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Valencia, Venezuela

Valencia is the capital city of Carabobo State in northern Venezuela and the third-largest urban center in the country, with a metropolitan population estimated at around 2 million in 2025.^[1]^[2] Situated approximately 150 kilometers west of Caracas at an elevation of about 520 meters, it functions as a major industrial hub, concentrating vehicle assembly, metalworking, food processing, and other manufacturing activities that historically drove economic diversification beyond oil dependency.^[3]^[4] The city holds historical significance for its role in Venezuela's independence struggles, having temporarily served as the national capital in 1812, 1830, and 1858, and lying near the plains where Simón Bolívar's forces decisively defeated Spanish royalists in the Battle of Carabobo on June 24, 1821, effectively securing Venezuelan liberation from colonial rule.^[3]^[5] Once emblematic of Venezuela's mid-20th-century push toward industrialization and regional development, Valencia's economy expanded through state-led investments in the 1960s and 1970s, fostering a robust manufacturing base that complemented the nation's petroleum sector.^[6] However, since the mid-2010s, the city has grappled with profound economic contraction tied to Venezuela's nationwide crisis, precipitated by plummeting oil prices, chronic fiscal mismanagement, hyperinflation exceeding millions of percent annually, and policy distortions that eroded industrial productivity and infrastructure.^[7]^[8] This downturn has manifested in factory shutdowns, widespread shortages, mass emigration, and deteriorated urban services, underscoring causal links between centralized resource misallocation and localized industrial decay despite Valencia's prior strengths.^[9]^[10]

History

Founding and Colonial Era

Valencia was founded on March 25, 1555, by Spanish captain Alonso Díaz Moreno, a conquistador from the Canary Islands, under the name Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Nueva Valencia del Rey.^[11]^[12] The settlement emerged as part of Spain's eastward expansion from earlier coastal and western outposts like El Tocuyo (established 1545), aimed at securing interior territories for resource extraction and colonization in the Province of Venezuela.^[13] Situated in a fertile valley of the Carabobo region, the site was chosen for its agricultural potential, including arable land suitable for crops and grazing, amid the broader Spanish strategy to consolidate control over indigenous-held areas in north-central Venezuela.^[13] The early colonial period involved intense conflict with local indigenous groups, including the Jirajara people, who resisted Spanish encroachment through guerrilla warfare lasting over a decade after the founding.^[13] Despite these challenges, the town endured as a provincial outpost under the governance of the Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo, later transferring to the Captaincy General of Venezuela centered in Caracas after 1777.^[13] By the late 16th century, rudimentary infrastructure developed, including a grid layout typical of Spanish colonial urban planning, with a central plaza that evolved into the modern Plaza Bolívar, serving administrative and ecclesiastical functions.^[12] Economically, colonial Valencia focused on subsistence agriculture and extensive cattle ranching, leveraging the surrounding llanos and valleys for livestock herding, which became a mainstay of Venezuela's colonial export economy alongside cacao cultivation in later centuries.^[14]^[13] Encomienda systems initially allocated indigenous labor for farms and ranches, though high mortality from disease and warfare shifted reliance to imported African slaves for agricultural expansion.^[14] The town's growth remained modest, with population estimates under 2,000 by the mid-18th century, functioning primarily as a regional hub for trade in hides, tallow, and basic grains rather than a major urban center.^[13]

Role in Independence and 19th-Century Development

During the Venezuelan War of Independence, Valencia experienced a royalist uprising in 1811, which patriot forces suppressed amid the broader civil conflict between independence supporters and Spanish loyalists.^[15] The city's strategic location in the central region made it a focal point for military movements, with royalist troops using nearby roads to retreat toward coastal strongholds like Puerto Cabello.^[16] The Battle of Carabobo, fought on June 24, 1821, in the plains southeast of Valencia, marked a turning point in the independence struggle. Simón Bolívar's patriot army of about 6,500 troops, including llanero cavalry and British Legion volunteers, decisively defeated the Spanish royalist force of roughly 5,000 under Miguel de la Torre.^[5]^[17] This victory shattered the main royalist army on the Venezuelan mainland, facilitating the recapture of Caracas and paving the way for formal independence declarations, though isolated Spanish garrisons held out until 1823.^[18] Following Venezuela's separation from Gran Colombia in 1830, Valencia briefly served as the national capital, underscoring its political significance under early republican leaders like José Antonio Páez amid post-independence instability.^[19] The city also became the capital of Carabobo Province, fostering administrative and commercial growth in an era dominated by agrarian exports like cocoa and coffee, though national economic expansion remained limited and punctuated by caudillo-led conflicts.^[20] During the Federal War (1859–1863), Carabobo's plains, including sites near Valencia, hosted further battles between centralist and federalist forces, reinforcing the region's military centrality.^[21] By the late 19th century, Valencia emerged as a key inland hub, benefiting from improved road connections and its role in regional trade, despite Venezuela's overall stationary economic phase from 1830 to 1924.^[21]

Industrial Boom and Mid-20th-Century Expansion

The discovery of vast oil reserves in the early 20th century provided Venezuela with substantial revenues that funded import substitution industrialization (ISI) policies from the 1930s onward, transforming urban centers like Valencia into manufacturing hubs through infrastructure investments and protective tariffs.^[22] By the mid-20th century, Valencia's central location along transportation axes, access to water resources, and relative seismic stability positioned it as a prime site for heavy industry expansion, distinct from the congested Caracas region.^[23] In April 1956, the Concejo Municipal de Valencia issued the first "Ordenanza Reguladora de ventas de terrenos en la Zona Industrial," allocating 8 million square meters for zoned development—southern areas for heavy industries and northern for lighter ones—while offering up to five years of tax exemptions to attract investors.^[23] This initiative, led by figures like Eduardo Celis Sauné and Lorenzo Araujo Ecarri, marked the onset of modern industrialization; Ford Motor Company secured 42 hectares, establishing an assembly plant that catalyzed ancillary sectors such as metalworking and automotive parts.^[23] Subsequent entrants included chemical firms like Sherwin Williams and Dupont, consumer goods producers such as Colgate and Kraft, and local operations like Grasas de Valencia for oils and Negroven for paints, fostering a domino effect in employment and supply chains.^[23] Building on pre-existing foundations like the 1947 Fábrica de Cemento Carabobo and earlier textile mills such as Telares de Carabobo (1910), the 1950s-1960s saw diversification into food processing (e.g., Azúcar Carabobo expansions) and beverages, supported by oil-funded public works.^[24] In 1958, the Fundación para el Mejoramiento Industrial y Sanitario de Valencia (Funval) was established to enhance infrastructure, further accelerating growth amid national GDP per capita rises averaging over 5% annually in the 1950s-1960s.^[23] ^[20] This boom drove rapid urbanization; Valencia's metropolitan population grew from approximately 170,000 in 1950 to 390,000 by 1970, fueled by rural-to-urban migration for factory jobs in a city increasingly dubbed Venezuela's industrial capital.^[25] By the 1970s, the zone hosted diverse manufacturing, contributing significantly to national non-oil exports, though overreliance on imported inputs exposed vulnerabilities to global commodity fluctuations.^[22]

Post-1990s Decline and National Crises

Following the election of Hugo Chávez in 1998 and the implementation of socialist policies from 1999 onward, Valencia, as Venezuela's primary industrial center in Carabobo state, experienced a sharp contraction in manufacturing and economic activity. The city's contribution to national GDP, which stood at approximately 40% in 1998 from its automotive, food processing, and textile sectors, plummeted to around 10% by 2016 amid widespread factory closures and reduced output.^[26] This decline accelerated after nationalizations of key industries and price controls under Chávez and his successor Nicolás Maduro, which deterred investment and led to the shutdown of over 10,200 companies nationwide by 2019, with 95% of pre-socialist-era firms becoming inactive; Valencia's plants, including those in heavy industry, were disproportionately hit due to reliance on imported inputs amid currency controls and shortages.^[27] Hyperinflation, reaching peaks of over 1 million percent annually by 2018, further eroded Valencia's economic base by devastating consumer demand and wages, rendering manufacturing unviable as raw material costs soared while sales collapsed.^[28] Frequent blackouts, stemming from underinvestment in the national grid—exacerbated by corruption and mismanagement in state-owned entities like Corpoelec—threatened the survival of remaining industries in Valencia by 2019, halting production lines and accelerating the exodus of skilled workers.^[29] Water shortages compounded these issues, with infrastructure decay from neglected maintenance leading to irregular supply in urban areas, disrupting both households and factories dependent on consistent utilities.^[30] Crime rates in Valencia surged alongside national trends, with the homicide rate climbing to 49.7 per 100,000 inhabitants by 2017, resulting in 784 murders in a population of about 1.58 million, positioning the city among the world's most violent urban centers.^[31] This violence, fueled by economic desperation, gang control in underserved neighborhoods, and weakened policing under resource-strapped state institutions, deterred business recovery and prompted further capital flight. Emigration from Valencia mirrored Venezuela's broader crisis, with millions departing nationwide since 2015 due to shortages of food, medicine, and jobs, depleting the local labor force and exacerbating industrial stagnation through brain drain and reduced domestic markets.^[32] By the mid-2020s, these intertwined national crises—rooted in policy-induced distortions rather than exogenous factors alone—had transformed Valencia from a mid-20th-century boomtown into a symbol of urban decay, with persistent unemployment and informal economies dominating daily life.^[7]

Geography

Location and Topography

Valencia, capital of Carabobo State, lies in north-central Venezuela at coordinates 10°10′N 68°00′W.^[33] The city is positioned approximately 55 kilometers southeast of the Caribbean port city of Puerto Cabello and 193 kilometers west of Caracas.^[34]^[35] Situated at an elevation of 520 meters (1,710 feet) above sea level, Valencia occupies the floor of the Valencia Graben, a tectonic rift valley forming part of the broader depression shared with nearby Lake Valencia in Aragua State.^[36]^[37] This basin is flanked by the Venezuelan Coastal Range (Cordillera de la Costa), with the gentler Caribbean Range slopes to the west and more rugged interior ranges to the east.^[38] The local topography features a flat alluvial plain ideal for urban expansion and agriculture, hemmed in by surrounding hills and mountains that rise to over 2,000 meters in peaks such as those in the nearby Coastal Range.^[38] These elevations create a transitional landscape between the coastal lowlands to the north and the expansive Llanos plains to the south, influencing local microclimates and providing natural barriers.^[38]

Climate Patterns

Valencia exhibits a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw), characterized by high temperatures year-round and a pronounced wet-dry seasonal cycle influenced by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migrations.^[39] Average annual temperatures range from 25°C to 27°C, with minimal diurnal variation due to the region's lowland elevation of approximately 520 meters above sea level. Daily highs typically reach 30–33°C from February to April, the warmest period, while lows seldom drop below 20°C even in the cooler months of December and January.^[40]^[41] Precipitation follows a unimodal pattern in the Valencia Lake basin, with the dry season spanning January to April (averaging under 50 mm monthly) and the wet season from May to November, peaking in July–August at over 100 mm per month. Annual rainfall totals approximately 1,200–1,500 mm, concentrated in convective thunderstorms driven by easterly trade winds and orographic effects from nearby coastal ranges. March records the lowest precipitation (around 20–30 mm) and relative humidity (often below 60%), exacerbating dust and haze conditions, while August sees the highest humidity (80–90%) alongside maximum rainfall.^[42]^[40]^[43] Extreme weather events include occasional droughts during extended dry spells, as in 2013–2015 when regional deficits exceeded 30% of norms, and intense flooding from tropical waves or remnants of Atlantic hurricanes, such as the 2022 deluges that displaced thousands in Carabobo state. Winds are generally light (5–15 km/h), predominantly from the northeast, with gusts up to 40 km/h during convective activity. No significant snowfall or frost occurs, but urban heat islands in Valencia amplify perceived temperatures by 1–2°C in built-up areas.^[40]^[43]

Environmental Degradation and Hazards

Lake Valencia, located adjacent to Valencia city, has undergone severe eutrophication primarily from untreated domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastewater discharges, leading to persistent algal blooms since 1976 that deplete oxygen levels and harm aquatic life.^[44]^[45] Heavy metal contamination in lake sediments, assessed in samples from 1988 across 25 sites, indicates elevated risks from pollutants like cadmium, chromium, and lead, exceeding background levels and posing ecological threats.^[46] Geochemical analysis of core samples reveals anthropogenic impacts, including increased organic matter and biomarkers from pollution, correlating with urban and industrial expansion around the lake basin.^[47] Between 1960 and 1990, native fish populations declined by approximately 60% due to these degraded conditions, affecting endemic species.^[48] Industrial activities in Carabobo State, including the El Palito refinery near Valencia, contribute to ongoing pollution through untreated effluents and spills; for instance, the refinery has a history of discharging crude oil and refined products into surrounding waters, exacerbating the lake's contamination.^[49] An oil spill originating from El Palito in August 2024 contaminated a nearby bay off Carabobo's coast, with tarry residues affecting marine ecosystems.^[50] Further, a massive fire at a chemical plant in Carabobo on August 19, 2025, released toxic smoke plumes, highlighting vulnerabilities in industrial safety and emission controls.^[51] The broader Valencia-Maracay basin functions as an untreated septic system, receiving direct industrial discharges that amplify soil and water degradation amid inadequate regulatory enforcement.^[52]^[53] Natural hazards in the Valencia area include recurrent flooding from heavy rainfall and river overflow, as evidenced by severe inundations on October 20, 2025, that submerged streets and homes following intense downpours.^[54] While modeled river flood risk is classified as low overall, localized events tied to tropical storms and poor drainage infrastructure—compounded by urban concretization—pose acute threats.^[55] Seismic activity represents another hazard, with Venezuela's tectonic setting enabling earthquakes that could trigger secondary effects like landslides or liquefaction in Valencia's topography, though major events are infrequent.^[56] Oil spills in Lake Valencia, linked to upstream industrial failures, further compound hazards by polluting potential drinking water sources for millions.^[57]

