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Synthol

In the context of bodybuilding, Synthol is a synthetic oil-based injectable substance primarily used for cosmetic muscle enhancement, providing temporary enlargement of targeted muscles without improving strength or athletic performance.^[1] Its typical composition consists of approximately 85% medium-chain triglycerides (an oil), 7.5% lidocaine (a local anesthetic to reduce injection pain), and 7.5% benzyl alcohol (for sterilization).^[1] Site enhancement oil injections date back to 1899 for medical applications such as breast augmentation and wrinkle filling, but the specific formulation known as Synthol was developed in the mid-1990s by bodybuilder Chris Clark and adapted as a "site enhancement oil" to achieve a more aesthetically pleasing, hypertrophied appearance in lagging muscle groups like the deltoids, triceps, and biceps.^[1]^[2] Bodybuilders inject Synthol directly into the desired muscle, where the oil accumulates and causes immediate swelling that can last for weeks or months, creating the illusion of greater muscular development; however, it does not contribute to actual muscle growth through training or hypertrophy.^[1] This practice is considered a form of doping in competitive bodybuilding, as it provides an unfair cosmetic advantage, though it offers no physiological benefits like increased power or endurance.^[3] Despite its popularity in some underground bodybuilding communities, Synthol is widely discouraged by medical professionals due to its severe health risks, including chronic muscle fibrosis, disfiguring deformities, localized infections, ulceration, nerve damage, pulmonary oil embolisms, myocardial infarction, and even cerebral stroke.^[1]^[4] Long-term complications often require surgical intervention, such as excision of affected tissue, to manage fibrosis and restore function, highlighting the irreversible damage it can inflict on the musculoskeletal system.^[5]

Bodybuilding and site enhancement

Definition and purpose

Synthol is an injectable site enhancement oil primarily used in bodybuilding and aesthetic competitions to provide temporary cosmetic augmentation of muscle appearance.^[1] It functions by expanding targeted muscle tissue upon injection, creating an immediate visual increase in size without contributing to actual muscle hypertrophy or functional improvements.^[6] The primary purpose of Synthol is to inflate specific muscle sites, such as the deltoids, biceps, triceps, and calves, which may be lagging due to genetic factors or uneven development, thereby enhancing overall symmetry and proportion for stage presentations.^[7] This allows users to achieve a more imposing physique in a short timeframe, often just days before events.^[8] In contrast to anabolic steroids or other performance-enhancing substances that stimulate protein synthesis and strength gains, Synthol offers no such physiological benefits and is strictly for aesthetic enhancement, with effects lasting only weeks to months as the oil disperses or becomes encapsulated.^[6] Bodybuilders commonly turn to it for quick competitive advantages, to compensate for training limitations, or to simulate a post-workout "pumped" look without prolonged effort.^[9]

History and development

Synthol was invented in the mid-1990s by German bodybuilder Chris Clark, who developed it as a purportedly safer alternative to earlier site enhancement oils like sesame oil and paraffin, which bodybuilders had used to temporarily inflate specific muscles for aesthetic purposes.^[2] Clark's formulation aimed to reduce the inflammatory reactions associated with those predecessors, marking a shift toward a more standardized product for intramuscular injection.^[2] The substance rapidly spread through underground networks in Europe and the United States during the late 1990s, where it was shared discreetly among competitive athletes frustrated with genetic limitations in muscle symmetry. Anecdotal reports suggest that site enhancement practices in bodybuilding originated in the late 1980s to early 1990s, driven by the desire for rapid, targeted size gains in lagging areas like deltoids and calves.^[9] Key milestones in Synthol's history include its popularization in the early 2000s through online bodybuilding forums and niche publications, which demystified its use and encouraged experimentation among enthusiasts. By the mid-2000s, it gained traction among professional bodybuilders, becoming a tool for contest preparation to achieve the hyper-muscular aesthetics prized in competitions. Public awareness surged via media exposés from 2007 to 2010, including investigative reports that exposed its prevalence and potential dangers, prompting debates within the fitness community.^[2] Synthol evolved from rudimentary homemade mixtures—often involving basic oils and anesthetics—to commercial products, with Clark marketing an official version and later variants like Synthol Extreme emerging to cater to user preferences for easier administration. Despite a decline in mainstream acceptance following high-profile scandals and medical case reports of complications in the late 2000s, underground use persists as of 2025, particularly among non-competitive lifters seeking quick enhancements. This development coincided with the "mass monster" era of bodybuilding in the 1990s and 2000s, influenced by icons like Ronnie Coleman, whose record-breaking physiques emphasized extreme mass over balanced proportions.^[8]

