Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Subluxation

A subluxation is an incomplete or partial dislocation of a joint, in which the articulating surfaces remain in partial contact.^[1]^[2] The term originates from medical usage but is also applied in chiropractic care to describe vertebral misalignments thought to affect nerve function, as well as in dentistry for tooth loosening and in veterinary medicine for animal joint issues.^[3]^[4]

History and Etymology

Origins of the Term

The term subluxation derives from the Latin prefix sub- (meaning "somewhat" or "partial") and luxatio (dislocation), denoting an incomplete or partial dislocation of a joint where the articular surfaces maintain some contact but are abnormally positioned.^[5] This etymological foundation reflects a long-standing medical recognition of displacements less severe than full luxations, with conceptual roots tracing back to ancient Greek texts. The earliest documented references to partial joint displacements appear in the works of Hippocrates (c. 460–370 BC), who described varying degrees of joint disruptions in his treatise On the Articulations (Peri Arthron), stating, "In a word, luxations and subluxations take place in different degrees."^[6] These pre-19th-century developments established subluxation as a foundational concept in orthopedic and surgical literature, later adopted in emerging fields like chiropractic.

Evolution in Medical and Chiropractic Literature

The concept of subluxation emerged in 19th-century orthopedic literature as a partial dislocation of a joint, characterized by incomplete separation of the articular surfaces without complete loss of contact. This understanding was formalized in key anatomical references, including the first edition of Gray's Anatomy (1858), which described subluxation as "an incomplete dislocation, or one in which the two bones composing the articulation are only partially separated from each other." Early orthopedic texts, such as those by Edward Harrison in the 1820s, linked spinal subluxations to physiological dysfunction and nerve irritation, laying groundwork for broader clinical applications in trauma and surgery.^[7] In the early 20th century, advancements in radiology following Wilhelm Röntgen's 1895 discovery of X-rays revolutionized the identification of subluxations, enabling precise visualization of joint misalignments in traumatic injuries.^[8] This period refined the medical view of subluxation as a biomechanical entity amenable to surgical or conservative intervention, distinct from full luxations. Chiropractic literature diverged significantly from medical orthodoxy beginning with D.D. Palmer's The Chiropractor's Adjuster (1910), which redefined vertebral subluxation as a misalignment impinging on spinal nerves, thereby interfering with nerve transmission and causing distant disease. This concept evolved through B.J. Palmer's prolific writings in the 1920s–1940s, such as The Bigness of the Fellow Within (1947), which emphasized vertebral subluxation's systemic health impacts via "innate intelligence" disruption and promoted adjustment as the primary therapeutic modality.^[9] By the mid-20th century, debates intensified as medical authorities critiqued chiropractic's expansive subluxation model. The American Medical Association's Committee on Quackery, established in 1963, issued reports denouncing chiropractic subluxation theory as unscientific and lacking empirical support, framing it as a pseudoscientific justification for unproven treatments.^[10] This opposition, culminating in the 1970s Wilk v. AMA antitrust lawsuit, underscored the term's polarized evolution between orthopedic precision and chiropractic holism.^[11]

Medical Subluxation

Joint Subluxation

A joint subluxation is a partial dislocation in which the bones forming the joint are partially separated but remain in contact, unlike a complete dislocation (luxation) where the bones are fully separated.^[2] It commonly results from trauma, such as falls, sports injuries, or motor vehicle accidents, and may be influenced by risk factors including participation in contact sports, advanced age (over 65), or connective tissue disorders like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Non-traumatic causes can include neuromuscular conditions affecting muscle control, such as stroke or cerebral palsy.^[2]^[12] Symptoms typically include pain, swelling, bruising, visible deformity, limited range of motion, and joint instability. In cases like shoulder subluxation, patients may experience stiffness and mild pain with recurrent episodes.^[2]^[12] Diagnosis involves a physical examination to assess joint stability and laxity, often supplemented by imaging such as X-rays to confirm partial displacement and rule out fractures, or MRI for soft tissue evaluation.^[2]^[12] Treatment usually begins with closed reduction to reposition the joint, possibly under anesthesia, followed by immobilization with a splint or sling, pain management, and rest. Physical therapy strengthens supporting muscles and improves stability. Surgical intervention, such as ligament repair, may be required for recurrent or severe subluxations, particularly in young or active individuals.^[2]^[12]