Demographics

Population Trends and Emigration

Valencia's metropolitan population grew steadily through the late 20th and early 21st centuries, reaching 1,673,000 in 2011 amid national urbanization and industrial expansion.^[58] This growth reflected internal migration to the city as Venezuela's third-largest urban center and a manufacturing hub, with the municipality proper recording 829,856 residents in the same census. Annual increases averaged 1.4% in the preceding decade, supported by oil-funded infrastructure and job opportunities.^[59] Since the intensification of Venezuela's economic crisis post-2013, however, population dynamics reversed due to mass emigration driven by hyperinflation exceeding 1 million percent annually by 2018, acute shortages of food and medicine, and widespread unemployment from industrial nationalizations and policy distortions.^[60] Over 7.7 million Venezuelans fled the country between 2014 and 2024, representing more than a quarter of the pre-crisis population and causing a net loss of approximately 18% in working-age individuals (15-64 years) nationwide by 2021 relative to fertility-adjusted expectations.^[61] ^[62] In Valencia, this exodus disproportionately affected professionals and youth, as factory shutdowns in the automotive and food sectors—once employing tens of thousands—eliminated livelihoods, prompting outflows to Colombia, Peru, and beyond.^[63] Projections ignoring emigration, such as those estimating metro area growth to 2.03 million by 2025, overestimate actual figures, as evidenced by stalled urban development and anecdotal reports of depopulated neighborhoods in Carabobo state.^[58] ^[64] The departure has induced a brain drain, with skilled migrants reducing the local labor force by an estimated 20% in technical fields, while straining public services for remaining residents amid fiscal collapse.^[62] This demographic shift, rooted in causal failures of centralized economic controls rather than external sanctions alone, has left Valencia with an aging population profile and diminished economic vitality.^[60] Valencia's ethnic composition, as recorded in the 2011 Venezuelan census for the municipality, is dominated by mestizos and whites, reflecting patterns of historical intermixing and European settlement. Of the approximately 819,000 residents categorized by self-identified ethnicity, 414,275 (50.6%) were mestizos, 376,797 (46.0%) whites, 26,770 (3.3%) Afro-Venezuelans, and 1,143 (0.1%) indigenous peoples.^[64] These figures indicate a higher white population share compared to the national average of around 43%, attributable to waves of European immigration in the 20th century.^[65] European influx, particularly from Italy and Spain between 1948 and 1958, targeted industrial centers like Valencia, where migrants filled roles in manufacturing and agriculture, bolstering the white and mestizo majorities. Italians formed one of the largest immigrant groups nationally, with many settling in urban-industrial hubs including Valencia, contributing to a demographic layer of European-descended families integrated into the local economy.^[65] Spanish immigrants similarly reinforced ties to colonial-era ancestry, though post-World War II arrivals emphasized skilled labor recruitment. Afro-Venezuelan and indigenous groups remain minorities, often concentrated in peripheral or rural-adjacent areas, with limited representation in urban core demographics. Social structure in Valencia exhibits pronounced class stratification, shaped by its industrial heritage and subsequent economic volatility. Historically, an upper class of industrialists and entrepreneurs—frequently of European immigrant descent—contrasted with a burgeoning middle class of professionals and skilled workers during the mid-20th-century boom, while the lower strata comprised factory laborers and informal vendors.^[66] This structure deviated from national rural poverty patterns, fostering relative social mobility through manufacturing employment until the 1990s. However, policy-driven economic collapses since then have eroded the middle class, exacerbating inequality; by 2023 national surveys indicated over 80% household poverty, with urban centers like Valencia showing geographic disparities in access to resources and services.^[67] Ethnic lines loosely correlate with class, as white and mestizo groups disproportionately occupy higher socioeconomic tiers, though inter-ethnic mixing and economic downturns have blurred rigid divisions.^[68]

Economy

Industrial Foundations and Growth

Valencia's industrial foundations originated in the mid-20th century, as Venezuela pursued import-substituting industrialization policies amid rising oil revenues that funded infrastructure and factory development.^[22] Prior to this, the city's economy centered on agriculture, including sugar production and cattle ranching, with limited manufacturing confined to agro-processing like distilleries and mills established in the late 19th century.^[3] The strategic location of Valencia along rail and highway axes linking Caracas to Maracaibo and other ports positioned it as a logistics hub, enabling efficient raw material imports and finished goods exports, which catalyzed early industrial clustering.^[3] Growth accelerated from the 1950s onward, with the establishment of consumer goods factories producing textiles, footwear, and food items to replace imports, supported by protective tariffs and state incentives.^[69] By the 1960s, heavier sectors emerged, including metalworking, cement production, and automotive assembly; Carabobo State, anchored by Valencia, hosted approximately 75% of Venezuela's automotive industry and 90% of its tire manufacturing by the late 20th century.^[70] Oil-funded hydroelectric projects in nearby areas provided reliable energy, further spurring expansion into chemicals and machinery.^[22] This period marked Valencia's transformation into Venezuela's primary inland manufacturing center, with industrial output diversifying beyond light assembly to include intermediate goods like steel derivatives and paper products, driven by private investment and proximity to labor pools from surrounding rural areas.^[71] Annual industrial growth rates in the Valencia-Maracay corridor averaged over 10% during the 1950s and 1960s, reflecting national policies that channeled petroleum surpluses into non-oil sectors until the 1970s oil price surges amplified further investments.^[72]

Sectoral Breakdown

Valencia's economy has traditionally been dominated by the secondary sector, particularly manufacturing, which positions the city as Venezuela's primary industrial hub outside the oil-dependent regions. Manufacturing encompasses automotive assembly, food and beverage processing, textiles, chemicals, and metal products, with the Carabobo state—centered on Valencia—accounting for approximately 75% of the nation's automotive industry and 90% of tire production capacity.^[70] These activities benefited from the city's strategic location along transportation corridors and proximity to ports, fostering assembly plants for vehicles and components until widespread shutdowns in the 2010s due to currency controls and supply shortages. Petrochemical processing, linked to nearby complexes like Morón, further bolsters industrial output, producing plastics, fertilizers, and synthetic materials.^[73] Agriculture constitutes a smaller but foundational primary sector, primarily in the rural periphery of Carabobo, where fertile valleys support sugarcane, corn, rice, and coffee cultivation; these provide inputs for Valencia's agro-processing plants, such as sugar refineries and distilleries. However, urban Valencia itself relies little on direct farming, with agricultural contributions to local GDP estimated below 5% based on regional patterns.^[3] The tertiary sector, including retail, logistics, and financial services, supports industrial activities but lags in scale, with commerce concentrated in urban markets and malls; national data indicate services comprise over 50% of GDP but in Valencia, this is offset by industry's weight, leading to a more balanced local mix amid hyperinflation and emigration reducing consumer bases. Recent analyses highlight manufacturing's persistence despite contractions, with food and chemical subsectors showing relative resilience in 2023-2024 output.^[74]^[75]

Policy-Induced Collapse and Recovery Efforts

The Venezuelan government's socialist policies under Presidents Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro, including widespread expropriations, price controls, and currency restrictions, precipitated a severe industrial collapse in Valencia, the country's primary manufacturing hub in Carabobo state. Beginning in the mid-2000s, the administration nationalized key sectors, seizing control of factories and leading to operational disruptions; for instance, the Sidetur steel plant in Valencia was expropriated in 2010, resulting in production plummeting from full capacity to just 9% by 2016 due to mismanagement and lack of investment. Similarly, General Motors' assembly plant in Carabobo was abruptly occupied by authorities in April 2017, forcing the company to cease all operations and contributing to the exodus of multinational firms like Ford and Chrysler from the region. These interventions, justified as recoveries of "idle" assets, instead fostered inefficiency, shortages of inputs, and capital flight, as private owners faced arbitrary seizures and regulatory uncertainty.^[76]^[77]^[78] By the mid-2010s, these policies had devastated Valencia's economy, with hyperinflation exceeding 1,000,000% annually in 2018 eroding purchasing power and rendering price controls ineffective, while currency controls prevented imports of raw materials essential for manufacturing. The industrial zone in Valencia, once hosting around 6,000 active companies before the intensification of "21st-century socialism," saw approximately 5,400 firms shuttered by 2023, leaving vast areas abandoned and unemployment soaring; local factories reported operating at half capacity or less, with workers receiving partial salaries amid widespread layoffs. Nationally, these measures contributed to an 80% contraction in GDP from 2013 to 2021, but Carabobo's non-oil industrial output—previously accounting for a significant share of vehicle assembly and steel production—suffered disproportionately, as evidenced by the near-total halt in automotive manufacturing. Maduro's 2016 threats to expropriate and jail owners of "paralyzed" factories further deterred investment, exacerbating the spiral of closures rather than incentivizing productivity.^[8]^[79]^[26]^[80] Recovery efforts since 2019 have been partial and largely unsuccessful in reviving Valencia's industrial base, with the Maduro government partially dismantling currency and price controls amid international sanctions and domestic pressure, leading to modest national GDP growth of 8.5% in the first three quarters of 2024, primarily from oil sector rebound rather than manufacturing. However, no comprehensive reactivation plan has materialized for Valencia's industrial parks, where derelict facilities persist without rehabilitation, and private sector initiatives remain stifled by ongoing corruption, arbitrary regulations, and insecurity. While some informal economic activities and remittances have cushioned household impacts, structural reforms essential for industrial resurgence—such as property rights restoration and deregulation—have not been implemented, leaving unemployment in Carabobo elevated and the region's pre-crisis productive capacity unrecovered as of 2025. Analysts attribute the limited progress to the persistence of core statist policies, warning that without deeper liberalization, any growth remains fragile and oil-dependent.^[81]^[79]^[82]

Government and Politics

Administrative Framework

The Valencia Municipality functions as a second-level administrative division within Carabobo State, one of Venezuela's 23 federal entities, and encompasses the historic core of the city of Valencia. Established under the Organic Law of Municipal Public Power enacted in 2010, the municipality is led by an executive branch headed by an elected mayor (alcalde or alcaldesa), who is responsible for policy implementation, public services, urban planning, and fiscal management, with a four-year term renewable once consecutively.^[83] The legislative branch comprises the Municipal Council (Concejo Municipal), consisting of nine councilors elected by proportional representation, tasked with approving budgets, ordinances, and oversight of executive actions.^[84] Administratively, the municipality is subdivided into nine urban parishes (parroquias urbanas): Caja Seca, Candelaria, Catedral, El Socorro, Miguel Peña, Negro Primero, Rafael Urdaneta, San Blas, and San José, which serve as basic units for local governance, community councils, and decentralized service delivery.^[85] These parishes facilitate participatory structures like communal councils (consejos comunales), mandated by national law to promote grassroots decision-making on local projects, though their effectiveness has varied amid resource constraints. The municipality coordinates with the state governor's office on regional matters, such as infrastructure and security, while adhering to national directives from the Ministry of Interior, Justice, and Peace.^[86] The broader Valencia urban agglomeration spans five autonomous municipalities—Valencia, Libertador, Los Guayos, Naguanagua, and San Diego—necessitating inter-municipal cooperation through bodies like the Metropolitan Council of Valencia for shared challenges including transportation and waste management, though formal integration remains limited by legal autonomy. Elections for municipal offices occur every four years under the National Electoral Council, with results certified nationally, reflecting Venezuela's centralized electoral framework.

Electoral History and Factional Control

The direct election of mayors in Valencia began following Venezuela's 1989 decentralization reforms, with the first competitive municipal polls held in 1992. Early post-reform mayors included representatives of traditional parties such as Acción Democrática (AD) and COPEI, including Omar Sanoja in the 1990s and Argenis Ecarri thereafter, reflecting the city's alignment with opposition forces against the Puntofijo system's dominance.^[87] A shift occurred in the 2008 regional elections, when Edgardo Parra of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) defeated incumbent Francisco "Paco" Cabrera, marking the first chavista victory and PSUV foothold in Valencia's executive amid Hugo Chávez's national consolidation of power through the PSUV's formation. Parra's tenure (2008–2013) faced destitution attempts by opposition-led councils, highlighting early factional tensions between PSUV loyalists and local anti-chavistas, though no prior mayor in Valencia's history had been removed mid-term.^[87] PSUV control solidified in subsequent cycles: the 2013 municipal vote retained chavista mayors across Carabobo, including Valencia, per National Electoral Council (CNE) tallies, despite opposition claims of irregularities. In 2017, amid national boycott calls by major opposition coalitions, PSUV candidates won unopposed or with minimal contest in many locales, including Valencia proxies. The 2021 regional-municipal elections saw PSUV secure 12 of Carabobo's 14 mayorships, with Valencia under chavista administration.^[88]^[89] The July 27, 2025, municipal elections extended PSUV dominance, with Dina Castillo (GPPSB/PSUV alliance) elected as Valencia's first female mayor, capturing the post amid widespread opposition abstention and reported turnout below 30% nationally, as announced by CNE president Elvis Amoroso. PSUV's Gran Polo Patriótico alliance claimed 13 of 14 Carabobo mayorships, including Valencia, reinforcing factional hegemony tied to Nicolás Maduro's national apparatus.^[90]^[91]^[92] Factional control in Valencia mirrors Venezuela's polarized landscape, with PSUV exerting unchallenged municipal authority since 2008 through CNE oversight, resource allocation favoritism, and suppression of opposition via arrests and disqualifications, as documented in international reports. Internal PSUV dynamics, such as alignments with governor Rafael Lacava's populist style, have minimized intra-chavista rifts locally, while opposition fragmentation—evident in abstention strategies and Unitary Platform splits—has precluded reversals despite sporadic council-level gains pre-2010s. This entrenchment persists amid broader critiques of electoral clientelism and media dominance by PSUV-aligned outlets, undermining competitive pluralism.^[93]^[94]