Composition and variants

Synthol, a site enhancement oil used in bodybuilding, consists primarily of approximately 85% medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) oil, typically derived from coconut or palm kernel sources, 7.5% lidocaine as an anesthetic, and 7.5% benzyl alcohol as a preservative and sterilant.^[6]^[4] The MCT oil is selected for its slow absorption rate in muscle tissue, which allows for prolonged volume retention while minimizing inflammatory responses compared to longer-chain oils.^[4] Lidocaine reduces the pain associated with injection, and benzyl alcohol ensures sterility by inhibiting bacterial growth and enhancing the mixture's stability.^[6] Commercial variants of Synthol, such as Pump N' Pose (also marketed as Synthol 877), maintain this core formulation but may include minor adjustments like added antioxidants for improved shelf life and reduced oxidation, though exact proprietary details vary by brand.^[7] Homemade versions, often prepared by users to cut costs, substitute the MCT oil with alternatives such as sesame, walnut, or grapeseed oil, which can compromise biocompatibility due to faster absorption, higher inflammation potential, and inadequate sterilization.^[10] These variants increase risks of adverse reactions because they lack the precise balancing of components found in regulated products.^[10] Physically, Synthol appears as a clear, oily liquid with a viscosity comparable to common cooking oils, facilitating intramuscular injection while remaining pH-neutral to promote tissue compatibility when properly prepared.^[6] It is sterile under controlled manufacturing conditions, with an unopened shelf life of 1-2 years due to the preservative effects of benzyl alcohol.^[4] Importantly, Synthol contains no active hormones or anabolic steroids, functioning solely as a non-pharmacological implant material to temporarily augment muscle appearance.^[7]

Administration and techniques

Synthol is administered through intramuscular injections into targeted muscle groups for site-specific enhancement, commonly focusing on lagging areas such as the calves, biceps, triceps, deltoids, and pectorals.^[6]^[3] The injection method employs 21-25 gauge needles, with a larger gauge (e.g., 21g) typically used for drawing the oil from the vial and a finer gauge (e.g., 25g) for the actual intramuscular delivery to minimize tissue damage. Injections are performed slowly into the muscle belly at an upward angle, with aspiration to check for blood vessels before proceeding, and multiple sites (1-3 ml per site) are utilized per muscle to promote even distribution while rotating locations across the group to prevent lumps.^[11] Dosage guidelines depend on user experience; beginners often start with 0.5-1 ml per session per site, while advanced users may progress to 2-3 ml per site, accumulating 5-10 ml total per muscle over several weeks, with overall body use rarely exceeding 50 ml.^[11]^[3] Frequency follows a structured protocol during the 4-8 week buildup phase, with injections every 1-3 days—often daily into each muscle head (e.g., 2 per arm for biceps)—using a progressive volume increase such as 1 ml for 10 days, 2 ml for 10 days, and 3 ml for 10 days, followed by less frequent maintenance injections.^[11] Essential tools include 1-3 ml sterile syringes, alcohol swabs for skin preparation, and disposable gloves, all under strict sterile conditions to maintain hygiene. Post-injection massage of the area for several minutes helps distribute the oil evenly within the muscle.^[11] Administration is predominantly self-performed at home by users with basic anatomical knowledge, though some consult trainers or clinics for guidance on site selection and technique; improper practices, such as non-rotation of sites or inadequate massage, can result in uneven aesthetic outcomes.^[3]^[11]