Ocular Subluxation

Ocular subluxation most commonly refers to ectopia lentis, the partial displacement (subluxation) of the eye's crystalline lens from its normal position due to damage or weakness in the zonular fibers that hold it in place. Complete dislocation is termed luxation. Globe subluxation, involving the entire eyeball, is rare and typically trauma-related.^[13]^[14] Causes include blunt ocular trauma (e.g., from sports or accidents), which accounts for many acquired cases, and genetic or systemic disorders such as Marfan syndrome, homocystinuria, or Weill-Marchesani syndrome leading to congenital or progressive subluxation.^[13]^[14] Symptoms often involve blurred or double vision (monocular diplopia), refractive errors like astigmatism, light sensitivity, eye pain, and in advanced cases, complications such as glaucoma or retinal detachment. Signs during examination may include lens trembling (phacodonesis) or iris movement (iridodonesis).^[13]^[14] Diagnosis is primarily through slit-lamp biomicroscopy to visualize zonular defects and lens position, with additional tests like ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) or computed tomography (CT) for confirmation, especially post-trauma. Genetic testing may identify underlying syndromes.^[13]^[14] Management depends on severity and symptoms. Mild cases may be corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses. Surgical options, such as lens removal (lensectomy) via phacoemulsification or pars plana vitrectomy, followed by intraocular lens implantation, are indicated for significant visual impairment or complications like elevated intraocular pressure. Observation is appropriate for stable, asymptomatic subluxation.^[13]^[14]

Dental Subluxation

Classification and Diagnosis

In dentistry, subluxation is defined as an injury to the periodontal ligament and supporting alveolar bone that results in abnormal loosening (increased mobility) of the tooth without any displacement or disruption of the attachment apparatus beyond the socket. This condition is part of the broader category of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) that primarily affect the supporting structures rather than the tooth crown or root directly. Unlike general medical subluxation, which involves partial displacement of joint surfaces, dental subluxation maintains the tooth's position while compromising its stability.^[15] The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) guidelines, updated in 2020, provide the standard classification for these injuries in permanent teeth, distinguishing subluxation from concussion based on mobility. Concussion involves tenderness to percussion without increased mobility or displacement, indicating minor trauma to the periodontal ligament. Subluxation, in contrast, features increased mobility (with or without gingival bleeding) and tenderness, but no visible or radiographic displacement. Tooth mobility in subluxation is further graded clinically using Miller's classification system: degree 0 (none, as in concussion), degree 1 (slight, up to 1 mm horizontal), degree 2 (moderate, more than 1 mm horizontal or 2 mm vertical), and degree 3 (severe, vertical mobility exceeding 2 mm or depressible in the socket). This grading helps assess severity and guide monitoring, though the IADT emphasizes qualitative assessment over strict quantitative measurement in acute settings.^[16]^[17] Epidemiologically, dental subluxation is prevalent among children aged 8-11 years, coinciding with the eruption of permanent incisors and increased physical activity. Subluxation is a common type of traumatic dental injury in children, with higher incidence in males due to behavioral factors. Common etiologies include falls (often indoors or during play) and sports-related incidents, which contribute to approximately 20-25% of pediatric dental traumas overall; for example, contact sports like soccer or basketball frequently result in such injuries through impacts to the anterior teeth.^[18]^[19] Diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical and radiographic evaluations to confirm the injury and exclude complications. Clinically, the examiner tests for mobility by applying gentle finger pressure buccally and lingually, noting any abnormal movement beyond physiologic norms (typically <0.5 mm), and performs percussion testing with a blunt instrument to elicit tenderness, which indicates periodontal involvement. Radiographic assessment involves periapical radiographs (ideally two angles) and an occlusal view to rule out root fractures, alveolar fractures, or widening of the periodontal ligament space; cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) may be used if initial imaging is inconclusive. Pulp sensibility testing, including cold thermal tests or electric pulp testing, evaluates vitality, though results may be unreliable immediately post-trauma due to transient neurovascular disruption—sensitivity ranges from 70-90% after 2-4 weeks. Soft tissue examination for lacerations or embedded foreign bodies completes the diagnostic process.^[15]