Governance Failures and Corruption

Valencia's municipal governance, dominated by officials from the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) since the early 2000s, has been marred by repeated corruption scandals that undermine public trust and service delivery. In October 2013, Mayor Edgardo Parra, a PSUV member, was arrested by state security agents on charges of extortion, criminal association, and corruption, including allegations of demanding bribes from contractors for public works projects.^[95]^[96] Parra's detention occurred amid President Nicolás Maduro's broader anti-corruption campaign targeting even ruling-party figures, highlighting how entrenched graft in procurement and urban management persisted despite national rhetoric against it.^[97] These incidents reflect systemic vulnerabilities in local administration, where oversight mechanisms fail to prevent officials from leveraging positions for personal gain, exacerbating inefficiencies in waste management and infrastructure maintenance. More recently, in December 2024, Mayor Julio Fuenmayor, another PSUV appointee, resigned amid allegations of corruption tied to the mishandling of garbage collection contracts, including overpricing and favoritism toward allied firms.^[98]^[99] This scandal, the second involving a PSUV mayor in Valencia within recent years, involved public outcry over uncollected waste piling up in streets, linking corrupt practices directly to governance breakdowns in basic sanitation services.^[100] Fuenmayor's exit, reportedly under pressure from party leadership ahead of elections, underscores a pattern where internal PSUV purges address scandals reactively rather than through structural reforms, allowing mismanagement to recur and strain municipal resources already depleted by national economic policies. Corruption extends beyond the mayor's office to judicial and port authorities in Carabobo state, impacting Valencia's regional oversight. In September 2025, Venezuela's Public Ministry charged 14 prosecutors in Carabobo, including the superior fiscal, with corruption, obstruction of justice, and indecent conduct, as part of a nationwide operation that had processed over 570 officials. This case exposed networks of bribery and case-fixing within the local judiciary, weakening accountability for municipal crimes. Additionally, Puerto Cabello, Carabobo's key port serving Valencia's industrial needs, has been a hotspot for graft, with military officials implicated in trafficking imported food staples for black-market resale, diverting subsidized goods amid shortages.^[101]^[102] Such failures in supply chain integrity, driven by corrupt alliances between officials and traffickers, have compounded local governance woes by inflating costs and eroding public services, as evidenced by persistent reports of diverted humanitarian aid and overvalued contracts. Investigative journalism, such as that by slain reporter Orel Sambrano, further documented organized crime ties to Carabobo officials, illustrating how corruption fosters impunity and hampers effective administration.^[103]

Infrastructure

Transportation Systems

Valencia's transportation infrastructure centers on road networks, with the Autopista Regional del Centro serving as the primary highway linking the city to Caracas over 155 km, facilitating freight and passenger movement as part of Venezuela's Troncal 1 corridor.^[104] This route experiences heavy traffic and periodic maintenance issues exacerbated by national economic constraints. Local roads connect industrial zones to the city center, though potholes and flooding during rains degrade conditions.^[105] Air travel occurs via Arturo Michelena International Airport (VLN), handling domestic flights to destinations like Caracas and Porlamar, alongside limited international routes to Panama and Cuba as of 2025, operated by three airlines including Rutaca, which initiated biweekly Havana service in July 2025.^[106] ^[107] Passenger traffic remains subdued due to fuel scarcity and aviation sector contraction under prolonged mismanagement.^[108] The Metro de Valencia, a light rail system, comprises Line 1 with 7.7 km of track and 8 stations from Monumental to Francisco de Miranda, partially underground, using Siemens SD 460 trains and operational weekdays from 6:00 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. since its 2007 inauguration following a 2006 opening.^[109] ^[110] Expansions, including a northern extension and Line 2, remain stalled since planning in the late 2000s.^[109] Intra-urban mobility relies on informal busetas (minibuses) and por puesto shared taxis, which traverse fixed routes at low fares paid in local currency, supplemented by the Big Low Center bus terminal for intercity services to Maracaibo and Barquisimeto.^[111] ^[112] These systems suffer unreliability from vehicle shortages, spare parts deficits, and fuel rationing, hallmarks of Venezuela's broader transport crisis stemming from policy-induced hyperinflation and import restrictions.^[113] ^[114]

Utilities and Basic Services

Electricity supply in Valencia has been plagued by frequent and prolonged blackouts, characteristic of Venezuela's national energy crisis exacerbated by chronic underinvestment in infrastructure and maintenance failures at the Guri Dam and transmission lines. As of April 2025, power outages lasting several hours daily remain common in Carabobo state, including Valencia, disrupting industrial operations and household activities. These interruptions stem from systemic decay in the state-owned Corporación Eléctrica Nacional (Corpoelec), where corruption and mismanagement have led to generation capacity shortfalls, with Venezuela's installed power averaging below 20,000 MW against peak demands exceeding 30,000 MW in recent years.^[115]^[116] Water and sanitation services in Valencia suffer from inadequate access and severe contamination, with much of the city's supply drawn from the polluted Lake Valencia, which receives untreated sewage from urban and industrial sources. Only a fraction of households have reliable piped water, and national data indicate that 82% of Venezuelans, including those in Valencia, consume unsafe water due to non-functional treatment plants and distribution breakdowns. Sewage systems are overwhelmed, turning the Valencia-Maracay basin into a de facto septic tank, with algal blooms and heavy metal pollution rendering the lake ecologically dead and posing health risks like gastrointestinal diseases. Humanitarian assessments highlight that basic sanitation coverage lags, with open defecation and untreated wastewater discharge persisting amid infrastructure collapse.^[117]^[52]^[118] Natural gas distribution, managed by PDVSA Gas, faces intermittent shortages in Valencia, mirroring national rationing tied to declining production and export priorities over domestic needs, though urban areas like the city maintain partial subsidized coverage at low costs around $35 monthly for combined utilities. Telecommunications infrastructure includes expanding fiber optic networks by providers like Fibex Telecom, offering broadband in central Valencia, but mobile and internet services are hampered by frequent outages and limited rural penetration, with 4G coverage varying by neighborhood. International reports note that while urban connectivity exists, power instability often renders services unreliable, contributing to broader humanitarian vulnerabilities.^[119]^[120]

Crime Rates and Organized Violence

Valencia, located in Carabobo state, has experienced elevated crime rates amid Venezuela's broader crisis of violence, though recent national declines have extended to the region. In 2023, Carabobo state's violent death rate stood at 25.3 per 100,000 inhabitants, marginally below the national figure of 26.8 per 100,000, reflecting a 25% reduction in violent deaths countrywide from the prior year.^[121] Homicides in the state totaled 117 victims, while deaths from police interventions reached 131, indicating significant confrontational policing.^[121] Certain municipalities within Carabobo, such as Diego Ibarra (47.5 per 100,000) and Libertador (47.1 per 100,000), exhibited homicide rates exceeding the state average, with Juan José Mora ranking among the nation's top 10 most violent municipalities.^[121] User-reported perceptions underscore persistent insecurity, with Numbeo data from April 2025 rating Valencia's overall crime level at 92.86 out of 100 and violent crimes like assault and armed robbery at 92.50.^[122] Organized violence in Valencia stems primarily from megabandas, hierarchical criminal groups originating in prisons that exert territorial control through extortion, drug trafficking, and armed enforcement. Groups affiliated with figures like El Koki and Richardi operate across central Venezuela, including Valencia, diversifying into multiple illicit economies while clashing for dominance.^[123] Nationally, such organizations have consolidated power amid declining disorganized crime, contributing to uneven violence patterns as they monopolize local markets.^[121] Factors exacerbating this include economic collapse fostering recruitment into gangs, widespread firearm access despite state controls, and underreporting of incidents due to distrust in authorities and fear of reprisal.^[124] Government operations and outward migration of criminals have correlated with the observed homicide drop, though independent observers question the sustainability and official data reliability.^[125]

Health Crises and Outmigration

The Venezuelan health system, including facilities in Valencia, has faced acute shortages of medicines and supplies since the mid-2010s, exacerbated by economic policies that led to hyperinflation and import disruptions. In 2016, public hospitals in Valencia, such as one treating patients with basic infections, reported patients bringing their own supplies due to institutional deficits, reflecting national trends where 76% of public hospitals lacked essential medicines like antibiotics. By 2018, the Pharmaceutical Federation of Venezuela documented an 85% nationwide medicine shortage, with similar conditions in Carabobo state's hospitals, where water pollution, poor hygiene, and food scarcity compounded public health risks.^[126]^[127]^[128]^[129] These deficiencies contributed to a reversal of health gains, with over 13,000 doctors emigrating by 2018 amid collapsing infrastructure, including power outages in hospitals. In Carabobo, including Valencia, the absence of basic sanitation and medical resources heightened vulnerability to preventable diseases, as noted in local health assessments from late 2018. By 2021, an estimated 18.8 million Venezuelans lacked health service access, with chronic disease patients particularly affected, sustaining elevated mortality from treatable conditions.^[128]^[129]^[130] Outmigration from Valencia and Carabobo intensified as health system failures intertwined with broader economic collapse, prompting professionals and families to seek stability abroad. Nationally, over 7.8 million Venezuelans had emigrated by December 2024, with outflows accelerating post-2014 due to shortages of food, medicine, and jobs—factors acutely felt in industrial Valencia, where policy-driven expropriations eroded livelihoods. Surveys indicate economic hardship, safety concerns, and inadequate healthcare as primary drivers, with urban migrants like those from Valencia often heading to Colombia, Peru, or the U.S. for medical access.^[131]^[132]^[133] This exodus included healthcare workers, further straining Valencia's facilities; by 2022, the health system's deterioration had reversed decades of progress, with emigration reducing the reproductive-age population by up to 20%. In Carabobo, the loss of skilled personnel amplified local crises, as returning emigrants or remittances became partial mitigations but insufficient against systemic shortages.^[130]^[62]

Protests and Political Repression

Valencia, a significant center of opposition to the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) governance, has been a focal point for anti-government protests amid economic deterioration and disputed elections. Demonstrations in the city intensified during the 2014 nationwide unrest triggered by hyperinflation, shortages, and urban violence, with protesters clashing with National Guard units and pro-government armed groups known as colectivos. On March 13, 2014, three individuals—a policeman and two civilians—were shot dead during protests in Valencia, contributing to the wave of violence that claimed over 40 lives across Venezuela that year. Human Rights Watch documented excessive use of force by security forces against unarmed demonstrators in the city, including beatings and shootings during a peaceful highway gathering of 150-200 people on March 20, 2014.^[134]^[135]^[136] Subsequent protest cycles in 2017 and 2019 saw similar patterns in Valencia, where opposition rallies against constitutional assembly maneuvers and electoral manipulations faced tear gas, rubber bullets, and arbitrary detentions by the Bolivarian National Intelligence Service (SEBIN) and Directorate General of Military Counterintelligence (DGCIM). Repression extended to post-protest prosecutions in military courts, where civilians faced terrorism charges lacking due process, as reported by human rights monitors. In Carabobo state, encompassing Valencia, facilities like the Tocuyito prison held numerous detainees accused of protest-related offenses, with documented cases of torture including beatings and electric shocks to extract confessions.^[137]^[138] The July 2024 presidential election, marred by fraud allegations after Nicolás Maduro's claimed victory despite opposition evidence of Edmundo González's lead, sparked renewed protests in Valencia on July 29, 2024, with thousands rallying against electoral irregularities. Security forces dispersed crowds using lethal force and mass arrests, part of a nationwide crackdown that detained over 2,000 individuals, including bystanders and minors, often via enforced disappearances lasting days. In Carabobo, at least 14 protesters from Valencia were transferred to remote prisons in early 2025, exemplifying ongoing political persecution documented by Foro Penal, which tracked 845 political prisoners nationwide by October 2025. Human Rights Watch reported killings, such as 27 deaths during initial post-election unrest, attributed to state agents, underscoring a strategy to suppress dissent through intimidation and judicial harassment.^[139]^[140]^[141]^[142]

Culture and Education

Media Landscape

The media landscape in Valencia, Carabobo state, reflects Venezuela's broader environment of state dominance, censorship, and economic pressures on independent outlets. Local print media includes El Carabobeño, an independent daily newspaper founded in 1934 and based in Valencia, which covers regional news, politics, and society despite ongoing challenges from government scrutiny.^[143] In contrast, Ciudad Valencia operates as a pro-government publication affiliated with the Ministry of Popular Power for Culture, emphasizing official narratives on local developments.^[144] Other historical print outlets like Notitarde have diminished in prominence amid financial crises affecting the sector. Broadcast media in Valencia features regional television channels such as DAT TV and Ecovisión, alongside radio stations including Noticias 24 Carabobo, which provides 24-hour news coverage, and music-oriented outlets like La Mega Estación and Onda La Superestación.^[145] These operate under national regulations that favor state-aligned content, with Unión Radio's network extending local programming but subject to intermittent blackouts and content restrictions during politically sensitive periods.^[146] Innovative formats, such as Bus TV newscasts on public transport introduced around 2017, have emerged in Valencia to bypass traditional censorship, delivering live updates to commuters.^[147] Censorship and self-censorship profoundly shape Valencia's media, mirroring national trends where the government has closed or fined dozens of outlets since 2009, fostering fragmentation and reliance on non-political topics for survival. In Carabobo, independent journalism weakened by September 2025 due to financial insolvency and threats, leading outlets to avoid critical political reporting on issues like protests or corruption to evade shutdowns or advertiser boycotts.^[148]^[149] State agencies like Conatel enforce content controls, blocking websites and pressuring broadcasters, while self-censorship arises from fear of reprisals, as documented in reports of increased violations in early 2025.^[150] Pro-government media, often funded publicly, dominate airwaves with narratives aligning to the ruling United Socialist Party, sidelining opposition perspectives.^[151] Digital and social media have partially filled voids left by traditional outlets, with platforms like WhatsApp channels from Noticias 24 Carabobo and Instagram accounts such as @noticiascarabobo providing real-time local updates on events in Valencia. However, these face algorithmic throttling, ISP blocks, and legal harassment, as seen in waves of site removals since 2021. Independent digital journalism in Carabobo persists but operates precariously, prioritizing verifiable local reporting over confrontation to sustain operations amid hyperinflation and restricted access to printing or transmission resources.^[152]^[153]

