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BIS

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is an international financial institution owned by 63 central banks representing countries that account for about 95 percent of world GDP, headquartered in Basel, Switzerland, and established in 1930 to oversee the collection and distribution of German reparations payments mandated by the Treaty of Versailles under the Young Plan.^[1]^[2] It functions primarily as a bank for central banks, offering services such as asset management, gold custody, and short-term loans, while fostering monetary and financial stability through international cooperation, research, and policy analysis.^[1]^[3] The BIS has evolved beyond its reparations origins into a key forum for central bank governors, hosting committees like the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), which develops global standards for bank prudential regulation, including the influential Basel I (1988), Basel II (2004), and Basel III (2010 onward) frameworks aimed at enhancing capital adequacy and risk management to prevent systemic crises.^[4]^[5] These accords have shaped banking supervision worldwide, though critics argue they sometimes prioritize financialization over broader economic resilience.^[6] During World War II, the BIS maintained operations in neutral Switzerland, facilitating the transfer of gold reserves—including amounts later questioned as potentially looted—to safe havens like New York on behalf of European central banks, which drew postwar scrutiny for enabling Axis financial activities despite suspending board meetings amid hostilities.^[7]^[8] This episode underscores the institution's historical emphasis on operational continuity and neutrality, even as it faced calls for dissolution at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference, ultimately surviving to refocus on postwar monetary cooperation.^[9] Today, the BIS continues to emphasize innovation in areas like digital currencies and cross-border payments, while its opaque governance—limited public accountability due to central bank ownership—remains a point of debate regarding undue influence on global finance.^[1]

Organizations

Financial Institutions

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS), established by an intergovernmental convention signed on 27 February 1930 and commencing operations in Basel, Switzerland, on 17 May 1930, serves as the world's oldest international financial institution.^[10] Owned by 63 member central banks representing countries accounting for about 95% of global GDP, the BIS operates as a bank for central banks, providing services such as reserve management, liquidity support, and fostering international cooperation on monetary policy.^[1] Its core mandate emphasizes promoting global monetary and financial stability through research, data dissemination, and hosting committees that develop standards for banking supervision.^[1] A key mechanism for this stability is the BIS-hosted Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, which has issued successive Basel Accords to harmonize capital adequacy requirements and risk management practices among international banks. The Basel I Accord, introduced in 1988, established a minimum capital-to-risk-weighted-assets ratio of 8% to mitigate insolvency risks, influencing regulatory frameworks worldwide by the early 1990s.^[11] Subsequent frameworks, including Basel II (2004) and Basel III (post-2008 financial crisis), expanded on these by incorporating operational risks, liquidity standards, and countercyclical buffers to enhance systemic resilience.^[11] In recent years, the BIS has extended its focus to emerging technologies and market risks. Through initiatives like Project Agorá, launched in collaboration with central banks including the Federal Reserve and European Central Bank, the BIS is exploring the feasibility of tokenisation for cross-border payments, aiming to test unified ledgers for multi-currency arrangements as of October 2025.^[12] Its 2025 Annual Report highlights tokenisation's potential to enable programmable payments and atomic settlement while cautioning on stablecoins' shortcomings in meeting monetary system requirements for safety, convertibility, and public oversight.^[13] The BIS has also issued warnings on risks in non-bank financial intermediation, including private credit markets, which grew to over $1.5 trillion globally by mid-2025 and pose systemic vulnerabilities due to leverage and liquidity mismatches.^[14] These efforts underscore the BIS's role in coordinating responses to evolving financial landscapes without direct regulatory enforcement.^[1]

Government and Regulatory Agencies

The Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS), an agency within the United States Department of Commerce, administers the Export Administration Regulations (EAR), which regulate the export, reexport, and transfer of dual-use items—commercial products and technologies with potential military applications—to safeguard national security and advance foreign policy goals.^[15] BIS enforces these controls through licensing requirements, end-use verification, and sanctions implementation, targeting entities engaged in proliferation, weapons development, or activities undermining U.S. interests, including numerous designations against organizations in China and Russia.^[16]^[17] BIS maintains key enforcement tools such as the Entity List, which imposes license requirements on specified foreign parties, and the Denied Persons List, barring individuals or entities from export privileges for violations.^[18] Post-September 11, 2001, BIS broadened its mandate amid shifting threats, enhancing Entity List applications to address non-proliferation and transnational risks, with enforcement actions yielding compliance through voluntary disclosures and penalties exceeding millions in civil fines annually.^[19]^[18] These measures have restricted access to U.S. technologies for adversarial actors, as evidenced by repeated expansions of controlled entities since 2001.^[17] The British Information Services (BIS), a UK government entity established in the early 1940s, operated primarily from New York to promote British economic, cultural, and political interests in the United States through information dissemination and publicity efforts.^[20] Active during and after World War II, it produced reports, films, and publications to counter misinformation and foster transatlantic ties, functioning into the late 20th century before integration into broader diplomatic structures.^[21] Unlike enforcement-focused agencies, its role emphasized soft power projection rather than regulatory controls.

