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Spokeshave

A spokeshave is a compact hand tool used in woodworking to shape and smooth curved or rounded surfaces, consisting of a blade mounted between two handles and a short sole that allows precise control over the depth of cut.^[1] Unlike larger bench planes, its design enables work on convex and concave forms, such as rounding edges or refining shapes after initial roughing with chisels or saws, and it can be operated with either a pushing or pulling motion.^[1] The tool's name originates from its traditional role in wheelwrighting, where it was employed to trim and form the spokes of wooden wheels by shaving off thin layers of material.^[2] Historically, spokeshaves evolved from earlier implements used in trades such as shoemaking and wheelmaking, with early wooden versions—often made from beech with inserted steel blades—documented in sources from the early 19th century, such as Sheffield toolmaker Joseph Smith's Key to the Various Manufactories of Sheffield (1816).^[3] By the late 1820s and early 1830s, iron- or metal-bodied spokeshaves emerged in the United States, coinciding with innovations like Hazard Knowles's 1827 patent for an iron plane, marking a shift toward more durable designs suitable for mass production during industrialization.^[3] Although the tool's precise origins are obscure, its name and form suggest roots in 16th-century European trades, including not only wheelmaking but also shoemaking for shaping wooden lasts using "spokes" as wedges.^[3] The rise of machinery, such as lathes in the 1870s and electric routers later, contributed to a decline in its specialized use, though it persisted as a versatile hand tool.^[3] Today, spokeshaves remain essential for fine woodworking tasks beyond wheel spokes, including crafting chair legs, boat paddles, archery bows, and other contoured pieces, with adjustable blades and cap irons for tear-out prevention.^[1] Available in various types—such as flat-soled for straight or gently curved work, convex-soled for internal hollows, and concave-soled for external rounds—they are produced by reputable makers using both traditional wooden bodies and modern metal ones for enhanced precision and longevity.^[1]

Introduction

Definition and Purpose

A spokeshave is a hand tool employed in woodworking, featuring a blade secured between two handles, primarily designed for shaping and smoothing curved wooden surfaces.^[4] It functions as a compact plane variant, allowing users to remove thin shavings with precision on both convex and concave forms.^[1] The primary purpose of the spokeshave is to refine irregular curves where standard planes prove impractical due to their extended soles, such as in crafting wheel spokes, chair legs, or archery bows.^[5] This tool excels at controlled material removal, producing smooth finishes on end grain or cross-grain applications while enabling adjustments to the blade depth for varying cut depths.^[6] Distinguishing it from related tools, the spokeshave contrasts with the drawknife, which relies on a pulling motion for bulkier stock removal, as the spokeshave is generally pushed for finer, more delicate work.^[6] In comparison to traditional planes, its notably short sole provides superior maneuverability on non-flat contours, preventing the tool from bridging or skipping over subtle irregularities.^[7] The term "spokeshave" derives from its historical application in shaping the spokes of wooden wheels, a task central to wheelwrights' craft.^[8]

Basic Components and Operation

A spokeshave consists of several core components that enable precise wood shaping. The blade, typically crafted from high-carbon steel or specialized tool steel such as O1 or A2, features a beveled edge for cutting and is bedded at an angle of approximately 40° to 45° in most metal models. Two handles, often made of wood or metal, extend from the sides of the body to provide a secure grip during use. The sole, a short plate of metal or wood positioned beneath the blade, serves as the contact surface with the workpiece and may be flat or slightly curved depending on the model. An adjustment mechanism—such as thumbscrews, knurled knobs, levers, or a wedge—allows the user to fine-tune the blade's protrusion and alignment for controlled depth of cut.^[7]^[9]^[10]^[11] In basic operation, the user holds the handles perpendicular to the work surface and moves the tool either by pushing or pulling it along the direction of the wood grain, ensuring the sole maintains contact to guide the cut. The blade protrudes minimally from the sole—often just enough to produce thin shavings—preventing excessive material removal and allowing for gradual shaping. This setup demands light pressure and sensitivity to the grain to avoid tear-out or chatter, with the tool's compact design facilitating smooth transitions on contoured surfaces.^[7]^[9]^[10]^[1] The spokeshave's ergonomic configuration supports two-handed operation, with fingers positioned close to the blade for enhanced control and reduced fatigue during extended use on curved workpieces. The sole typically measures 2 to 4 inches in length, providing the necessary maneuverability for navigating tight radii without losing precision. This balance of compactness and stability makes the tool particularly effective for refining irregular shapes.^[9]^[10]^[1]^[11] The blade's bevel angle, commonly set between 20° and 25° for optimal sharpening, significantly influences the cutting action: a shallower angle promotes aggressive stock removal suitable for roughing out shapes, while a steeper angle yields cleaner, finer shavings ideal for finishing. This adjustability in angle, combined with the bed angle, determines the tool's versatility across different wood types and grain orientations, minimizing resistance and improving surface quality.^[7]^[9]^[10]

