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Albite

Albite is a sodium-rich member of the plagioclase feldspar group, characterized by the chemical formula NaAlSi₃O₈, and typically appears as white to colorless crystals in a triclinic system.^[1] It exhibits a Mohs hardness of 6 to 6.5, a specific gravity of 2.60 to 2.65, and perfect cleavage on the {001} plane, making it a common constituent in various rock types.^[1] Named from the Latin albus meaning "white," albite forms at relatively low temperatures and is the sodium end-member of the plagioclase series, ranging from nearly pure NaAlSi₃O₈ to compositions with up to 10% calcium substitution.^[2]^[3] Albite is widespread in igneous rocks such as granites, pegmatites, and basalts, where it often crystallizes late in the magmatic process, as well as in metamorphic rocks like low-grade schists and in hydrothermal veins.^[1]^[3] It commonly associates with minerals including quartz, orthoclase, muscovite, biotite, and hornblende, contributing to the felsic composition of many crustal rocks.^[1] In sedimentary environments, albite can appear as overgrowths on detrital feldspar grains in sandstones.^[3] Optically, albite is biaxial positive with refractive indices α = 1.526–1.530, β = 1.531–1.533, and γ = 1.534–1.541, and it often displays polysynthetic twinning visible as striations on cleavage surfaces.^[1] While primarily of geological significance, transparent varieties are occasionally faceted as gems, though rare, and albite plays a role in subduction zone geochemistry by influencing water cycling and alkalinity in the Earth's mantle.^[2]^[4]

Mineralogical Properties

Chemical Composition

Albite is a framework silicate mineral belonging to the tectosilicate group, with the ideal endmember chemical formula \mathrm{NaAlSi_3O_8}, in which sodium serves as the principal large cation in the structure and aluminum occupies one of the four tetrahedral sites, substituting for silicon.^[5]^[6] This composition reflects a precise stoichiometric balance: one sodium atom, one aluminum atom, three silicon atoms, and eight oxygen atoms per formula unit, forming a three-dimensional aluminosilicate framework characteristic of feldspars.^[7] As the sodium-dominant member of the plagioclase feldspar solid solution series, albite forms a continuous compositional range with anorthite (\mathrm{CaAl_2Si_2O_8}), where the sodium and calcium cations, along with corresponding adjustments in the tetrahedral aluminum-silicon ratio, enable substitution according to the general formula (\mathrm{Na,K})_{1-x}\mathrm{Ca}_x\mathrm{Al}_{1+x}\mathrm{Si}_{3-x}\mathrm{O_8}.^[8] Albite is conventionally defined as the plagioclase variety containing less than 10 mol% anorthite (An₀–₁₀), distinguishing it from more calcic plagioclases like oligoclase.^[9]^[10] This solid solution arises from the similar ionic radii and charges of Na⁺ and Ca²⁺, facilitating extensive isomorphism within the series and influencing the mineral's stability in diverse geological environments.^[11] Natural albite specimens often exhibit minor elemental substitutions that deviate slightly from the ideal endmember. Potassium can replace up to 10 mol% of the sodium in the alkali site, while trace levels of calcium (beyond the anorthite component), iron (typically as Fe³⁺ substituting for Al³⁺), and other elements like strontium or barium may occur in the structure, reflecting local geochemical conditions during crystallization.^[9]^[12] These substitutions are limited by crystallographic constraints but contribute to the mineral's role in broader feldspar isomorphism, where coupled exchanges maintain charge balance and enable solid solutions across alkali and plagioclase subgroups.^[13]

Crystal Structure

Albite crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system with space group Cī (No. 2), a non-standard setting chosen to facilitate comparison with monoclinic feldspars while preserving conventional axial orientations.^[14] The structure consists of a three-dimensional tectosilicate framework composed of corner-sharing (Si,Al)O₄ tetrahedra, where aluminum substitutes for silicon in one tetrahedral site per formula unit, creating a charge-balanced network with sodium cations occupying large interstices to compensate for the Al³⁺ incorporation.^[5] This framework exhibits a topology of linked four-membered rings and double crankshaft chains, characteristic of the feldspar group, enabling the mineral's stability across a range of geological conditions.^[15] The unit cell parameters for low albite, the ordered form, are a = 8.137 Å, b = 12.788 Å, c = 7.158 Å, α = 94.23°, β = 116.58°, γ = 87.70°, with a volume of approximately 664 Å³ and Z = 4.^[16] These dimensions reflect the triclinic distortion arising from the ordered distribution of Al and Si atoms in distinct tetrahedral sites (T1o for Al, T2o for Si).^[14] Albite exhibits temperature-dependent structural variants due to Al-Si ordering in the tetrahedral sites. Low albite forms below approximately 700°C, featuring a highly ordered Al-Si distribution that enhances triclinic symmetry.^[17] Above this temperature, high albite (also known as analbite) develops with increasing disorder in the Al-Si occupancy, leading to a more nearly monoclinic configuration while remaining triclinic; this disorder stabilizes the structure at elevated temperatures up to about 980–1050°C.^[15] At temperatures exceeding 1050°C, monalbite emerges as a distinct monoclinic polymorph with space group C2/m, where the framework achieves higher symmetry through complete disorder.^[15] A prominent feature of albite's crystal structure is its propensity for twinning, particularly the polysynthetic albite twin law, which operates via reflection across the {010} plane. This mechanism produces fine, parallel lamellae visible in polished sections, resulting from growth, deformation, or transformation processes that exploit the structural similarities between twin domains in the triclinic framework.^[18]