Treatment and Prognosis

The immediate management of dental subluxation focuses on protecting the loosened tooth and preventing further injury. Patients are advised to follow a soft diet for 1-2 weeks to reduce occlusal stress, and if mobility is severe, the tooth should be stabilized using a flexible splint, such as wire-composite, for 2 weeks. Antibiotics are recommended only if gingival lacerations or other soft tissue injuries are present to mitigate infection risk. These measures align with evidence-based protocols that emphasize minimal intervention for this mild luxation injury.^[20]^[16] Follow-up care is essential to monitor pulp vitality and healing, with clinical and radiographic evaluations recommended at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and annually thereafter up to 5 years. Pulp status is assessed using electric pulp testing, as initial negative responses may be transient due to nerve concussion; persistent loss of sensibility indicates the need for root canal therapy. The risk of pulp necrosis in subluxated permanent teeth is approximately 10-20%, higher in mature teeth than immature ones. For primary teeth, follow-up is similar but more conservative, with reevaluations at 1 week and 1 month to check for premature loss or resorption, avoiding routine endodontic intervention.^[16]^[15]^[21] The prognosis for dental subluxation is favorable, with approximately 82% of cases showing no complications at 1-year follow-up according to a 2020 systematic review, when managed promptly per International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) guidelines. A 2020 systematic review reported 18% incidence of complications like pulp necrosis at 1 year (Darley et al., Dental Traumatology). Complications such as ankylosis or external root resorption occur in 5-10% of cases, more commonly in primary teeth due to ongoing root development. Long-term tooth retention is generally high in permanent dentition when managed appropriately, while primary teeth often exfoliate naturally but at risk of accelerated resorption if ankylosed. Variations in protocols account for tooth type: permanent teeth may require splinting if mobility persists, while primary teeth prioritize observation to avoid disrupting succedaneous tooth development.^[16]^[15]^[22]

Chiropractic Subluxation

Theoretical Foundations

In chiropractic theory, subluxation is defined as a complex of functional, biomechanical, and neurological disturbances that compromise neural integrity and may influence organ system function and general health. This conceptualization, adopted by the Association of Chiropractic Colleges in 1996, emphasizes the subluxation's role as a central segmental motor control issue involving vertebral joints, distinct from the medical understanding of subluxation as a partial dislocation.^[23] The foundational principles trace back to Daniel David Palmer, who in 1895 identified what he termed the chiropractic subluxation through the adjustment of a patient's upper cervical vertebra, positing that vertebral misalignment causes nerve impingement leading to disease. Palmer's hypothesis, illustrated by the case of Harvey Lillard—whose hearing loss he attributed to a pinched dorsal nerve from spinal displacement—established subluxation as the primary cause of health disruptions via interrupted nerve transmission.^[24] His son, Bartlett Joshua Palmer, expanded this in the 1930s by refining the interference theory, proposing that subluxations disrupt the flow of innate intelligence along neural pathways, akin to blockages in energy meridians, with a focus on upper cervical adjustments to restore vital forces.^[25]^[26] A key theoretical model is the vertebral subluxation complex (VSC), developed by Leonard Faye in the 1980s, which describes subluxation as a multifaceted process involving five interrelated components: spinal kinesiopathology (abnormal joint motion and alignment), neuropathophysiology (nerve dysfunction such as compression or irritation), myopathology (muscle spasm or weakness), histopathology (tissue damage like edema), and biochemical changes (altered inflammatory or metabolic responses). Faye's framework, first outlined in his 1983 book Motion Palpation of the Spine, integrates these elements to explain how spinal joint dysfunction propagates systemic effects without direct mechanical pinching.^[25]^[27] Diagnosis of the chiropractic subluxation relies on clinical assessments including static palpation (detecting tissue texture and positional asymmetry) and dynamic palpation (evaluating joint motion during movement), leg length analysis (observing apparent discrepancies as indicators of pelvic distortion), surface thermography (measuring paraspinal temperature variations for sympathetic nerve activity), and radiographic imaging to quantify misalignments such as listing angles (deviations in vertebral orientation). These tools aim to identify the VSC's presence and guide corrective adjustments, with X-rays providing objective measures of subluxation geometry like angular displacements exceeding normal ranges.^[28]^[29]^[30]