Other Organizations

Biological Instrumentation Services Ltd. (BIS) is a United Kingdom-based private company specializing in the distribution and servicing of laboratory equipment for biological research and applications. Established as a channel partner for manufacturers such as Titertek, the firm operates from Kirkham, Lancashire, offering high-throughput screening tools, spares, and maintenance support to biotech and pharmaceutical sectors.^[22]^[23] Its contributions include facilitating empirical advancements in cellular and molecular biology workflows through reliable instrumentation access, without regulatory oversight.^[24] Beit Issie Shapiro (BIS), founded in 1980 in Israel, functions as a leading non-profit organization dedicated to enhancing opportunities for individuals with disabilities through innovative therapies, special education, and community services. Initially serving 16 children with complex cognitive needs, it has expanded to provide a continuum of support across developmental, physical, and sensory disabilities, including model-sharing programs exported internationally for replication.^[25]^[26] The organization emphasizes evidence-based interventions, such as assistive technology integration and inclusion advocacy, influencing global practices while operating independently of government mandates.^[27]^[28]

Psychology and Behavioral Science

Theoretical Constructs

The Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) forms a core component of Jeffrey Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST), a neurobiological framework positing that individual differences in personality arise from varying sensitivities in brain systems responsive to reward and punishment cues.^[29] Originally conceptualized in the 1970s, the BIS detects signals of punishment, non-reward, and novelty, triggering behavioral inhibition to avoid potential harm and facilitating cautious risk assessment.^[30] This system contrasts with the Behavioral Activation System (BAS), which promotes approach behaviors toward rewarding stimuli, enabling causal distinctions in motivational responses: BIS activation halts ongoing actions in threat contexts, whereas BAS drives goal-directed pursuit, with empirical dissociation observed in animal conditioning paradigms where punished responses suppress activity more potently in high-BIS individuals.^[31] In Gray's initial formulation, detailed in works from 1976 and 1982, the BIS was localized to the septo-hippocampal circuit, including the hippocampus, cingulate cortex, and prefrontal areas, modulated by serotonergic pathways to generate anxiety-like states and inhibit prepotent behaviors.^[32] A major revision in 2000, co-authored with Neil McNaughton, refined RST by separating fear-driven avoidance (handled by the newly defined Fight-Flight-Freeze System, or FFFS) from anxiety rooted in goal conflict, repositioning BIS as a resolver of approach-avoidance conflicts through enhanced attention to threats and risk evaluation rather than direct escape.^[33] This update aligns BIS more closely with sustained vigilance and worry, distinct from immediate phobic reactions, supported by differential neural activations: FFFS links to periaqueductal gray and amygdala for rapid defense, while BIS engages prefrontal and hippocampal networks for prolonged conflict monitoring.^[30] Empirical validation of BIS constructs draws from neuroimaging and genetic studies linking higher BIS sensitivity to amplified amygdala-hippocampal responses during threat processing and reduced prefrontal regulation.^[34] For instance, functional MRI evidence shows BIS-related traits correlating with heightened activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during inhibitory tasks, consistent with behavioral suppression in novel or punished environments.^[35] Genetic associations, such as polymorphisms in serotonin transporter genes, further underpin BIS variance, with meta-analyses indicating that low-expression variants predict elevated anxiety and inhibition, though effect sizes remain modest (e.g., odds ratios around 1.2-1.5 for trait anxiety).^[36] These findings, derived from longitudinal cohort studies like the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development dataset, affirm BIS as a causally grounded mediator of risk aversion, independent of BAS-driven impulsivity.^[37]

Assessment Tools

The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), first developed by psychologist Ernest S. Barratt in 1959, is a self-report instrument for quantifying trait impulsivity across cognitive, motor, and planning domains.^[38] The revised BIS-11, introduced in 1995, comprises 30 Likert-scaled items yielding three second-order factors—attentional (e.g., difficulty concentrating), motor (e.g., acting on spur-of-the-moment urges), and non-planning (e.g., forethought deficits)—with total scores ranging from 30 to 120.^[39] Psychometric evaluations report internal consistency coefficients (Cronbach's α) of 0.79–0.83 and test-retest reliabilities exceeding 0.80 over one month, with convergent validity established against measures like the Eysenck Impulsiveness Questionnaire in clinical samples including individuals with ADHD, borderline personality disorder, and substance dependence.^[40]^[41] The BIS-11 has been translated and validated across diverse populations, demonstrating factorial invariance in adolescents and adults, though cultural adaptations (e.g., Spanish BIS-15 short form) show slightly lower alphas (around 0.77) but retain predictive utility for risky behaviors.^[42] In clinical contexts, elevated BIS-11 scores correlate with prefrontal hypoactivation on neuroimaging and predict relapse in addiction treatment, underscoring its empirical grounding over self-perceived traits alone.^[43] The Bispectral Index (BIS) monitor, a neurophysiological device for evaluating anesthetic depth, processes frontal EEG signals via bispectral analysis to generate a real-time index from 0 (cortical suppression) to 100 (full alertness), targeting 40–60 for surgical hypnosis. Developed by Aspect Medical Systems and FDA-cleared in 1996, it emerged from 1990s research integrating time- and frequency-domain EEG features to mitigate variability in raw waveforms.^[44] Randomized controlled trials, including the 2004 B-Aware study of 2,500 high-risk patients, reported BIS guidance reduced confirmed intraoperative awareness incidence from 0.26% (end-tidal anesthetic concentration control) to 0.04%, with number-needed-to-treat of approximately 385.^[45] A 2024 meta-analysis of RCTs affirmed this risk reduction (odds ratio 0.34; 95% CI 0.18–0.65), particularly in procedures like cardiac surgery, though benefits diminish in low-risk cases or with neuromuscular blockade confounding EEG.^[45] Limitations include susceptibility to artifacts (e.g., EMG interference inflating scores) and inconsistent superiority over clinical titration alone in non-awareness endpoints like recovery time.^[46]

