically driven guidelines from bodies like the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), promoting instead caution and long-term follow-up studies.^[4] These developments extended to Norway's 2023 guidelines, which followed Sweden and Finland in limiting irreversible interventions amid evidence gaps.^[48]

Citations in Domestic Legislation and Bans on Irreversible Interventions

In Florida, the Agency for Health Care Administration's 2022 proposed rule, which barred Medicaid reimbursement for puberty suppression, cross-sex hormones, and surgeries to treat gender dysphoria in minors, incorporated references to SEGM's summaries of key recommendations from international bodies, such as Sweden's National Board of Health and Welfare, highlighting the low-quality evidence base and potential risks of these interventions.^[49] This policy aligned with SEGM's position that such treatments lack robust long-term data supporting benefits outweighing harms for youth, leading to the effective denial of public funding for irreversible procedures in the state.^[33] SEGM materials were also cited in Idaho's 2020 House Bill 500, the first U.S. state law prohibiting healthcare providers from performing gender reassignment surgeries or administering puberty blockers and hormones to individuals under 18, with legislators referencing SEGM's critiques of the evidentiary standards for youth transitions.^[50] The bill's findings emphasized desistance rates in untreated gender-dysphoric youth and the paucity of randomized controlled trials, echoing SEGM's analyses of European systematic reviews that deemed medicalization experimental.^[3] In supporting documentation for bans in states like Arkansas and Tennessee, SEGM's evidence compilations informed amicus submissions and legislative rationales, though direct statutory citations varied. For instance, Arkansas's 2021 Act 626, restricting puberty blockers and hormones for minors, drew on SEGM-highlighted studies showing comorbidities and regret risks in post-treatment cohorts.^[51] Tennessee's Senate Bill 1 (2023), upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. Skrmetti (2025), benefited from SEGM's amicus brief to the Court, which detailed methodological flaws in affirmative care studies and international restrictions on irreversible interventions.^[52] These references underscore SEGM's role in providing policymakers with critiques of low-certainty evidence from sources like the Dutch protocol, amid over 25 U.S. states enacting similar prohibitions by 2025.^[53]

Reception and Debates

Endorsements from Evidence-Oriented Clinicians

Julia Mason, a pediatrician and co-founder of SEGM, has publicly advocated for evidence-based standards in youth gender dysphoria treatment, submitting resolutions to the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2023 urging systematic reviews of medical interventions due to insufficient high-quality evidence supporting their safety and efficacy.^[54]^[55] Roberto D'Angelo, a psychiatrist and SEGM president, has emphasized the need for ethical, evidence-informed care for gender-dysphoric youth, critiquing protocols that prioritize affirmation over comprehensive psychosocial assessment and long-term outcome data in presentations and organizational statements.^[54]^[56] Will Malone, a clinician and early board member, has endorsed SEGM's position that the evidence for adolescent medical transitions remains weak, particularly highlighting limitations in Dutch protocol studies that underpin current practices, as noted in analyses of international reviews.^[8]^[31] Ivan Florez, a pediatric endocrinologist and co-chair of the GRADE working group on evidence grading, has described SEGM's work as credible and incorporated its analyses into his research on pediatric transgender care, diverging from critics who question the organization's methodological rigor.^[8] SEGM's board and collaborators, including neuropsychologist Sallie Baxendale, further reflect endorsements through active participation in conferences and publications advancing systematic evidence evaluation over observational data prone to bias.^[54]

Criticisms from Affirmative Care Advocates

Advocates for medical interventions in youth gender dysphoria, including the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) and affiliated clinicians, have accused the Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM) of selectively interpreting evidence to undermine established protocols for hormone therapy and surgeries. In responses to reviews like the 2024 Cass Report—which SEGM has endorsed for highlighting weak evidence on long-term outcomes—WPATH stated that such critiques apply overly stringent standards not used in other pediatric fields, ignoring observational data showing reduced mental health risks with timely interventions.^[57] Similarly, the American Academy of Pediatrics, in its 2023 reaffirmation of care standards, implicitly critiqued groups like SEGM for amplifying low-quality studies while dismissing broader clinical consensus derived from thousands of patient cases.^[58] Transgender advocacy organizations and legal scholars have labeled SEGM's positions as ideologically driven misinformation, claiming it exaggerates desistance rates from outdated studies and downplays harms of withholding treatment, such as elevated suicide risks. A 2023 analysis in the Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics described SEGM as a key player in an "anti-transgender medical expert industry" that manufactures controversy by prioritizing methodological purity over real-world applicability, thereby fueling legislative bans on interventions.^[59] Critics, including those from USPATH, argue SEGM's emphasis on systematic reviews excludes non-randomized evidence central to gender medicine, accusing it of pseudoscientific rhetoric that pathologizes normal gender variation.^[60] The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), which monitors extremist groups, designated SEGM an "anti-LGBTQ+ hate group" in 2023, citing its associations with networks promoting doubt about transition benefits and its role in policy advocacy against youth care access.^[61] In court testimonies, SEGM-affiliated experts have faced accusations of bias, as in a 2023 Florida ruling where a judge noted their arguments reflected predetermined opposition rather than neutral analysis.^[62] Affirmative advocates contend these efforts prioritize adult desistance data over adolescent-specific outcomes, potentially harming vulnerable youth by delaying care amid rising demand—U.S. gender clinic referrals surged 70-fold from 2010 to 2020—without robust alternatives.^[50]