Controversies and Scientific Critique

The chiropractic vertebral subluxation complex (VSC) has faced significant criticism from the scientific and medical communities, often characterized as pseudoscientific due to the lack of empirical evidence supporting its foundational claims of nerve interference causing non-musculoskeletal health issues. Major organizations, including the American Medical Association (AMA), have maintained since the 1960s that the VSC lacks a verifiable scientific basis, a position reinforced in the 2020s through opposition to legislative expansions that would broaden Medicare coverage for chiropractic services beyond evidence-based musculoskeletal care. Systematic reviews, such as those published in high-impact journals, confirm that while spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) provides short-term pain relief for conditions like low back pain, there is no substantiation for the VSC as the causative mechanism or for broader therapeutic effects beyond symptom management.^[31]^[32]^[33] A pivotal controversy arose from the 1976 Wilk v. American Medical Association lawsuit, where four chiropractors alleged an antitrust conspiracy by the AMA and other medical groups to discredit and marginalize the profession. The 1987 federal court ruling found the AMA guilty of an illegal boycott that restrained trade, leading to a settlement and policy changes allowing physician referrals to chiropractors; however, the decision explicitly did not endorse the VSC theory, highlighting the absence of robust evidence for its claims of systemic disease causation through spinal misalignment. This outcome marked a turning point in interprofessional relations but underscored ongoing debates about the unsubstantiated nature of subluxation-based practices. In the intervening decades, Cochrane systematic reviews from 2010 on chiropractic interventions for low back pain have repeatedly shown no reliable evidence for nerve interference resolution or non-musculoskeletal benefits, attributing any observed improvements to placebo or biomechanical effects rather than VSC correction.^[34]^[35]^[36] Contemporary perspectives within chiropractic education reflect ongoing debates about the VSC, with a 2018 global analysis indicating that the term "subluxation" appears in the curricula of 89% of chiropractic degree programs worldwide, though many U.S. programs integrate evidence-based approaches focused on musculoskeletal disorders.^[37] This aligns with systematic reviews in journals like The Spine Journal that support manipulation's efficacy for acute and chronic spine pain without invoking subluxation causation. The World Health Organization (WHO) benchmarks for chiropractic training and safety define subluxation as a dysfunction in a joint or motion segment where alignment, movement integrity, and/or physiological function are altered while joint surfaces remain in contact, cautioning against non-evidence-based applications of chiropractic care and emphasizing rigorous clinical validation.^[38] Regulatory actions have further highlighted these controversies, with bans on "subluxation-only" advertising in multiple jurisdictions to prevent misleading public claims. In the United Kingdom, the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) has issued rulings since the 2010s prohibiting unsubstantiated assertions about subluxation correcting non-spinal conditions, requiring chiropractors to limit promotions to evidence-supported benefits like back pain relief; similar restrictions were upheld in ASA decisions through the 2020s, influencing global standards. These measures aim to protect consumers from pseudoscientific promotions while permitting legitimate musculoskeletal applications.^[39]^[40]

