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Accolade

The accolade (Latin: benedictio militis, lit. "soldier's blessing") was the central act in the medieval rite of passage ceremonies conferring knighthood. It typically involved the dubbing lord tapping the flat of a sword on the recipient's shoulder or neck, symbolizing the bestowal of the honor.^[1]^[2] The term derives from the Old French accolade, meaning "embrace," reflecting earlier ritual forms that included a hug around the neck, later evolving into the symbolic sword tap by the 16th century.^[3] In modern English, "accolade" has broadened to denote any award, honor, or expression of praise.^[4]

Etymology and Terminology

Derivation and Evolution

The word "accolade" derives from the Vulgar Latin verb accollāre, meaning "to embrace around the neck," which is composed of the prefix ad- ("to" or "toward") and collum ("neck").^[3] This root reflects the physical gesture central to early knighting practices, where an embrace symbolized acceptance into the order of knighthood.^[1] The term entered Middle French around the 16th century as accolade or accolee, initially denoting the ceremonial embrace bestowed upon a new knight during the dubbing ritual.^[3] In French usage, it emphasized the intimate conferral of honor, drawing from Provençal acolada ("an embrace") and related forms in other Romance languages like Italian accollata.^[5] This linguistic evolution occurred amid the Renaissance revival of chivalric themes in literature and courtly culture, facilitating the term's adaptation across Romance-speaking regions.^[3] Accolade was introduced to English in 1591 by the writer Thomas Lodge, marking its earliest attested use in his historical romance The History of Robert, Second Duke of Normandy (also known as the story of Robert the Devil), where it describes the solemn bestowal of knighthood.^[6] Over the following decades, the word gained traction in English texts, evolving to signify not only the physical embrace or sword-tap but also the broader symbolic honor of elevation to knightly status.^[6] This adoption paralleled the Renaissance interest in medieval chivalry, influenced by French literary traditions that permeated English humanism.^[3] In the chivalric tradition, the Latin term benedictio militis, meaning "blessing of the knight," served as the formal ecclesiastical designation for the dubbing act within knighting ceremonies, emphasizing the Church's role in conferring spiritual sanction upon the new knight through a ritual blessing outlined in the Pontificale Romanum.^[7] This term highlighted the integration of religious elements into the rite, where clergy performed the benediction to invoke divine protection and affirm the knight's moral duties, distinct from the secular aspects of the ceremony.^[8] The French word adoubement, derived from adouber meaning "to dub" or "to arm," referred to the dubbing or conferral of knighthood, synonymous with the accolade and involving the ritual tapping with a sword to signify elevation to knightly status.^[9] This act often followed preparatory steps like arming the candidate with weapons and armor, typically the evening prior, and underscored the practical and symbolic bestowal of martial status in medieval French chivalric practice.^[10] In English usage, "dubbing" emerged as a synonym for the accolade, particularly stressing the physical action of tapping the candidate on the shoulders or neck with the flat of a sword, a gesture that became standardized by the later Middle Ages to signify elevation to knighthood.^[11] This term, from the Old English "dubban" meaning to strike or tap, differentiated the sword-based form of the rite from earlier embrace-style conferrals, reflecting evolving ceremonial preferences in Anglo-Norman contexts.^[12] Germanic linguistic traditions contributed to early conceptions of knighthood through terms like ritter, literally "rider," which emphasized the mounted warrior's role without a direct equivalent to the formalized "accolade" found in Romance languages.^[13] Originating from Proto-Germanic roots denoting horsemanship, ritter influenced the development of knighting as an extension of tribal cavalry service rather than a ritualistic dubbing, shaping informal elevations in early medieval Germanic societies where status derived more from battlefield prowess than ceremonial investiture.