Educational Institutions and Literacy Decline

Valencia serves as a hub for higher education in Carabobo state, anchored by the University of Carabobo, a public institution founded in 1852 that offers programs across various faculties including engineering, sciences, and humanities.^[154] Private universities such as Arturo Michelena University and José Antonio Páez University also operate in the city, providing alternatives amid public sector challenges.^[155] Primary and secondary schools, including international options like the Colegio Internacional de Carabobo, cater to local and expatriate students, but the overall system has faced chronic underfunding and infrastructure decay.^[156] The educational landscape in Valencia reflects Venezuela's broader crisis, exacerbated by economic collapse and policy failures under the Maduro administration, leading to sharp declines in enrollment and quality.^[157] Public school enrollment nationwide has fallen steadily since 2007 due to hyperinflation, teacher migration, and parental inability to afford basics like transportation.^[158] In Carabobo, schools report acute shortages, mirroring national figures where approximately 250,000 teaching positions remain vacant as of 2025, with teachers earning around $15 monthly—insufficient for survival and driving a 72% attrition rate by 2024.^[159]^[160]^[161] Literacy skills among youth have deteriorated significantly, despite historical adult rates near 97% achieved through early 2000s literacy missions.^[162] Approximately 65% of Venezuelan schoolchildren now lag in fundamental reading and writing competencies, with 1.5 million children out of school and 40% of those aged 3-17 attending irregularly as of 2023.^[163]^[164] Failure rates in public primary schools reached 80.55% in recent assessments, compounded by 40% of classrooms lacking a full-time teacher.^[165]^[166] At the University of Carabobo, budget cuts and resource shortages have triggered protests and reduced program quality, contributing to a national higher education enrollment drop post-2012.^[167]^[168] These trends signal a reversal of prior gains, with functional illiteracy rising among new generations due to sustained disruptions from shortages, outdated curricula, and political interference in autonomous institutions.^[169] Dropout rates remain high, particularly in STEM subjects, as economic pressures force students into informal work.^[170] Recovery efforts, such as calls for retired teachers to return, have yielded limited results amid ongoing emigration of educators.^[171]

Cultural and Recreational Sites

Historical Landmarks

The Arco de Carabobo, located in the Paseo del Campo Carabobo, is a triumphal arch monument erected to commemorate the Battle of Carabobo on June 24, 1821, where Venezuelan forces under Simón Bolívar decisively defeated Spanish royalists, paving the way for Venezuela's independence.^[5] The arch features symbolic elements honoring the soldiers involved and stands near the historic battlefield site, which was designated a National Historic Monument on July 3, 1961.^[172] Casa de la Estrella, one of Valencia's oldest surviving structures dating to the colonial era, served as the residence of José Antonio Páez, Venezuela's first president after independence, and hosted key events such as the 1812 Congress that influenced early republican governance.^[173] Now operating as a museum, it preserves artifacts and documents illustrating 19th-century political decisions, including those related to the shift from seven to eight stars on the Venezuelan flag in 1830.^[174] The Catedral Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Socorro, the seat of the Archdiocese of Valencia established in 1922 from the Archdiocese of Caracas, exemplifies colonial religious architecture central to the city's founding in 1555.^[175] Adjacent to Plaza Bolívar, it anchors the historic center and reflects the enduring Catholic influence amid Venezuela's independence struggles.^[176] Plaza Bolívar forms the historic core of Valencia, featuring a central statue of Simón Bolívar erected in the 19th century to honor his role in liberation efforts, surrounded by colonial-era edifices that witnessed local governance and public assemblies post-independence.^[177]^[178] The square's layout and monuments underscore Valencia's evolution from a Spanish colonial outpost to a republican hub in Carabobo state.^[179]

Museums and Art Venues

The Museo de Arte Valencia (MUVA), established in January 2014 as a state-owned institution, serves as the primary venue for visual arts in the city, preserving the artistic heritage of Carabobo state through its permanent collection and temporary exhibitions. Located at Avenida Bolívar Norte near Calle Salom, it features works by Venezuelan and international artists, hosting events, workshops, and expositions focused on contemporary and traditional plastic arts. Admission is free, with operating hours from Tuesday to Sunday, 9:00 a.m. to evening. In October 2025, the museum reopened with seven major exhibitions, underscoring its role as a key cultural reference amid Venezuela's challenges.^[180]^[181] The Ateneo de Valencia functions as a multifaceted cultural center incorporating museum spaces, a public library, and exhibition halls dedicated to art and education. Situated on Avenida Bolívar Norte, it organizes expositions of local and national artists, promoting cultural engagement through visually striking displays and community programs. As a longstanding institution, it fosters artistic initiatives and serves as a hub for intellectual and creative activities in Valencia.^[182] Other notable venues include smaller galleries such as Espacio 5, located in Urbanización La Viña, which hosts contemporary art shows and events emphasizing innovative tracings and colors in visual works. The Venezuelan Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, opened on April 18, 2002, by private philanthropic efforts, preserves sports history with exhibits on baseball artifacts, though it extends beyond traditional art into cultural memorabilia.^[183]^[184]

Parks and Public Spaces

Plaza Bolívar constitutes the historic heart of Valencia, founded in 1555 as a colonial marketplace and slaughterhouse before being repurposed and renamed in the 19th century to honor Simón Bolívar after Venezuela's independence. The square centers on a monumental equestrian statue of Bolívar, installed during the late 19th century under President Antonio Guzmán Blanco's administration, and is flanked by key structures such as the Valencia Cathedral and municipal buildings, serving as a focal point for public gatherings and events.^[185]^[179] Parque Fernando Peñalver ranks among Valencia's primary urban green spaces, encompassing over 40 hectares with facilities for walking, jogging, playgrounds, and picnics, attracting families for leisure activities despite broader urban maintenance challenges in Carabobo state. Opened in the mid-20th century, the park supports recreational exercise and social interaction in a densely populated area.^[186]^[187] Parque Municipal Cerro El Casupo functions as Valencia's principal natural reserve, dubbed the city's "green lung" for its forested hills offering hiking trails, viewpoints, and biodiversity amid urban expansion; spanning Cerro Casupo hill, it draws residents for physical activity and nature access, with trails rated moderately challenging and suitable for daily exercise.^[188] Parque Negra Hipólita provides another key public recreation area, named for Hipólita Bolívar, wet nurse to Simón Bolívar, featuring green expanses for community use in a central neighborhood setting.^[189]

Sports

Major Teams and Facilities

Valencia is home to prominent professional sports teams in baseball, soccer, and basketball, reflecting Venezuela's emphasis on these disciplines. The Navegantes del Magallanes, a cornerstone of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League (LVBP), represents the city in the nation's premier baseball competition; the team traces its origins to 1917 but adopted its current form in 1964.^[190] Its home venue, the Estadio José Bernardo Pérez, accommodates 15,500 spectators and hosts LVBP regular-season and playoff games, drawing significant local attendance for matches against rivals. In soccer, Carabobo FC competes in the Venezuelan Primera División, the top tier of domestic football; founded as Valencia FC in the early 20th century and rebranded in 2010, the club plays its home matches at the Polideportivo Misael Delgado, a multi-use stadium completed in 1963 with a capacity of 10,000 seats and artificial turf surface.^[191] This facility also supports other football events and has undergone periodic renovations to meet league standards.^[192] The basketball scene features Trotamundos de Carabobo, a competitive squad in the Superliga Profesional de Baloncesto (SPB), known for multiple national titles and South American successes; established in 1983, the team plays at the Forum de Valencia arena, which holds 10,000 fans and serves as a venue for SPB games as well as international qualifiers.^[193] These facilities underscore Valencia's role as a regional sports hub, though maintenance challenges amid economic constraints have periodically affected operations across venues.^[194]

Athletic Achievements and Events

Valencia, as the capital of Carabobo state, has produced notable athletes across disciplines, particularly in fencing and athletics. Fencer Rubén Limardo, representing Carabobo, secured Venezuela's first Olympic gold medal in épée at the 2012 London Games, defeating Norway's Bartosz Piasecki 15-11 in the final.^[195] His brother Francisco Limardo has competed in multiple Olympics, earning diplomas in team events, while Grabiel Lugo obtained a diploma in the 2024 Paris Olympics men's team épée.^[195] These achievements highlight Carabobo's contributions to Venezuela's limited Olympic success, with the Limardos training and competing under state support.^[196] In athletics, Carabobo athletes have dominated national competitions. Iantriz Pérez won gold in the 5,000 meters at the 2025 National Sub-23 Athletics Championship and claimed the marathon title at the 2024 National Games Oriente edition, establishing her as a leading distance runner.^[197]^[198] Sofía Sánchez secured gold in the 400-meter hurdles at the same Sub-23 event, contributing to Carabobo's strong medal haul.^[197] In shooting sports, Carabobo teams excelled, with Douglas Gómez, Alessandro Vassalotti, and Armando Villegas winning two golds and a silver in the 10-meter air pistol at the 2024 national championships.^[199] Nicole Saavedra claimed titles in women's 25-meter pistol events at the 2025 nationals, underscoring the state's prowess in precision disciplines.^[200] Football holds historical significance, with Valencia FC capturing the Venezuelan Primera División title in 1971 under the Liga Mayor de Fútbol Profesional, defeating rivals in a league format that included teams like Deportivo Italia.^[201] The club, founded earlier in the century, marked Valencia's early prominence in professional soccer before its dissolution. In baseball, the Industriales de Valencia won the Venezuelan league championship in their 1955 debut season, leveraging a strong roster to claim the crown.^[202] The Navegantes del Magallanes, playing home games at Estadio José Bernardo Pérez in Valencia since the league's founding era, have contributed to the city's baseball legacy through consistent participation in the Liga Venezolana de Béisbol Profesional.^[203] Valencia hosts major national events at facilities like the Villa Olímpica, dubbed the "national sports temple," which supports multi-sport training and competitions.^[204] Recent examples include the 2025 National Elite Open Fencing Tournament and Taekwondo National Championship, positioning Carabobo as a hub for martial arts and combat sports.^[205]^[206] The state also organizes aquatics and triathlon invitational meets, fostering youth development amid Venezuela's economic challenges.^[207] Karate selections from Carabobo swept juvenile, adult, and master categories at the 2025 Anzoátegui Nationals, reflecting sustained local investment in grassroots programs.^[208]

Notable People

Political Figures

Henry Ramos Allup (born October 17, 1943), a lawyer and veteran politician from Valencia, has been a central figure in Venezuela's opposition since the 1970s. As longtime Secretary General of the social democratic party Acción Democrática, he coordinated efforts against the governments of Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro, including leading the National Assembly from January 2016 to 2017 amid escalating institutional conflicts. His tenure highlighted tensions over legislative powers and economic policy, with Allup advocating for democratic restoration and sanction support from international bodies.^[209] Óscar Celli Gerbasi (January 16, 1946 – August 1, 2016), born in Valencia, served multiple terms as governor of Carabobo state in the 1980s and 1990s under the Democratic Action banner. His administration emphasized urban infrastructure, including road expansions and market facilities in the Valencia metropolitan area, contributing to regional economic growth prior to the 1990s downturn. Celli Gerbasi also held congressional roles, focusing on environmental and local governance issues.^[210] Rafael Lacava, governor of Carabobo since 2017, represents the United Socialist Party of Venezuela and has governed from Valencia, implementing public works and security measures amid national economic challenges. Reelected in recent cycles, Lacava employs a distinctive style blending social media engagement with cultural references, such as self-styling as a "Dracula" figure to critique opponents, while prioritizing state-level resource allocation over federal dependencies.^[211] Dina Castillo, elected mayor of Valencia in July 2025 with 88.64% of the vote under the Gran Polo Patriótico banner, continues chavismo-aligned local administration focused on social programs and urban maintenance. Her landslide victory reflects consolidated support in the municipality, building on prior provisional roles amid Venezuela's polarized electoral landscape.^[212]

Cultural and Artistic Contributors

Arturo Michelena (1863–1898), born in Valencia on June 16, 1863, stands as a foundational figure in Venezuelan painting, specializing in historical, genre, and portrait works that captured national themes with academic precision and emerging impressionistic influences.^[213] Trained initially by his father, a fellow artist, Michelena advanced his skills at the Académie Julian in Paris under Jules Joseph Lefebvre and Benjamin-Constant, where he honed techniques that elevated Venezuelan art from colonial styles toward modern realism.^[214] His notable pieces, including Miranda en La Carraca (1896), depicting the Venezuelan precursor Francisco de Miranda's imprisonment, exemplify his commitment to historical narrative, earning him recognition as a master who bridged European training with local identity.^[215] Oswaldo Vigas (1923–2014), born in Valencia to Spanish and indigenous parents, developed a prolific oeuvre in painting, murals, and sculpture that fused pre-Columbian motifs with abstract expressionism, positioning him among Latin America's postwar artistic vanguard.^[216] Self-taught initially, Vigas studied briefly in Mexico under Diego Rivera before returning to Venezuela, where his works—characterized by bold colors, distorted figures, and mythological symbolism—explored human form and cultural hybridity, as seen in series like his "mujer-vaso" (woman-vase) representations.^[217] Exhibitions worldwide, including at major Latin American institutions, underscore his enduring impact, with over 2,000 pieces produced across decades that critiqued modernity through indigenous lenses.^[218] In music, Aldemaro Romero (1928–2007), born in Valencia on March 12, 1928, pioneered the integration of Venezuelan folk traditions like joropo and vals criollo with classical orchestration and jazz improvisation, composing over 200 works that reshaped national soundscapes.^[219] As a pianist and conductor, Romero's innovations, evident in compositions such as Farruca (1950s) and Toccata Bachiana, earned him the National Prize for Music in 1975 and international acclaim through recordings and performances blending European forms with Andean rhythms.^[220] His archival legacy, preserved in institutions like the University of Miami, highlights a career that advanced musical nationalism amid Venezuela's mid-20th-century cultural shifts.^[221]