History

Origins and Early Use

The spokeshave emerged as a specialized woodworking tool in pre-18th century Europe, with its name first appearing in records by the 16th century, reflecting its primary role in shaping wooden wheel spokes for carts and carriages.^[12] The earliest known physical example dates to the 11th century, discovered in archaeological excavations in Novgorod, Russia, though the earliest written reference to the tool dates to 1510, as noted in historical analyses of woodworking implements; physical evidence from earlier periods remains scarce due to the perishable nature of wooden components.^[13] It evolved as an adaptation of the drawknife, allowing wheelwrights greater control for smoothing and rounding curved surfaces in wheel construction, a critical task in the carriage and transportation trades before mechanized production.^[12]^[14] The first surviving examples of wooden spokeshaves are two boxwood specimens discovered in the tool chest assembled in 1796 for English cabinetmaker Benjamin Seaton, highlighting their established presence in late 18th-century joinery kits.^[15] These early tools featured simple designs: a compact wooden body, typically crafted from durable hardwoods like beech or boxwood to withstand repeated use, fitted with an iron blade whose tangs extended to secure wooden handles, enabling a pulling motion similar to the drawknife but with enhanced precision for detailed shaping.^[15]^[12] Such construction was prevalent among 17th- and 18th-century woodworkers in Europe and colonial America, where the tool's portability made it indispensable for on-site work in workshops and fields.^[3] In the pre-industrial era, the spokeshave was essential for trades reliant on hand-shaping wood, particularly in producing vehicle components like wheel spokes and felloes, as well as furniture elements such as chair legs and cabriole supports.^[14]^[12] It also found application in crafting archery equipment, including the tapering of bows and arrows, underscoring its versatility in utilitarian and sporting woodworking before the widespread adoption of metal-bodied variants in the 19th century.^[12]

Evolution and Modern Adoption

Metal-bodied spokeshaves first appeared in the United States in the late 1820s or early 1830s, possibly influenced by innovations from Hazard Knowles, though direct attribution remains unconfirmed.^[3] In the mid-19th century, the spokeshave underwent significant advancements with further developments in metal construction to enhance durability and precision. Leonard Bailey, a prominent toolmaker, patented an early metal-bodied spokeshave design in 1858 (US Patent 20,855), featuring a cast-iron frame that allowed for more robust construction suitable for repeated use in wheelwrighting and carpentry.^[16] Bailey produced several variants, such as the No. 1 and No. 2 models, which incorporated steel blades fixed within iron bodies, further standardizing the tool for professional trades.^[17] By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, further refinements focused on adjustability, with key patent developments enabling finer control over the blade. In 1866, Bailey secured another patent (US Patent 55,599) for improvements in spokeshave mechanisms, laying groundwork for adjustable features, though screw-based adjustments emerged more prominently in subsequent designs.^[18] The E.C. Stearns & Company, established in 1864, contributed to this evolution by manufacturing durable steel-bodied spokeshaves, including early models that incorporated emerging adjustment technologies.^[19] Stanley Tools, having acquired Bailey's patents in 1869, drove mass production starting in the 1870s, introducing models like the No. 51 with basic lever adjustments and later the No. 151 in 1911, which featured thumbscrew mechanisms for precise blade positioning.^[20]^[21] These changes shifted the tool toward greater versatility, with metal levers and screws allowing users to control depth and angle more effectively.^[21] The mid-20th century saw a decline in spokeshave use due to the rise of power tools, which offered faster material removal for large-scale woodworking. However, a revival began in the post-1970s hand-tool movement, driven by interest in traditional craftsmanship amid growing environmental concerns and a preference for sustainable, low-noise methods. Modern adoption has surged in artisanal crafts, boat-building, and fine woodworking, where the tool's precision for curved surfaces remains unmatched by machines. Companies like Veritas Tools, established as part of Lee Valley in the late 1970s with full production by 1985, and Lie-Nielsen Toolworks, founded in 1981, have popularized high-end models using premium materials sourced globally, such as A2 tool steel blades and bronze bodies for enhanced performance and longevity.^[22]^[23] This resurgence reflects broader trends in globalization, enabling access to specialized alloys and manufacturing techniques that elevate the spokeshave's role in contemporary handcraft.^[5]