Physical Properties

Albite exhibits a Mohs hardness of 6 to 6.5, making it moderately resistant to scratching compared to common minerals like quartz.^[19] Its specific gravity ranges from 2.60 to 2.65, reflecting slight variations attributable to structural differences between low-albite and high-albite forms, with measured densities showing minor discrepancies due to twinning and ordering states.^[19] The mineral displays perfect cleavage on the {001} plane and good cleavage on the {010} plane, yielding thin, platy fragments, alongside a conchoidal to uneven fracture when cleavage is absent.^[19] Its luster is typically vitreous, occasionally pearly on cleavage surfaces, contributing to its distinctive appearance in hand samples.^[19] Albite's color is usually white to gray, though it can appear colorless or exhibit rare tints of blue, green, or red, particularly when inclusions are present; the streak remains consistently white.^[19] Thermally, albite undergoes a structural transition from the ordered low-albite form (stable below approximately 700°C) to the disordered high-albite form above 800°C, influencing its stability in geological settings.^[19] The melting point of albite lies between 1,100°C and 1,120°C under dry conditions, marking the onset of fusion in igneous processes.^[20] These properties, combined with its triclinic crystal habit and common twinning, underscore albite's role in feldspar assemblages.^[19]

Optical Properties

Albite is an anisotropic mineral; low albite displays biaxial positive optical character while high albite is biaxial negative, making it suitable for identification under polarized light microscopy. Its principal refractive indices are nα = 1.526–1.530, nβ = 1.531–1.533, and nγ = 1.534–1.541, which provide low to moderate relief in thin sections relative to common mounting media like Canada balsam (n ≈ 1.54).^[1] These indices vary slightly with temperature and structural state (low vs. high albite), but remain diagnostic for the sodium-rich end-member of the plagioclase series.^[1] The birefringence of albite, calculated as δ = nγ - nα, ranges from 0.008 to 0.011, producing low first-order interference colors (gray to white) in standard 30 μm thin sections.^[1] The 2V angle measures 85° to 90° for low albite and 52° to 54° for high albite, with the acute bisectrix typically aligned near the c-axis, contributing to its characteristic extinction patterns.^[1] Dispersion is weak, with r < v, which minimally affects conoscopic figures.^[1] Pleochroism is generally absent in colorless varieties of albite, but weak coloration may appear in iron-bearing or irradiated samples, showing pale yellow to colorless differences along the optic axes.^[21] In petrographic analysis, albite's optical properties are essential for identifying plagioclase compositions, particularly through Carlsbad twinning combined with polysynthetic albite twinning, where extinction angles in the Carlsbad lamellae allow estimation of the albite-anorthite ratio via the Michel-Lévy method.^[22] This technique is widely used in igneous and metamorphic petrology to infer crystallization conditions without chemical analysis.^[22]

Geological Occurrence

In Igneous Rocks

Albite is a primary constituent of felsic igneous rocks, particularly granites and granodiorites, where it occurs as an albite-rich plagioclase feldspar that crystallizes during the late stages of magma cooling.^[23] In these plutonic environments, albite forms in silica-rich magmas (>20% quartz), often comprising a significant portion of the rock's feldspar content, and is typically subordinate to potassium feldspar in highly evolved compositions.^[23] Pegmatites, as coarse-grained igneous intrusions derived from the final melts of granitic systems, frequently host exceptionally large crystals of albite, including the platy cleavelandite variety, due to slow cooling and volatile enrichment.^[19] The formation of albite in these settings is driven by fractional crystallization processes in evolving silica-rich magmas, where early-crystallizing mafic minerals such as olivine and pyroxene settle out, leaving a residual melt enriched in sodium, silica, and aluminum.^[24] This progressive differentiation shifts the plagioclase composition toward the sodium end-member, resulting in nearly pure albite (NaAlSi₃O₈) as temperatures drop below approximately 1140°C under low-pressure conditions.^[23] Albite commonly associates with quartz, orthoclase (or microcline), and muscovite in these assemblages, reflecting the compatible crystallization sequences in granitic systems as outlined in Bowen's reaction series.^[23] In addition to primary magmatic origins, albite appears as a product of hydrothermal alteration within igneous-hosted veins, where sodium metasomatism replaces earlier feldspars or wall rocks in fractures associated with cooling plutons.^[19] Notable examples include the type locality at Finnbo (Finbo) quarry, Falun, Dalarna County, Sweden, a classic pegmatite site yielding well-formed albite crystals.^[25] Globally, albite is prominent in pegmatite districts such as the Strickland quarry in Connecticut, USA, and the Rabb Canyon area in New Mexico, USA, where it enriches late-stage, volatile-rich phases.^[19]