Technology and Computing

Gaming and Optimization Terms

In gaming contexts, particularly within massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), BIS denotes "Best in Slot," identifying the single most effective item equippable in a designated gear slot—such as helmet, chest, or weapon—to optimize key character statistics like damage output, survivability, or utility.^[47]^[48] This designation relies on quantifiable comparisons of item attributes, such as primary stats (e.g., strength or intelligence) and secondary effects (e.g., critical strike chance), derived from in-game data and player testing rather than subjective preferences.^[49] The term emerged in World of Warcraft (released November 23, 2004), with documented early usage by mid-2005 among players optimizing rogue builds, and proliferated during the Burning Crusade expansion (launched January 16, 2007), when accessible endgame content enabled widespread gear experimentation.^[50]^[51] Prior to this, vanilla World of Warcraft (2004–2006) featured rudimentary gear hierarchies, but BIS formalized as a metric with the expansion's tiered loot systems, where items from raids like Karazhan (opened February 28, 2007) supplanted pre-raid acquisitions.^[48] Community resources, including pre-raid BIS lists, emerged to catalog these optima, such as prioritizing the Whitemane's Chapeau for priests' head slot in phase 1 content due to its +23 intellect and spell power.^[48] BIS application extends beyond MMORPGs to strategy games emphasizing item synergies, as seen in Teamfight Tactics (TFT), Riot Games' auto-battler mode for League of Legends. In TFT Set 6 (launched November 2021), players evaluated BIS items via tiered rankings, with S-tier artifacts like Infinity Edge—offering 25% critical strike damage and 20% crit chance—deemed optimal for carry champions such as assassins or marksmen to amplify burst potential in late-game rounds (stages 4–5).^[52]^[53] These evaluations draw from empirical simulations tracking win rates and damage metrics across thousands of matches, where deviating from BIS (e.g., substituting with a Giant Slayer for +35% damage to high-health targets) incurs measurable performance drops of 10–20% in contested lobbies.^[52] Optimization under BIS evolves with patches; for instance, World of Warcraft's gear scaling in The War Within (August 26, 2024) introduced tertiary stats like leech, prompting BIS recalibrations via tools comparing ilevel 636 raid drops against 626 crafted alternatives.^[49] In TFT, Set 6.5 updates (January 2022) invalidated prior BIS by nerfing items like Runaan's Hurricane (reduced bolt damage from 40% to 30%), shifting priorities toward adaptive builds verified through aggregated lobby data.^[52] This iterative process underscores BIS as a dynamic benchmark, grounded in patch notes and stat deltas rather than static ideals, enabling players to achieve marginal gains—often 5–15% DPS uplifts—through targeted farming of dungeons or PvP vendors.^[54]