Historical Origins

Pre-Medieval Roots

The pre-medieval roots of the accolade trace back to Germanic coming-of-age rites for young warriors in the 10th and 11th centuries, where symbolic gestures such as the bestowal of weapons marked the transition to full martial status without any Christian liturgical elements. These rituals, often involving the girding of a sword or the presentation of arms like the cingulum militiae (military belt), signified a youth's readiness for combat and integration into the warrior elite, reflecting tribal traditions of maturity and communal defense. Such practices emerged among Frankish and Norman groups, where the gift of arms was a practical acknowledgment of military capability rather than a ceremonial formality, as evidenced in contemporary chronicles describing informal investitures during sieges or household service.^[14]^[15] Classical Roman military promotions also exerted an indirect influence on these early honors, particularly through the conferral of standards like the vexillum, a rectangular banner awarded to centurions and higher officers as a symbol of leadership and valor from the late 3rd century BCE onward. This tradition of material honors for promotion, documented in inscriptions and literary accounts, provided a conceptual precursor to medieval warrior elevations, emphasizing symbolic recognition over religious sanction.^[16] Among Frankish nobility from around 800 to 1000 CE, informal customs of physical affirmation—such as embraces or ritual touches during weapon investitures—preceded more structured ceremonies, fostering bonds of allegiance in a period of decentralized power under Carolingian successors. These gestures, rooted in Germanic vassalage practices, occurred in contexts like military training games or lordly assemblies, without fixed protocols, and served to affirm interpersonal fidelity amid private warfare. No standardized term like "accolade" existed in this era; instead, such rituals were inextricably linked to tribal loyalty oaths, known as Treue in Germanic traditions, where verbal pledges and symbolic acts bound retainers to chieftains through personal honor rather than institutional forms.^[17]^[18]^[19]

Medieval Formalization

The formalization of the accolade as a standardized rite emerged during the High Middle Ages, marking a transition from informal warrior investitures to a structured ceremony that blended feudal obligations with emerging chivalric ideals. This process reflected the consolidation of knightly status within a hierarchical society, where the dubbing—often involving the bestowal of arms and a symbolic blow—signified full entry into the warrior class. Pre-medieval Germanic influences, such as oaths of loyalty among armed retainers, provided a foundation, but it was in the 12th century that these evolved into codified practices across Europe. Earlier examples include the knighting of Henry (son of William the Conqueror) in 1086, as recorded by Orderic Vitalis.^[20] One of the earliest documented formal knighting ceremonies in the Holy Roman Empire appears in the Annals of Aachen for 1184, recording the dubbing of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa's sons, Henry VI and Frederick, during a diet at Aachen. This event, convened specifically for the purpose, highlighted the rite's growing ceremonial importance in imperial contexts, where it served to legitimize succession and reinforce dynastic authority within the Holy Roman Empire. The description underscores the accolade's role as a public affirmation of martial readiness, distinct from mere armament.^[21] By around 1200, particularly in France, the accolade underwent significant Christianization, integrating prayers, blessings, and vigil elements into the rite as part of broader chivalric codes that emphasized moral and spiritual duties. This transformation, influenced by ecclesiastical efforts to temper knightly violence with piety, positioned the ceremony as a sacrament-like passage, often conducted in churches with references to biblical precedents like the commissioning of knights in Arthurian legend adapted to Christian narratives. Historians note this shift aligned knighthood with the Church's vision of a "militia Christi," fusing secular prowess with religious devotion. In feudal society, the accolade functioned as a prerequisite for land grants, or fiefs, which vassals held in exchange for specified military service obligations, such as providing armed retinues for campaigns. Without undergoing the dubbing, individuals could not fully assume the status required to receive and manage these hereditary estates, thereby tying knightly identity to the economic and defensive structures of lordship. This linkage ensured that only accredited knights could fulfill the realm's military needs, reinforcing the system's stability. The Crusades, spanning 1095 to 1291, played a pivotal role in disseminating and standardizing the accolade across Europe, as multinational armies exposed knights to varied practices that converged on a more uniform ritual by the 13th century. Participants returning from the Holy Land brought back enhanced ceremonial elements, promoting consistency in dubbing procedures from England to the Iberian Peninsula, while papal endorsements elevated the rite's prestige as a preparation for holy warfare. This pan-European adoption solidified the accolade as a cornerstone of chivalric culture.