Physiological effects

Synthol injections induce physiological changes in muscle tissue primarily through the deposition of oil micro-droplets within and between muscle fibers, causing localized swelling and an apparent increase in muscle girth. This mechanism functions as a non-biological space-occupying implant, expanding the extracellular space without stimulating actual muscle hypertrophy, such as fiber proliferation or enhanced protein synthesis.^[1]^[8] In the short term, the effects manifest as visible muscle enlargement within hours of injection, often accompanied by enhanced vascularity and definition due to the inflammatory swelling, which can persist for 1-4 weeks with repeated administrations. The peak cosmetic enhancement typically occurs 2-6 weeks post-injection cycle, as cumulative oil accumulation maximizes the volumetric expansion. However, these changes are purely aesthetic and non-functional, providing no improvement in muscle strength, endurance, or fiber recruitment capacity.^[6]^[8]^[1] Over time, the body mounts a mild inflammatory and immune response to the foreign oil, with macrophages encapsulating the droplets and forming granulomas through chronic macrophagocytosis. While partial absorption may occur gradually over 3-5 years, the process is incomplete, often resulting in permanent fibrosis where scar tissue replaces or surrounds the oil remnants, potentially leading to muscle deformation if distribution is uneven.^[1]^[12]^[8]

Health risks and complications

The use of Synthol for intramuscular injection carries significant acute risks, primarily due to its oily composition and non-sterile administration practices. Infections at injection sites are common, often leading to abscesses, cellulitis, and ulceration as the body reacts to the foreign oil with inflammatory responses. ^[6] ^[5] Oil embolism represents a potentially fatal acute complication if the substance enters the bloodstream or vascular system, causing pulmonary artery blockage, myocardial infarction, or cerebral stroke. ^[6] ^[9] Nerve damage is another immediate concern, resulting in numbness, paralysis, or chronic pain from direct trauma or pressure by the injected oil. ^[6] ^[9] Chronic complications from Synthol injections often manifest months or years later, as the non-biodegradable oil persists in tissues, triggering ongoing inflammation. Muscle fibrosis is a prevalent long-term effect, causing painful hardening and scarring that impairs muscle function and leads to reduced range of motion. ^[5] ^[9] This can result in permanent deformities, such as lumpy or misshapen muscles, due to granuloma formation and oil-filled cysts. ^[6] ^[5] Persistent chronic pain and fibrosis have been documented in case reports, with affected individuals experiencing delayed inflammatory reactions even after cessation of use. ^[13] Systemic effects extend beyond local sites, including allergic reactions to oil components that may cause widespread swelling, redness, or necrosis. ^[9] Pulmonary complications from emboli can lead to respiratory distress, while increased pressure from swelling raises the risk of compartment syndrome, particularly in confined areas like the calves or arms. ^[6] ^[9] As of 2025, cases continue to emerge, including hypercalcemia from long-term use in bodybuilders.^[14] Severe cases often necessitate surgical intervention, such as excision of fibrotic and granulomatous tissue, which can involve large incisions guided by MRI imaging to minimize damage to healthy muscle. ^[6] ^[5] These procedures frequently result in scarring, muscle volume loss, and the need for multiple operations, with antibiotic prophylaxis required to prevent recurrent infections. ^[5] Expert consensus from peer-reviewed studies emphasizes the irreversible nature of many complications, warning against Synthol's use due to its potential for lifelong morbidity and the lack of effective non-surgical reversal options. ^[9] ^[13]