Veterinary Subluxation

Common Presentations in Animals

In veterinary medicine, subluxation refers to a partial dislocation or instability of a joint, where the articular surfaces are abnormally aligned but maintain some contact, leading to impaired function and potential secondary osteoarthritis.^[41] This condition in animals parallels partial joint instability in humans but is often influenced by species-specific anatomy and breed predispositions, such as hip subluxation in large-breed dogs.^[42] Common presentations of subluxation in animals vary by species and joint affected, with hip, elbow, and cervical spine joints being frequently involved in dogs, while tarsal joints are more common in cats. Hip subluxation associated with dysplasia is prevalent in large breeds like German Shepherds, affecting approximately 18-37% of screened individuals depending on the cohort and screening method.^[43]^[44] Elbow subluxation linked to dysplasia typically occurs in young, large-breed dogs, manifesting as the second most common cause of front limb lameness after osteoarthritis.^[42] Atlantoaxial subluxation, involving instability between the first two cervical vertebrae, predominantly affects toy breeds such as Yorkshire Terriers and is congenital in most cases, often due to malformations like incomplete dens ossification.^[45] In cats, tarsal joint subluxation frequently results from high-impact trauma, disrupting ligaments and leading to hock instability.^[46] Etiologies of veterinary subluxation include genetic, traumatic, and iatrogenic factors. Genetic predisposition plays a key role in developmental cases, with heritability estimates for canine hip dysplasia ranging from 30-64%, highlighting polygenic inheritance influenced by environmental modifiers.^[47]^[48] Traumatic causes, such as vehicular accidents, are a common etiology for acute subluxations and luxations in dogs, often associated with blunt trauma.^[49]^[50] Iatrogenic subluxation can occur post-surgery, such as during spinal stabilization procedures where improper implant placement leads to joint instability.^[51] Clinical signs of subluxation in animals typically include lameness, joint crepitus, pain on manipulation, swelling, and abnormal gait patterns, such as a "bunny-hopping" hindlimb motion in hip cases or tetraparesis in cervical subluxations.^[52] These presentations are relatively uncommon in canine orthopedic practice.

Diagnosis and Management

Diagnosis of veterinary subluxations typically begins with orthogonal radiographic views to assess joint alignment and stability, which are essential for initial evaluation across species. For hip subluxation in dogs, the Ortolani test, performed under sedation or anesthesia, detects joint laxity by attempting to reduce and subluxate the femoral head, providing a dynamic assessment complementary to static imaging.^[53]^[54] In complex cases such as atlantoaxial subluxation, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offer superior detail for identifying instability and spinal cord compression, with CT measurements like C1-C2 overlap demonstrating up to 100% sensitivity and 94.5% specificity for diagnosis.^[55] Arthroscopy serves as a minimally invasive tool for intra-articular assessment, allowing direct visualization of cartilage damage, ligament tears, and subtle instabilities not evident on radiographs, particularly in shoulder or stifle joints.^[56] Management of animal subluxations emphasizes tailoring approaches to severity, location, and species, balancing conservative and surgical options to restore function and prevent progression. Conservative strategies, including strict rest, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and physiotherapy, are preferred for mild cases to reduce inflammation and support joint remodeling. For atlantoaxial subluxation in dogs, conservative care with cervical bracing can yield good long-term outcomes in about 62% of acute cases with mild neurological signs.^[57] Surgical interventions are indicated for severe or chronic subluxations; ventral stabilization techniques using screws and polymethylmethacrylate for atlantoaxial instability in toy-breed dogs have reported good to excellent outcomes in over 90% of cases, with low complication rates.^[58] In chronic hip subluxations, femoral head and neck ostectomy provides pain relief and mobility restoration, with success rates exceeding 90% in returning dogs to comfortable ambulation.^[59] Species-specific variations influence therapeutic choices. In cats, elbow subluxations often respond well to closed reduction under anesthesia followed by immobilization, yielding excellent functional outcomes in the majority of traumatic cases with minimal reluxation when stability is achieved.^[60] Horses experience pastern joint subluxations infrequently, typically managed surgically with transfixation pinning or arthrodesis for proximal interphalangeal instability, promoting fusion and weight-bearing with high survival rates post-procedure.^[61] Prognosis for veterinary subluxations varies by site, timeliness of intervention, and adherence to management, generally favorable for treated traumatic cases but guarded if untreated. Treated elbow subluxations achieve good to excellent recovery in about 90% of instances, contrasting with untreated spinal subluxations, which may result in persistent neurological deficits due to ongoing compression.^[41] Osteoarthritis develops as a common long-term complication in up to 60% of unresolved or recurrent subluxations, particularly in weight-bearing joints like the hip and elbow, necessitating lifelong multimodal pain management.^[62]