Design and Types

Key Components

The blade of a spokeshave is typically constructed from high-carbon tool steel, such as O1 steel containing approximately 0.90% carbon, which enables it to hold a keen edge during repeated use.^[24] These blades often feature a single bevel, ground at angles between 25 and 30 degrees, to facilitate precise shearing cuts that minimize tear-out on curved wood surfaces.^[25] Blade thickness generally ranges from 0.06 to 0.09 inches (1.5 to 2.3 mm), providing sufficient rigidity for controlled material removal without excessive flexing during operation.^[24] The sole, which guides the tool along the workpiece, is machined flat on standard models to register cuts on straight or convex surfaces, ensuring even shaving depth and preventing digging.^[26] For concave shaping, variants employ a rounded sole with a gentle radius, typically 1 to 1.5 inches, that conforms to inward curves while maintaining consistent contact for accurate cut registration.^[27] Soles are commonly cast from iron for durability and weight, or bronze for corrosion resistance and smoother gliding, both materials contributing to stable tracking and reduced friction on wood.^[28] Handles are oriented perpendicular to the blade for ergonomic control in both push and pull strokes, allowing users to apply balanced pressure across varied grain directions.^[7] Common materials include beech wood for its comfortable grip and shock absorption, or molded plastic for lightweight affordability and weather resistance.^[29] Attachments typically involve a tang extending from the body into the handle or a socket that secures the handle via pins or screws, promoting secure hold during extended use.^[30] Adjustment systems vary by design, with traditional wooden spokeshaves employing a tapered wedge secured by light tapping to tension the blade against the sole.^[31] Modern metal versions often incorporate a lever cap or screw cap for quick-release tensioning, enabling rapid blade changes without tools. Precision models feature micrometer-style screws or dual knobs that allow depth adjustments in fine increments of approximately 0.001 to 0.005 inches, facilitating exact control over shaving thickness.^[32]

Variants and Materials

Spokeshaves are available in several main variants, differentiated primarily by sole profile and blade width to suit specific shaping tasks. Flat-soled models feature a straight bottom, ideal for smoothing external convex curves such as chair legs, allowing consistent contact on gently curved or flat surfaces.^[10] Round-soled variants have a curved bottom, enabling work on internal concave hollows like those in bowls, where the rounded sole prevents bottoming out in tighter radii.^[33] Travisher-style spokeshaves incorporate a wider blade and often a convex sole, designed specifically for hollowing and smoothing chair seats, providing broader coverage for larger curved areas.^[34] Construction materials vary, influencing weight, durability, and handling. Traditional wooden spokeshaves typically use dense hardwoods like boxwood or beech for the body paired with an iron or steel blade, offering lightweight construction around 4-6 ounces for agile control but susceptible to wear from prolonged use.^[35] ^[36] Metal-bodied versions, often made from cast iron or steel, provide greater durability and rigidity for precise adjustments, though they are heavier at 6-8 ounces, suiting extended sessions on harder materials.^[37] ^[38] Hybrid designs combine a metal body or sole with wooden handles, balancing the stability of metal with the ergonomic comfort of wood, as seen in models like the Stanley No. 51.^[39] Specialized variants enhance performance for challenging woods or tasks. Low-angle spokeshaves, such as the Veritas model with a reduced cutting angle, excel on hardwoods by minimizing tear-out and improving edge retention during fine shaping.^[38] Many incorporate heat-treated blades, like PM-V11 tool steel hardened to 60-62 HRC or A2 steel, which maintain sharpness longer under demanding conditions compared to standard high-carbon steel.^[40] ^[41] Comparisons between types highlight trade-offs in application. Wooden spokeshaves provide superior fine control and reduced fatigue when working green wood due to their light weight and bevel-up configuration, though they may warp or dull faster.^[42] Metal and hybrid models offer better precision and stability for dry stock, with adjustable mechanisms for consistent cuts, but their added heft can limit maneuverability in prolonged curved work.^[29] Prices range from $20 for basic metal models to $150 for premium heat-treated variants, reflecting differences in materials and craftsmanship.^[5]