Engineering and Systems

In engineering and systems design, Built-In Self-Test (BIST), occasionally abbreviated as BIS in certain technical literature, refers to an embedded hardware mechanism that enables integrated circuits (ICs) and electronic systems to perform autonomous diagnostic testing for faults without relying on external automated test equipment. This technique integrates test pattern generators, such as linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs), and response compactors, like multiple-input signature registers (MISRs), directly into the circuit under test (CUT) to stimulate inputs and verify outputs against expected signatures, primarily targeting defects like stuck-at faults, transition faults, and bridging faults.^[55]^[56] BIST emerged as a standard practice in very large scale integration (VLSI) design during the 1980s, driven by the increasing complexity of ICs that rendered traditional external testing inefficient due to high pin counts and internal accessibility challenges. Early schemes, reviewed in IEEE literature, emphasized pseudorandom pattern generation combined with deterministic supplements to achieve high fault coverage while minimizing hardware overhead, typically 1-5% of the die area.^[57] In conjunction with automatic test pattern generation (ATPG), BIST enhances efficiency by reducing the number of test vectors needed; for instance, hybrid approaches can attain 90-95% stuck-at fault coverage with ATPG pattern counts lowered by up to 50% compared to scan-only methods, as ATPG tools optimize controllability and observability metrics like fanout and cone size.^[58]^[59] Applications span semiconductor manufacturing, where logic BIST (LBIST) verifies digital cores post-fabrication, and memory BIST (MBIST) targets embedded RAMs using marching algorithms for address and data faults, often integrated into system-on-chip (SoC) designs for multi-core processors and microcontrollers. In reliability testing, BIST supports in-field diagnostics and periodic self-checks in safety-critical systems, such as automotive electronics and aerospace avionics, enabling rapid fault isolation with coverage rates exceeding 99% in optimized implementations through seeded LFSRs or cellular automata-based generators. Hardware variants, including BIS configurations for hybrid memory testing, incorporate linear feedback mechanisms to balance test time—often under 1 second per million gates—and power dissipation during at-speed testing.^[60]^[61] This approach contrasts with external testing by prioritizing verifiability at the hardware level, reducing dependency on costly ATE while maintaining causal traceability to physical defects via syndrome analysis.^[62]

Arts and Entertainment

Music

In musical notation and performance practice, "bis" derives from the Latin word meaning "twice" and serves as a directive to repeat a passage or section, often appearing in scores from the 19th century onward, particularly in opera traditions where audiences in France and Italy would call "bis" to request encores or repetitions of arias.^[63]^[64] This usage evolved into a standard audience interjection equivalent to "encore" in continental Europe, with the French verb "bisser" denoting the act of repeating a piece, as documented in historical music dictionaries from the late 19th century.^[64]^[65] BIS Records is a Swedish classical music label established in 1973 by Robert von Bahr, initially to promote Swedish musicians internationally through high-fidelity recordings of niche repertoire, including organ works, early music, and contemporary compositions.^[66]^[67] The label gained acclaim for its technical excellence and catalog depth, encompassing over 1,500 releases by 2023, before being acquired by Apple Music Classical that year to integrate its holdings into Apple's streaming and production services.^[68]^[69] The Scottish band bis (stylized lowercase), formed in Glasgow in 1994, emerged in the 1990s indie and electro-punk scene with a "TeenC Revolution" ethos, characterized by energetic pop-punk tracks influenced by anime aesthetics and drawing comparisons to groups like the Beastie Boys.^[70]^[71] Their debut single "Kandy Pop" in 1996 marked them as the first unsigned act to perform on BBC's Top of the Pops, propelling albums like The New Transistor Heroes (1997) to cult status, though commercial success waned post-millennium; the trio disbanded in 2003 but reformed in 2007 for sporadic activity and tours.^[72]^[73]

Other Media and Performance

In European theater traditions, particularly in Italian- and French-speaking contexts, audiences call "bis!" to request the repetition of a favored scene, monologue, or act, deriving from the Latin adverb bis meaning "twice." This performative cue fosters direct interaction between performers and spectators, often following applause for non-musical elements like dramatic delivery or staging, and differs from broader encore demands by targeting specific segments rather than concluding the show.^[74]^[75] Documented instances include Italian theaters where "bis, bis, bis" shouts prompted actors to reprise excerpts, as noted in performances emphasizing audience enthusiasm over scripted finales.^[76] Similar usage appears in Spanish theater, where "¡bis!" signals approval for immediate repetition, enhancing the improvisational feel of live drama without relying on musical accompaniment.^[77] This tradition underscores causal dynamics of live performance, where audience vocalization directly influences artistic output, though its frequency has waned with modern production norms prioritizing fixed runtimes. Niche production entities bearing the BIS acronym include BIS Video Productions in Eritrea, which has created feature films and documentaries since the early 1990s, contributing to local cinematic output amid limited infrastructure.^[78] BIS Entertainment, focused on comedy events featuring performers like Marco Luque, organizes live shows emphasizing stand-up and improvisational formats in Latin American markets.^[79] These operations represent minor, regionally scoped ventures rather than globally influential media terms or practices.

Education

Academic Degrees

The Bachelor of Interdisciplinary Studies (BIS), also known as the Bachelor of Individualized Studies or Bachelor of Independent Studies, is an undergraduate degree offering a customizable curriculum that allows students to integrate coursework across multiple disciplines rather than adhering to a single traditional major.^[80] These programs typically require students to select and complete concentrations in at least three distinct areas, such as social sciences, humanities, and professional fields, while fulfilling general education and elective requirements to reach 120 credit hours.^[81] The structure promotes self-directed learning through capstone projects or individualized plans, enabling adaptation for transfer credits or non-traditional learners pursuing career-aligned education.^[82] BIS programs in interdisciplinary studies emphasize skill development in critical analysis, problem-solving, and synthesis of diverse knowledge, which supports career versatility in roles requiring adaptability, such as management, education, or public service.^[83] Outcomes data from participating institutions indicate higher retention rates for adult learners, with graduates reporting enhanced employability due to the degree's flexibility in addressing real-world, cross-disciplinary challenges.^[84] A distinct variation, the Bachelor of Information Science (BIS), focuses on curricula centered on data management, information organization, and retrieval systems, incorporating modules in database design, information ethics, and computational tools.^[85] These degrees generally span 120-140 credits, blending core information processing courses with electives in areas like multimedia or systems analysis, preparing graduates for professions in data curation, library systems, or knowledge management.^[86]