References

[1]
Subluxation - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
"Partial dislocation" originates from Modern Latin subluxationem, combining sub "partial" + Late Latin luxationem meaning "a dislocation," describing an ...
[2]
[PDF] The Subluxation – Historical Perspectives - Chiro.org
ABSTRACT: Subluxation is a term that has been used by the chiropractic profession since its early days. The term, meaning less than a luxation, has been used ...
[3]
A HISTORY OF THE IDEA OF SUBLUXATION
Aug 10, 2022 · The latter example is denominated an imperfect dislocation, a subluxation, or partial disjunction' and cited Hippocrates 'articulations ...
[4]
A History of Dentistry - Project Gutenberg
A History of Dentistry from the most ancient times until the end of the eighteenth century by Dr. Vincenzo Guerini, Cav. Uff.Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[5]
A HISTORY OF THE IDEA OF SUBLUXATION
Aug 10, 2022 · From 1543. One of us (PE) dated the idea of subluxation to Egyptian medical writings of 1,600BC or so3 while the other (GB) provided a history ...
[6]
Use of the term subluxation in publications during the formative ...
Dec 6, 2011 · As it had been used for decades, the term vertebral subluxation in medical practice referred to a traumatic partial dislocation of the spine.
[7]
SUBLUXATION – HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES - Chiro.org
The origin of the word subluxation comes from the root words combining the Greek sub and lux, meaning “less than a dislocation.” In 1746, Hieronymus ...
[8]
Looking back at the lawsuit that transformed the chiropractic ...
The purpose of this article is to provide a brief review of the history of the origins of AMA's increased efforts to contain and eliminate the chiropractic ...
[9]
Chiropractic Antitrust Suit ~ Wilk, et al vs. the AMA, et al - Chiro.org
The AMA and its officials, including Dr. Sammons, instituted a boycott of chiropractors in the mid-1960s by informing AMA members that chiropractors were ...
[10]
[PDF] 1. Fractures and luxations - AAPD
International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 1. Fractures and luxations. Dent Traumatol 2020;36( ...
[11]
International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the ...
May 31, 2020 · In this first article, the IADT Guidelines cover the management of fractures and luxations of permanent teeth. The IADT does not, and cannot, ...
[12]
Advancements in Methods of Classification and Measurement Used ...
Dec 27, 2023 · The Miller index categorizes tooth mobility into four grades. Grade 0 indicates no mobility, where the teeth are firmly stable within their ...
[13]
[PDF] Subluxation injuries of maxillary primary. anterior teeth - AAPD
Abstract. This study investigated the epidemiology, sequelae, and prognosis of subluxation injuries to the maxillary primary anterior dentition.
[14]
Management of Dental Trauma in a Primary Care Setting | Pediatrics
Feb 1, 2014 · Epidemiology. A 12-year review of the scientific literature reports that 25% of all school-age children experience some form of dental trauma. ...Introduction · Dental Trauma Prevention · Dental Trauma Assessment
[15]
[PDF] The Treatment of Traumatic Dental Injuries
Table 3: Treatment Guidelines for Concussion, Subluxation and Luxation of Permanent Teeth (continued). CONCUSSION. SUBLUXATION. EXTRUSIVE LUXATION. LATERAL ...
[16]
Occurrence and timing of complications following traumatic dental ...
Furthermore, the risk of pulp necrosis increased with the extent of the injury. For example, concussion and subluxation generated the least risk (3% and 6%, ...
[17]
THE DEFINITION OF SUBLUXATION - Chiro.org
“We currently define a chiropractic subluxation as a self-perpetuating, central segmental motor control problem that involves a joint, such as a vertebral ...
[18]
The Chiropractic Vertebral Subluxation Part 2 - PubMed Central - NIH
Apr 6, 2019 · By 1909 he used impingement rather than pinched, and claimed that was what he meant all along. According to Palmer, pinched, as it was being ...
[19]
The Chiropractic Vertebral Subluxation Part 9: Complexes, Models ...
Apr 6, 2019 · In the 1980s, Faye toured the country giving seminars and started Dynamic Chiropractic with his partner, Don Peterson, Sr. The publication ...
[20]
[PDF] The Subluxation Specific - Center for Inquiry
B. J. PALMER, D. C., Ph. C. Developer of Chiropractic. Discoverer of The Specific for the Cause of All Dis-ease.Missing: meridian | Show results with:meridian
[21]