The Accolade Ceremony

Ritual Components and Variations

The core of the historical accolade ceremony centered on the primary act of investiture, known as the colée or accolée, in which the dubbing authority delivered a light blow or embrace to the candidate's neck or shoulders using the flat side of a sword or the hand itself, symbolizing the conferral of knightly status and the burdens of chivalric duty.^[22] This gesture, derived from Old French terms meaning "neck blow" or "embrace," marked the transition from squire to knight and was understood as a ritual purification and empowerment.^[22] Preparatory steps preceded the main rite, emphasizing spiritual and physical readiness, typically beginning with a vigil where the candidate spent the night in silent prayer within a chapel to seek divine grace for his new role.^[10] This was followed by a ritual bathing for purification, after which the squire was vested in clean white garments representing purity, a red robe for noble valor, and armor, often with the assistance of a sponsor such as a family member or lord who vouched for the candidate's worthiness.^[10] Ecclesiastical elements were integral, including a Mass, a sermon on knightly virtues, and the blessing of the sword by a priest, underscoring the fusion of martial and Christian ideals in the rite.^[23] Regional variations emerged across 12th- to 15th-century Europe, reflecting cultural and practical differences in the ceremony's execution. In early French traditions, the accolée often involved a direct neck embrace or hand-delivered blow, as described in 13th-century texts like the Ordene de chevalerie, emphasizing personal contact and communal celebration in elaborate settings.^[22] English practices, by contrast, favored a tap with the sword's flat side on the shoulders, a simpler form suited to battlefield or court contexts, evolving from secular origins while incorporating similar oaths of loyalty to lord and Church.^[22] Both included the girding of the sword, but French rites frequently featured more public feasts and mass dubbings, whereas English ones could be more austere, especially during campaigns.^[22] The accolade itself was typically brief, lasting under 10 minutes for the investiture act, though the full ritual—encompassing preparations, vows, and blessings—could extend over hours or a day, performed in diverse settings such as royal courts, churches, or even battlefields to adapt to feudal exigencies from the 12th to 15th centuries.^[22]

Notable Historical Instances

During the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), the accolade was frequently bestowed on battlefields to reward valor. Battlefield dubs during this era often involved a swift sword tap by a superior knight or the king, bypassing elaborate rituals due to wartime urgency.^[24] In the Renaissance period, the accolade's integration with grand tournaments highlighted its role in courtly spectacle, blending martial tradition with political pageantry.^[25] A notable early modern instance unfolded in 1581 when Queen Elizabeth I knighted Francis Drake aboard the Golden Hind at Deptford on April 4, following his circumnavigation of the globe. In a departure from land-based traditions, the ceremony occurred on the docked ship, with Elizabeth handing her state sword to the French ambassador, Monsieur de Marchaumont, to perform the ritual taps on Drake's shoulders, as propriety barred a queen from directly dubbing; this accolade celebrated Drake's maritime achievements and England's emerging naval power.^[26]^[27]^[28]

Contemporary Practices

In the United Kingdom and Commonwealth

In contemporary British tradition, the accolade forms a key part of the investiture ceremony for knighthoods, where the monarch or a designated royal representative lightly taps the recipient on both shoulders with the flat of a sword following the formal presentation of insignia.^[29] This dubbing, derived from medieval practices, symbolizes the conferral of the honor, though women appointed as Dames receive damehoods without the sword tap, instead being invested with their insignia directly.^[30] The United Kingdom maintains several active orders of chivalry that bestow knighthoods, including the Most Noble Order of the Garter—founded in 1348 and the oldest surviving order—and the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, established in 1917 to recognize contributions during World War I and later expanded for civilian and military service. These orders, along with others such as the Order of the Bath and the Royal Victorian Order, continue to award knighthoods in recognition of exceptional achievements in fields like public service, arts, science, and charity, with approximately 40-50 new knighthoods conferred annually through the New Year and King's Birthday Honours lists.^[31] Recent examples illustrate the ongoing relevance of the rite. On November 4, 2025, former footballer David Beckham was knighted as a Knight Bachelor by King Charles III at Windsor Castle for services to sport and charity, during which the King performed the traditional shoulder taps with a ceremonial sword.^[32] Similarly, actor Gary Oldman received his knighthood for services to drama on September 30, 2025, with the dubbing carried out by Prince William at Windsor Castle, marking a highlight of Oldman's 45-year career.^[33] In other Commonwealth realms, such as Canada and Australia, the tradition adapts to local contexts, with governors-general conducting investiture ceremonies on behalf of the monarch for recipients of British honours; while the full dubbing rite is typically reserved for ceremonies in the United Kingdom, these events maintain the ceremonial investiture of insignia to honor contributions to the Commonwealth.^[34]