In Metamorphic Rocks

Albite is a prevalent mineral in low-grade metamorphic environments, particularly within the greenschist facies, where it commonly forms through the albitization process that replaces calcic plagioclase with sodium-rich albite under the influence of sodium-bearing fluids.^[26] This transformation occurs during regional metamorphism at temperatures of approximately 300–500°C and pressures of 2–10 kbar, often facilitated by deformation and fluid infiltration that promote dissolution-precipitation reactions.^[27] In such settings, albite appears as porphyroblasts or fine-grained matrices in metamorphosed mafic rocks like basalts, contributing to the rock's overall sodic composition.^[28] In greenschist-facies schists and greenstones, albite is frequently associated with epidote, chlorite, and actinolite, forming characteristic assemblages that reflect the hydration and sodium enrichment of protoliths.^[26] These minerals develop in H₂O-rich conditions, with chlorite and actinolite providing the green coloration, while epidote and albite indicate the breakdown of primary plagioclase and pyroxenes.^[29] For instance, in prasinites from the Løkken ophiolite in Norway, albite occurs alongside epidote, chlorite, and actinolite, preserving volcanic textures like pillow structures amid the metamorphic overprint.^[26] Albite plays a key role in the transitional albite-epidote amphibolite facies, where it persists in assemblages with hornblende and epidote in basic rocks, marking a boundary between greenschist and higher-grade amphibolite conditions at temperatures of 450–550°C.^[30] Here, the replacement of actinolite by hornblende signals increasing temperature, while albite's presence distinguishes it from calcic plagioclase-dominated higher facies.^[31] Examples of albite formation abound in regional metamorphism within orogenic belts, where Na-metasomatism drives widespread albitization through fluid migration along shear zones and veins. In the Sveconorwegian Orogeny of the Bamble Sector, southern Norway, sodium-rich fluids (1140–880 Ma) infiltrated granitic and mafic rocks, producing albite-rich albitites and breccias via Na enrichment and depletion of Ca, Fe, and Mg.^[32] Similarly, in the Mount Isa Inlier of northeastern Australia, low-pressure polymetamorphic terranes exhibit metasomatic albite in schists, linked to fluid advection during orogenic events.^[33] These processes highlight albite's significance as an indicator of metasomatic alteration in convergent tectonic settings.^[34]

In Sedimentary Rocks

Albite commonly occurs as detrital grains in sandstones, originating from the erosion of felsic igneous source rocks such as granites and granodiorites.^[35] These grains are transported and deposited in sedimentary basins, contributing to the framework of clastic rocks where they preserve evidence of their provenance.^[36] In addition to its detrital form, albite forms authigenically during diagenesis as a cement in sedimentary rocks, often resulting from the transformation of clay minerals or the dissolution of detrital feldspar clasts under burial conditions.^[37] This process typically occurs at temperatures above 88°C, where albite overgrowths develop on pre-existing grains.^[38] Albite exhibits stability under low-temperature sedimentary conditions, resisting chemical weathering more effectively than calcic plagioclase but less so than K-feldspars; its persistence in arkosic and feldspathic sandstones, such as those in proximal fluvial or alluvial settings derived from granitic terrains, is often due to rapid uplift, erosion, and deposition that outpace weathering.^[39] where it comprises a significant portion of the feldspar content.^[39] Albite plays a minor role in specialized sedimentary environments, including evaporitic deposits where it forms authigenically in alkaline saline lakes through precipitation from sodium-enriched brines.^[40] It also appears sporadically in hydrothermal sediments associated with fluid circulation in basins, often as overgrowths or replacements in carbonate or clastic sequences.^[41]

Varieties

Cleavelandite

Cleavelandite is a massive, lamellar variety of the mineral albite, characterized by its distinctive platy crystal habit resulting from repeated twinning along the albite law.^[42] This twinning produces bladed or fan-like crystals that often form parallel aggregates or curved masses, sometimes appearing as pseudo-hexagonal structures due to the symmetrical arrangement of the lamellae.^[43] These aggregates can reach sizes from centimeters to meters, making cleavelandite a prominent component in certain rock formations where its layered morphology enhances the visibility of albite's perfect cleavage.^[42] The chemical composition of cleavelandite is identical to that of albite, NaAlSi₃O₈, with no significant deviations in end-member formula, though its physical presentation emphasizes the mineral's triclinic structure through the prominent lamellar growth.^[42] It typically exhibits a translucent to milky-white appearance, though colors such as tan or pale blue may occur depending on trace impurities or associated minerals.^[42] This variety's enhanced cleavage, parallel to the {001} plane, is particularly evident in its thin, tabular sheets, which stack to form the characteristic platy masses.^[44] Cleavelandite primarily occurs in lithium-rich granite pegmatites, where it forms large masses often associated with minerals like spodumene, lepidolite, and quartz.^[45] It was first described in 1817 by J.F.L. Hausmann under the name "kieselspath" from localities in Massachusetts, but received its current name in 1823 from Henry J. Brooke, honoring Parker Cleaveland (1780–1858), an influential American professor of mineralogy and geology at Bowdoin College.^[42] The type locality is Chesterfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA, where early 19th-century discoveries highlighted its role in pegmatite mineralogy.^[42]