The Chiropractic Vertebral Subluxation Part 9: Complexes, Models ...
In 1983, Leonard J. Faye published Motion Palpation of the Spine, which described the subluxation complex (SC) for the first time.1 Other authors updated his ...
[22]
Most commonly used methods of detecting spinal subluxation and ...
The most commonly used method was static palpation (mean score 6.6 +/- 1.1). Seven other methods, including pain description of the patient, orthopedic tests, ...Missing: dynamic thermography listing
[23]
[PDF] Vertebral Subluxation in Chiropractic Practice
Other assessments such as leg length analysis,(70-94) palpa- tory and strength challenges(95-130) are also employed to assess states of muscular responses to ...
[24]
Chiropractic digital x-ray measurement tools
Jun 23, 2022 · Chiro Line is a subset of four additional tools that are used in chiropractic care. These tools help to measure the angle between a deflection ...
[25]
AMA successfully fights scope of practice expansions that threaten ...
May 15, 2023 · The AMA vigorously defends the practice of medicine against scope of practice expansions by nonphysicians that threaten patient safety.Missing: subluxation 2020s
[26]
Clinical Effectiveness and Efficacy of Chiropractic Spinal ...
In summary, SMT may be as effective as other recommended therapies for the management of non-specific and chronic primary spine pain, including standard medical ...
[27]
Chiropractic Vertebral Subluxations: Science vs. Pseudoscience
Oct 1, 2010 · This paper, authored by three chiropractors and a Ph.D., concluded that “No supportive evidence is found for the chiropractic subluxation being ...
[28]
Looking back at the lawsuit that transformed the chiropractic ... - NIH
This is the seventh paper in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the ...
[29]
Wilk v. American Medical Ass'n, 671 F. Supp. 1465 (N.D. Ill. 1987)
The plaintiffs' principal claim was that the defendants engaged in a conspiracy to eliminate the chiropractic profession by refusing to deal with the ...
[30]
Combined chiropractic interventions for low-back pain - Cochrane
Apr 14, 2010 · Combined chiropractic interventions slightly improved pain and disability in the short-term and pain in the medium-term for acute and subacute LBP.Missing: subluxation nerve interference 2010-2023
[31]
Vertebral Subluxation and Systems Biology: An Integrative Review ...
In this paper we synthesize an expansive body of literature examining the multifaceted influence of chiropractic care on processes within and modulators of the ...Missing: Cochrane | Show results with:Cochrane
[32]
Benefits and harms of spinal manipulative therapy for the treatment ...
Mar 13, 2019 · Based on a recent systematic review, serious adverse events after SMT for low back pain are thought to be rare and include case reports of cauda ...<|separator|>
[33]
Health: Chiropractic - ASA | CAP
Jun 1, 2023 · Chiropractors are regulated by statute by the General Chiropractic ... ASA Guidance together when making treatment claims in advertising.Missing: 2010s- 2020s
[34]
Advertising Standards Authority publish list of allowed claims for UK ...
Nov 4, 2017 · It outlines which claims UK chiropractors are allowed to make and which are likely to get them into conflict with the ASA. Here are a few ...Missing: 2010s- 2020s
[35]
Joint Subluxations in Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals
Subluxation refers to a partial separation of the joint. The most commonly subluxated joints in dogs include the hip and elbow, although any joint can be ...
[36]
Elbow dysplasia | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine
Elbow dysplasia is the second-most common cause of elbow lameness in dogs. The first is osteoarthritis, which can be associated with elbow dysplasia.
[37]
Novel protective and risk loci in hip dysplasia in German Shepherds
Jul 19, 2019 · CHD prevalence varies also by breeds and breed groups [5], but is common for example in German Shepherds with a reported 37% prevalence in ...
[38]
German Shepherd - Hip Dysplasia - UFAW
Of German Shepherd dogs born between 2011 and 2015, the prevalence of hip dysplasia was marginally lower, at 18% (1009 of 5607 dogs screened).
[39]
Relationship between clinical parameters and malformations in ...
Feb 7, 2024 · Atlanto-axial instability is a common disease that affects toy-breed dogs. Most cases of atlanto-axial instability are congenital.
[40]
Traumatic joint luxations in cats: Reduce, repair, replace, remove
Jan 6, 2021 · Traumatic joint luxations are usually associated with significant trauma and there may be concomitant systemic injury.