In Continental Europe

In France, the National Order of the Legion of Honour maintains a tradition of investiture ceremonies for its chevaliers (knights), where military recipients are typically dubbed with light taps on the shoulders using a sword or dirk, symbolizing the chivalric heritage, while civilian honorees receive an embrace from the presiding authority, such as the President of the Republic.^[35] This distinction reflects the order's dual military and civil nature, established in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte to honor exceptional service to the nation. In the Netherlands, the Military Order of William, the kingdom's highest military honor founded in 1815, employs the traditional accolade in its rare investitures, where the sovereign taps the recipient's shoulders with the flat of a sword, maintaining chivalric tradition.^[36] A notable example is the 2009 ceremony at the Ridderzaal in The Hague, where Queen Beatrix invested Captain Marco Kroon as a Knight 4th Class for extraordinary bravery in Afghanistan, marking the first such award in 55 years and emphasizing the order's focus on valor in combat.^[37] In Central Europe, the revived Habsburg Order of St. George, re-established in 1960 under Archduke Otto von Habsburg to promote European unity and chivalric values, incorporates a ceremonial dubbing with a sword tapped on both shoulders during investitures for its knights, blending dynastic heritage with contemporary symbolism in Austria and Hungary.^[38] These ceremonies, often held in historic venues like Vienna's Hofburg, honor individuals for contributions to peace and cultural preservation, reviving pre-1918 traditions without political authority.^[39] In other continental nations, accolade practices remain rare post-World War II, particularly in republics like Germany and Spain, where associations with militarism led to the abolition or secularization of chivalric orders, resulting in no formal dubbing rituals. Monarchies such as Sweden continue to confer knighthoods through the Royal Order of the Seraphim, but investitures involve insignia presentation without physical dubbing, focusing instead on diplomatic and ceremonial oaths.^[40]

In the Vatican and Religious Orders

In the context of Vatican-affiliated traditions, the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem conducts investiture ceremonies during Eucharistic celebrations, where candidates profess their faith and commit to supporting the Christian presence in the Holy Land through pilgrimage and charitable works.^[41] These rites, rooted in the order's founding around 1099 during the First Crusade and its modern revival under papal authority in the 19th century, emphasize spiritual dedication over martial symbolism, with the Grand Magisterium overseeing admissions worldwide.^[42] Historically involving the dubbing with a sword to signify knighthood, the ceremony evolved in 2021 when Cardinal Fernando Filoni, then Grand Master, removed this element to deepen focus on evangelical service and avoid connotations of violence, replacing it with symbolic gestures like the presentation of the Jerusalem Cross.^[43] In practice, new knights kneel before the presiding authority during Mass, receive the order's insignia, and vow loyalty to the Church and aid for the Holy Land's needy, aligning with the order's mission to sustain Catholic institutions there.^[44] The Sovereign Military Order of Malta, another papal-recognized entity with origins in the 11th century, employs investiture rites that integrate liturgical prayer, the blessing of scapulars, and the bestowal of the Maltese Cross insignia, fostering a sense of fraternity in humanitarian endeavors without physical dubbing.^[45] These ceremonies, often held in churches under ecclesiastical oversight, underscore the order's dual charism of spiritual defense and medical aid, drawing participants into a life of obedience and service to the poor.^[46] Distinctions apply to clergy and women: priests and bishops receive symbolic investiture without any tactile gestures, affirming their existing ecclesiastical knighthood through prayer and insignia alone, while women are admitted as dames via parallel rites that omit traditional taps, ensuring gender-inclusive participation in the orders' charitable apostolate.^[47] Recent activities include annual investitures in Rome, such as the December 2023 ceremony for the Central Italy Lieutenancy, where new members were elevated for exemplary humanitarian contributions amid ongoing support for Holy Land refugees.^[48] In 2024 and 2025, similar elevations recognized service in aid distribution and pilgrimage facilitation, culminating in a Jubilee Year audience with the Pope on October 23, 2025, urging advancement in goodness and solidarity.^[49]^[50]