Sports Personalities

Salvador Pérez, born on May 10, 1990, in Valencia, is a professional baseball catcher renowned for his defensive prowess and power hitting in Major League Baseball (MLB).^[222] Drafted by the Kansas City Royals in 2006, Pérez debuted in 2011 and has earned five All-Star selections (2013, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2021), five Gold Glove Awards (2013, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2023), and the American League's Silver Slugger Award in 2018.^[223] He was named the Most Valuable Player of the 2015 World Series, contributing to the Royals' championship with a .294 batting average and four RBIs in the series.^[222] In 2024, Pérez received the Roberto Clemente Award for his humanitarian efforts, including providing food and supplies to approximately 2,000 families annually in Valencia.^[224] Félix Hernández, born on April 8, 1986, in Valencia, is a former MLB pitcher celebrated for his dominance with the Seattle Mariners.^[225] Signed by the Mariners as an international free agent in 2003, he debuted in 2005 and secured the American League Cy Young Award in 2010 with a 2.27 earned run average and 232 strikeouts over 234.1 innings.^[226] Hernández earned six All-Star nods (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014) and threw a perfect game on August 15, 2012, against the Tampa Bay Rays, the fourth in Mariners history.^[225] His career totals include 169 wins, a 3.42 ERA, and 2,794 strikeouts across 1,913.2 innings pitched.^[226] Francisco Cervelli, born on March 6, 1986, in Valencia, played as a catcher in MLB for teams including the New York Yankees, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Atlanta Braves.^[227] Signed by the Yankees in 2003, Cervelli debuted in 2008 and appeared in 699 games, batting .265 with 37 home runs and 197 RBIs.^[227] Known for his plate discipline and defensive skills behind the plate, he posted a career .320 on-base percentage and led National League catchers in caught stealing percentage multiple seasons.^[227] Cervelli retired after the 2020 season, having contributed to playoff runs with the Yankees in 2009 and 2010.^[227] Valencia's contributions to Venezuelan baseball extend to other MLB talents such as outfielders Endy Chávez and Roger Cedeño, who debuted in the late 1990s and early 2000s, respectively, showcasing the city's role in nurturing professional talent amid Venezuela's strong baseball culture.^[228]

Business and Scientific Leaders

Ernesto Luis Branger (c. 1936–c. 1987), born in Valencia, Carabobo, was a prominent industrialist who established and organized multiple companies in the region, contributing to the local manufacturing sector during Venezuela's mid-20th-century economic expansion.^[229] As part of the Branger family, originally from France and settled in Valencia since the late 19th century, he built on his father Juan Branger Garnier's legacy in shipping and early industry, including the construction of private railways for transporting goods from Valencia's ports.^[230] Flavio Fridegotto (d. 2020), an Italian immigrant who naturalized in Venezuela in the 1960s, became a key business figure in Valencia through his leadership in local commerce and industry. Serving as former president of Fedecámaras Carabobo, he founded the Liga Especial de Baloncesto and supported regional economic initiatives, fostering private sector resilience amid national challenges.^[231] Temístocles López and Luis Augusto Carvallo co-founded the Cámara Industrial del Estado Carabobo (CIEC) in 1936 with 14 regional firms, laying the groundwork for Valencia's industrial chamber, which by 2025 represented over 300 companies focused on manufacturing and exports despite economic volatility.^[232] In scientific domains, Valencia's contributions are primarily through the Universidad de Carabobo (UC), established in 1833 and expanded post-1960s, which has produced researchers with notable H-index impacts, such as M. Dora Feliciangeli (H-index 41 in parasitology) and Yasmin Rubio Palis in health sciences, though global prominence remains limited compared to national centers like Caracas due to funding constraints and emigration.^[233] UC faculty have advanced regional studies in engineering and biology, with rankings placing several among Venezuela's top 100 scientists as of 2025, emphasizing applied research in agriculture and materials amid broader institutional biases toward ideological over empirical priorities in academia.^[234]