Institutions

The abbreviation BIS denotes several international schools worldwide, primarily dedicated to delivering English-medium education through globally recognized curricula such as the International Baccalaureate (IB) or British frameworks, targeting expatriate families and local students pursuing intercultural and academically rigorous programs. These institutions typically prioritize accreditation from bodies like the IB Organization or regional associations, fostering skills in critical thinking, multilingualism, and global citizenship while maintaining small class sizes for personalized instruction. The Berlin International School (BIS), established in 1998 as a branch of the Private Kant-Schulen Foundation, operates as a private, non-profit, co-educational day school in Berlin, Germany, to address the English-language needs of the city's international residents from preschool through grade 12. It emphasizes a balanced curriculum integrating German and international elements, with a historical enrollment reflecting its community focus, such as around 180 students representing 32 nationalities in earlier records.^[87]^[88] The Bavarian International School (BIS) in Munich and Haimhausen, Germany, began instruction on February 18, 1991, in temporary facilities before expanding as a non-profit entity serving over 1,400 students across early childhood to secondary levels. Accredited as the sole German school offering all four IB programmes—Primary Years (PYP), Middle Years (MYP), Diploma (DP), and Career-related (CP)—it employs 210 staff and maintains a mission of cultivating inquiring, knowledgeable global citizens through inquiry-based learning and bilingual options in English and German.^[89]^[90] In the United States, the British International School of New York (BIS-NY), founded in 2006 in Manhattan, enrolls 308 students aged 3 to 18, blending England's National Curriculum with IB accreditation for PYP and MYP to promote academic excellence and holistic development in diverse classes averaging 17 pupils. Its operations underscore high standards, with tuition at $64,750 annually supporting facilities for university preparation and extracurriculars.^[91]^[92]

Miscellaneous Uses

Linguistic and Symbolic

The Latin adverb bis, meaning "twice" or "two times," originates from Proto-Indo-European dwis (cf. Greek dis), evolving through forms like Old Latin duis before assimilating to bis to avoid confusion with the numeral duo ("two").^[93]^[94] This term appears in classical Roman texts to denote repetition or duality, as in Pompeian graffiti invoking emphatic curses: "pereat qui nescit amare / bis tanto pereat qui amare vetat" ("Let him die who does not know love; let him die twice over who forbids love").^[95] In musical notation and performance traditions, bis directs repetition of a passage, reflecting its core sense of "again" or "twice"; audiences in Italian, French, and German opera houses historically shouted bis to demand encores, a practice rooted in 18th- and 19th-century European conventions where it explicitly signaled a second rendition rather than additional material.^[96]^[97] Diplomatically, bis serves as a notational marker in treaties and international agreements to indicate supplemental or duplicate articles bearing the same numeral as an original, such as "Article 5 bis," a convention preserving sequence while accommodating amendments without renumbering.^[98] As a prefix bis-, derived directly from the Latin adverb, it symbolically conveys "twice" in technical nomenclature, particularly in chemistry for denoting two identical substituent groups—especially complex ones—to avert ambiguity with simpler bi- forms, as standardized in IUPAC rules for multiplicative prefixes.^[99]^[100]

Other Acronyms

In the Scotch whisky industry, BIS stands for "Bottled in Scotland," a label marking indicating that the product was bottled within Scotland to ensure compliance with authenticity and quality regulations enforced by the Scotch Whisky Association. This designation became prominent in the mid-20th century amid efforts to protect the Scotch marque, particularly as bulk exports for foreign bottling increased; for instance, regulations historically required all Scotch whisky to bear such notations to verify domestic bottling and prevent adulteration. Although post-1980 reforms permitted bulk shipments of blended whiskies for overseas bottling, single malt Scotch must still be bottled in Scotland, with BIS serving as a verifiable indicator on labels for exports.^[101]^[102] Business Information Services (BIS) encompasses specialized data aggregation, analysis, and dissemination services tailored for corporate clients, including market research, credit reporting, and regulatory compliance intelligence. Providers like Experian utilize BIS to deliver predictive analytics and business insights derived from vast datasets, aiding sectors such as finance and retail in decision-making. Similarly, firms such as Williams Lea offer BIS for precise research and data access, emphasizing scalability for enterprise needs.^[103]^[104]^[105] The UK's Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS), operational from 2009 to 2016, handled policies on enterprise, higher education, and skills development before its functions were reallocated to successor departments like the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.^[106]