Uses and Techniques

Traditional Applications

The spokeshave has long been essential in wheelwrighting and carriage making, where it was used to shape and taper wooden spokes for carts and wagons, ensuring a precise fit into the felloes while minimizing weight and maximizing strength.^[43]^[3] Wheelwrights typically rough-shaped spokes with an axe and saw before refining the tenons and curves with the spokeshave, often working green oak for flexibility.^[43] In furniture making, the tool excelled at contouring curved components such as chair legs, rockers, and bow backs, providing smooth transitions and ergonomic shapes in styles like Windsor chairs.^[29]^[44] Craftsmen employed it to round and taper spindles or slats after initial splitting or sawing, achieving a refined surface on hardwoods like maple or beech.^[3]^[29] Beyond furniture and vehicles, the spokeshave found application in diverse crafts, including smoothing archery bows from yew or ash, where it helped tiller limbs.^[45]^[46] It was also used to form paddle blades and shafts in canoe construction, carving broad, curved surfaces from cedar or ash for efficient water displacement.^[47] In lastmaking for shoemaking, it shaped hardwood lasts until the late 19th century, tapering forms to fit the foot's contours.^[3] Cooperage benefited from its precision in beveling barrel staves, ensuring tight joints in oak casks.^[48] For boat building, particularly with green wood, it shaved ribs and frames, following the material's natural bend to create lightweight hull structures.^[49] Traditional techniques emphasized the spokeshave's versatility on curves: pushing the tool away from the body suited convex shapes like chair rockers, while pulling it toward the user worked for concave forms such as bow backs or paddle grips.^[7]^[44] Artisans always worked with the grain to prevent tear-out, adjusting the blade angle for fine shavings and smooth finishes across these applications.^[7]^[1]

Modern and Specialized Techniques

In fine woodworking, the spokeshave plays a key role in refining instrument bodies, such as shaping guitar necks to achieve smooth, ergonomic contours that enhance playability.^[50] Luthiers also employ it for sculpting decorative elements like volutes, where its precision allows for controlled removal of material without tear-out on figured woods. Additionally, in chair making, spokeshaves complement travishers for hollowing seats, providing final smoothing on curved surfaces like those in Windsor chairs to create comfortable, flowing ergonomic forms.^[9] In boat-building, spokeshaves are used to shape hull strakes and bevel stems, such as chamfering dory edges or fairing lapstrake planking for seamless joints that ensure structural integrity and hydrodynamic efficiency. Luthiers in violin making rely on curved-sole variants to trace delicate f-hole curves or neck profiles, capturing compound contours that power tools cannot match for finesse. These applications often integrate spokeshaves with power tools for initial roughing, where routers or bandsaws remove bulk material before hand refinement to preserve wood grain and avoid overheating delicate stock.^[51]^[52] Specialized techniques include bevel-up adjustments on low-angle spokeshaves, which lower the cutting angle to 20–35 degrees for slicing end grain cleanly, reducing chatter and enabling smooth transitions on perpendicular surfaces like chair legs or bow tips. In green woodworking, these tools excel at heavy stock removal from freshly cut timber for rustic furniture, such as tapering spindles or hollowing seats, where the wood's moisture content allows aggressive cuts without binding. Ergonomic grips on modern designs, like cork-handled models, support prolonged sessions by distributing pressure evenly, minimizing fatigue during intricate shaping tasks.^[9]^[7] Adaptations such as custom jigs enhance repeatability, with benchtop fixtures securing workpieces at consistent angles for batch production of curved components like balusters or oar blades.^[53] In sustainable crafts, spokeshaves facilitate working reclaimed wood by navigating irregularities and knots, promoting material efficiency in eco-conscious projects like upcycled furniture or boat repairs.^[44] As of 2025, they continue to be used in artisanal boatbuilding with sustainable materials.^[54]