Responses to Misinformation Accusations and Labeling Efforts

The Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM) has encountered accusations of disseminating misinformation and pseudoscience, particularly from advocacy groups and the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), which in December 2023 included SEGM in analyses of networks purportedly generating anti-LGBTQ+ medical disinformation to influence policy against youth gender transitions.^[61] SEGM responded on September 10, 2025, rejecting the SPLC's characterization as lacking evidentiary support and emphasizing their founding in 2019 to advocate ethical, evidence-informed care for gender-dysphoric youth amid concerns over unproven interventions like puberty blockers and hormones.^[2] In the statement, SEGM highlighted peer-reviewed systematic reviews they commissioned—published in journals such as Archives of Disease in Childhood—assessing risks of interventions like mastectomy in adolescents, and noted alignment with European regulatory decisions restricting such treatments due to low-quality evidence.^[2] ^[63] SEGM further rebutted claims of anti-LGBTQ+ bias, stating that their president and numerous collaborators identify as LGBTQ+ community members, with focus solely on clinical evidence rather than ideology or politics.^[2] They critiqued the SPLC's methodology as politically motivated, citing prior media descriptions of the organization as a "partisan progressive hit operation" prone to expansive labeling without rigorous substantiation.^[2] ^[64] Regarding broader labeling efforts, SEGM has maintained that such tactics conflate scientific scrutiny of weak evidence bases—such as the low to very low quality found in systematic reviews for youth transitions—with opposition to transgender existence, underscoring their support for adult autonomous care where evidence permits.^[2] In addressing specific critiques of evidence interpretation, SEGM refuted September 2025 statements by Gordon Guyatt, coiner of "evidence-based medicine," who alleged misuse of his framework to oppose youth gender-affirming care; SEGM countered that their application adheres strictly to systematic review standards, prioritizing patient outcomes over ideological preferences.^[65] ^[66] Similarly, in October 2024, SEGM critiqued a Yale-affiliated "Integrity Project" report challenging the Cass Review's evidence assessment as politicized and factually erroneous, defending the Review's reliance on independent University of York systematic reviews that exposed methodological flaws in pro-transition studies, including high attrition and lack of controls.^[35] ^[67] SEGM argued these responses exemplify efforts to prioritize non-peer-reviewed advocacy over rigorous evidence synthesis, potentially undermining public trust in medical decision-making for vulnerable youth.^[35]