Cultural Depictions

In Medieval Literature

In medieval French romances, the accolade served as a pivotal symbol of heroism, often dramatizing the transition to knighthood amid epic conflicts. In Benoît de Sainte-Maure's Roman de Troie (c. 1160), Trojan heroes like Pyrrhus, son of Achilles, receive the dubbing from Agamemnon with a sword strike, portraying the rite as an elevation to martial prowess and lineage continuity within the Trojan War narrative.^[51] This depiction underscores the accolade's role in affirming heroic destiny, blending classical antiquity with emerging chivalric norms. Arthurian legends further idealized the accolade, emphasizing moral virtue and courtly allegiance over mere battlefield feats. Knights such as Lancelot are shown being dubbed by King Arthur, as in the Vulgate Cycle's prose romances, where the ceremony at Camelot reinforces ethical knighthood, loyalty to the Round Table, and spiritual refinement as prerequisites for heroic quests.^[52] These narratives transform the rite into a communal affirmation of chivalric brotherhood, where the dubbing not only arms the recipient but also binds them to ideals of honor, piety, and service. The 12th- and 13th-century Alexander romances recast the conqueror as a chivalric exemplar, with the accolade marking divine endorsement of imperial ambition. In texts like the Roman d'Alexandre attributed to Alexandre de Paris, Alexander is armed as a knight by his father Philip before key campaigns, symbolizing the fusion of royal inheritance, martial preparation, and providential favor in his eastern conquests. This portrayal elevates the accolade as a divine mandate for expansion, influencing later views of knighthood as a blend of earthly valor and heavenly sanction. Overall, these literary traditions codified the accolade as a transformative threshold for squires into knights-errant, embedding it within chivalric pedagogy that prioritized ethical formation alongside physical endowment. Works like those of Chrétien de Troyes and the Vulgate compilers shaped enduring ideals, where the rite encapsulated the knight's vow to uphold justice, courtesy, and faith in an often chaotic world.

In Art and Modern Representations

Edmund Blair Leighton's The Accolade (1901), an oil-on-canvas painting, stands as one of the most iconic visual depictions of the knighting ceremony, portraying a regal queen in flowing white robes gently tapping a sword on the shoulder of a kneeling armored knight against a medieval hall backdrop. This work romanticizes the accolade as a moment of chivalric elevation and courtly devotion, infusing the ritual with Victorian-era ideals of honor and romance rather than strict historical accuracy.^[53] Leighton's emphasis on the queen's poised authority and the knight's humble submission highlights the ceremony's symbolic transfer of power and loyalty, making it a staple in discussions of Pre-Raphaelite-influenced historical art.^[54] Renaissance illuminated manuscripts preserved and illustrated the accolade within elaborate courtly narratives, often integrating sword taps as pivotal moments of elevation amid scenes of nobility and piety. These depictions, rendered in vivid gold, lapis lazuli, and tempera, not only documented the ceremony's components—like the dubbing blow and oath—but also elevated it to an artistic emblem of feudal splendor, influencing later humanistic interpretations of chivalry. Similar scenes appear in other Flemish works, blending the accolade with devotional iconography to portray knighthood as a sacred vocation. In modern media, the accolade has been dramatized to evoke epic heroism and moral gravity, blending historical elements with narrative flair. John Boorman's Excalibur (1981) includes a pivotal knighting scene where the young Arthur receives the sword's tap from the reluctant Lord Uryens during a siege, symbolizing unity and destiny in Arthurian legend. Ridley Scott's Kingdom of Heaven (2005) portrays Balian of Ibelin's dubbing by his father Godfrey on the road to Jerusalem, reciting a solemn oath of bravery and truth that underscores the ceremony's ethical core amid Crusader turmoil.^[55] Video games in the Assassin's Creed series (2007–present), set across historical epochs, feature initiation ceremonies analogous to symbolic elevations, immersing players in rites that evoke the philosophical weight of historical orders. Contemporary revivals keep the accolade alive through performative and cultural adaptations, particularly in entertainment and personal milestones. At medieval festivals like the annual Abbey Medieval Festival in Queensland, Australia, reenactment groups stage authentic knighting ceremonies, complete with sword taps and vows, to honor participants' contributions to historical preservation.^[56] These events draw thousands, using the ritual to educate on chivalric traditions while fostering community engagement. In 2025 wedding trends, as of November, medieval-inspired themes have surged, incorporating knighting imagery—such as grooms in knightly attire receiving mock dubs from officiants or bridesmaids—to create immersive, regal ceremonies evoking fairy-tale romance and historical grandeur.^[57] This fusion reflects broader "castlecore" aesthetics, where the accolade symbolizes partnership and elevation in modern unions.^[58]