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In November 1810, civil war broke out between the patriots and the royalists, and an 1811 royalist uprising in Valencia was suppressed. On 5 July 1811, led by ...
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Battle of Carabobo | Military Wiki - Fandom
The Royalists occupied the road leading from Valencia to Puerto Cabello. As Bolívar's force of 6,500 approached the Royalist position, Bolívar divided his force ...
[17]
Carabobo, Battle of | Encyclopedia.com
The battle was important as a symbol of the strength of the patriot forces fighting on their territory, and their victory in effect freed Venezuela and New ...
[18]
Venezuela's Independence Wars Ended Exactly 200 Years Ago
Nov 9, 2023 · On November 1823, the last Spanish force remaining in the former colony surrendered after resisting for more than two years at the Puerto Cabello castle.
[19]
Valencia (venezuela) | Encyclopedia.com
In 1482, when the Spanish national Inquisition was established and Cristóbal Gualves was appointed inquisitor, the Conversos of Valencia submitted a complaint ...
[20]
Venezuela - GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
Cocoa, coffee, and independence from Spain dominated the Venezuelan economy in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.Missing: Valencia | Show results with:Valencia
[21]
[PDF] The bicentennial of a failure: Venezuelan economic growth from the ...
We were able to identify six economic phases for Venezuela: The first one from 1783 to 1797 of economic expansion, followed by stagnation, from 1800 to 1810, ...
[22]
Venezuela - Oil, Agriculture, Manufacturing | Britannica
The Venezuelan economy is based primarily on the production and exploitation of petroleum. From the late 1940s to 1970 the country was the world's largest ...
[23]
Abril 1956, inicio de la moderna industrialización de Valencia
Apr 28, 2023 · Cita con la historia: Abril 1956, inicio de la moderna industrialización de Valencia ... M.C. de la Academia de Historia del Estado Carabobo. Por ...
[24]
El inicio de la industrialización de Valencia
Apr 4, 2023 · En 1914 aparece la Sociedad Industrial Azucarera de Tacarigua. En 1924 Francisco Victoriano Calzadilla monta en Valencia su “Azúcar Carabobo”.
[25]
Population estimates for Valencia, Venezuela, 1950-2015 - Mongabay
Population estimates for Valencia, Venezuela, 1950-2015 ; 1970, 390000 ; 1975, 519000 ; 1980, 673000 ; 1985, 872000 ; 1990, 1129000.Missing: 1940-1980 | Show results with:1940-1980
[26]
Venezuela crisis: Jobless and hungry in industrial city of Valencia
Oct 7, 2016 · The region of Valencia is Venezuela's industrial heartland. In 1998, it accounted for 40% of GDP. Today, that figure has tumbled to a mere 10%.Missing: Carabobo era
[27]
Chavez's and Maduro's Socialism closed 10,200 companies in ...
Jun 4, 2019 · 95% of the companies operating in Venezuela before the arrival of socialism are inactive in the regimes of Hugo Chavez and Nicolas Maduro. Juan ...
[28]
https://www.wsj.com/articles/hyperinflation-shatters-venezuelan-manufacturing-11551798001
[29]
Blackouts threaten death blow to Venezuela's industrial survivors
Apr 12, 2019 · Venezuelan industry has collapsed during six years of recession that have halved the size of the economy. What is left is largely outside of the ...Missing: Carabobo | Show results with:Carabobo
[30]
Unraveling the Water Crisis in Venezuela - CSIS
Dec 10, 2019 · Corruption, lack of maintenance, and departure of trained professionals have left the water infrastructure in Venezuela in a deplorable state.Missing: Valencia | Show results with:Valencia
[31]
The most dangerous cities in the world - USA Today
Jul 17, 2018 · Valencia, Venezuela • Homicides per 100,000: 49.7 • 2017 homicides: 784 • Population: 1,576,071 • This economic hub in the country's northwest ...
[32]
Venezuelan migration: a major demographic shift in South America
Sep 11, 2024 · Starting around 2015, Venezuela's net migration dropped sharply, with a record 1.36 million people emigrating in 2018.
[33]
Valencia Geographic coordinates - Latitude & longitude - Geodatos
Valencia is located at latitude 10.16153 and longitude -68.00044. It is part of South America and the northern hemisphere. Decimal coordinates. Simple standard.Missing: elevation topography terrain<|separator|>
[34]
Distance from Puerto Cabello, Venezuela to Valencia, Venezuela
The distance from Puerto Cabello, Venezuela to Valencia, Venezuela is: 34 miles / 55 km driving 22 miles / 35 km flying ...Missing: Caracas | Show results with:Caracas
[35]
Distance from Valencia to Caracas (VLN – CCS) - Air Miles Calculator
The driving distance from Valencia to Caracas is 120.2 miles (193.4 kilometers), with an estimated driving time of approximately 2 hours and 36 minutes.
[36]
Valencia topographic map, elevation, terrain
Average elevation: 1969 ft • Valencia, Parroquia Santa Rosa, Municipio Valencia, Carabobo State, 2001, Venezuela • The elevation of the city is 520 metres ...
[37]
Lake Valencia, Venezuela - 350 km2 - Facts, Map, Activities
It is located in Northern Venezuela, within Carabobo and Aragua states, in a rift known as Graben Valencia, lying between Cordillera de la Coasta (part of the ...
[38]
Venezuelan Coastal Range: A Barrier of Biodiversity & Culture
Sep 4, 2024 · The range's foothills and valleys are home to some of Venezuela's largest cities, including Caracas, Maracay, Valencia, and Puerto Cabello.
[39]
Weather Venezuela & Temperature By Month - Climate Data
Köppen-Geiger, Examples. Tropical savanna climate, 605, Aw, Caracas, Valencia, Maracay, Ciudad Guayana, San Cristóbal. Oceanic climate, 247, Cfb, Mérida, ...Missing: rainfall | Show results with:rainfall
[40]
Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Valencia Venezuela
The month with the most rain in Valencia is July, with an average rainfall of 4.1 inches. The rainless period of the year lasts for 2.5 months, from January 1 ...Missing: Köppen | Show results with:Köppen
[41]
Yearly & Monthly weather - Valencia, Venezuela
Jun 3, 2024 · The city experiences high temperatures all year round, with the peaks between March and October, ranging from 27.1°C (80.8°F) to 30°C (86°F).
[42]
Régimen climático y patrón espacial de las lluvias en la cuenca del ...
Aug 7, 2025 · La precipitación mensual muestra una distribución unimodal, con el máximo en agosto y el mínimo en marzo. En marzo la humedad relativa disminuye ...
[43]
Valencia climate: weather by month, temperature, rain
The climate of Valencia is tropical, slightly tempered by the altitude, with a dry season from January to March and a rainy season from May to November.Missing: Köppen | Show results with:Köppen
[44]
File:Algal bloom in the Lake Valencia - Venezuela.jpg
Aug 26, 2023 · Since 1976 the lake is affected by algal blooms caused by the continuous influx of untreated wastewater from the surrounding urban, agricultural ...Missing: degradation | Show results with:degradation
[45]
Comparation of Pollutant Charges Issued by Industrial Groups to ...
Abstract: Currently the lake of Valencia has problems of eutrophication which causes difficulty for self-purification, this is due to the large anthropogenic ...
[46]
(PDF) Contamination and risk assessment of heavy metals in bottom ...
Aug 6, 2025 · Lake Valencia is a tropical lowland lake in north-central Venezuela. Lake bottom sediments were collected from 25 locations in April, 1988.
[47]
Geochemical record of anthropogenic impacts on Lake Valencia ...
Bulk geochemical parameters and organic matter biomarkers in a short, high resolution gravity core (Lake Valencia, Venezuela) were examined to reconstruct ...
[48]
Lake Valencia in San Joaquin - Ask AI - Mindtrip
This pollution has resulted in the loss of nearly 60% of the native fish species between 1960 and 1990. Notably, the lake is home to endemic species such as the ...Missing: degradation | Show results with:degradation
[49]
Venezuela's Oil Industry Is Fueling An Environmental Disaster
Jul 13, 2023 · The troubled 146,000 barrels per day El Palito refinery in Carabobo state also has a long history of discharging crude oil and refined products ...
[50]
Oil spill reported off Venezuela's Caribbean coast | Reuters
Aug 17, 2024 · An oil spill, which appeared to originate from Venezuela's El Palito refinery several days ago, has contaminated a bay off the country's north-central coast in ...
[51]
Carabobo Consumed By Towering Inferno | APT - YouTube
Aug 19, 2025 · A massive inferno has engulfed a Venezuelan chemical plant in Carabobo, unleashing towering flames and a deadly black cloud of toxic smoke ...
[52]
A Giant Septic Tank is Swallowing Maracay and Valencia
Sep 17, 2017 · The basin has become the largest septic tank in Latin America. This is one of the most serious environmental problems in the region.
[53]
Industrial Wastewater Treatment in Venezuela - Enupal (en)
Oct 4, 2016 · The large amount of industrial water that is discharged directly into the bodies of water without prior treatment or in the worst case ...
[54]
https://www.facebook.com/groups/538585796489599/posts/2634407926907365/
[55]
Valencia - River flood - Think Hazard
In the area you have selected (Valencia) river flood hazard is classified as low based on modeled flood information currently available to this tool.
[56]
Valencia - Earthquake - Think Hazard
Earthquakes can cause secondary hazards that include fires, landslides, liquefaction (see definition below), floods (can be triggered by failing dams and ...
[57]
Venezuela's environmental crisis is getting worse. Here are seven ...
Jun 13, 2023 · The environmental issues facing Venezuela are serious and wide-ranging: illegal mining in the Amazon, national water shortages, mudslides and flooding ...Missing: decay | Show results with:decay
[58]
Valencia, Venezuela Metro Area Population (1950-2025)
The metro area population of Valencia in 2024 was 2,007,000, a 1.21% increase from 2023. · The metro area population of Valencia in 2023 was 1,983,000, a 1.23% ...Missing: 1940-1980 | Show results with:1940-1980
[59]
Valencia - Venezuela - City Population
Valencia. 1,378,958 Population [2011] – Census. 1.4% Annual Population Change [2001 → 2011]. Map Chart Weather Wikipedia Google Search Image Search Hotels ...
[60]
Venezuela Has Lost 13% of its Population in a Mass Exodus from ...
Oct 3, 2018 · Venezuela has lost more than 13 percent of its population in the wake of the mass wave of migration caused by the so-called “socialism of the 21st century.”
[61]
Forced to emigrate, Venezuelans living abroad hope for change
Jul 25, 2024 · The refugee agency UNHCR estimates that more than 7.7 million Venezuelans have left since 2014, the largest exodus in Latin America's recent ...<|separator|>
[62]
The Demography of Crisis‐Driven Outflows from Venezuela
Jul 17, 2024 · In the 1980s there were just over 45,000 Venezuelan emigrants, a figure that rose to 317,000 by 2000 and to around 560,000 by 2010 (UN DESA ...
[63]
Regional Spillovers from the Venezuelan Crisis: Migration Flows ...
Dec 5, 2022 · About 7 million Venezuelans are estimated to have left the country as of August 2022, surpassing the levels seen in Ethiopia (1980), Iraq (1988, ...
[64]
Valencia (Municipality, Venezuela) - Population Statistics, Charts ...
Contents: Population ; 70-79 years, 22,446 ; 80+ years, 10,746 ; Rural, 14,102 ; Indigenous, 1,143 ; Afro-Venezuelan, 26,770.
[65]
Venezuela - Immigration, Ethnicity, Diversity | Britannica
Venezuela's 20th-century population growth was among the most rapid in Latin America, averaging nearly 3 percent annually during the period 1970–95. This ...
[66]
Venezuela - SOCIAL STRUCTURE
SOCIAL STRUCTURE ... Although the traditional gap between rich and poor persisted in democratic Venezuela, the modern upper class was by no means homogeneous.Missing: Valencia inequality
[67]
https://www.statista.com/topics/11572/poverty-and-inequality-in-venezuela/
[68]
[PDF] Venezuela Inequality Report | NSI
Venezuela is suffering from extreme inequality throughout its entire society. Its inequality issues extend from wealth attainment, allocation of goods and ...Missing: Valencia | Show results with:Valencia
[69]
Valencia, city, Venezuela | FactMonster
Valencia was founded in 1555. It was briefly the national capital in 1812 and again in 1830, when a convention held there proclaimed Venezuela's secession ...Missing: colonial | Show results with:colonial
[70]
Location And Size - ELCENTROMECA
The State has 75% of the automotive industry and concentrates 90% of the Neumátic industries. Valencia, is the capital of Carabobo considered the industrial ...
[71]
Industrialization and Development in Venezuela - jstor
the twentieth century, most industrial activities were located in Caracas, and to a lesser degree in other coastal cities. During the first third of the.Missing: 20th | Show results with:20th
[72]
Industrialization in Venezuela, 1936–83: The Problem of Abundance
This is the concern of this chapter: Why did an abundance of foreign currency generate much the same problems as scarcity of it did? Why did different ...
[73]
Moron | Economy & Facts | Britannica
Morón's well-planned industrial complex was designed to house facilities to refine petroleum and to manufacture synthetic rubber, detergents, plastics and ...
[74]
Análisis de la Economía de Valencia, Venezuela
Jan 3, 2025 · Industria Manufacturera: Valencia alberga numerosas fábricas y empresas de producción que abarcan desde alimentos hasta productos químicos.
[75]
Venezuela Manufacturing Production (ann. var. %) - FocusEconomics
Venezuela Manufacturing Data. 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024. Manufacturing Production (ann. var. %), -36.5, 12.9, 12.2, 3.5, 7.3. Consensus Forecasts and ...
[76]
Sidetur: Another Company Expropriated and Bankrupted in Revolution
Apr 20, 2019 · “Chávez expropriated the company in 2010, and it was already a mess. By 2015, it only had 15% production, and it dropped to 13% in 2016 and 9% ...
[77]
https://www.wsj.com/articles/gm-ceases-operation-in-venezuela-as-plant-is-expropriated-1492694621
[78]
Economic Collapse Decimates Venezuela's Car Industry
Nov 12, 2019 · Valencia, capital of Carabobo State has lost its main income, the car Assembly industry. United States companies like General Motors, Ford and Chrysler either ...
[79]
https://lapatilla.com/2023/07/21/almost-a-decade-after-the-debacle-in-venezuelas-main-industrial-zone-in-valencia-there-are-no-plans-to-reactivate-it/
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Venezuela crisis: Maduro threatens seizure of closed factories - BBC
May 15, 2016 · Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro has threatened the seizure of factories that have stopped production, and the jailing of their owners.
[81]
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Crisis Response Plan 2025
Mar 20, 2025 · According to the Venezuelan Central Bank, Venezuela's economy grew by 8.5 per cent in the first three quarters of 2024, mainly boosted by a 14.5 ...Missing: Valencia | Show results with:Valencia
[82]
Bad government policy made Venezuela's downfall inevitable
Aug 6, 2024 · 90 per cent of Venezuelan households are impoverished, while 7.7 million have fled the country. The current annual inflation rate is 160 per cent.<|separator|>
[83]
Alcaldía de Valencia - Inicio
Bajo los lineamientos de la Alcaldesa Dina Castillo, el Gobernador Rafael Lacava y el Presidente Nicolás Maduro, estudiantes y docentes de la U.E.N “José Agust ...Portal Alcaldía de Valencia · Valencia · Intranet Alcaldia de Valencia · InstituciónMissing: estructura | Show results with:estructura
[84]
Directorio - Alcaldía de Valencia
Administración. Es la unidad encargada de garantizar la ejecución de las políticas y directrices necesarias para llevar a cabo gestión administrativa y el ...
[85]
¿Cuántas parroquias tiene el municipio Valencia?
Aug 5, 2025 · El municipio Valencia, en el estado Carabobo, Venezuela, está dividido en nueve parroquias: Candelaria, Catedral, El Socorro, Miguel Peña, ...
[86]
Gobernación del Estado Carabobo
Inicio · Carabobo · Tradiciones del Estado · Historia · Geografía del Estado · Gobierno de Carabobo; Secretarías. Secretaría General de Gobierno ...Gobierno de Carabobo · Alcaldía de Valencia · Carabobo Clap · Fundapueblo
[87]
En la historia de Valencia ningún alcalde había sido destituido ...
Oct 17, 2013 · Desde 1990 los alcalde de Valencia han sido Omar Sanoja, Argenis Ecarri, Francisco “Paco” Cabrera y Edgardo Parra, electo en noviembre de 2008.
[88]
Results of Venezuelan Municipal Elections Announced (Updated)
Dec 9, 2013 · Mayors and local councilors were elected for the country's 335 municipalities, as well as the metropolitan mayors of Caracas and Alto Apure. CNE ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[89]
Carabobo: chavismo ganó 12 de las 14 alcaldías y ya inicia el ...
Nov 23, 2021 · En actos simultáneos, el gobernador, los alcaldes, diputados regionales y concejales serán adjudicados y proclamados este miércoles 24 de ...<|separator|>