References

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contrary to U.S. national security or foreign policy interests. Today, more than twenty years since 9/11, the national security landscape has changed again.
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[40]
Psychometric Properties of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11 ...
Introduction: The aim of the present study was to validate the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11th version) scale as well as the short version of the ...
[41]
The factor structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and ...
Mar 31, 2022 · The present study seeks to examine the underlying factor structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and explore sociodemographic and clinical ...
[42]
Validity and Reliability of the Abbreviated Barratt Impulsiveness ...
This study determined the validity and reliability of a new, abbreviated version of the Spanish Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-15S) in Colombian subjects.
[43]
Reliability and validity of Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS-11) in ...
Aug 5, 2025 · Results: The scale obtained a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0,77, and the total scores of the scale correlated significantly with impulsivity ...
[44]
Bispectral Index Monitor: An Evidence-Based Analysis - PMC
Monitoring the depth of anaesthesia should prevent intraoperative awareness and help to ensure that an exact dose of anaesthetic drugs is given to minimize ...Missing: efficacy | Show results with:efficacy
[45]
Effect of bispectral index on intra-operative awareness: A meta ...
The primary aim of this meta-analysis was to consolidate data from RCTs to evaluate the efficacy of BIS monitoring in reducing IOS compared to the control group ...
[46]
Prevention of Intraoperative Awareness in a High-Risk Surgical ...
Aug 18, 2011 · Candidate depth-of-anesthesia monitors based on electroencephalographic data have been developed, partly with the aim of preventing awareness.
[47]
What Does BiS Mean in Gaming? Definition, Use Cases, Examples
Dec 19, 2024 · BiS stands for “Best in Slot”. In gamer speak, this refers to the absolute best item you can equip in a particular gear slot for your character.
[48]
Classic WoW Glossary and Common Terms Explained - Wowhead
Aug 23, 2019 · BiS: Best in Slot - The best available piece of gear for that spec for that item slot (head, neck, shoulder, etc.). Pre-Raid BiS or Pre-BiS ...
[49]
BiS in Gaming: What Does "BiS" Stand For? - G2A News
Apr 3, 2025 · Learn what "BiS" (Best-in-Slot) means in gaming, how it refers to the best equipment for characters, and why it's important.
[50]
Earliest known usage of term "BiS", and when did it become popular
May 19, 2019 · Just wondering, what's the earliest you remember coming across the term Best in Slot? Around June 2005, when my Rogue flatmate was trying to ...Reality check on BiS items: they are min max upgrades only. People ...Iron Foe + Hand of Justice Will it be - WoW Classic General DiscussionMore results from us.forums.blizzard.com
[51]
Earliest known usage of term "BiS", and when did it become popular
May 19, 2019 · In WoW, this term was generally first used during the Burning Crusade, when the state of "best in slot" was achievable for everyone. In vanilla ...
[52]
Best Teamfight Tactics Items | Tiered Rankings - Dot Esports
Nov 28, 2021 · S-tier TFT items are the best of the best, often listed as best-in-slot on multiple Set Six champions. Infinity Edge; Jewled Gauntlet; Blue ...
[53]
whats BIS? ive heard ppl saying it but i have no idea what it means
Dec 7, 2021 · BIS stands for Best in slot. It's a term used in a variety of gaming, mostly MMO's and RPG's. It basically means the best items for any given situasion.The Teamfight Tactics Dictionary - Basic and Advanced TFT ... - RedditAny tips in regards to items? Feels so hopeless if you don't hit BiSMore results from www.reddit.com
[54]
whats BiS mean - MMO-Champion
Dec 18, 2011 · BiS generally refers to one item to a certain slot that's the best to get from currently available content. There also are entire BiS sets ...
[55]
Built-in self-test (BiST) - Semiconductor Engineering
Built-in self-test, or BIST, is a structural test method that adds logic to an IC which allows the IC to periodically test its own operation.
[56]
[PDF] A tutorial on built-in self-test. I. Principles
Podaima, “Cellular Automata Circuits for Built-In Self-Test,” IBA4 J. ... articles on testing, DFJ/ and BIS J. 1. Electronic Jesting: Theory and.
[57]
Design for testability and built-in self test: a review - IEEE Xplore
Abstract: A summary is presented of a number of design-for-testability (DFT) and built-in self-test (BIST) schemes that can be used in modern VLSI circuits.
[58]
[PDF] BUILT-IN SELF-TEST
Also, BIST generally provides a 90 to 95% fault coverage, and even 99% in exceptional cases [33].
[59]
Better ATPG To Minimize Chip Test Time And Cost
May 8, 2025 · For equivalent fault coverage, the average speedup is 2.6X for 7 workers and 4x for 15 workers. This brings a week-long ATPG run down to less ...
[60]