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The Royal Order of the Seraphim is conferred upon members of the Swedish Royal House and, by recommendation of the government, chiefly upon heads of state.Missing: Modern dubbing
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https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-10/pope-leo-xiv-knights-dames-holy-sepulchre-23-october-2025.html
[50]
Cardinal: Renewal of Knights of the Holy Sepulchre goes deeper ...
May 26, 2021 · The order's swearing-in rite will no longer feature a sword. Cardinal Fernando Filoni explains why.
[51]
The use of the sword in the investiture ceremonies of the Order of ...
May 12, 2021 · It appears that the ceremony was centred on the delivery of the sword to the candidate, who, on having unsheathed it from the scabbard, handed ...
[52]
Investiture & Decoration Ceremony - Sovereign Order of Malta
Jun 24, 2017 · An Investiture and Decoration Ceremony took place in the Oratory of St John's Co-Cathedral, presided by the President of the Maltese Association.
[53]
https://oblivicon.com/art/accolade-edmund-leighton-2/
[54]
[PDF] candidate orientation equestrian order of the holy sepulchre
1342 AD. Pope Clement VI commits the care of the Holy Land to the custody of the Franciscans, with the power to dub Knights at the Empty Tomb. 1480 AD. Friar ...
[55]
Ceremonies of Investiture of Knights and Dames of the Order of the ...
Apr 11, 2025 · This video, which follows the one on the Ritual of Vigil, shows a standard Investiture ceremony. It corresponds to what ...
[56]
Pope tells Knights of the Holy Sepulchre to 'advance in goodness'
Oct 23, 2025 · Pope Leo XIV meets with the Knights and Dames of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, gathered in Rome for the Jubilee Year
[57]
About the Order - Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem
The Custos of the Holy Land was in charge of appointing the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre from 1486 to 1847. The Investiture took place during the night on ...
[58]
https://www.vogue.com/article/how-often-do-you-think-about-the-medieval-ages-designers-did-a-lot-for-fall-2025
[59]
[PDF] Masculinity and Chivalry: The Tenuous Relationship of the Sacred ...
This chapter will consider the ways masculine identity and the chivalric code change to fit both aristocratic ideals (secular) and clerical ideals (sacred).
[60]
Roman d'Alexandre - Getty Museum
Oct 15, 2025 · He is presented in these images not as a hero of the Classical world, but as the ideal medieval knight, complete with twelfth-century armor.
[61]
The Accolade by Edmund Leighton - Baker Street Gallery
Historians agree that the painting depicts an accolade, a ceremony to confer knighthood. Such ceremonies took many forms, including the tapping of the flat side ...
[62]
https://www.overstockart.com/painting/edmund-blair-leighton-the-accolade-1901
[63]
Prayer Book of Charles the Bold - Getty Museum
Oct 10, 2025 · This diminutive prayer book, measuring about five by three and one-half inches, engages the viewer in intimate contemplation of both its text and its images.
[64]
Prayer Book of Charles the Bold - Ziereis Facsimiles
1. This principle work of Burgundian illumination originated in several stages in Flanders between 1469 and 1490. 2. Every page of the small book is ...
[65]
The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe - Getty Museum
Illuminating the Renaissance: The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe ... A Young Knight in Armor Kneeling in Prayer before Saint Anthony.
[66]
Kingdom of Heaven (2005) - IMDb
Rating 7.3/10 (343,181) As he knights the men in Jerusalem, there is a new scene where Balian meets the gravedigger from the opening scene of the film and exchanges a few words with ...Full cast & crew · Kingdom of Heaven · Parents guide · Plot
[67]
Knighting Ceremony - Abbey Medieval Festival
Jul 11, 2025 · This Abbey, Companie Draco Routiers will showcase an induction ceremony, seeing a lady of note be recognised for her contribution to historical reenactment.Missing: accolade | Show results with:accolade
[68]
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/09/style/medieval-inspired-weddings.html
[69]
How Designers Channeled Medieval Times for Fall 2025 | Vogue
Apr 8, 2025 · Knights and ladies, castles flying pennant flags, sumptuous fabrics, and gleaming armor—these are some of the Middle Age touches that ...