[90]
Estos son los alcaldes electos en Carabobo - El Carabobeño
Jul 29, 2025 · Recibieron su acreditación como concejales: Yohan Montoya; Yudelcys Marín, Ezequiel Zamora, Andrés Hernández, Gilberson Román, Andrea Morillo, ...
[91]
GPPSB obtiene 12 de 14 alcaldías en Carabobo - Ciudad Valencia
Jul 29, 2025 · De acuerdo con el Consejo Nacional Electoral (CNE) el estado Carabobo tuvo una gran participación en las elecciones municipales, ...
[92]
VENEZUELA: PSUV tightens control in municipal elections - LinkedIn
Jul 28, 2025 · Most of the opposition has fallen in line behind the abstention strategy, which it also deployed in the May legislative and regional elections.
[93]
Venezuela - United States Department of State
Maduro and his United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) used the nearly 600 PSUV-aligned media outlets to intimidate the political opposition. PSUV's Vice ...
[94]
Venezuela: Political Crisis and U.S. Policy - Congress.gov
Sep 30, 2025 · In 2024, Venezuela's estimated annual GDP growth reached 5.3%, but the country's economy remained less than half the size it was in 2013 (not ...
[95]
Venezuela mayor arrested over corruption allegations - BBC News
Oct 13, 2013 · Mayor Edgardo Parra of Valencia, Venezuela's third largest city, is arrested over accusations of corruption and money laundering.
[96]
Mayor of big Venezuelan city arrested in corruption probe | Reuters
Oct 13, 2013 · State security agents have arrested the mayor of Venezuela's third-largest city for alleged corruption after President Nicolas Maduro asked ...
[97]
https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304561004579133951873574392
[98]
Alcalde de Valencia habría renunciado a su cargo por escándalo de ...
Dec 13, 2024 · Julio Fuenmayor, dirigente del chavismo y alcalde de Valencia habría renunciado a su cargo envuelto en un escandalo de corrupción. Aunque no hay ...
[99]
▷ Crisis en la Alcaldía de Valencia: ¿Renunció Julio Fuenmayor ...
Dec 13, 2024 · La crisis en la alcaldía de Valencia se conoció desde hace varias semanas. Denuncias de supuesta corrupción en torno al manejo de la basura han ...
[100]
El hasta ahora alcalde de Valencia, Economista Julio Fuenmayor ...
... alcalde de Valencia, Economista Julio Fuenmayor habría renunciado a su cargo el pasado 12 de diciembre, por presiones derivadas de supuestos casos de corrupción ...
[101]
Venezuela military trafficking food as country goes hungry | AP News
Jan 1, 2017 · And yet the corruption persists from the port to the markets, according to dozens of people working in Puerto Cabello, the town that handles the ...
[102]
Venezuela military controls food as nation goes hungry - Al Jazeera
Jan 1, 2017 · And yet the corruption persists, from the port to the markets, according to dozens of people working in Puerto Cabello, the town that handles ...
[103]
Orel Sambrano - Faces of Assassination
Sambrano's investigative journalism exposed some of the corruption, drug trafficking and organized crime that had been rampant in Carabobo, but which had not ...
[104]
Venezuela Motorway Tolls Complete Guide: Peaje, Rates ... - TollGuru
Venezuela operates toll roads primarily on major autopistas connecting key cities, with rates varying by vehicle class and toll plaza location.
[105]
Autopista Regional Del Centro on Instagram
Se reportaron anegaciones en la Autopista Regional del Centro, tramo Mariara, a la altura de del sector El Deleite hasta Los Tamarindos.
[106]
Direct (non-stop) flights from Valencia, Arturo Michelena (VLN)
Arturo Michelena International (VLN) is a smaller airport based in Valencia, Venezuela. You can fly to 6 destinations with 3 airlines in scheduled passenger ...
[107]
Venezuelan airline Rutaca will connect the state of Carabobo with ...
Jul 6, 2025 · Rutaca Airlines will begin operating direct flights between Valencia and Havana starting July 18, 2025. These flights will have a biweekly ...
[108]
Valencia Arturo Michelena International Airport (VLN/SVVA)
Rating 56% (30) Valencia Arturo Michelena International Airport, (VLN/SVVA), Venezuela - View live flight arrival and departure information, live flight delays and ...
[109]
UrbanRail.Net > America > Venezuela > VALENCIA Metro
The Valencia metro has a 6.2km partly underground line with 7 stations, and a 1.5km extension. A northern extension and a second line with 11-12 stations are ...
[110]
Valencia Metro 2025 – Map, Lines, Timetable, Tickets and Prices
As of 2024–2025, trains operate Monday to Saturday from 6:00 AM to about 6:30 PM, and on Sundays and public holidays from 6:30 AM to 6:30 PM.
[111]
Getting Around Valencia. Public Transport, Taxis, Car Rental
Reliance on local buses, shared taxis, and a limited metro system. Ride-sharing apps offer a modern and tracked transport method. Private transfers have the ...
[112]
Travellers' Guide To Valencia (Venezuela)
Oct 16, 2019 · There are bus connections from Caracas, Barquisimeto, Mérida and Maracaibo. The main bus terminal is located in the Big Low Centre, a popular ...
[113]
Venezuela Live the Worst Crisis of Transportation a Difficulty in this ...
Transportation is one of the many crises that Venezuela suffers, but it is one of those that best shows the situation of the country. The lack of money in cash, ...
[114]
Is Valencia Worth Visiting in 2025? Pros & Cons - World Travel Index
❌ Transportation Difficulties: Public transportation can be unreliable and confusing, which might challenge you when trying to navigate the city or visit ...
[115]
A Children's Hospital Burns and Barely Makes the News
Apr 1, 2025 · Power outages lasting several hours are still common in Carabobo. ... Another Nationwide Blackout In Venezuela · Caracas Chronicles August 30 ...<|separator|>
[116]
Blackouts in Venezuela: Why the Power System Failed and How to ...
A lack of transmission-line maintenance may have been the immediate trigger for the power outage that left much of Venezuela in darkness on March 7, ...Missing: Valencia Carabobo
[117]
Water and hunger: Venezuela's water crisis threatens food security
Jun 16, 2023 · According to the NGO Agua Sin Fronteras, 82 per cent of Venezuela's inhabitants are exposed to the consumption of unsafe water due to inoperable ...Missing: Valencia | Show results with:Valencia
[118]
Water pollution in Valencia Lake, Venezuela - EcoHubMap
The lake suffers from algal blooms caused by continual influx of untreated wastewater from the surrounding urban, agricultural, and industrial land uses.Missing: services | Show results with:services
[119]
Corporación Fibex Telecom, C.A. (Fibex Telecom) - BNamericas
Founded in 2015 and based in Valencia, in Carabobo state, the firm has a 900km fiber optic network and its infrastructure is directly connected to subsea cables ...Missing: natural telephone
[120]
3G / 4G / 5G coverage map in Valencia, Parroquia Miguel Peña ...
This map represents the coverage of 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G mobile networks in Valencia, Parroquia Miguel Peña, Municipio Valencia, Carabobo State.Missing: gas | Show results with:gas
[121]
[PDF] OVV-Violence-in-Venezuela-Annual-Report-2023-.pdf
28- The states with the highest number of deaths resulting from police interventions were Miranda with 227 victims, Carabobo with 131, Zulia with 115, Aragua ...
[122]
Crime in Valencia, Venezuela - Cost of Living
Apr 18, 2025 · Crime rates in Valencia, Venezuela ; Problem people using or dealing drugs. 70.00 ; Problem property crimes such as vandalism and theft. 89.17 ...Missing: 2023 2024
[123]
MEGABANDAS DE “EL KOKI” Y “RICHARDI”
Las megabandas de “el Koki” y “Richardi” operan en el centro de Venezuela y diversifican sus negocios criminales entre Caracas Valencia.
[124]
Venezuela - United States Department of State
NGOs noted that many victims did not report violent crimes due to fear of retribution or lack of confidence in police. ... Violence and Harassment: Senior ...
[125]
Why Is Venezuela's Crime Rate Falling? - InSight Crime
May 28, 2024 · The most recent figures show a 25% reduction in crime, but, in early May, Ceballos reported a 24% decrease. In December 2023, a 16% drop was ...Missing: Valencia | Show results with:Valencia
[126]
Venezuela in a health care crisis - CNN
May 5, 2016 · Vasquez is being treated in one of Venezuela's largest public hospitals, in Valencia, an industrial city about 150 kilometers (95 miles) from ...Missing: Carabobo | Show results with:Carabobo
[127]
Venezuela's Humanitarian Crisis - Human Rights Watch
Oct 24, 2016 · Venezuela is experiencing a profound humanitarian crisis. Severe shortages of medicines and medical supplies make it extremely difficult for many Venezuelans ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[128]
Venezuela's Health Care System Ready To Collapse Amid ... - NPR
Feb 1, 2018 · The Pharmaceutical Federation of Venezuela estimates the country is suffering from an 85 percent shortage of medicine amid an economic crisis ...
[129]
RIGHT TO HEALTH - HumVenezuela
The water pollution, the absence of hygiene and the food shortage have become in a serious problem of the public health in Carabobo, that affects with severely ...
[130]
Venezuela: out of the headlines but still in crisis - PMC - NIH
Aug 1, 2022 · In mid-2021, an estimated 18.8 million Venezuelans lacked access to health services, including 10.4 million with chronic diseases. Decreases in ...
[131]
Venezuela crisis: Facts, FAQs, and how to help | World Vision
Jun 24, 2025 · Venezuela is facing a prolonged crisis caused by years of hyperinflation, rampant corruption, economic mismanagement, and heavy dependence on oil revenues.
[132]
The Venezuelan Humanitarian Crisis, Out-Migration, and Household ...
Jun 1, 2024 · Results underscore a simultaneous escalation of economic, safety, and political concerns that informed Venezuelans' increasing intentions to out-migrate.
[133]
Venezuela Crisis Explained - USA for UNHCR
Apr 17, 2024 · Nearly 8 million Venezuelans have fled the country since 2014 because of political strife, human rights abuses and lack of economic ...
[134]
Venezuela protests: Three killed in fresh unrest - BBC News
Mar 13, 2014 · Three people have died in fresh protests in Venezuela, this time in the central city of Valencia. A policeman and two other men were shot dead ...
[135]
Venezuela students clash with riot police | News - Al Jazeera
Mar 13, 2014 · A student and a civilian were killed during protests in Venezuela's third city Valencia, while a member of the Bolivarian National Guard ...
[136]
Punished for Protesting: Rights Violations in Venezuela's Streets ...
May 5, 2014 · At approximately 2 p.m. on March 20, between 150 and 200 people held a peaceful protest along a highway in Valencia. Human Rights Watch ...<|separator|>
[137]
Crackdown on Dissent : Brutality, Torture, and Political Persecution ...
Nov 29, 2017 · Security forces and armed pro-government groups attacked protesters in the streets, using extreme and at times lethal force, causing dozens of deaths and ...
[138]
New Accounts Describe Abusive Prosecution of Civilians by Military ...
May 15, 2017 · In all these cases, the Venezuelan Penal Forum has directly assisted detainees or verified information regarding the prosecutions through direct ...
[139]
Protests over Maduro's claimed victory spread to Venezuela's streets
Jul 30, 2024 · During a demonstration against the government of Venezuelan president, Nicolas Maduro, in Valencia, Carabobo state, Monday, July 29, 2024.
[140]
Venezuela: Brutal Crackdown on Protesters, Voters
Sep 4, 2024 · Venezuelan authorities are committing widespread human rights violations against protesters, bystanders, opposition leaders, ...
[141]
Punished for Seeking Change - Human Rights Watch
Apr 30, 2025 · The 104-page report, “Punished for Seeking Change: Killings, Enforced Disappearances and Arbitrary Detention Following Venezuela's 2024 ...
[142]
Foro Penal: Home
Balance de #PresosPoliticos en Venezuela al 13/10/2025 por Foro Penal: Total presos políticos: 845* Desde la semana pasada Hombres: 742 Mujeres: 103 Civiles: ...
[143]
El Carabobeño: Noticias de Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela y el ...
Noticias veraces y oportunas de un medio de comunicación independiente editado en Valencia estado Carabobo.
[144]
https://www.ciudadvalencia.com.ve/
[145]
Radio stations from Valencia, Venezuela } | Listen Online
Top radio stations from Valencia, Venezuela · 365 AMOR · La Mega Estación · Free FM Gaita · La FM Mundial · Onda La Superestación · SODA 95.1 FM · La Voz de Carabobo ...Missing: local newspapers
[146]
Unionradio.net | Unión Radio – Centro de Noticias – Noticias de ...
Página oficial del circuito radial más importante de Venezuela con noticias de venezuela. Con información exclusiva de la actualidad noticiosa de Venezuela ...País · Audio en Vivo · Mundo · UR 903 (2)
[147]
Watching freedom of the press erode, Venezuela's journalists get ...
Jul 7, 2017 · Bus TV is a live newscast on public buses that started here in Caracas, but has already spread to cities including Mérida, Valencia, and Barinas ...
[148]
Censura y crisis financiera acorralan a la prensa en Carabobo
Sep 4, 2025 · El auge de medios en Carabobo oculta un periodismo débil, autocensurado y financieramente crisis, que evade lo político para sobrevivir.
[149]
[PDF] Venezuela: A playbook for digital repression | Atlantic Council
Jul 28, 2024 · The media landscape in Venezuela has undergone significant changes since 2009, resulting in fragmentation and censorship. The rise of.
[150]
Se profundiza la censura en Venezuela, enero 2025 | Espacio Público
En el primer mes de 2025 registramos un incremento en el número de casos relacionados con vulneraciones del derecho a la libertad de expresión.
[151]
Venezuela media guide - BBC News
Apr 18, 2023 · An overview of the media in Venezuela, including links to broadcasters and newspapers.
[152]
NOTICIAS 24 CARABOBO (@noticias24_carabobo_) - Instagram
Noticias 24 Carabobo 12 años informando a los venezolanos . carabobo, Valencia, Carabobo 2001.
[153]
VENEZUELA | Nueva ola de censura contra la prensa crítica
Jan 14, 2021 · Reporteros Sin Fronteras (RSF) denuncia firmemente los recientes ataques del gobierno de Nicolás Maduro contra varios medios de comunicación ...
[154]
Venezuela - Education, Literacy, Schools | Britannica
Among the more prominent state schools are the University of Zulia (1946), the University of Carabobo (1852), and the University of the Andes (1810) in Mérida.Missing: quality | Show results with:quality
[155]
3 Best Universities in Valencia, Venezuela [2025 Rankings]
Mar 2, 2025 · List of 3 best universities in Valencia, Venezuela · 1. University of Carabobo · 2. Arturo Michelena University · 3. Jose Antonio Paez University.Missing: educational institutions schools
[156]
Colegio Internacional de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela
Colegio Internacional de Carabobo is a private, coeducational day school which offers an educational program from kindergarten through grade 12 for students of ...
[157]
[Article] Anatomy of a fall: Venezuela's collapsing education system
Sep 10, 2025 · Venezuela's education system declined due to mismanagement under President Maduro, leading to severe decline in quality and unprecedented ...Missing: Carabobo Valencia
[158]
Crisis in Venezuela: shortages in high schools and colleges - Omnes
Total enrollment in public education has been declining since 2007, while private education has maintained its growth rate: "It is a recession, which, because ...
[159]
Teacher shortage in Venezuela: Leveraging positive deviance in a ...
May 14, 2025 · In the face of Venezuela's educational crisis, characterized by a 250,000-teacher shortage, declining educational outcomes, and exacerbated ...Missing: quality Valencia enrollment
[160]
Economic Crisis Forces Venezuelan Teachers to Survive on $15 Per ...
Feb 24, 2025 · Venezuela's education system faces a 200000 teacher shortage as educators earn $15 monthly—a fraction of the $500 needed for basic ...
[161]
Anatomy of a fall: Venezuela's collapsing education system
Jul 22, 2025 · By 2023, 40% of Venezuelan students aged three to 17 went to school irregularly. Last year, a staggering 34% of children and young adults ...Missing: Carabobo Valencia
[162]
8 Facts About Education in Venezuela - The Borgen Project
Nov 27, 2019 · Literacy Rate: On the bright side of these eight facts about education in Venezuela, 97.13 percent of Venezuelans over the age of 15 can read ...Missing: Valencia | Show results with:Valencia
[163]
The Fight Against Childhood Illiteracy in Venezuela
Jan 15, 2024 · Around 65% of schoolchildren in the country fell behind in basic skills such as reading and writing and around 1.5 million are out of school ...Missing: Carabobo Valencia
[164]
https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2025/07/22/anatomy-fall-venezuela-collapsing-education-system/