Design of Hybrid Memory Built in Self Test using Linear Feedback ...
Built in self-test (BIS T) modules are essential devices in various application, which includes microprocessors, microcontroller, multi-core system, ...
[61]
(PDF) A built-in self test scheme for VLSI - ResearchGate
PDF | We present a novel approach for built-in self test (BIST) for VLSI. Many conventional BIST schemes use signatures generated by a linear feedback.
[62]
Labor Saving DFT: Built-In Self-Test - Accendo Reliability
In Labor Saving DFT: Built-In Self-Test (BIST) an overview provides motivation, basic architecture and examples of usage in digital, memory and analog test.
[63]
bis - OnMusic Dictionary - Term
Apr 25, 2013 · bis. [Latin, twice]. 1. A directive to repeat the indicated passage. 2. In France and Germany, a term used by an audience to request an encore.Missing: repetition | Show results with:repetition
[64]
A Dictionary of Music and Musicians/Bis - Wikisource
Dec 29, 2020 · BIS (Fr.), that is, 'twice,' a cry more in use abroad than here, and equivalent to Encore. The French even have a verb, bisser, to repeat.
[65]
Encore | Encyclopedia.com
(Fr.).* Again. In Eng. has been adopted as the word of demand for the repetition ... use bis (Lat., twice; verb bisser). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music ...
[66]
BIS Records
Founded in 1973, BIS Records is amongst the most highly-respected classical labels in the world, renowned for the quality of its recordings.Missing: founder | Show results with:founder
[67]
'We take the artists' side': Robert von Bahr on 50 years of BIS Records
Dec 1, 2023 · Robert von Bahr, who founded the company in 1973, stated that the BIS anniversary was marked in August, when, 50 years ago, he took a taxi ride ...
[68]
BIS Records to become part of Apple - Gramophone
Sep 5, 2023 · BIS, the Award-winning Swedish classical label founded by Robert von Bahr, is to become a part of Apple Music Classical and the Apple-owned creative services ...
[69]
Apple Acquires Major Classical Music Label BIS Records
Sep 5, 2023 · BIS Records is a Swedish record label focused on classical music that was founded in 1973 by Robert von Bahr. The BIS Records catalog is vast, ...
[70]
The band bis
Bis is a band from Glasgow, Scotland, who had a comeback after a period of inactivity, and are celebrating 30 years.
[71]
Bis - Rough Trade Publishing
Bis, a unique late-90s British indie band, formed in Scotland in 1994, known for their "TeenC Revolution" and anime imagery.Missing: 1990s | Show results with:1990s
[72]
Top of the Pops and Beastie Boys - 30 years of Bis - BBC News
Sep 5, 2024 · The Scottish trio famously became the first unsigned band to appear on Top of the Pops in 1996.Missing: 1990s | Show results with:1990s
[73]
Bis music, videos, stats, and photos | Last.fm
A Scottish electro pop/punk band popular in the 1990s (stylised bis). They formed in 1994 with their name derived from The The's "Twilight of a Champion" lyric.
[74]
English Translation of “BIS” | Collins Italian-English Dictionary
chiedere il bis (Theatre) to call for an encore; (figurative: a tavola) to ask for a second helping. fare il bis di to have some more. facciamo il bis di ...
[75]
Two Different Pasta dishes - Rick Steves Travel Forum
Mar 22, 2023 · By the way, when at the theater if you hear BIS shouted out by the audience it means the equivalent of the French ENCORE (BIS=twice, ENCORE= ...
[76]
Arts, Briefly - NYTimes.com
Feb 24, 2007 · After applause and calls of ''bis, bis, bis'' (Italian for ''encore''), Mr. Fl? complied on Tuesday night. ''The theater recommended that he not ...
[77]
English Translation of “BIS” | Collins Spanish-English Dictionary
(Theatre) encore. la banda hizo dos bises the band played two encores. ¡bis! ... The band were forced to play three encores because the adoring crowd wouldn't let ...<|separator|>
[78]
BIS Video Productions: Better work every time
Mar 4, 2020 · In the over 30 years of his professional life, Biniam has recorded and produced video films that include feature films, documentary films and ...
[79]
BIS Entertainment Company Profile | Management and Employees List
BIS Entertainment is dedicated to presenting the comedic performances of Marco Luque, a versatile actor, comedian, and entrepreneur. They organize shows across ...Missing: media | Show results with:media
[80]
BIS in Individualized Studies - College of Liberal Arts
The bachelor of individualized studies (BIS) is a degree program in which you combine three areas of concentration rather than have a major.
[81]
Online Bachelors Interdisciplinary Studies Degree
The Bachelor of Interdisciplinary Studies (BIS) is a customized degree intended for students who are looking to combine social sciences with interests in ...
[82]
Bis Degree Options - Individualized Study - George Mason University
Mason's Bachelor of Individualized Study (BIS) program is a degree completion program for adult learners. The program combines an interdisciplinary academic ...
[83]
What is a BIS Degree?: Exploring Your Options in CPS
The Bachelor of Interdisciplinary Studies (BIS) offers non-traditional students in the College of Professional Studies (CPS) a more flexible option, tailored ...