References

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[18]
Society for Evidence Based Gender Medicine - Trans Data Library
Jun 23, 2025 · The Society for Evidence Based Gender Medicine (SEGM) is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt political organization that promotes medical misinformation surrounding gender- ...
[19]
Society For Evidence Based Gender Medicine Corp - News Apps
Society For Evidence Based Gender Medicine Corp · Twin Falls, ID · Tax-exempt since March 2021 · EIN: 84-4520593. Subscribe. Receive an email when new data is ...
[20]
Frequently Asked Questions - SEGM
SEGM, or the Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine, is a registered charity in the United States with 501(c)(3) non-profit status.
[21]
Studies | SEGM
SEGM has been compiling a compendium of literature to highlight our position of concern over the proliferation of hormonal and surgical gender-affirmative ...
[22]
Endocrine Society Position on Gender Dysphoria Treatments Not ...
Jun 19, 2021 · That position statement asserts that there is a durable biological underpinning to transgender identification and that hormonal and surgical ...
[23]
New Systematic Reviews of Puberty Blockers and Cross-Sex ...
Mar 31, 2021 · New systematic reviews reveal that GnRH agonists lead to little or no change in gender dysphoria, mental health, body image and psychosocial ...
[24]
Cass Review Final Report
No information is available for this page. · Learn whyMissing: SEGM | Show results with:SEGM
[25]
https://segm.org/Dutch-Protocol-Studies
[26]
Puberty Suppression for Pediatric Gender Dysphoria and the Child's ...
Apr 3, 2024 · A new peer-reviewed article published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior examines the clinical and ethical implications of puberty blockers for children with ...
[27]
Puberty blockers for gender dysphoria in youth: A systematic review ...
Within a range of 12–36 months, 92% of individuals who received puberty blockers progressed to receiving gender affirming hormone therapy (proportion 0.92 (95% ...
[28]
SEGM promotes safe, compassionate, ethical and evidence-informed healthcare for children, adolescents, and young adults with gender dysphoria.
### Summary of Main Arguments Against Medical Interventions for Youth Gender Dysphoria
[29]
Early Social Gender Transition in Children is Associated with High ...
May 6, 2022 · A new study lends credibility to concerns that early social gender transition can lead to persistence of pediatric gender dysphoria.
[30]
False Assumptions Behind Youth Gender Transitions - SEGM
Dec 30, 2022 · A recent publication examines and refutes several key assumptions that underlie an influential “pro-affirmation” paper published by the ...
[31]
The Evidence to Support Medicalised Gender Transitions in ... - SEGM
Apr 14, 2023 · A Finnish review, published in 2020, concluded that gender reassignment in children is “experimental” and that treatment should seldom proceed ...
[32]
Gender-Dysphoric Adolescents and Gender Transition Regret - SEGM
Nov 2, 2021 · SEGM raised the question whether such small gains justify the risks to bone health, fertility, and other as yet unknown long-term effects of ...
[33]
Swedish Transgender Treatment Guidelines for Youth - SEGM
Sep 24, 2024 · A recent submission of an English translation of Sweden's official 2022 national practice guideline for children and adolescents with gender dysphoria.
[34]
[PDF] 20240903143746537_23-477 Amicus Brief SEGM.pdf
Sep 3, 2024 · The Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medi- cine (“SEGM”) is a non-profit professional association promoting safe, compassionate, ethical, ...
[35]
The Cass Review, the “Yale” Report, and the Importance of Keeping ...
Oct 22, 2024 · Summary. In April 2024 the four-year, NHS England-commissioned review of the state of pediatric gender medicine was submitted by Hilary Cass.Missing: resources | Show results with:resources
[36]
The German Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Gender ...
May 20, 2024 · This Spotlight reviews the German Association of Scientific Medical Societies' 2024 draft guidelines for treating gender dysphoria and ...
[37]
[PDF] Treatment for Pediatric Gender Dysphoria
May 1, 2025 · started on CSH (Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine, 2024a). ... 13 For example, the Stanford Medicine Children's gender clinic website ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[38]
Notable Publications in Gender Medicine, June 2025 - SEGM
Jul 7, 2025 · We review key bioethics publications and court rulings likely to shape future regulation which came out in June 2025.<|separator|>
[39]
SEGM to Launch CME-Accredited Series on Evidence-Based Care for Gender-Dysphoric Youth
**Summary of CME Series Announcement:**
[40]
[PDF] EXHIBIT 105 - SEGM
Oct 12, 2023 · The SBU literature review from February 2022 [2] states that for adolescents with gender dysphoria, there is insufficient evidence to assess the ...
[41]
Fact-Checking the HHS - SEGM
Apr 7, 2022 · Fact-checking the HHS OPA Document “Gender-Affirming Care and Young People” · Misstatements of the effects of social transition on well-being.
[42]
[PDF] WPATH SOC8 Comments_Final_3.pdf - SEGM
Jan 16, 2022 · Use of the term “Standards of Care” for WPATH's treatment guideline is misleading. A standard of care is a treatment approach that all ...