Peristerite and Belomorite

Peristerite is a variety of plagioclase feldspar featuring fine-scale schlieric intergrowths of nearly pure albite (An₀–₅) and oligoclase (An₂₀–₃₅), formed through exsolution processes that create nanometer-sized lamellae responsible for its characteristic blue iridescence, evoking the plumage of a pigeon—hence its name from the Greek peristera ("pigeon").^[46]^[47] These intergrowths develop along a coherent solvus at temperatures of approximately 650–700°C, where Si-Al ordering influences the unmixing of the solid solution.^[47] The optical effect arises from light diffraction by the oriented lamellae, which are typically parallel to the (001) plane and spaced on the order of visible wavelengths, producing a soft, bluish schiller rather than the broader adularescence seen in other moonstone varieties.^[48] Belomorite represents a rare, highly prized iridescent variety of peristerite sourced exclusively from granitic pegmatites in the White Sea region of northern Karelia, Russia, where it was first discovered in 1925 by mineralogist Alexander Fersman, who named it after the Beloye More (White Sea).^[49]^[50] This material displays an iridescent schiller effect, with intense blue to white flashes resulting from exsolution lamellae similar to those in peristerite, though often more vivid due to the specific cooling history of the host pegmatites in the Chupa district.^[50] Unlike broader plagioclase moonstones, belomorite's iridescence is tied to its low-anorthite composition and fine-scale unmixing, making it a distinct subset valued for both scientific study and aesthetics.^[48] Both peristerite and belomorite hold significant collection value among mineral enthusiasts and gem collectors due to their subtle yet striking optical anomalies, with cabochon-cut specimens often commanding prices of $0.50 to $3 per carat depending on the intensity of iridescence and size, far exceeding non-phenomenal albite varieties.^[46] No widespread synthetic analogs replicate the precise exsolution textures of these natural intergrowths, though laboratory feldspars have been used to model peristerite formation; this scarcity enhances their appeal in jewelry and decorative applications.^[47]

History and Nomenclature

Discovery

Albite was first reported as a distinct mineral in 1815 by the Swedish chemists Johan Gottlieb Gahn and Jöns Jacob Berzelius, based on specimens obtained from the Finnbo deposit near Falun in Dalarna, Sweden.^[19] Their work marked an important advancement in mineral identification during the early 19th century, a time when feldspar studies were expanding through improved chemical analytical techniques developed by Berzelius, who emphasized precise compositional determinations over purely morphological descriptions.^[51] The initial chemical analysis by Gahn and Berzelius revealed albite's composition as a sodium aluminosilicate (NaAlSi₃O₈), which clearly distinguished it from orthoclase (KAlSi₃O₈), the potassium-rich feldspar previously identified by René Just Haüy in 1801.^[19] This sodium content was pivotal, as it highlighted compositional variations within the feldspar group and challenged earlier assumptions that all such minerals shared similar chemistries. The analysis was detailed in their 1815 publication, which provided the foundational description of the mineral's properties and occurrence.^[52] (Note: The RRUFF entry references the original paper.) Following the initial report, albite was rapidly confirmed in additional European localities, including pegmatites in Norway and granitic rocks in the Harz Mountains of Germany, broadening its recognized distribution beyond Sweden.^[19] These findings, combined with ongoing feldspar research, led to the mineral's integration into the plagioclase series by the mid-1820s; the isomorphous solid-solution series varying in sodium and calcium content, including albite, labradorite, and anorthite, was first recognized by Johann Friedrich Christian Hessel in 1826.^[53] This recognition solidified albite's role as the sodic end-member of the series, influencing subsequent petrological classifications.^[54]

Etymology

The name albite derives from the Latin word albus, meaning "white," in reference to the mineral's typical color.^[19] It was formally named in 1815 by Swedish chemists Johan Gottlieb Gahn and Jöns Jacob Berzelius based on specimens from Sweden and Germany.^[19] Albite represents the sodic endmember (NaAlSi₃O₈) of the plagioclase feldspar solid solution series, following mineralogical conventions for naming compositional endmembers in isomorphous series. The term "plagioclase" itself stems from the Greek plagios ("oblique") and klasis ("cleavage" or "fracture"), describing the series' diagnostic cleavage angles deviating from 90 degrees, a feature first noted by René Just Haüy in early 19th-century classifications.^[3] Early mineral nomenclature often grouped sodium-rich varieties under "soda orthoclase" to denote potassic-sodic mixed feldspars like adularia, but 19th-century refinements, including James Dwight Dana's systematic treatments, clearly separated albite as the pure triclinic sodium phase from the monoclinic potassium-dominant orthoclase (KAlSi₃O₈).^[55]^[56]