Notable users and controversies

Gregg Valentino, a prominent bodybuilder in the 1990s and 2000s, became synonymous with Synthol controversies due to his dramatically enlarged arms, which reached over 27 inches in circumference and led to widespread speculation about site enhancement oil use. Featured in the 2005 documentary The Man Whose Arms Exploded, Valentino detailed his heavy steroid regimen and subsequent arm infections requiring surgical intervention, though he repeatedly denied injecting Synthol, attributing the damage to improper steroid administration.^[15]^[16] Moustafa Ismail, an Egyptian-born bodybuilder living in the United States, gained international attention in 2012 when he was awarded a Guinness World Record for the largest upper arm muscles, measuring 31 inches around. Despite his claims of natural training and heavy lifting—such as bench pressing over 600 pounds—Ismail faced intense accusations of Synthol use from the bodybuilding community and media, with skeptics pointing to the unnatural shape and rapid growth of his biceps. Ismail responded by undergoing ultrasound scans and other tests to demonstrate legitimacy, though the controversy persisted and highlighted ongoing suspicions in competitive circles.^[17]^[18] An early major exposé on Synthol's underground popularity came in a 2005 ABC News report, which detailed how bodybuilders were injecting the oil for quick cosmetic enhancements, drawing parallels to breast implants and warning of its deceptive allure in the sport.^[2] This coverage amplified public awareness of the practice's prevalence among aspiring competitors seeking an edge in aesthetics. By the late 2000s and into the 2010s, organizations like the International Federation of Bodybuilding and Fitness (IFBB) intensified efforts to address site enhancement oils through their prohibited substances list, aligned with the World Anti-Doping Agency code, though testing challenges persisted due to Synthol's non-steroidal nature and difficulty in detection.^[19] The rise of social media in the 2020s fueled significant backlash against Synthol, with viral videos on platforms like TikTok and YouTube showcasing botched injections, leaking oil during poses, and regretful "before and after" transformations amassing millions of views.^[20] These clips often mocked users for prioritizing appearance over health, contributing to heated online debates about authenticity in bodybuilding divisions, particularly natural versus enhanced categories. In competitions, suspected Synthol use has led to disqualifications or expulsions, as seen in cases where judges penalized unnatural muscle deformities under IFBB rules against manipulative enhancements.^[21]^[22] As of 2025, Synthol sales have surged through unregulated online merchants, often marketed covertly as "muscle enhancers," raising concerns about payments processing and accessibility via illicit channels.^[23] Documentaries and interviews, such as those featuring former users like Brazilian bodybuilder Valdir Segato in Bigorexia (prior to his 2022 death), have spotlighted long-term regrets and the substance's role in body dysmorphia.^[24] Culturally, Synthol has spawned a stigma within fitness communities, with users derided as pursuing "fake gains" through memes depicting lopsided, oil-filled limbs and comparisons to inflated balloons, further eroding trust in the sport's visual standards.^[25] This backlash has influenced influencers to promote safer alternatives like progressive overload training, emphasizing sustainable muscle development over rapid, artificial inflation.^[26]

Legal and ethical considerations

Synthol is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for cosmetic muscle enhancement, where it is considered an unapproved drug or medical device when marketed for human injection into muscles.^[27] In the European Union, similar restrictions apply under cosmetic and medical device regulations, classifying Synthol as unsuitable for intramuscular use due to lack of authorization for such applications.^[23] As of 2025, selling Synthol explicitly for human injection is illegal in many countries, including the US and EU members, though enforcement focuses on marketing claims rather than possession.^[6] In sports, Synthol has been prohibited by major bodybuilding organizations since 2008, including the International Federation of Bodybuilding and Fitness (IFBB) and the National Physique Committee (NPC), which explicitly ban muscle implants or injections of any kind, such as Synthol, under their rules for natural and pro contests.^[28] The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) does not list Synthol as a prohibited substance, as it produces no detectable metabolites in standard urine or blood tests, posing significant detection challenges that rely instead on visual inspection by judges.^[29] Penalties for confirmed use include disqualification, suspension, or lifetime bans from competitions.^[22] Ethically, Synthol use raises concerns about deception in competitions, as it creates an illusion of muscle development without enhancing strength or performance, thereby undermining the integrity of bodybuilding as a sport rooted in natural aesthetics and training.^[8] Critics argue it pressures athletes to pursue unnatural appearances for competitive advantage, akin to doping but often dismissed as mere "cosmetic cheating" that erodes fair play and public trust in the discipline.^[30] Within the bodybuilding community, Synthol is widely stigmatized, viewed as a shortcut that compromises authenticity compared to legitimate performance enhancers.^[31] Globally, Synthol remains freely available for online purchase from vendors in Asia and Latin America, where regulatory oversight is laxer, facilitating easy access despite international concerns.^[6] In the EU, it falls under strict cosmetic regulations prohibiting unapproved injectables for body contouring, with bans on placement in certain tissues.^[23] Fitness organizations promote alternatives such as rigorous natural training programs and FDA-approved implants for non-muscular cosmetic enhancements, emphasizing drug-free protocols to maintain ethical standards.^[32] Groups like the NPC and WNBF issue guidelines discouraging Synthol, advocating polygraph and blood testing to enforce natural competition and foster sustainable physique development over quick fixes.^[22]