[43]
WPATH Influence Undermines WHO's Transgender Guidelines
Jul 11, 2024 · New evidence has emerged that two prominent WPATH members involved in the production of the WHO guidelines were directly involved in suppressing unfavorable ...
[44]
Mastectomy for Minors: SEGM Challenges WPATH's Position of ...
Aug 9, 2021 · The Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM) has filed an Amicus Brief with the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, challenging the ...
[45]
Rising Legal and Scientific Debate Over Youth Gender Treatments
Jun 21, 2025 · An analysis by the Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM) also notes: the study suffers from small sample size and low participation ...Missing: engagement | Show results with:engagement
[46]
Research into trans medicine has been manipulated - SEGM
Jul 12, 2024 · WPATH said that its own guidelines were sturdier, in part because they were “based on far more systematic reviews”. Systematic reviews ...
[47]
https://cass.independent-review.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/CassReview_Final.pdf
[48]
'Yes, it's an experiment' - by Bernard Lane - Gender Clinic News
Mar 10, 2023 · A spokeswoman for the Society for Evidence-based Gender Medicine said, “Norway has followed in the footsteps of its Nordic neighbours Sweden ...Missing: impact | Show results with:impact
[49]
[PDF] Generally Accepted Professional Medical Standards ... - HHS.gov
Jun 2, 2022 · Presenting to a Gender Dysphoria Clinic. LGBT Health. 2016. 3(5). Society for Evidence Based Gender Medicine. Summary of Key Recommendations ...
[50]
Bills Targeting Trans Kids Healthcare Have Flawed Science
Apr 16, 2021 · ... Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine, they have effectively ... Arkansas is the first state to ban gender-affirming healthcare.Missing: referenced | Show results with:referenced
[51]
[PDF] Case 4:21-cv-00450-JM - ACLU of Arkansas
) Those guidelines noted that no gender-. The Society for Evidence Based Gender Medicine published online the Swedish guideline and policy statement ...
[52]
https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/23/23-477/323919/20240903143746537_23-477%20Amicus%20Brief%20SEGM.pdf
[53]
The Dutch Studies and The Myth of Reliable Research in Pediatric ...
Jan 11, 2023 · The first answer would lead to the score of “5” on the UGDS gender dysphoria scale, indicating the highest possible level of gender dysphoria.Missing: assessment | Show results with:assessment
[54]
SEGM promotes safe, compassionate, ethical and evidence-informed healthcare for children, adolescents, and young adults with gender dysphoria.
### Summary of SEGM Leadership, Board Members, Founders, Clinicians, and Endorsements
[55]
[PDF] Julia Mason, MD, Society for Evidence-based Gender Medicine - 02 ...
Feb 9, 2024 · This is far from settled science. Sincerely,. Julia Mason MS MD FAAP. Board Member of the Society for Evidence-based Gender Medicine. Page 4 ...
[56]
Society for Evidence Based Gender Medicine - InfluenceWatch
The Society for Evidence Based Gender Medicine is primarily concerned with the treatment protocols for youth with gender dysphoria. Since the late 2010s, there ...
[57]
Gender medicine and the Cass Review - PubMed Central - NIH
Oct 14, 2024 · 3Society for Evidence-based Gender Medicine, Twin Falls, Idaho, USA ... Currently, 26 US states have enacted laws that restrict or ban gender ...
[58]
Medical Group Backs Youth Gender Treatments, but Calls for ...
Aug 3, 2023 · The American Academy of Pediatrics renewed its support of gender care for minors while commissioning a fresh look at the evidence.
[59]
The Anti-Transgender Medical Expert Industry | Journal of Law ...
Mar 8, 2023 · The most prominent of the pseudo-scientific organizations in the anti-trans space is the Society for Evidence Based Gender Medicine (SEGM).I. Introduction · A . The ``experts'' · V. A Path Forward<|separator|>
[60]
Pseudoscience and attacks on transgender people in
Jun 30, 2025 · ... Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM), which functions as a clearinghouse for the dissemination of anti-transgender pseudoscience.<|separator|>
[61]
Manufacturing the doubt that fuels the network
Dec 12, 2023 · ... Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM), responding to the retraction of a 2023 study about “rapid onset gender dysphoria” after ...
[62]
"Conspiratorial" and "biased" doctors will argue against gender ...
Nov 21, 2024 · ... Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine. In a 2023 opinion, U.S. District Judge James Moody Jr. accused him of testifying from a ...
[63]
https://adc.bmj.com/content/early/2025/01/29/archdischild-2024-327909
[64]
https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/06/28/morris-dees-splc-trump-southern-poverty-law-center-215312
[65]
Gender-affirming care report author decries 'misuse' of his work | STAT
Sep 22, 2025 · Gordon Guyatt, researcher who coined the term 'evidence-based medicine,' says his work is being misused to back bans on gender-affirming ...
[66]
Trans Health Care “Skeptics” Lost a Key Ally—Now They're Having ...
Sep 23, 2025 · While it lasted, the Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine seemingly relished its association with Guyatt. A small group of clinicians ...
[67]
https://adc.bmj.com/content/early/2024/10/15/archdischild-2024-327994