[165]
UCAB Report Reveals Alarming Decline in Venezuelan Students ...
May 4, 2025 · The failure rate was 80.55% in public schools, compared to 68.86% in private ones. Factors Contributing to the Educational Crisis. The SECEL ...
[166]
Venezuela's Public Education Crisis: A Warning and a Call to Action
May 5, 2025 · More than 3 million children—about one-third of school-age kids—are no longer attending school, according to the Federación Venezolana de ...Missing: literacy decline Carabobo Valencia
[167]
Venezuela's Public Universities Continue to Endure Amidst ...
Apr 26, 2018 · Like everything else in Venezuela, colleges and universities have been deeply affected by the ongoing social and economic crisis.Missing: history quality
[168]
[PDF] Venezuela: Universities at Risk in a Failed State
Overall enrollments grew rapidly between 2005 and 2012, only to decline afterward as the new universities revealed their weaknesses as vehicles for the labor ...
[169]
Venezuela: the collapse of public education | ICJ
May 30, 2024 · The current state of the education system is characterized by dilapidated school infrastructure, teacher shortages, high dropout rates, and generally poor- ...Missing: literacy Carabobo Valencia
[170]
Venezuela's teacher shortage and poor working conditions ...
Aug 28, 2024 · ... shortage in the country is about 50%, and the areas with the highest dropout rate are social studies, mathematics, physics, chemistry and ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[171]
Venezuela calls on retired teachers to return to school amid staff ...
Oct 10, 2024 · Emigration and low salaries for education workers have resulted in the loss of over 100000 teaching professionals in recent years.Missing: Valencia dropout
[172]
Arco de triunfo de Carabobo - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
El Arco de triunfo de Carabobo o simplemente el Arco de Carabobo, es monumento histórico ubicado en el Paseo Campo Carabobo en el Municipio Libertador en el ...
[173]
Campo de Carabobo - Venezuela, Tierra Mágica
The Campo de Carabobo Monumental Complex was declared a National Historic Monument and Historic Heritage Site on July 3, 1961. The site consists ...
[174]
Casa de la Estrella | Venezuela, South America | Attractions
This beautifully preserved historic mansion is the former home of Venezuela's first president, General José Antonio Páez. He distinguished himself by…
[175]
Casa de La Estrella - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
El Museo Casa de La Estrella es una de las casas más antiguas de la ciudad de Valencia, Venezuela, la cual posee un inmenso valor histórico para la ciudad y ...Historia · siglo XIX · siglo XX · Decisiones más importantes...
[176]
El Congreso de 1812 y la Casa de la Estrella
Aug 19, 2025 · La que hoy conocemos como Casa de la Estrella, es una de las más antiguas edificaciones de Valencia. Ubicada en el cruce de las actuales ...
[177]
Catedral Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Socorro - GCatholic.org
Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela ; Jurisdiction: Metropolitan Archdiocese of Valencia ; Deanery: Valencia Centro ; Type: Roman-Rite Cathedral-Basilica Cathedral, ...
[178]
Archdiocese of Valencia in Venezuela - Wikipedia
History. On 12 October 1922 Pope Pius XI established the Diocese of Valencia from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Caracas. Pope Paul VI elevated the diocese to ...
[179]
THE 5 BEST Valencia Sights & Historical Landmarks to Visit (2025)
Valencia Landmarks · 1. Catedral de Valencia · 2. Campo De Carabobo · 3. Estadio Jose Bernardo Perez · 4. Parroquia La Purisima · 5. Plaza Bolivar.
[180]
Plaza Bolívar de Valencia, - Reviews, Ratings, Tips and ... - Wanderlog
Explore the historic significance of the plaza centered around a statue of Simon Bolivar. 3. Enjoy the colonial-era architecture surrounding the square ...
[181]
Valencia, Venezuela: Best Things to Do – Top Picks | TRAVEL.COM®
Valencia has a storied past, dating back to its founding in 1555. The city's history is reflected in its architecture, cultural landmarks, and the resilience of ...
[182]
Plaza Bolívar de Valencia | What to Know Before You Go - Mindtrip
Plaza Bolívar de Valencia is a central public square in Valencia, Venezuela, dedicated to Simón Bolívar, the liberator of several South American countries.
[183]
El Museo de Arte Valencia (Muva) reabre sus puertas con siete ...
Oct 17, 2025 · El Muva es un referente de las artes plásticas en Venezuela, que invita a toda la población del estado Carabobo y del país a disfrutar de ...
[184]
Museo de Arte Valencia (Valencia) - Visitor Information & Reviews
Rating 4.0 (1) Museo de Arte Valencia (MUVA) is a state-owned museum in Valencia, Venezuela, open Tuesday-Sunday 10:00-20:00, with free admission. It is located at Avenida ...Museum details · Visitor information
[185]
Ateneo de Valencia - Mapcarta
Ateneo de Valencia is a museum in Valencia Municipality, Carabobo which is located on Avenida Bolivar-Norte.
[186]
Venezuelan Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, valencia, Venezuela
The Venezuelan Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is a philanthropic establishment worked by private interests, which was established on April 18, 2002, ...
[187]
Espacio 5 Galería (@espacio5) · Valencia - Instagram
Av. Andrés Eloy Blanco, cruce con Calle La Ceiba Casa 141-10 Urb. La Viña, Valencia, Carabobo 2001 · Picasso podía dibujar antes de caminar. · Cada trazo y color ...<|separator|>
[188]
Bolívar Square of Valencia | PDF - Scribd
Bolívar Plaza in Valencia is one of the oldest squares in Venezuela, having been founded in 1555. It was originally used as a market and slaughterhouse, ...
[189]
Parque Fernando Peñalver in Valencia | Ask Anything - Mindtrip
Spanning over 40 hectares, the park offers a variety of recreational activities and facilities, including walking and jogging paths, playgrounds, and picnic ...Missing: public spaces
[190]
Parque Fernando Peñalver (2025) - All You Need to Know BEFORE ...
Rating 4.5 (383) Fernando Peñalver Park is one of the most relaxing places of Valencia city. It is the favorite place for family and friend meetings. Also, it is excellent to ...
[191]
Casupo Hill, Carabobo, Venezuela - 56 Reviews, Map | AllTrails
Rating 4.8 (56) Explore the Cerro Casupo Municipal Park, the city's great "green lung." Valencians love this place to connect with nature and exercise.<|separator|>
[192]
Parque Negra Hipólita in Valencia - Ask AI - Mindtrip
Parque Negra Hipólita is a prominent public park in Valencia, Venezuela, named after Hipólita Bolívar, the wet nurse of the liberator Simón Bolívar.
[193]
Portal Web Oficial de los Navegantes del Magallanes
Magallanes no carburó y cayó ante Lara en Valencia · La Nave puso fin a la mala racha con triunfo ante Zulia · Filibusteros cayeron ante Águilas en entradas ...Roster · Noticias · Posiciones · Resultados
[194]
Carabobo FC - Stadium - Polideportivo Misael Delgado
Carabobo FC ; Name of stadium: Polideportivo Misael Delgado ; Total capacity: 10.000 ; Undersoil heating: No ; Running track: No ; Surface: Artificial turf.
[195]
Carabobo stats, results, fixtures & transfers - Soccerway
Stadium: Estadio Polideportivo Misael Delgado (Valencia). Capacity: 10 400. Liga FUTVE Copa Venezuela Copa Libertadores Total. Goalkeepers.
[196]
Trotamundos de Carabobo - Latin Basket
Home Court: Forum de Valencia (10,000). Address. Autopista Regional del Centro, Sector Las Clavellinas, Forum de Valencia Teléfonos: 0241-8263879 / 8251754Missing: arena | Show results with:arena
[197]
Basketball, Venezuela: Trotamundos live scores, results, fixtures
Flashscore.com offers Trotamundos livescore, final and partial results, standings and match details. Besides Trotamundos scores you can follow 150+ basketball ...
[198]
Cuatro atletas carabobeños participaron en Los Juegos Olímpicos ...
Aug 8, 2024 · Rubén y Francisco Limardo han obtenido su tercer Diploma Olímpico, mientras que para Grabiel Lugo y Jesús Limardo es el primero.Es la primera ...
[199]
Lacava entregó reconocimiento a atletas carabobeños destacados
Aug 27, 2024 · Rafael Lacava, otorgó reconocimientos a los atletas carabobeños que participaron en los Juegos Olímpicos de París 2024.<|separator|>
[200]
Carabobo destacó en el Campeonato Nacional Sub 23 de Atletismo
Apr 9, 2025 · Carabobo destacó en el Campeonato Nacional Sub 23 de Atletismo · Medallas de Oro: · Iantris Pérez – 5 mil metros. · Sofía Sánchez – 400 metros con ...
[201]
Atletismo - Fundadeporte
Carabobo impone nueva reina maratonista en los Juegos Deportivos Nacionales Oriente 2024 ... La atleta carabobeña Iantriz Pérez se coronó como la reina de las ...
[202]
Carabobo gana dos medallas de oro y una de plata en Tiro con ...
Nov 10, 2024 · Este sábado los carabobeños Douglas Gómez, Alessandro Vassalotti y Armando Villegas, integrantes del equipo masculino de Tiro con Pistola de ...
[203]
Carabobo es el rey nacional del tiro deportivo
Sep 10, 2025 · Las pruebas de 25 metros pistola mujeres y mujeres juveniles las ganó la carabobeña Nicole Saavedra con un puntaje total de precisión de 278 ...
[204]
Venezuela » Primera División » Lista de campeones - livefutbol.com
Venezuela » Primera División » Lista de campeones ; 1971, Valencia FC ; 1970, Deportivo Galicia ; 1969, Deportivo Galicia ; 1968, Unión Deportivo Canarias ...
[205]
El Béisbol en Venezuela: Nacen los Industriales en la Valencia ...
Nov 19, 2021 · Los de Valencia conquistaron la corona en esa temporada de debut en 1955, lo que sería el inicio de no pocos triunfos, respaldados por su nómina ...
[206]
https://www.instagram.com/reel/DQPrcrmjEBN/
[207]
Profile of Francisco Cabrera Santos, Mayor of Valencia, Venezuela
Mayor Francisco Cabrera Santos has been twice elected by popular ballot. With his particular style of 'little talk and more action', the Mayor - better known ...Missing: 2025 | Show results with:2025
[208]
La cuna del atletismo en Carabobo quedará impecable ... - Instagram
Sep 15, 2024 · Carabobo brilló en el 2do Torneo Nacional Élite Open 2025 de Esgrima
[209]
https://www.cybercriminal.com/121922/henry-ramos-allup-political-leadership
[210]
Asociación Deportes Acuáticos Carabobo | Valencia - Facebook
Rating 5.0 (10) Para nosotros nuestros atletas son nuestros protagonistas y nuestro trabajo es darle los escenarios y eventos para que desarrollen ese talento acuático de la ...
[211]
Tag Archives: Deportes - Gobernación del Estado Carabobo
La selección de karate del estado Carabobo logró la victoria en las categorías Juvenil, Adulto y Master en el Campeonato Nacional de Karate Anzoátegui 2025, ...
[212]
Henry Ramos Allup: Political Leadership - CyberCriminal.com
Oct 16, 2025 · Born on October 17, 1943, in Valencia, Carabobo, to a doctor father and a homemaker mother, Ramos Allup's early life narrative is one he ...
[213]
Oscar Celli Gerbasi - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia
Sep 20, 2024 · Oscar Raúl Celli Gerbasi (January 16, 1946 – August 1, 2016) was a Venezuelan politician and member of the Democratic Action (AD).Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[214]
Maduro's Dracula: Venezuela Governor Rafael Lacava
Apr 19, 2025 · Rafael Lacava, the eccentric governor of Venezuela's Carabobo state, has turned his fascination for Dracula into a key political calling card.Missing: Valencia | Show results with:Valencia<|separator|>
[215]
Dina Castillo gana Alcaldía de Valencia con 88,64% de los votos
Jul 28, 2025 · Alcaldesa de Valencia Dina Castillo, candidata del partido Gran Polo Patriótico “Simón Bolívar” (GPPSB), gana la Alcaldía con el 88,64% de ...
[216]
Arturo Michelena (Venezuelan 1863-1898) , Untitled | Christie's
Free deliveryFrancisco Arturo Michelena Castillo was born on June 16, 1863 in Valencia, Venezuela. He was the son of the painter Juan Antonio Michelena, who would become his ...Missing: biography - | Show results with:biography -
[217]
Into the Light: Arturo Michelena, a Venezuelan master
Aug 13, 2016 · Trained by Laurens at the Académie Julian, he was a superb history painter, quite Impressionist, and a founding father of Venezuelan art.
[218]
Michelena, Arturo - ULAN Full Record Display (Getty Research)
Roles: artist (preferred). painter. draftsman. illustrator ; Gender: male ; Birth and Death Places: Born: Valencia (Carabobo, Venezuela) (inhabited place)
[219]
Venezuelan Artist Oswaldo Vigas Finally Gets the Recognition He ...
Apr 22, 2023 · Oswaldo Vigas was born in 1923 in Valencia, Venezuela, to a Spanish father and an indigenous mother. He began painting at a young age. Vigas ...Missing: composers | Show results with:composers<|control11|><|separator|>
[220]
OSWALDO VIGAS EXHIBITION AT THE MEXICAN MUSEUM OF ...
Oswaldo Vigas (1923 Valencia, Venezuela - 2014 Caracas, Venezuela) was one of the most prominent modern Latin American artists who actively helped shape the ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
[221]
Oswaldo Vigas 奧斯瓦爾多 · 維加斯 - Exhibitions | Kwai Fung Hin
Born in 1923 in Valencia, Venezuela, Oswaldo Vigas was one of the most influential Latin American artists in the post-war period.Missing: painters | Show results with:painters
[222]
Aldemaro Romero: Homepage
Aldemaro Romero was born in Venezuela in 1928 and established himself internationally as a pianist, composer, author and arranger.Missing: Valencia | Show results with:Valencia
[223]
ALDEMARO ROMERO: Toccata Bachiana y Gran Pajarillo ...
Sep 26, 2024 · by Jeff Counts. Venezuelan composer Aldemaro Romero was born in 1928, and he quickly rose to international prominence in many musical fields ...
[224]
Aldemaro Romero Archive - Digital Collections - University of Miami
The Aldemaro Romero Archive is comprised of the artistic and intellectual production of the Venezuelan composer from 1945 to his death in 2007.Missing: Valencia | Show results with:Valencia
[225]
Salvador Perez Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More
Born: May 10, 1990 in Valencia, Venezuela ve. Debut: August 10, 2011 (Age 21-092d, 20,037th in major league history) vs. TBR 3 AB, 1 H, 0 HR, 1 RBI, 0 SB.
[226]
Salvador Perez Stats, Age, Position, Height, Weight, Fantasy & News
Salvador Perez Bio ; Fullname: Salvador Johan Perez ; Nickname: El Nino ; Born: 5/10/1990 in Valencia, Venezuela ; Debut: 8/10/2011.
[227]
Salvador Perez wins Roberto Clemente Award 2024 - MLB.com
Oct 28, 2024 · In Venezuela, Perez and his family distribute food and kitchen supplies to around 2,000 homes in his hometown of Valencia.Missing: born | Show results with:born
[228]
Félix Hernández Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More
When was Félix Hernández born? Félix Hernández was born on April 8, 1986. Where was Félix Hernández born? Félix Hernández was born in Valencia, Carabobo.Missing: birthplace | Show results with:birthplace
[229]
Félix Hernández Stats, Age, Position, Height, Weight, Fantasy & News
Félix Hernández Bio ; Nickname: King Felix ; Born: 4/08/1986 in Valencia, Venezuela ; High School: U.E. Jose Austria, Valencia, VEN ; Debut: 8/04/2005 ; Relationship ...Missing: birthplace | Show results with:birthplace
[230]
Francisco Cervelli - Baseball-Reference.com
Position: Catcher ; Bats: Right • Throws: Right ; Born: March 6, 1986 in Valencia, Venezuela ve ; Debut: September 18, 2008 (Age 22-196d, 19,474th in major league ...
[231]
Valencia, Carabobo - BR Bullpen - Baseball-Reference.com
May 7, 2025 · Oscar Abreu, minor league pitcher · Ron Acuna, minor league outfielder · Henderson Alvarez, pitcher · Rafael Alvarez, minor league outfielder · Omar ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
[232]
Branger, Ernesto Luis | Fundación Empresas Polar - BiblioFEP
Empresario e industrial radicado en Valencia (estado Carabobo) donde organizó y fundó numerosas compañías. Hijo de Juan Branger Garnier, capitán de ...
[233]
La Familia Branger en Venezuela En Venezuela, y muy ... - Facebook
Aug 22, 2025 · La visión de los Branger fue más allá: construyeron su propia vía férrea e importaron una locomotora y varios vagones de carga y de personal ...
[234]
Flavio Fridegotto, un empresario de éxito adoptado por Valencia
Sep 8, 2020 · Flavio Fridegotto fue creador y fundador de la Liga Especial de Baloncesto, de la Asociación Deportiva Isabelica y la Liga Especial del Carabobo ...
[235]
89 años de la CIEC: Los empresarios resisten y se preparan para ...
Sep 9, 2025 · Desde 1936, Temístocles López y Luis Augusto Carvallo decidieron, contando en sus inicios con 14 empresas de la región, crear esta institución ...
[236]
Análisis Académico de la Universidad de Carabobo: Rankings y ...
Jan 27, 2025 · Investigadores Destacados · M Dora Feliciangeli. Ranking Global: Puesto 136,561. Ranking en Venezuela: 17. H-index Total: 41. · Yasmin Rubio Palis.
[237]
Ranking Universidad de Carabobo
Ranking de los investigadores de la Universidad de Carabobo según su perfil público en el buscador de Google Académico ; 117, Renzo Nino Incani, Universidad de ...