[84]
https://scps.virginia.edu/programs/bachelor-interdisciplinary-studies-degree
[85]
[PDF] Bachelor of Information Science [BIS] (12131012)
Bachelor of Information Science [BIS] (12131012). Department. Information ... Curriculum: Year 2. Minimum credits: 140. Elective modules: Select one group ...
[86]
BIS Information Science (Code 12240012) - University of Pretoria
Curriculum. The curriculum for the BIS in Multimedia degree programme comprises of fundamental, core and elective modules in each study year. The degree is ...Bis Information Science... · Curriculum · Minimum Credits: 122 Or 132<|control11|><|separator|>
[87]
Berlin International School: Home
Berlin International School exists primarily to serve the international educational needs of the national and international community of Berlin/Brandenburg.School Dates 2025-26 · Admissions · Internationale Schule Berlin · Jobs
[88]
[PDF] academic profile - berlin international school - Cloudfront.net
Founded in 1998, the Berlin International School (B.I.S.) is a private, not-for- profit, co-educational school of the Private Kant-Schulen Foundation that.
[89]
30 Years of BIS - Bavarian International School gAG
The history of Bavarian International School began on the 18th of February 1991. In rented rooms of a former Primary School in Goldach/Hallbergmoos, the ...
[90]
All About Us - Facts & Figures | BIS - Bavarian International School
The Bavarian International School is an accredited International Baccalaureate (IB) World School and the only school in Germany to offer all four IB programmes.
[91]
British International School of New York, Private School in Manhattan
BIS‑NY is an international private school in Manhattan, NYC, blending English National & IB curricula. Small classes nurture skills & confidence.
[92]
British International School Of Ny (2025-26 Profile) - New York, NY
Rating 5.0 (1) The British International School of New York is an outstanding IB World ... Enrollment: 308 students; Yearly Tuition: $64,750; Average class size: 17 ...
[93]
Bi- - Etymology & Meaning of the Prefix
... Latin binarius "consisting of two," from bini "twofold, two apiece, two-by-two" (used especially of matched things), from bis "double" (from PIE root *dwo- "two ...
[94]
Are the latin root word "dis" and latin words "bis" and "duo" synonyms?
Jun 21, 2023 · PIE *dwóh₁, Latin duo is a numeral meaning "two". PIE *dwís, Latin bis is an adverb meaning "twice, two times", so its grammatical usage is ...
[95]
The Writing's on the Wall: Reading Roman Graffiti - Antigone Journal
Mar 26, 2022 · Let him die who doesn't know love. Let him die twice over whoever forbids love” (quisquis amat valeat. pereat qui nescit amare. / bis tanto ...
[96]
'More!' The surprising history of the encore - Gramophone
Jan 12, 2015 · The one thing it doesn't mean is 'Please play some more'. When the French and Germans ask for an encore they say 'Bis' ('twice') just as the ...
[97]
To Bis or Not to Bis: Should Encores Be Permitted During Operas?
Jan 19, 2016 · In a rare occurrence, the audience showered the singers with thunderous cries of bis!!! (“Encore!!!”) during the curtain call following the ...
[98]
Bis - Oxford Reference
bis. Quick Reference. A Latin adverb used in treaty practice to connote a second article with the same number as an existing ...Missing: duplicate | Show results with:duplicate
[99]
Numerical Terms - IUPAC nomenclature
For substituted substituents, the multiplying prefixes bis-, tris-, and tetrakis- are used; higher multiplying prefixes are formed by replacing the "-ne" of the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[100]
Bis- - Etymology & Meaning of the Prefix
Originating from Latin bis meaning "twice," this word-forming element signifies "twice" and appears as bi- before -s-, -c-, or vowels.
[101]
The Scotch Whisky Association, c. 1945–c. 1990 - Project MUSE
Mar 30, 2023 · ... Scotch whisky had to be bottled in Scotland. It was customary for all types of Scotch whisky to be labeled with “Distilled in Scotland and ...
[102]
Litigation and Lobbying in Support of the Marque: The Scotch ...
Sep 13, 2021 · ... Scotch whisky had to be bottled in Scotland. It was customary for all types of Scotch whisky to be labeled with “Distilled in Scotland and ...<|separator|>
[103]
Experian Business Information Services
Experian's Business Information Services is a leader in providing data and predictive insights to businesses.
[104]
Business Information Services (BIS) - Williams Lea
Our Business Information Services (BIS) set the standard for precise data research and analysis, keeping pace with the growing demand for data access and ...
[105]
What is Business Information Services (BIS) ?And Key Benefits of BIS
Dec 24, 2020 · Business Information Services (BIS) include services provided to firms to help them monitor, collect, store, timely produce and analyse ...<|separator|>
[106]
BIS - What does BIS stand for? The Free Dictionary
BIS, Bachelor of Information Science ; BIS, Biological Instrumentation Services Ltd. ; BIS, Buffer Information Specification ; BIS, Built-In Simulation.