Uses and Significance

Industrial Applications

Albite serves as a primary flux in ceramics and glass production, where its sodium content facilitates the lowering of melting temperatures by forming a eutectic mixture that promotes vitrification. This property enables energy-efficient firing processes in ceramic bodies, glazes, and enamels, typically sourced from high-purity pegmatite deposits to ensure low iron and alkali variability.^[57]^[58] In glass manufacturing, albite contributes to the formulation of container glass, flat glass, and fiberglass, comprising 50% of end-use applications by providing silica and alumina while aiding melt flow.^[59]^[60] Global feldspar production, encompassing sodium-rich varieties like albite, totaled approximately 33 million metric tons in 2024, with significant output from major suppliers in the United States (450 thousand metric tons) and Brazil (420 thousand metric tons), often extracted via open-pit methods from pegmatite veins. These regions dominate supply chains for industrial-grade material, supporting annual demands in ceramics and glass, with ceramics and other uses accounting for 50% of total feldspar utilization. Pegmatite-sourced albite is preferred for its coarse grain size and chemical stability, minimizing impurities that could affect product quality in high-volume manufacturing.^[59]^[58] Beyond ceramics and glass, albite functions as a functional filler in the cement industry, where it partially replaces cement or sand in mortars to reduce clinker content and associated CO₂ emissions, improving workability without compromising strength. In filler applications, ground albite enhances durability in paints, plastics, and rubber by providing abrasion resistance and dimensional stability.^[61]^[62] Environmental considerations in albite mining include managing dust emissions, water usage in processing, and tailings from pegmatite extraction, with regulatory frameworks emphasizing reclamation to prevent soil erosion and habitat disruption. Efforts to recycle mining wastes, such as albite-rich tailings, into secondary ceramic materials further mitigate impacts by reducing landfill volumes and resource depletion.^[63]^[64]

Gemological and Collectible Uses

Albite is valued in gemology primarily for its moonstone varieties, which exhibit adularescence—a billowy, blue-white optical effect caused by light scattering between intergrown layers of albite and orthoclase feldspar.^[2]^[65] This phenomenon makes it suitable for ornamental use, with translucent to transparent specimens cut en cabochon to maximize the glowing sheen, particularly in colorless or white material where the adularescence appears to float above the surface.^[2]^[65] The Mohs hardness of 6–6.5 allows for jewelry applications, though its perfect cleavage requires careful cutting to avoid chipping.^[65] Iridescent varieties like peristerite, a schiller-effect form of albite, are commonly fashioned into cabochons to highlight the labradorescent play of colors, often in blue or white hues; these gems typically exceed 40 carats and command market values of $0.50–$3 per carat depending on the intensity of the iridescence.^[66] Belomorite, a rare trade name for peristerite moonstone sourced exclusively from granitic pegmatites in Northern Karelia, Russia, is prized for its scarcity, as the locality is no longer actively mined, leading to collector specimens valued at $10–$50 for cabochons under 30 carats based on flash quality and size.^[67]^[68] Treatments for albite moonstone are uncommon but may include gentle heating to enhance color or clarity by reducing inclusions, though untreated stones are preferred for their natural adularescence.^[69]^[70] Historically, albite moonstone gained prominence in jewelry during the 19th century, especially in the Art Nouveau period, where designers like Louis Comfort Tiffany and René Lalique incorporated it into pendants, brooches, and rings for its ethereal glow, often paired with silver or gold to evoke moonlight.^[71] Examples from this era include Victorian bracelets and clusters featuring cabochon-cut moonstone beads or centers, reflecting its romantic appeal in European and American markets.^[71] Gemologists identify albite moonstone through optic tests, including refractive indices of 1.530–1.531 (α), 1.532–1.533 (β), and 1.539–1.540 (γ), with a birefringence of 0.009–0.010 and specific gravity around 2.62, distinguishing it from other feldspars by the presence of adularescence under fiber-optic illumination.^[2]^[65] These properties, combined with triclinic crystal symmetry, confirm its authenticity in collectible specimens.^[65]