[41]
Genetic dissection of canine hip dysplasia phenotypes and ...
Dec 27, 2019 · The heritability (h2) estimates from the polygenic mixed model for the different traits varied from 36 to 64% (Additional file 5). Table 4 ...
[42]
Heritability and Phenotypic Variation of Canine Hip Dysplasia ...
This proportion, heritability, was measured in a cohort of 13,124 Australian German Shepherd Dogs born between 1976 and 2005, displaying phenotypic variation ...<|separator|>
[43]
Multicenter prospective evaluation of dogs with trauma
Trauma—For the 315 cases of trauma, causes included motor vehicle accidents (94 [29.8%]), bite wounds (84 [26.7%]), falls (57 [18.1%]), unknown (35 [11.1%]), ...
[44]
Research Updates: Spinal fractures and luxations: Most common ...
Jan 1, 2009 · Vehicular trauma was the most common (60 cases) cause of the spinal fracture or luxation. Lesions occurred most frequently between T3 and L3 (54 ...
[45]
Stabilization of Traumatic Thoracolumbar Subluxation using Patient ...
However, freehand implantation may result in iatrogenic injury to the spinal cord, nerve roots, and large vessels, potentially leading to serious complications ...
[46]
Joint Trauma in Dogs and Cats - Musculoskeletal System
Rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament is most frequently due to excessive trauma and a possibly weakened ligament secondary to degeneration, immune-mediated ...Cranial Cruciate Ligament... · Tendons And Muscles Of The... · Joint Fractures
[47]
Canine Angular Limb Deformities - Ivis.org
These deformities represent approximately 1% of the orthopedic problems of dogs ... Conservative management should be avoided in dogs with joint subluxation ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[48]
Canine Hip Dysplasia: Algorithms for When to Refer for Surgery
Apr 5, 2024 · An Ortolani test is performed with the dog in lateral recumbency. The examiner places the hip in a neutral position with the upper leg parallel ...
[49]
Ortolani test in Dogs (Canis) | Vetlexicon
To demonstrate laxity/subluxation in the hip joint by manipulation under general anesthetic or heavy sedation. Should be used to complement radiographic and ...Missing: methods | Show results with:methods
[50]
Determination of cutoff values on computed tomography and ...
Mar 16, 2022 · In the same study, a C1-C2 overlap ≤1.55 mm was shown to be the most sensitive (100%) and specific (94.5%) radiographic measurement in the ...INTRODUCTION · MATERIALS AND METHODS · RESULTS · DISCUSSION
[51]
Arthroscopy - VCA Animal Hospitals
Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive therapy that is used to examine, diagnose, and treat diseases and conditions that affect joints.
[52]
Hip Reduction in Dogs - Conditions Treated, Procedure ... - Wag!
Closed hip reduction carries a 50% success rate, although the prognosis is better provided that the condition is diagnosed and treated within seventy-two hours.Missing: management subluxation
[53]
Conservative treatment of atlantoaxial subluxation in canine patients
Dec 1, 2005 · Non-surgical treatment (neck-brace application) of acute atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) carries a good long-term outcome in about 62 percent of the cases.Missing: horses | Show results with:horses
[54]
Clinical Evaluation of a New Surgical Augmentation Technique for ...
May 26, 2023 · Ten dogs improved clinically after surgery and returned to a normal life within 3–6 months of surgery. One dog developed aphonia, dysphagia, and ...
[55]
Canine Hip Dysplasia - American College of Veterinary Surgeons
CHD is diagnosed by a combination of two methods. Specially positioned hip x-rays and special palpation methods that determine abnormal hip joint laxity, both ...Missing: subluxation | Show results with:subluxation
[56]
Multi‐centre retrospective study of the long‐term outcome following ...
Apr 29, 2020 · Objectives. To describe reduction techniques and clinical outcome in a series of traumatic elbow luxations in cats.
[57]
Proximal Interphalangeal Arthrodesis in Horses: A Meta-Analysis of ...
Proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis is an efficient and safe method to treat injuries in the pastern region, with high survival rates and low surgical site ...
[58]
A proposed framework for practical multimodal management of ...
Apr 28, 2025 · Osteoarthritis in growing dogs often results from hip or elbow dysplasia. In the hip, early OA most often results from hip laxity, subluxation, ...