Maintenance and Safety

Sharpening and Care

To maintain the cutting performance of a spokeshave, the blade must be regularly sharpened, as dull edges lead to tear-out and inefficient material removal. The process begins by removing the blade, which is typically secured by a lever cap or thumbscrews in metal-bodied models; for wooden spokeshaves, the blade is wedged and can be tapped out carefully. Once removed, hone the bevel side using waterstones in a progression from 400 grit for initial shaping to 8000 grit for refinement, aiming for a primary bevel angle of 25 degrees on standard blades or 35 degrees on premium tool steel like PM-V11 for low-angle spokeshaves. Create a micro-bevel or back bevel by adding a slight hollow grind on the bevel face with 1000-grit round stones or sandpaper on a dowel, then lap the flat back to a mirror finish on 1000- to 4000-grit stones to ensure a keen, burr-free edge. Finish by stropping the bevel on leather charged with honing compound to polish the edge, which can be done freehand or with a small-blade holder for consistency. After sharpening, reinstall the blade and adjust its protrusion for optimal cutting depth, typically setting it to extend about 0.005 inches below the sole for light passes that produce fine shavings without bogging down. Use the tool's adjustment mechanisms—such as twin thumbscrews on Veritas models or lateral levers on others—to center the blade and fine-tune the depth, testing the setup on scrap wood to confirm clean, even cuts across the grain. Sharpen when cuts begin to feel resistant, depending on wood hardness and blade material. Daily care involves wiping away wood shavings and dust from the sole and blade bed to prevent buildup that could affect adjustment accuracy. Apply a light oil, such as jojoba or camellia oil, to metal parts including the blade and body to inhibit rust, especially after use in humid environments. For added protection, coat the sole with silicone-free paste wax, buffing it to a shine after drying. Store the spokeshave in a dry location, ideally wrapped in a cloth sack, to minimize moisture exposure. Wooden handles may require seasonal attention, as they can swell in humid conditions; repair cracks or looseness with wood glue or epoxy, allowing full curing before use. Common issues include a warped sole, which can cause uneven cuts and is addressed by flattening it on 120- to 400-grit emery paper adhered to a flat glass surface, progressing to finer grits for smoothness. Worn blades should be replaced rather than reground extensively, opting for high-carbon or A2 tool steel replacements from manufacturers like Hock Tools for durability. For material-specific challenges, such as handling end grain or resinous woods, ensure the blade is honed frequently and the mouth opening is narrowed with shims (e.g., 0.005-inch thickness) to reduce tear-out.

Handling and Precautions

When handling a spokeshave, always grip the tool firmly with both hands, using the fingertips to pinch directly in front of and behind the blade for optimal control and sensitivity, while avoiding a loose fist on the handles that could lead to uncontrolled cuts. Thumbs should rest on the frog for stability during use, and the tool should be held with two hands on the grips to maintain balance. Loose clothing, jewelry, or long hair should be secured or removed to prevent entanglement with the blade or moving parts. Safety precautions are essential to minimize risks during operation. Wear eye protection such as safety glasses or a face shield, along with gloves and close-fitting clothing to guard against flying debris, splinters, and dust. Secure the workpiece firmly in a vise or with clamps to prevent shifting, and always work with the grain of the wood to avoid kickback or the blade catching. Never force the cut or use a dull blade, as this increases the risk of slippage, unexpected movement, or binding that could cause injury; maintaining a sharp edge is critical for safe and effective use. Avoid operating the tool if fatigued, impaired by substances, or without proper supervision, especially for inexperienced users. For storage and transport, sheath or cap the blade immediately after use in a leather, plastic, or canvas roll to protect the sharp edges and prevent accidental cuts. Store the tool in a cool, dry place away from children and pets, and avoid dropping it, as impacts can misalign the sole or damage the blade. Common hazards associated with spokeshaves include lacerations from the sharp blade and pinch injuries during blade adjustments. In case of injury, stop any bleeding by applying direct pressure with a clean cloth, and seek medical attention for deep cuts or if bleeding persists.

References

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### Maintenance and Care Instructions for Veritas Spokeshaves
[52]
Boggs Flat Spokeshave - Lie-Nielsen Toolworks
The original Boggs Spokeshave is hefty and solid, weighing 12 oz. Designed for fine, precise shaping in all woods. Available with either a flat or curved sole.
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[PDF] Spokeshave with Flat Base for Woodworking Vastringue à Base ...
When using the tool, basic safety precautions should always be followed to reduce the risk of injury including the following: CAUTION Risk of cuts! ◗ Parts ...
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[PDF] SAFE WORK PROCEDURE Spoke Shave
Jan 10, 2023 · 4. Place spoke shave on material so the polished bottom surface is sitting on material. Always work with the grain of the wood.Missing: precautions woodworking
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How to Set Up and Use a Spokeshave - Rockler
Sep 3, 2020 · Set up a sharp iron, ensure the blade extends evenly, and use it to trim edges, shape edges, and form bullnoses. It is designed to be pushed.