Geological Importance

Albite serves as an important index mineral in petrology, particularly for identifying low-grade metamorphic conditions in pelitic rocks. In regional metamorphism, such as the Barrovian facies series, albite appears in the chlorite zone, where the stable assemblage includes quartz, chlorite, muscovite, and nearly pure sodic plagioclase.^[29] This composition reflects temperatures around 300–400°C and pressures of 2–4 kbar, characteristic of greenschist facies.^[29] As metamorphism progresses to the biotite zone, albite persists but begins to incorporate minor calcium, transitioning toward oligoclase in higher grades.^[29] In felsic igneous rocks like granites and gneisses, albite is a dominant phase, often forming rims around more calcic plagioclase, which indicates late-stage magmatic differentiation or metasomatic alteration.^[72] Albite's composition is integral to thermobarometric applications in igneous and metamorphic petrology, especially through the Al-in-hornblende barometer. This method calibrates the total aluminum content (Al_tot) in hornblende crystals equilibrated with plagioclase, such as albite in tonalitic or granitic assemblages, to estimate crystallization pressures.^[73] The barometer relies on exchange reactions involving Na and Si from albite-like plagioclase, with the empirical relation P (kbar) = -3.46 + 4.23 × Al_tot (apfu) yielding pressures accurate to ±0.5 kbar under water-saturated conditions at 650–700°C.^[73] Such estimates help reconstruct the emplacement depths of felsic intrusions, typically 2–8 kbar, providing insights into magmatic processes in continental crust.^[73] In geochemistry, albite plays a key role in tracing crustal evolution and subduction zone dynamics due to its involvement in fluid-mediated albitization and isotopic systems. During subduction, hydrous fluids destabilize albite at cold slab conditions (below 400°C), releasing sodium and contributing to the alkalinity and water budget of arc magmas, which influences mantle wedge metasomatism and continental growth.^[74] Rb-Sr isotopic studies of albitized rocks reveal disturbance in isochrons, reflecting metasomatic events that reset strontium ratios and provide timelines for crustal recycling, as seen in Proterozoic granites where extreme albitization freezes 87Sr/86Sr at ~0.705–0.710.^[75] These signatures help model long-term crustal differentiation, with albite acting as a vector for incompatible elements in subduction factories.^[76] Recent post-2020 research has expanded albite's significance to planetary geology and paleoclimate reconstruction. In extraterrestrial contexts, albite occurrences in meteorites, such as enstatite-rich achondrites, inform metamorphic histories of differentiated planetesimals, with structural analyses revealing complex alteration under anhydrous conditions akin to early solar system processes.^[77] For climate proxies, albite dissolution rates in silicate weathering sequences serve as indicators of monsoon intensity and CO2 drawdown; in late Miocene loess deposits, enhanced albite-to-clay transformation (tracked via Na2O/Al2O3 ratios) correlates with a 0.61 mol C kg⁻¹ increase in weathering flux, contributing 0.2–2% to global cooling via atmospheric CO2 sequestration.^[78] These studies underscore albite's utility in quantifying paleoenvironmental shifts at decadal to geologic timescales.^[79]