Other uses

Medical product

Synthol was introduced in 1925 by French pharmacist Paul-Ernest Roger in Orléans as a liquid tonic and painkiller manufactured by Laboratoires du Synthol.^[33]^[34] Initially developed as an antiseptic solution for oral use, it contained chloral hydrate along with essential oils like menthol and alcohol, providing both analgesic and antimicrobial effects.^[35] This formulation positioned Synthol as a versatile remedy for common ailments, reflecting early 20th-century pharmaceutical trends toward multi-purpose topicals. The product was originally marketed for treating sore throats, dental pain, and minor injuries through its application as a mouthwash or gargle, leveraging its antiseptic properties to reduce inflammation and its analgesics to alleviate discomfort.^[36] Over the decades, its uses expanded to include cutaneous applications for superficial traumas, but broader systemic claims were gradually phased out in the late 20th century amid the emergence of safer aspirin alternatives and regulatory scrutiny on salicylate-based products.^[37] By the 1990s, marketing shifted away from internal or extensive pain relief, focusing instead on localized topical relief to address safety concerns related to ingestion and overuse. Composition evolved significantly post-2001 under GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) ownership, removing chloral hydrate due to regulatory bans and simplifying to an alcohol base with levomenthol for cooling, veratrole (guaiacol derivative) for antisepsis, resorcinol as an antimicrobial, and adding salicylic acid for anti-inflammatory action.^[38] In 2020, GSK transferred the brand to EG Labo, which continues production without altering the core formula.^[39] As of 2025, Synthol remains available over-the-counter in France and select European markets, primarily as a solution or gel for minor skin traumas, insect bites, and limited oral hygiene uses like gingivitis or aphthous ulcers, but no longer endorsed for systemic pain relief due to potential risks such as convulsions in children from terpene content.^[40]^[41] This consumer health product is unrelated to injectable variants associated with other applications.

Fuel and synthetic processes

In 1925, Charles F. Kettering, vice president of General Motors Research Corporation, announced "Synthol," a synthetic automotive fuel blend consisting of alcohol and benzene designed to replace leaded gasoline and mitigate engine knocking in internal combustion engines.^[42] This formulation aimed to enhance engine performance by boosting octane ratings through the alcohol-based additive, providing a smoother operation without the need for tetraethyl lead, which was emerging as a controversial alternative at the time.^[43] Kettering's initiative reflected early 20th-century efforts to develop non-petroleum-derived fuels amid concerns over gasoline supply and engine efficiency. The term "Synthol" later became associated with synthetic fuel production via the Fischer-Tropsch process, a chemical synthesis method developed in the 1920s by Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch for converting syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) into liquid hydrocarbons.^[44] During World War II, Germany employed similar Fischer-Tropsch technologies to produce aviation fuels and other synthetics from coal, addressing petroleum shortages and contributing up to 25% of their automotive fuel needs.^[45] Post-war, the M.W. Kellogg Company in the United States commercialized the Synthol process, adapting it into a fluidized-bed reactor system for efficient coal-to-liquid conversion, which emphasized high-temperature operation to yield gasoline-range products.^[46] South Africa's Sasol corporation adopted and scaled the Kellogg Synthol reactor technology starting in 1955 at its Sasol I facility, utilizing circulating fluidized-bed reactors to produce synthetic fuels from coal-derived syngas on a commercial scale.^[47] This implementation marked the largest application of high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, generating light olefins, gasoline, and other fuels while serving as a model for synthetic processes in resource-constrained environments.^[44] In fuel compositions, Synthol-derived products often incorporated alcohol-benzene mixtures for octane enhancement, echoing earlier automotive blends, alongside broader hydrocarbon outputs suitable for blending into conventional fuels. The legacy of Synthol processes persists in biofuel research, where Fischer-Tropsch variants enable conversion of biomass syngas into drop-in fuels, supporting sustainable alternatives to fossil-derived liquids.^[48] As of 2025, while not dominant in mainstream fuel production, the "Synthol" name endures in branded synthetic lubricants, such as those from American Synthol, which utilize polyalphaolefin bases for industrial applications like compressors and gears, though widespread fuel adoption remains limited.^[49]

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American Synthol manufactures an extensive line of synthetic compressor oils for almost any application rotary screw, reciprocating, rotary vane, ...Contact · Products · About · Private Label