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[16]
Albite R050253 - RRUFF Database: Raman, X-ray, Infrared, and ...
Cell Refinement Output: a: 8.1365(9)Å b: 12.788(1)Å c: 7.1584(4)Å alpha: 94.228(9)° beta: 116.583(4)° gamma: 87.704(9)° Volume: 664.23(7)Å3 Crystal System ...
[17]
Na-feldspar: temperature, pressure and the state of order - EJM
Jul 30, 2020 · At 1 bar, low albite is stable up to 590 ∘ C, where it begins to disorder, turning into high albite above 720 ∘ C.<|control11|><|separator|>
[18]
Polysynthetic twinning in plagioclase | American Mineralogist
Jul 9, 2018 · In both igneous and metamorphic plagioclase, glide twinning on the albite law is exceedingly common and is usually associated with somewhat less ...
[19]
Albite: Mineral information, data and localities.
A variety of albite occurring as milky-white, elongated (along the b-axis) crystals, generally in alpinotype clefts. Interestingly, Breithaupt (1823) defines ...Albite-granite · Albite felsite · Albite dolerite · Albite-epidote hornfels
[20]
Fabrication of dense albite aggregates by hot pressing
Jun 11, 2022 · Another issue with synthesising dense albite aggregates is that the melting temperature of albite is as low as 1100 °C (Deer et al. 1992); this ...Missing: point twinning
[21]
Plagioclase - Smith College
Color/Pleochroism Colorless in thin section. No pleochroism. White and grey are common in hand sample; albite tends to be lighter and anorthite darker. Iron ...Missing: "handbook | Show results with:"handbook
[22]
[PDF] THE RECOGNITION OF PLAGIOCLASE TWINS IN SECTIONS ...
In sections of plagioclase twins cut normal to the composition plane, the law of twin- ning can often be recognized without the aid of the universal stage ...
[23]
6 Igneous Rocks and Silicate Minerals – Mineralogy - OpenGeology
In silicic igneous rocks, such as granite, plagioclase is absent or subordinate to K-rich alkali feldspar. If plagioclase is present, it is always albite-rich.
[24]
3 Magma, Melting, and Crystallization – Open Petrology
As this occurs, the composition of the crystals will change, becoming more albite-rich.
[25]
https://www.mindat.org/loc-309020.html
[26]
Definition, Greenschist Facies and Greenstone Belts - Sandatlas
Oct 1, 2025 · In summary, greenstones are characterized by a chlorite–epidote–actinolite–albite mineral association that forms under greenschist facies ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[27]
Interactions between deformation and dissolution-precipitation ...
Fracturing and fluid influx promoted two types of dissolution-precipitation reactions that worked in tandem to convert Ca-bearing plagioclase to pure albite.
[28]
[PDF] plagioclase feldspar at greenschist facies
Figure 7 EBSD maps showing an albite grain that formed by metamorphic replacement of original Ca-. 1028 bearing plagioclase. a) Phase map showing ...
[29]
Regional Metamorphism - Tulane University
Apr 18, 2012 · Chlorite, albite, epidote, sphene, ± calcite ± actinolite ... Amphibolite Facies Rocks. These occur throughout the eastern Blue ...
[30]
https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/0-387-30845-8_64
[31]
Definition of albite-epidote-amphibolite facies - Mindat
The set of metamorphic mineral assemblages (facies) in which basic rocks are represented by hornblende + albite + epidote.
[32]
Characterisation of Na-metasomatism in the Sveconorwegian ...
The present contribution focuses on albitisation in relation to fluid migration during the Sveconorwegian Orogeny in the Bamble Sector of southern Norway.
[33]
Metasomatic albitites and related biotite-rich schists from a low ...
Aug 9, 2025 · ... metamorphic intrusion can lead to lateral or downward fluid advection. Regional metasomatism occurs in many Proterozoic metamorphic belts ...
[34]
[PDF] Metasomatic alteration associated with regional metamorphism
Metasomatism is typically associated with formation of calcic, sodic andror iron-rich alteration zones and development of oxidised mineral assemblages ...
[35]
Sedimentary facies and mineral provenance of Upper Triassic ...
Apr 16, 2024 · A source from erosion of felsic plutonic rocks is supported by the assemblage Ba-rich K-feldspar, albite and apatite in igneous rock fragments ...
[36]
Chapter 2: Detrital Components of Sandstones - GeoScienceWorld
May 23, 2022 · Detrital quartz found in sandstones is primarily derived from crystalline plutonic and metamorphic rocks. It is generally split into three ...Missing: felsic | Show results with:felsic
[37]
Origin and significance of authigenic quartz and albite in lacustrine ...
Authigenic quartz and albite in mudstone primarily originate from clay minerals transformation and feldspar clasts dissolution.
[38]
Temperatures of albitization of plagioclase in sandstones from the ...
Jun 9, 2025 · Albite grains with a morphology indicative of a diagenetic origin are present at temperatures of 88°C and higher, whereas calcic plagioclase was found solely ...
[39]
Arkosic Sandstones - ALEX STREKEISEN
Arkosic sandstones are a mixture of quartz, potash feldspar, and granitic rock fragments, with 60-70% silica and 10-15% aluminum oxide.
[40]
[PDF] Authigenic Albite in a Jurassic Alkaline, Saline Lake Deposit ...
Our results significantly expand the temperature range in which authigenic albite can form in sedimentary rocks and thus limit the use of albite as a geother-.
[41]
Clay Minerals in Hydrothermal Systems - MDPI
Albite Na-montmorillonite. (1). Table 2. Clay minerals typically present in hydrothermal environment as a function of alteration facies, associated minerals ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[42]
Cleavelandite: Mineral information, data and localities.
Oct 22, 2025 · In 1936, Harold Lattimore Alling defined cleavelandite as a triclinic mineral, suggesting a difference from true albite as well as "analbite".
[43]
ALBITE (Sodium Aluminum Silicate)
Out of the crystal face of the Albite erupts two rounded aggregates of Cleavelandite crystals, with excellent pseudohexagonal ... Attached to the Cleavelandite is ...
[44]
Cleavelandite - ClassicGems.net
Cleavelandite is a platy variety of Albite which is a member of the Feldspar Group of minerals that includes Albite, Amazonite, Andesine, Anorthite, Bytownite, ...
[45]
Cleavelandite from Chief lithium pegmatite, Texas Creek ... - Mindat
Cleavelandite from. Chief lithium pegmatite, Texas Creek Area, Fremont County, Colorado, USA ; Locality type: Pegmatite ; Species: Albite var: Cleavelandite.
[46]
Peristerite Value, Price, and Jewelry Information
Aug 4, 2018 · Peristerite is from the Greek word peristera, meaning pigeon. Peristerite is well known from Ontario, Canada, where it is very abundant. It is ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[47]
[PDF] 104419.pdf - Enlighten Publications
May 25, 2015 · Peristerites are nanometer-scale intergrowths of albite and oligoclase that form by exsolution at a coherent solvus that is conditional on Si-Al ...
[48]
[PDF] A Review of Optical Effects in Phenomenal Gemstones and Their Und
Although its light bodycolor and desaturated iridescence may resemble moonstone, peristerite can be easily identified by the presence of polysynthetic Albite- ...
[49]
[PDF] FERSMAN MINERALOGICAL MUSEUM EXHIBIT DEVOTED TO ...
Labuntsov's trip to the Sinyaya Pala vein was shared with Fersman, who described that. “lunar mysterious flickering stone” in his story. “Belomorite” (Fersman, ...Missing: albite | Show results with:albite
[50]
[PDF] The Journal of - Gem-A
light blue iridescence [known in Russia as belomorite] is found in the Chupa pegmatite. [14] as blocks of up to 20 x 20 x 5 cm and also in small segregations ...
[51]
Berzelius' World (1815-1844) | Chemistry - University of Waterloo
Elements discovered during the 1815 to 1844 time period ... Berzelius was credited for discovering the element thorium in these mineral samples.
[52]
http://rruff.info/albite/X050007
[53]
Nomenclature and General Properties of Feldspars - SpringerLink
In this chapter, the specific properties of feldspars revealed in other chapters are brought together, and the resulting general properties are used in the ...
[54]
The Feldspars - Dave Crosby - Mindat
Dec 30, 2013 · So it is a soda-orthoclase, and the crystal inner-growth gives the effect. There is an albite/orthoclase moonstone and an orthoclase/albite ...
[55]
The system of mineralogy of James Dwight Dana. 1837-1868 ...
Apr 2, 2007 · The system of mineralogy of James Dwight Dana. 1837-1868. Descriptive mineralogy. by: Dana, James Dwight, 1813-1895; Dana, Edward Salisbury ...
[56]
[PDF] feldspar and nepheline syenite - Mineral Commodity Summaries 2024
(Data in thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified). Domestic Production and Use: U.S. feldspar production in 2023 had an estimated value of $60 million.
[57]
Feldspar & pegmatites for whiter ceramics - Imerys
Our feldspars and pegmatites are characterized by their high potassium content and low iron and titanium content – ideal for whiteness and translucency.<|control11|><|separator|>
[58]
[PDF] Feldspar; the backbone of the ceramic and porcelain industry
Glass Industry: Feldspar is an important ingredient in the manufacture of glass and an important raw material as well, because it acts as a fluxing agent, ...
[59]
Implementation of Feldspar as a partial replacement material in ...
Aug 6, 2025 · This paper aims to explore and evaluate the use of Jordanian Feldspar as a natural resource partially replacement material for each of cement and sand in ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[60]
Analyzing Mining Products for the Ceramics Industry
Oct 29, 2019 · Feldspars play an important role as fluxing agents in ceramics and glass production and are also used as functional fillers in the paint, ...
[61]
[PDF] CLAY, CERAMIC, REFRACTORY AND MISCELLANEOUS ...
Feldspar mining and/or processing has been sub-categorized as follows: ·(1) ... (6) non-water quality environmental impact (including energy.
[62]
Mining Wastes of an Albite Deposit as Raw Materials for Vitrified ...
It has been observed that the mining wastes of this deposit are concentrated under the storage in air of the raw materials. These solid wastes can be considered ...
[63]
Moonstone - Albite Feldspar - Gemology Online
The rarest and most expensive will be colorless with a floating blue color that seems to hover above the stone. This phenomenon is termed adularescence. In ...
[64]
Peristerite Gemstone: Properties, Meanings, Value & More
### Summary of Peristerite Gemstone Information
[65]
Belomorite: Mineral information, data and localities.
Aug 11, 2025 · Unnecessary trade name for plagioclase (peristerite) moonstone from the granitic pegmatites of Northern Karelia in White Sea area.
[66]
https://www.gemrockauctions.com/learn/a-z-of-gemstones/peristerite
[67]
https://www.mindat.org/min-615.html
[68]
https://www.gemstonesforsale.com/products/russian-belomorite-moonstone-n21552
[69]
Moonstone - History, Features, Jewellery and FAQs | Berganza
### Summary of Moonstone in Jewelry (19th Century) and Relation to Albite
[70]
Petrological Implication of the Albite Rims in the Felsic Gneisses of ...
May 1, 2012 · The albite rim is present in most felsic gneisses of the Fuping Complex. The presence of the rim indicates the coexistence of plagioclase ...
[71]
Amphibole composition in tonalite as a function of pressure
The Al-in-hornblende barometer, which correlates Al tot content of magmatic hornblende linearly with crystallization pressure of intrusion.Missing: thermobarometry | Show results with:thermobarometry
[72]
A role for subducted albite in the water cycle and alkalinity ... - Nature
Feb 19, 2021 · Albite is one of the major constituents in the crust. We report here that albite, when subjected to hydrous cold subduction conditions, ...
[73]
Two-Stage, Extreme Albitization of A-type Granites from Rajasthan ...
Feb 10, 2012 · Abstract. Albitization is a common process during which hydrothermal fluids convert plagioclase and/or K-feldspar into nearly pure albite; ...
[74]
[PDF] Subduction Factory: How it operates in the evolving earth
Jul 4, 2005 · The subduction factory has played a central role in the evolution of the solid Earth through creating continental crust and deep mantle geochemi ...
[75]
A closer look into the structure and magnetism of the recently ... - NIH
Feb 26, 2025 · The main mineral phases are enstatite, albite, and forsterite. X-ray structural analysis and Raman Spectroscopy indicate its complex metamorphic ...
[76]
Monsoon-Enhanced Silicate Weathering as a New Atmospheric CO ...
Dec 18, 2020 · A weathering trend resulting from the transformation of albite to clay can be illustrated by the orange arrow from circle 1 to circle 2, which ...
[77]
Weathering Intensity Response to Climate Change on Decadal Scales
We found that Rb/Sr ratios are influenced mainly by Sr activity within the lake catchment (where Sr is likely sourced from albite). In addition, higher (lower) ...